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Parasitic relationships between Neotropical bats and their ectoparasites are not well known, even though parasitism is one of the factors that can affect the fitness of a host population. This study characterized parasite-host relationships in relation to sex, age, body size and reproductive status in a population of Anoura geoffroyi using the indices of Prevalence, Mean Intensity and Mean Abundance. Total prevalence for 93 sampled bats was 94.6%. Two species of streblid flies that are considered primary parasites of A. geoffroyi, Exastinion clovisi (n = 203) and Anastrebla modestini (n = 152), were the most abundant ectoparasites, followed by Trichobius sp. (n = 7). Two mite species, Periglischrus vargasi (Spinturnicidae) (n = 98) and Spelaeorhynchus praecursor (Spelaeorhynchidae) (n = 11), were also found. We recorded higher mean abundance and intensity of parasitism in pregnant females compared to reproductive males and reproductively inactive females, for different specific associations of ectoparasites. Host age and body condition had no effect on the parasitological indices. Even with high rates of parasitism, parasitic load did not influence host body condition, but infestation rates by mites were higher in reproductive males and higher by flies in reproductive females, showing that ectoparasites can have variable influences between the different stages of the life history of these host bats. Thus, the reproductive activity of the hosts could be an adverse factor for resistance to parasite infestations.

Anoura carishina was described based on cranial and dental morphology, but the original analyses did not include Anoura latidens, a similar species of Anoura. We used morphological, morphometric, and genetic analyses to evaluate the taxonomic identity of A. carishina. We performed a principal components analysis to evaluate the correspondence between morphological and taxonomic groups for 260 specimens of large-bodied Anoura (A. carishina, Anoura geoffroyi, A. latidens, and Anoura peruana), and statistically analyzed traits diagnostic for A. latidens, including (1) morphology of the third upper premolar (P4), (2) size of the second (P3) and third (P4) upper premolars, and (3) angle formed by the maxillary toothrows. We find that A. latidens and A. carishina are indistinguishable, and share several characters lacking in A. geoffroyi, including a P4 with triangular shape, an under-developed anterobasal cusp in the P3, a smaller braincase, and a shorter rostrum. Phylogenetic analyses using ultra-conserved elements infer that the holotype and two paratype specimens of A. carishina are paraphyletic and nested within A. latidens, while one paratype diagnosable by morphology as A. geoffroyi nests within A. geoffroyi samples. We demonstrate that A. carishina should be considered a junior synonym of A. latidens, updating the distribution of the latter.

Intraspecific variation in floral traits, such as nectar, could lead to differences in the identity and pollinator effectiveness of visitors between populations of a flowering plant. We studied the bat-pollinated bromeliad species Pseudalcantarea viridiflora to determine whether there are differences in the identity of its pollinators and in its nectar traits between two study sites located at different latitudes in Veracruz, Mexico. We studied phenology and determined the volume, concentration and quantity of dissolved sugars in the nectar at both sites. The northern P. viridiflora population produced nectar that was more sugar-rich, leading to pollination by a larger species, Anoura geoffroyi, whereas the southern populations were visited mainly by Glossophaga mutica, a smaller pollinator. The most abundant nectarivorous bats at each site differ in terms of their efficiency as pollinators, and we suggest that this might affect their contribution to the fitness of the bromeliad.

Anoura Gray, 1838 are Neotropical nectarivorous bats and the most speciose genus within the phyllostomid subfamily Glossophaginae. However, Anoura species limits remain debated, and phylogenetic relationships remain poorly known, because previous studies used limited Anoura taxon sampling or focused primarily on higher-level relationships. Here, we conduct the first phylogenomic study of Anoura by analyzing 2039 genome-wide ultraconserved elements (UCEs) sequenced for 42 individuals from 8 Anoura species/lineages plus two outgroups. Overall, our results based on UCEs resolved relationships in the genus and supported (1) the monophyly of small-bodied Anoura species (previously genus Lonchoglossa); (2) monotypic status of A. caudifer; and (3) nested positions of “A. carishina”, A. caudifer aequatoris, and A. geoffroyi peruana specimens within A. latidens, A. caudifer and A. geoffroyi, respectively (suggesting that these taxa are not distinct species). Additionally, (4) phylogenetic networks allowing reticulate edges did not explain gene tree discordance better than the species tree (without introgression), indicating that a coalescent model accounting for discordance solely through incomplete lineage sorting fit our data well. Sensitivity analyses indicated that our species tree results were not adversely affected by varying taxon sampling across loci. Tree calibration and Bayesian coalescent analyses dated the onset of diversification within Anoura to around ∼6–9 million years ago in the Miocene, with extant species diverging mainly within the past ∼4 million years. We inferred a historical biogeographical scenario for Anoura of parapatric speciation fragmenting the range of a wide-ranging ancestral lineage centered in the Central to Northern Andes, along with Pliocene–Pleistocene dispersal or founder event speciation in Amazonia and the Brazilian Atlantic forest during the last ∼2.5 million years.

This study investigated the reproductive dynamics of a colony of Geoffroy's tailless bat (Anoura geoffroyi), an important pollinating bat, in a highland area of Southeastern Brazil. The colony was monitored each month from November 2014 to December 2015 with 154 males and 117 females captured. Testicular and ovarian histological data from 31 adult males and 22 adult females were obtained. Body condition index of male and female, and gonadosomatic index, epididymis-somatic index and Sertoli cell efficiency were analyzed. Females with spermatozoa in uterine crypts, embryos in oviducts, gravid uteri, and pregnant females were registered during the rainy season (November-March) and into the beginning of the following dry season (April), indicating asynchrony of births. The ovaries showed all types of ovarian follicles, and a polarized ovary cortex was found, differing from the organization pattern of most mammals. The testes showed continuous spermatic activity, but testicular parameters analyzed showed significantly higher values during the rainy season. A shorter mating period during the beginning of this season was detected, when values of the gonadosomatic and epididymis-somatic indexes, and Sertoli cell efficiency showed more pronounced differences in relation to the remaining period of study. Unlike polyestry known for some Neotropical phyllostomids, the reproductive cycle of A. geoffroyi was characterized as seasonal monoestrous, with the main reproductive events occurring during the rainy season, as the best time for females to reproduce, but with offspring recruitment occurring predominantly during the dry season, a period with fewer food resources.

Anoura is a Neotropical genus of long-tongued bats containing at least 10 species, whose taxonomy has been revised substantially in recent years. Herein, we describe a new species of Anoura from the Cordillera Oriental of the Peruvian Andes, inhabiting montane forests (Yungas) at 1900–3450 m altitude, along the Rio Cosnipata valley in Manu Biosphere Reserve, Cuzco; where it is sympatric with A. peruana, A. cultrata, and A. caudifer. This new species is most similar to A. caudifer and A. aequatoris, but it is distinguished from them by a unique combination of morphological characters: pelage dark; uropatagium narrow with margins densely furred; foot claws whitish; skull with a long and narrow rostrum; zygomatic arches complete and straight (in lateral view); posterolateral margins of palate without processes; braincase smoothly rounded; first upper premolar (P2) peg-like and separated from the upper canine by a wide gap; second upper premolar (P3) without anterobasal cusp; mandible long, straight, thin and delicate with a large symphysis. Principal Component Analysis separated well the new species from A. aequatoris and A. caudifer. In MANOVA analyses, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, the new species differed significantly from A. aequatoris and A. caudifer in six and 11 characters, respectively. The new species and A. aequatoris have montane distributions, whereas A. caudifer occurs at lower elevations. In Peru, the new species and A. aequatoris show disjunct distributions: the former in the central and southern regions, and the latter in the north-central region of the country. This suggests a vicariant effect probably related to the deep Rio Apurimac. Finally, we comment on the taxonomy of the A. caudifer complex, discuss the biogeographical implications of the discovery of the new species, and suggest the recognition of a new region of endemism for small mammals in the southern Yungas, south of the Rio Apurimac to Bolivia.

The Dicrocoeliidae is a highly diverse and broadly distributed family of digeneans typically parasitic in the gall bladder and liver of their tetrapod hosts. So far, no study has reported dicrocoeliids, or any digeneans, from the ancient marsupial family Caenolestidae. Herein, we describe a new genus of dicrocoeliids (Otongatrema n. gen.) from Tate's shrew opossum Caenolestes fuliginosus and a new species of Metadelphis (Metadelphis cesartapiai n. sp.) from a phyllostomid bat Anoura peruana collected in Ecuador. Otongatrema can be readily distinguished from the morphologically closest dicrocoeliid genera Concinnum, Conspicuum and Canaania based on the position of the genital pore, distribution/position of the uterus and extent of vitellarium. Metadelphis cesartapiai can be easily differentiated from other Metadelphis spp. based on a combination of morphological characters including body shape and size, distribution of vitellarium, shape of the gonads as well as size of suckers and cirrus sac. In addition, we used newly generated partial sequences of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene and mitochondrial cox1 genes to examine phylogenetic affinities of the new taxa within the Dicrocoeliidae. Both the 28S and cox1 phylogenies confidently positioned Otongatrema as a sister/basal group to all other dicrocoeliids sequenced so far. The phylogenetic position of Otongatrema may be explained by a close co-evolutionary relationship with Caenolestidae, one of the most basal and most ancient groups of marsupials. In addition, our 28S phylogeny provides evidence that the complete or partial loss of intestinal structures has likely occurred independently at least 3 times in the evolutionary history of the Dicrocoeliidae.

70. Broad-toothed Tailless Bat Anoura latidens French: Anoura a dents larges / German: Breitzahn-Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de dientes largos Taxonomy. Anoura latidens Handley, 1984, “on Pico Avila, 2150 m, 5 km NNE Caracas (= “Hotel Humbolt [sic], 9.4 km N Caracas”), Distrito Federal, Venezuela.” Related A. carishina was recently synonymized with A. latidens. Monotypic. Distribution. N & Andean Colombia, Venezuela, WC Guyana, and Andean Peru. Descriptive notes. Head-body 59-77 mm (tailless), ear 11-17 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm, forearm 40-46 mm; weight 15-16 g. The Broad-toothed Tailless Bat is among the largest species of Anoura, only slightly smaller than Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat (A. geoffroyi). Dorsal pelage is grayish brown, with lighter bases to hairs, and ventral pelage is paler, with whitish throat area. Uropatagium and calcars are greatly reduced and hairy on both surfaces. There is no tail. Muzzle is narrow and elongated. Lower incisors are absent, and zygomatic arches are always incomplete. Upper premolars are broad. Habitat. Primarily montane humid forest up to elevations of ¢. 2600 m but also tropical dry forests, yards, orchards, and arid thorn scrub of coastal forests. Food and Feeding. The Broad-toothed Tailless Bat mainly eats nectar but also pollen. It has a high basal metabolic rate for a nectar-feeding bat, permitting it to maintain constant body temperature at high elevations based on a high carbohydrate diet. Breeding. A pregnant Broad-toothed Tailless Bat was collected in August, and nonreproductive females were collected in February and April. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Broadtoothed Tailless Bat seems locally common in its large distribution. Bibliography. Calderén-Acevedo et al. (2019), Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Handley (1984), Lim & Engstrom (2001), Mantilla-Meluk & Baker (2010), Solari et al. (1999), Soriano et al. (2002)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 521, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

69. Handley’s Tailless Bat Anoura cultrata French: Anoura de Handley / German: Handley-Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de Handley Other common names: Black Tailless Bat, Handley's Long-tongued Bat Taxonomy. Anoura cultrata Handley, 1960, “Tacarcuna Village, 3,200 ft. [= 975 ml], Rio Pucro, Darién, Panama.” A. brevirostrum from Huanuco, Peru, and A. werckleae from San José, Costa Rica, were originally described as distinct species, but D. Nagorsen and J. R. Tamsitt in 1981 found morphological variation to be continuous from Central America into Peru, so are considered as synonymshere. Monotypic. Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, N & W Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and into Cochabamba Department in WC Bolivia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-79 mm, tail 3-4 mm, ear 12-17 mm, hindfoot 9-14 mm, forearm 34-43 mm; weight 9-23 g. Males are bigger than females. Handley’s Tailless Bat is a medium-sized species of Anoura. It has dense dorsal fur, with slightly long tricolored hairs; bases of hairs are pale (grayish) and distally gray-brown to dark brown. Dorsum is darker than gray-brown venter. Muzzle is elongated, and lower jaw extends well beyond upperlip. Proximal one-half of forearm is well haired. Uropatagium is reduced to narrow, densely furred band. Short tail forms small protrusion on edge of caudal membrane and is concealed in fur. Legs and feet are furry. Tongue is long, with hairy papillae for nectar retention. Handley’s Tailless Bat can be distinguished from congeners based on presence of extremely deep sulcus in anterior face of upper canines, unusually large P,, and extremely small size of upper incisors. Habitat. Mainly montane cloud forests in a variety of habitats from secondary forests and disrupted open areas with grass and shrubs to mature cloud forests at elevations of 50-2600 m. Food and Feeding. Diet of Handley’s Tailless Bat consists offruit, pollen, nectar, and opportunistically insects (moths). It behaves as a foliage gleaner. Pollen in its pelage included that of Wercklea lutea (Malvaceae). Breeding. Lactating Handley’s Tailless Bats can be found north of South America during August and females with fetuses in July-August. One young per pregnancy is most common, but a female (21: 6 g) gave birth to twin males in July at Ibague, Colombia. Activity patterns. Handley’s Tailless Bat is nocturnal. Most known roosting sites are in natural caves, sometimes associated with oilbirds (Steatornis caripensis), or human-made structures (i.e. abandoned railroad tunnels). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Handley’s Tailless Bat is known to share roost with Tailed Tailless Bats (A. caudifer), Geoffroy’s Tailless Bats (A. geoffroyr), Silky Short-tailed Bats (Carollia brevicaudum), Parnell’s Common Mustached Bats (Pteronotus parnellii), and Montane Myotis (Myotis oxyotus). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Handley’s Tailless Bat could be rare in parts ofits distribution. In its southernmost distribution in Bolivia,it is listed as vulnerable by the Bolivian Bat Conservation Program. Bibliography. Aguirre, Moya et al. (2010), Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Handley (1960), Harper et al. (2013), Lemke & Tamsitt (1979), Molinari & Mantilla-Meluk (2016), Moya et al. (2009), Nagorsen & Tamsitt (1981), Reid (2009), Tamsitt & Nagorsen (1982), Tirira (2017)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 521, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

72. Tschudi’s Tailless Bat Anoura peruana French: Anoura du Pérou / German: Tschudi-Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de Peru Taxonomy. Glossophaga (Choeronycteris) peruana Tschudi, 1844, “Hacienda der Cejaregion 5000’ [= 1524 m] i. M. am Ostabhange der Binnencordillera,” Junin, Peru. Anoura peruana wassplit from A. geoffroyi based on morphological analyses. It includes A. apolinari and A. geoffroyi antricola as junior synonyms. Monotypic. Distribution. Through Andean zone of W Colombia, W & E Ecuador, W & E Peru, and W & C Bolivia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 59-81 mm (tailless), ear 12-16 mm, hindfoot 8-13 mm, forearm 43-49 mm; weight 13-18 g. Females are larger than males. Tschudi’s Tailless Bat is a large species of Anoura. Dorsal fur is dark brown or blackish brown to pale grayish brown; venter is paler than dorsum; and fur is short, with bicolored hairs having pale whitish to grayish bases. Head is long and slender; noseleafis triangular; ears are small, rounded, and somewhattriangular; lowerlip is longer than upperlip; snout has short and medium-sized whiskers, prominent on some individuals; and tongue is long, often slightly protruding from mouth. Wing membranes are black or blackish brown; caudal membrane is very narrow, nearly imperceptible; calcaris short,less than one-half the length of foot; and tail is absent. Dense fringe of hairs occurs along free edge of uropatagium. Legs and feet are furred. Upperincisors are very small, occur in pairs and are separated by distinct central gap; P, similar to P, in size and shape. Habitat. Mainly subtropical, cloudy, and temperate forests on both slopes of the Andes, tropical forests west of the Andes, and high Andean forests at elevations of 10-3800 m (most commonly above 1000 m). Tschudi’s Tailless Bat prefers humid areas but can be found in some dry and semi-humid forests. Specific habitats include primary, secondary, disturbed, and gallery forests; forest edges; gardens; orchards; cultivated areas (e.g. banana plantations); pastures; and open areas, sometimesfar from native forests: it is apparently most common near rivers. Food and Feeding. Tschudi’s Tailless Bat feeds on nectar and pollen, mainly from plants that bloom at night such as certain species of cactus (Cactaceae). Fruit pulp has been reported in stomachs of Ecuadorian specimens. It can be highly insectivorous at certain times of the year. It eats pollen of Bombacopsis squamigera (Malvaceae); Pitcairnia brongniartiana (Bromeliaceae); Burmeistera sodiroana and B. truncata (both Campanulaceae); Clusia sp. (Clusiaceae) and Marcgravia coriacea (Macgraviaceae); Markea sp. (Solanaceae); Meriania pichinchensis (Melastomataceae); and Passiflora spp. (Passifloraceae). Breeding. In Ecuador, female Tschudi’s Tailless Bats with single fetuses were captured in August-September and several scrotal males in September. In Peru, pregnant females were captured in May-August. In Bolivia, two females, each with one embryo, were caught in June. Activity patterns. Tschudi’s Tailless Bat is nocturnal. Nightly activity starts c.1 hour after sunset. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Tschudi’s Tailless Bat often forms colonies of several tens up to hundreds of individuals. It roosts in hollow trees, caves, and tunnels and appears to be common only where there are caves or rock crevices and rare or perhaps absent where there are no such shelters. In Ecuador, colonies of 300-500 individuals have been reported in caves; in Peru, colonies of 20-75 individuals grouped into several small clusters were reported. Occasionally, it has been reported roosting alone. Sexes can be segregated or mixed, depending on season. In Ecuador, it has been found in large caves with Peters’s Ghost-faced Bats (Mormoops megalophylla) and Brazilian Free-Tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis). Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Based on abundance data from field observations, conservation status Tschudi’s Tailless Bat could be considered stable. It is fairly common in altered habitats and inter-Andean valleys and rare in pristine lowland areas. Bibliography. Albuja (1999), Anderson (1997), Gardner (1977b), Graham (1987), Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Handley (1976), Lee et al. (2008), Mantilla-Meluk & Baker (2010), Ortega & Alarcén (2008), Pozo & Trujillo (2005), Sanborn (1933), Tirira (2017), Tuttle (1970), Wilson (1979)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 521-522, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

66. Tube-lipped Tailless Bat Anoura fistulata French: Anoura a longues lévres / German: Rohrenlippen-Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de labio largo Other common names: Long-lipped Bat, Long-lipped Tailless Bat Taxonomy. Anoura fistulata Muchhala, Mena & Albuja, 2005, Condor Mirador of the Cordillera del Condor, 1750 m, Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador. This species is monotypic. Distribution. Andean slopes in Ecuador and E slopes of Andes in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 57-67 mm, tail + 7 mm, ear 12-17 mm, hindfoot 7-12 mm, forearm 35-40 mm; weight 9-17 g. The Tube-lipped Tailless Bat has dense, silky, long fur, with two colored bands: terminal band dark brown and basal band white to cream. Ventral hairs are paler than dorsal hairs. Snout has many long vibrissae. Its unusually long tongue (6-8 cm), with distal patches of hair-like papillae, and conspicuously longer lower lip (extending 3-3—-4-8 mm beyond upper lip) distinguish the Tube-lipped Tailless Bat from other species of Anoura. Its size is intermediate between that of the smaller Tailed Tailless Bat (A. caudifer) and the larger Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat (A. geoffroyi). Along with size, the Tube-lipped Tailless Bat can be distinguished from Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat by its conspicuously longer lower lip and obvious tail that protrudes slightly from uropatagium. The Tube-lipped Tailless Bat has a wide uropatagium, with an inverted V-shaped margin and sparse fringe of hairs along this margin. Because of confusion about its diagnostic characteristics, some geographical records could actually represent Tailed Tailless Bats or Ecuadorian Tailless Bats (A. aequatoris). Habitat. Montane cloud forests at elevations of 1300-1890 m on eastern slopes and 2000-2275 m on western slopes, secondary forests, and disrupted open areas with grass and shrubs. Food and Feeding. L.ong snout and tongue of the Tube-lipped Tailless Bat indicatesit specializes on nectar, particularly from flowers with deep (Centropogon nigricans, Campanulaceae) or large (Aphelandra acanthus, Acanthaceae; Markea sp., Solanaceae; Marcgravia coriacea, Macgraviaceae; Meriania sp., Melastomataceae; Pitcairnia brongniartiana, Bromeliaceae) corollas. Lepidopteran and remains of other unidentified insects have also been found in diets. Research on feeding habits in a cloud forest in Ecuador showed that Tube-lipped Tailless Bats visit A. acanthus less regularly than Geoffroy’s Tailless Bats. Long tongue of the Tube-lipped Tailless Bat suggests a strong coevolution with C. nigricans as its sole pollinator. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Tube-lipped Tailless Bat is nocturnal. Its only known roost is a cave at Numbala (Palanda Canton, Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador), but roosts might also include hollow trees or crevices. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is not enough information about immediate threats to populations of Tube-lipped Tailless Bats to assessits conservation risks. Bibliography. Aguirre, Mamani et al. (2010), Aguirre, Tarifa et al. (2018), Calderén-Acevedo & Muchhala (2018), Gérate-Bernardo & Carrasco-Rueda (2011), Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Mantilla-Meluk & Baker (2008), Mantilla-Meluk, Siles & Aguirre (2014), Muchhala (2006a), Muchhala & Thomson (2009), Muchhala, Caiza et al. (2008), Muchhala, Mena & Albuja (2005), Solari (2018d), Teran & Aguirre (2007a).

66. Tube-lipped Tailless Bat Anoura fistulata French: Anoura a longues lévres / German: Rohrenlippen-Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de labio largo Other common names: Long-lipped Bat, Long-lipped Tailless Bat Taxonomy. Anoura fistulata Muchhala, Mena & Albuja, 2005, Condor Mirador of the Cordillera del Condor, 1750 m, Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador. This species is monotypic. Distribution. Andean slopes in Ecuador and E slopes of Andes in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 57-67 mm, tail + 7 mm, ear 12-17 mm, hindfoot 7-12 mm, forearm 35-40 mm; weight 9-17 g. The Tube-lipped Tailless Bat has dense, silky, long fur, with two colored bands: terminal band dark brown and basal band white to cream. Ventral hairs are paler than dorsal hairs. Snout has many long vibrissae. Its unusually long tongue (6-8 cm), with distal patches of hair-like papillae, and conspicuously longer lower lip (extending 3-3—-4-8 mm beyond upper lip) distinguish the Tube-lipped Tailless Bat from other species of Anoura. Its size is intermediate between that of the smaller Tailed Tailless Bat (A. caudifer) and the larger Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat (A. geoffroyi). Along with size, the Tube-lipped Tailless Bat can be distinguished from Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat by its conspicuously longer lower lip and obvious tail that protrudes slightly from uropatagium. The Tube-lipped Tailless Bat has a wide uropatagium, with an inverted V-shaped margin and sparse fringe of hairs along this margin. Because of confusion about its diagnostic characteristics, some geographical records could actually represent Tailed Tailless Bats or Ecuadorian Tailless Bats (A. aequatoris). Habitat. Montane cloud forests at elevations of 1300-1890 m on eastern slopes and 2000-2275 m on western slopes, secondary forests, and disrupted open areas with grass and shrubs. Food and Feeding. L.ong snout and tongue of the Tube-lipped Tailless Bat indicatesit specializes on nectar, particularly from flowers with deep (Centropogon nigricans, Campanulaceae) or large (Aphelandra acanthus, Acanthaceae; Markea sp., Solanaceae; Marcgravia coriacea, Macgraviaceae; Meriania sp., Melastomataceae; Pitcairnia brongniartiana, Bromeliaceae) corollas. Lepidopteran and remains of other unidentified insects have also been found in diets. Research on feeding habits in a cloud forest in Ecuador showed that Tube-lipped Tailless Bats visit A. acanthus less regularly than Geoffroy’s Tailless Bats. Long tongue of the Tube-lipped Tailless Bat suggests a strong coevolution with C. nigricans as its sole pollinator. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Tube-lipped Tailless Bat is nocturnal. Its only known roost is a cave at Numbala (Palanda Canton, Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador), but roosts might also include hollow trees or crevices. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is not enough information about immediate threats to populations of Tube-lipped Tailless Bats to assessits conservation risks. Bibliography. Aguirre, Mamani et al. (2010), Aguirre, Tarifa et al. (2018), Calderén-Acevedo & Muchhala (2018), Gérate-Bernardo & Carrasco-Rueda (2011), Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Mantilla-Meluk & Baker (2008), Mantilla-Meluk, Siles & Aguirre (2014), Muchhala (2006a), Muchhala & Thomson (2009), Muchhala, Caiza et al. (2008), Muchhala, Mena & Albuja (2005), Solari (2018d), Teran & Aguirre (2007a)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 520, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

65. Cadena’s Tailless Bat Anoura cadenai French: Anoura de Cadena / German: Cadena-Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de Cadena Taxonomy. Anoura cadena: Mantilla-Meluk & R. J. Baker, 2006, “between the municip10s of Calima and Restrepo near the Rio Bravo at 1000 m elevation at 03°56’03” N, 76°29'18” W,” Valle del Cauca, Colombia. This species is monotypic. Distribution. Known only from W slope of SW Colombian Andes. It could be present in adjacent Andean region of N Ecuador. Descriptive notes. Head-body 59-61 mm (no visible tail), ear 11-15 mm, forearm 36-37 mm. Fur of Cadena’s Tailless Batis short and crisp. Although relatively small among species of Anoura, it is larger than similar species such as Luis Manuel's Tailless Bat (A. luismanueli) and the Tailed Tailless Bat (A. caudifer). Dorsal fur of Cadena’s Tailless Bat is blackish brown, with hairs having grayish bases and brownish tips; underparts are blackish. Externally, it resembles other small species of Anoura, but tail is absent in all known specimens. Uropatagium is also narrow, with some hairs along its free margin. Skull is delicate, zygomatic arches are complete, and rostrum is broad and heavy, resembling more massive and square-shaped skull of Handley’s Tailless Bat (A. cultrata). Upper canines of Cadena’s Tailless Bat are large, with shallow sulcus on their anterior face. Habitat. Various habitats from broad,level tropical lowlands up to the montane forests at elevations of 800-1560 m, including mosaics of primary and secondary forests and agricultural plots, preserved pre-montane forests, very humid subtropical forests, and xerophytic areas. Type locality of Cadena’s Tailless Bat is within a well-preserved Andean forest characterized by giant trees covered by epiphytes. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Pregnant Cadena’s Tailless Bats were recorded in May and November. Activity patterns. Cadena’s Tailless Bats are nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Cadena’s Tailless Bat is endemic to a small region with high rates of agricultural transformation; therefore,its populations could be declining because of habitat loss. Bibliography. Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Mantilla-Meluk & Baker (2006)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 519-520, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

63. Tailed Tailless Bat Anoura caudifer French: Anoura des tunnels / German: Geschwanzte Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de cola corta Other common names: Lesser Tailless Bat Taxonomy. Glossophaga caudifer E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818, “ Rio de Janeiro,” Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The species caudifer was transferred to the genus Lonchoglossa and then to Anoura. Some authors, such as C. O. Handley,Jr. in 1984, spelled the species name as caudifera but according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the correct form is caudifer. Previous uses of this name could include taxa like A. aequatoris, A. cadenai, or A. luismanueli, which are now considered distinct species. Some authors have discussed affinities of these small species as part of a generic taxon called Lonchoglossa. Monotypic. Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N, W, S & SE Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and NW Argentina resulting in arc-type distribution surrounding central part of Amazon Basin. Records from Paraguay are suspicious. Descriptive notes. Head-body 46-64 mm, tail 4-5 mm, ear 8-17 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm, forearm 33-39 mm; weight 8-13 g. The Tailed Tailless Bat is small compared with most of its congeners, slightly larger than the Ecuadorian Tailless Bat (A. aequatoris) and Luis Manuel’s Tailless Bat (A. luismanueli). Pelage is dark brown; dorsal hairs are gray at bases, with the tip dark brownish, ventral hairs brownish, unicolored. Fur is dense, soft, and silky and extends to dorsal and ventral sides, over part of plagiopatagium and up to middle of forearm. As in other species of Anoura, muzzle is elongated, and lower jaw protrudes slightly beyond upper lip. Noseleaf is small but well defined, taller than wide, and attached to upper lip. Deep groove divides lower lip medially. Tail membrane is semicircular and reduced, with very short calcars, and has fringe of sparse hairs. Deep sulcus in anterior face of C!, together with large P,, makesit distinguishable from other species of Anoura. Dental formula for all species of Anoura is12/0,C1/1,P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56. Habitat. Wide variety of habitats including primary forest, lightly disturbed forests, agriculturalfields, and urban areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1500 m. Food and Feeding. The Tailed Tailless Bat mainly eats nectar and pollen and occasionally gleans large insects (Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera). A large variety of plant families are represented in diets, including Bombacaceae, Bromeliaceae (Vriesea morrenii), Campanulaceae (Burmeistera sodiroana, B. succulenta, and B. truncata), Fabaceae (Bauhinia rufa), Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Marcgraviaceae (Marcgravia coniacea), Melastomataceae (Meriania pichinchensis), Myrtaceae, Passifloraceae (Passiflora mucronata), and Rubiaceae. In Ecuador, it prefers nectar from small flowers compared with Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat (A. geoffroyz). Breeding. It has been suggested that the Tailed Tailless Bat has asynchronous reproduction, with reproductive and lactating individuals present in August-November. Pregnant females and births were found in September-November, and juveniles appeared in October-November. Activity patterns. The Tailed Tailless Bat is nocturnal. In a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Brazil, peak captures occurred in the fourth hour after dark; activity started one hour after sunset. No differences of captures were found in dry and wet seasons. Roosts include various natural and man-made structures such as caves, rock crevices, foliage, hollow tress, and tunnels. Movements, Home range and Social organization. In a mark-recapture study in Brazil, Tailed Tailless Bats seemed to be highly nomadic based on lack of recaptured individuals, although marked individuals might have become familiar with mist nets and avoided recapture. They form nursing colonies and harems of 5-100 individuals. In roosts, they will associate with other bats such as Seba’s Short-tailed Bat (Carollia perspicillata), the Common Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris microtis), Geoftroy’s Tailless Bat, Handley’s Tailless Bat (A. cultrata), and Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus parnellii). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Despite the recent split of some populations into separate species, the Tailed Tailless Bat has a wide distribution and seems locally common. Bibliography. Aguiar & Marinho-Filho (2004), Albuja (1999), Barquez et al. (1999), Brosset & Charles-Dominique (1991), Esbérard et al. (2005), Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Handley (1984), Muchhala & Jarrin-Valladares (2002), Oprea et al. (2009), Reis & Peracchi (1987), Ruschi (1953), Sazima (1976), Trajano (1996), Wilson (1979), Zortéa (2003)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 519, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

71. Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat Anoura geoffroyi French: Anoura de Geoffroy / German: Geoffroy-Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de Geoffroy Taxonomy. Anoura geoffroyi J. E. Gray, 1838, “ Brazil.” Restricted by C. O. C. Vieira in 1942 to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Anoura geoffroyi seems to represent a species complex from which several (sometimes short-lived) species have been split off; e.g. A. g. peruana was recently elevated to a distinct species. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. A. g. geoffroyi J. E. Gray, 1838 — E Colombia, Venezuela to the Guianas (including Trinidad and Grenada Is) and NE Brazil, then from E & SE Brazil (excluding central area) to E Bolivia. A. g. lasiopyga Peters, 1868 — Mexico (from S Sinaloa and S Tamaulipas) S to W Colombia, W Ecuador, and NW Peru. Descriptive notes. Head—body 58-73 mm (tailless), ear 13-17, hindfoot 11-13 mm, forearm 40-45 mm; weight 13-18 g. Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat is a medium-sized nectar specialist, with moderately elongated rostrum. Lowerjaw extends well beyond upperlip. Dorsalfur is dark gray-brown, with paler hair bases; venteris slightly paler. Dorsal pelage becomessilvery gray over sides of neck and shoulders. Ears are short and rounded. It is characterized by conspicuous lack of tail, short calcar, and highly reduced and very hairy tail membrane. Legs and toes are hairy, and sides of feet have very short hairs. Zygomatic arches are incomplete, and rostrum is thickened. Premolars are not thickened. Compared with nectar-feeding bats in other genera (Choeroniscus, Lichonycteris), Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat has relatively long and narrow wings, suggesting higher flight speeds to quickly cover large distances. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30, and FN = 56. Habitat. Variety of habitats from dry forests to evergreen pine forests, deciduous forests, and cloud forests at mid-elevations up to more than 3500 m in the Andes. Geoffroy’s Tailless Bats use pristine, secondary, and occasionally agricultural habitats such as banana plantations. They seem to be largely absent from Amazonian lowlands, perhaps due to general shortage of cave roosts. Food and Feeding. Geoffroy’s Tailless Bats feed mainly on nectar of chiropterophilous plants but also fruits. They visit flowers of Agave (Asparagaceae), Ceiba (Malvaceae), Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae), Luehea (Malvaceae), Calliandra (Fabaceae), and various columnar cacti. Among long-tongued nectar specialists (Glossophaginae and Lonchophyllinae), species of Anoura probably have the highest proportions of insects (moths and beetles) in their diets and have even been considered to be only facultative nectar and pollen feeders that rely mainly on an insect diet. Nevertheless, morphological adaptations such as elongated tongues clearly point more to specialization on nectar rather than insects. Breeding. Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat apparently has a monoestrous breeding pattern that varies overits distribution. It gives birth late in rainy season in Trinidad and at end of dry and beginning of rainy season in central Brazil —generally when availability of floral resources increases. Activity patterns. Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat is strictly nocturnal, leaving roosts well after dark. It mainly roosts in caves, culverts, and tunnels. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat roosts in colonies that can be very small and up to 300 individuals. Sexes roost segregated from each other for part of the year, but mixed groups also occur. Roosting habits in non-ubiquitous caves vs. more abundanttree cavities might force Geoffroy’s Tailless Bats to regularly fly large distancesto reach profitable food resources. In tropical dry forest (“selva baja”) in western Mexico, they were captured predominantly during wet season. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat is widely distributed, uses very diverse habitats, and is observed often in large numbers throughout its distribution. Bibliography. Alvarez & Gonzalez (1970), Baumgarten & Vieira (1994), Galindo-Galindo et al. (2000), Gardner (1977b), Maguina (2016), Mantilla-Meluk & Baker (2010), Ortega & Alarcon (2008), Reid (2009), Sanborn (1933), Tschudi (1844), Vieira (1942), Willig et al. (1993), Wilson (1979)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 521, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

68. Peruvian Tailless Bat Anoura javieri French: Anoura de Javier / German: Peru-Langnasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anoura de Javier Other common names: Javier's Tailless Bat Taxonomy. Anoura javier: Pacheco, Sanchez-Vendiza & Solari, 2018, “Trocha Eviceson (13°11'47"S,- 71°37'11"W), District of Challabamba, Province of Paucartambo, Cusco, Peru, 3350-3450 m a.s.l.” Some authors have discussed affinities of these small species as part of a generic taxon called Lonchoglossa. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from upper montane forests of Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Cusco Depart ment, S Peru; it could also occur in Yungas of Bolivia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-69 mm, tail 0-8 mm, ear 12-13 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm, forearm 37-38 mm; weight 10-11 g. Greatest lengths of skulls are 23.7-24-8 mm. The Peruvian Tailless Bat is among the smallest species of Anoura. Pelage is dark brown overall, with no distinct demarcation between dorsum and venter. Dorsal pelage is long (6-7 mm) and woolly; individual hairs mainly white (80% length) and dark brownish at tips (20%). Muzzle is elongated, and lower lip protrudes slightly beyond upperlip. Forearm is densely haired. Wing and uropatagium are brown to dark brown. Tail is present in only two ofsix specimens, perhaps a result of specimen preparation; uropatagium is narrow (less than 4 mm) and densely furred with long hairs; calcar is reduced; and hindfeet have whitish claws. Skull is small, with long and narrow rostrum; zygomatic arch is complete; braincase is comparatively short and smoothly rounded; and lambdoid crest is poorly developed. Dentition is delicate, and upper canines have no sign of sulcus. Upper molars have well developed paracones and metacones. Lower premolars and molars are narrow and laterally compressed, with well-developed cusps. Mandibular ramus is long, thin, delicate, straight, and markedly low. Habitat. Upper montane forest habitat at elevations of 1900-3450 m (captured only during typical dry season in July-September). Habitats in this elevational range include mossy elfin forest on steep, humid slopes at 3250-3350 m; ecotone between mossy and elfin forests in mesic situations at 2500-2850 m; flat patch of cloud forest with tall, medium-sized trees (60 cm diameter at breast height) and rocky ground at c. 2000 m; and fast-flowing streams. Food and Feeding. One stomach of a Peruvian Tailless Bat contained an abundance of pollen of diverse forms and vegetative remains that appeared to be anthers. No insects or endoparasites were found. Nevertheless, its diet is probably similar to congeners and includes nectar, pollen, and perhaps some insects. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Peruvian Tailless Bats are nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Montane forests of southeastern Peru include several protected areas, but impact of major landscape transformations around these areas could threaten habitat where the Peruvian Tailless Bat and other endemic species are present. Bibliography. Mantilla-Meluk & Baker (2006), Molinari (1994), Pacheco et al. (2018), Patterson et al. (2006), Sanborn (1933)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 520, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

Despite the high diversity of the well-known mammals of Peru, there are few studies in the central yungas, which does not allow an adequate knowledge of their diversity. Here we present the results of an evaluation of mammal diversity of Carpish, Huanuco, a montane forest in a critical state of conservation. The study was carried out between 2001 and 2002 with five expeditions in the localities of Carpish de Mayobamba (2730 – 3080 m) and San Pedro de Carpish (1780 – 2400 m). We used capture methods, sightings and interviews, which represent an effort of 28 500 trap-nights and 190 net-nights. We recorded 35 species of mammals in the study area. The most diverse orders were bats and rodents (74.3%); these include four endemic species for the country, four species in some conservation category and the first record of the gracile opossum Gracilinanus aceramarcae for Huánuco. Species richness and diversity index (H' and Simpson) for rodents show no significant correlation with respect to elevation. The rodent Thomasomys ischyrus and the bat Anoura aequatoris were the species with the highest relative abundance. Our records, plus those from literature and review of scientific collections, support the occurrence of 45 mammal species in the Carpish forest. This species richness, endemism and the accelerated forest loss are the basis for recommending the establishment of a conservation area that guarantees the protection of the Carpish's montane forests., A pesar de la alta diversidad de mamíferos conocidos para el Perú, son pocos los estudios en las yungas centrales, lo que no permite un adecuado conocimiento de su diversidad. Aquí se da a conocer los resultados de una evaluación de la diversidad de mamíferos de Carpish, Huánuco, un bosque montano en estado crítico de conservación. El estudio se realizó entre 2001 y 2002 con cinco expediciones en las localidades de Carpish de Mayobamba (2730 – 3080 m) y San Pedro de Carpish (1780 – 2400 m). Se emplearon métodos de captura, avistamientos y entrevistas, los que representan un esfuerzo de 28500 trampas noche y 190 redes noche. Registramos 35 especies de mamíferos en el área de estudio. Los órdenes más diversos fueron los murciélagos y roedores (74.3 %), estos incluyen cuatro especies endémicas para el país, cuatro especies en alguna categoría de conservación y el primer registro de la marmosita grácil Gracilinanus aceramarcae para Huánuco. La riqueza y los índices de diversidad (H' y Simpson) para roedores no muestran correlación significativa con respecto a la elevación. El roedor Thomasomys ischyrus y el murciélago Anoura aequatoris fueron las especies con mayor abundancia relativa. Nuestros registros, más los de la literatura y la revisión de colecciones científicas, sustentan la ocurrencia de 45 especies de mamíferos en el bosque de Carpish. Esta riqueza de especies, los endemismos y la acelerada pérdida de bosque son base para recomendar el establecimiento de un área de conservación que garantice la protección de los bosques montanos de Carpish.

Anoura caudifer (É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1818) VOUCHER MATERIAL: Tingana: 2 adult males (FMNH 203340; MUSM 39113); Waqanki: 4 adult females (FMNH 203338, 203526; MUSM 39111, 39112), 1 adult male (FMNH 203524); see table 7 for measurements. IDENTIFICATION: Descriptions and measurements of Anoura caudifer have been provided by Husson (1962), Handley (1984), Molinari (1994), Simmons and Voss (1998), Mantilla-Meluk and Baker (2006), Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990), and Pacheco et al. (2018). No subspecies are currently recognized in A. caudifer (Griffiths and Gardner, 2008a). Our Mayo River basin specimens exhibit the diagnostic characteristics of the species: well-developed calcar, slightly smaller than the foot; presence of a short tail; lower lip protruding less than 3 mm beyond upper lip; skull with keel along midline of mesopterygoid fossa that is not flattened posteriorly and usually extends onto septum between basisphenoid pits; and upper last premolar lacking medial internal cusp. Our vouchers fall within the range of measurements reported for A. caudifer. REMARKS: Two females (FMNH 203338, 203526) that we collected were pregnant, each with a single embryo (crown-rump length [CRL] = 20 mm)., Published as part of Velazco, Paúl M. & Patterson, Bruce D., 2019, Small Mammals Of The Mayo River Basin In Northern Peru, With The Description Of A New Species Of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), pp. 1-69 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019 (429) on pages 15-16, {"references":["Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zoologische Verhandelingen (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) 58: 1 - 282.","Handley, C. O., Jr. 1984. New species of mammals from northern South America: a long-tongued bat, genus Anoura Gray. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 97: 513 - 521.","Molinari, J. 1994. A new species of Anoura (Mammalia Chiroptera Phyllostomidae) from the Andes of northern South America. Tropical Zoology 7: 73 - 86.","Simmons, N. B., and R. S. Voss. 1998. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1. Bats. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 237: 1 - 219.","Mantilla-Meluk, H., and R. J. Baker. 2006. Systematics of small Anoura (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Colombia, with description of a new species. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University 261: 1 - 18.","Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique. 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 560.","Pacheco, V., P. Sanchez-Vendizu, and S. Solari. 2018. A new species of Anoura Gray, 1838 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Peru, with taxonomic and biogeographic comments on species of the Anoura caudifer complex. Acta Chiropterologica 20: 31 - 50.","Griffiths, T. A., and A. L. Gardner. 2008 a (\" 2007 \"). Subfamily Glossophaginae Bonaparte, 1845. In A. L. Gardner (editor), Mammals of South America, vol. 1: Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats: 224 - 244. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."]}

Pre-pollination mechanisms for isolation among sympatric bat-pollinated plants are largely unknown. We investigated the mechanisms for reproductive segregation between four sympatric chiropterophilous bromeliads in Veracruz, Mexico. With ex situ and in situ manual pollination treatments we determined the breeding system by assessing fruiting and seedling success and sampled bat visitors using mist-nets and infrared cameras. Bromeliads showed staggered flowering, different pollen deposition sites on the body of the pollinator and differences in the reward offered. These traits may have evolved to reduce the competitive costs of sharing pollinators while providing a constant supply of food for the nectarivorous bat community., Pollinators can be a limited resource and natural selection should favour differences in phenotypic characteristics to reduce competition among plants. Bats are important pollinators of many Neotropical plants, including the Bromeliaceae; however, the pre-pollination mechanisms for isolation among sympatric bat-pollinated bromeliads are unknown. Here, we studied the mechanisms for reproductive segregation between Pitcairnia recurvata, Pseudalcantarea viridiflora, Werauhia noctiflorens and W. nutans. The study was conducted at Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, in Veracruz, Mexico We carried out ex situ and in situ manual pollination treatments to determine the breeding system by assessing fruiting and seedling success and sampled bat visitors using mist-nets and infrared cameras. We determined the nocturnal nectar production pattern, estimating the energetic content of this reward. All four bromeliads are self-compatible, but only P. recurvata appears to require pollinators, because the physical separation between anthers and stigma prevents self-pollination, it is xenogamous and presents a strictly nocturnal anthesis. The bats Anoura geoffroyi, Glossophaga soricina and Hylonycteris underwoodi are probable pollinators of three of the studied bromeliads. We did not record any animal visiting the fourth species. The flowering season of each species is staggered throughout the year, with minimal overlap, and the floral morphology segregates the locations on the body of the bat where the pollen is deposited. The most abundant nectar per flower is provided by P. viridiflora, but P. recurvata offers the best reward per hectare, considering the density of flowering plants. Staggered flowering, different pollen deposition sites on the body of the pollinator and differences in the reward offered may have evolved to reduce the competitive costs of sharing pollinators while providing a constant supply of food to maintain a stable nectarivorous bat community.

The Anoura geoffroyi species complex is composed of 3 large species: A. geoffroyi, A. peruana, and A. carishina. Several inconsistencies arise from the description of A. carishina, and given the lack of a comparison with the dentition and external characters of A. latidens, here we compare the taxonomic characters of these species. To understand the position of A. carishina in the morphospace occupied by large Anoura, we conducted a Principal Component Analysis on 12 craniodental and 11 external variables. We complement our results with further analysis of traits thought to be diagnostic for these species, including 1) an elliptical Fourier transformation analysis of the shape of the third upper premolar (P4), 2) a comparison of the area of the second (P3) and third (P4) upper premolars, and 3) a comparison of maxillary toothrow angles. We find that A. carishina is morphologically indistinguishable from A. latidens, and that there is broad overlap in morphology between A. latidens and A. geoffroyi. However several characters found in A. latidens are lacking in A. geoffroyi, including a triangular shape to the P4 caused by a medial-internal cusp enclosed by the base of the tooth, a lack of development of the anterobasal cusp in the P3, a smaller braincase, and a shorter rostrum. We reassess the distribution of Anoura latidens in Colombia, adding new records and correcting previously-published records that were misidentified. Overall, our results suggest that a stable taxonomy for the group should consider A. carishina as a junior synonym of A. latidens, and that, although A. latidens is distinguishable from A. geoffroyi, further genetic and taxonomic work is needed in to clarify species limits within the A. geoffroyi species complex.El complejo de especies Anoura geoffroyi se compone de 3 especies, A. geoffroyi, A. peruana, y A. carishina. La descripción de Anoura carishina posee varias inconsistencias, y dado que no se realizó una comparación con A. latidens, realizamos una comparación de los caracteres taxonómicos de ambas especies. Para entender la posición de A. carishina en el morfoespacio ocupado por los Anoura grandes realizamos un Análisis de Componentes Principales usando 12 variables cráneo-dentales y 11 variables externas. Complementamos nuestros resultados con 1) un análisis de transformación elíptica de Fourier de la forma del tercer premolar superior (P4) 2) una comparación del área del segundo (P3) y tercer (P4) premolares superiores y 3) una comparación de los ángulos de las hileras dentales maxilares. Encontramos que A. carishina es morfológicamente indistinguible de A. latidens y que existe una amplio superposición en la morfología de A. latidens y A. geoffroyi. Sin embargo, la forma del P4, una cúspide anterobasal no desarrollada en el P3, y caracteres relacionados con una caja craneana menos inflada y un rostro corto son útiles en distinguir A. latidens de A. geoffroyi. Reevaluamos la distribución de Anoura latidens en Colombia, al agregar nuevos registros y corrigiendo registros previamente publicados que se encontraban mal identificados. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que una taxonomía estable para el grupo debería considerar a A. carishina como un sinónimo junior de A. latidens, que A. latidens es distinguible de A. geoffroyi utilizando medidas cráneo-dentales y resalta la necesidad de estudios genéticos para esclarecer las relaciones filogenéticas entre A. latidens y el complejo de especies A. geoffroyi.

The genus Agave sensu lato contains ca. 211 described species, many of which are considered keystone species because of their ecological dominance and the quantity of resources they provide with their massive, nectar-rich inflorescences. The large diversity of Agave species has been hypothesized as being related to their reproductive strategy (predominantly monocarpic) and diverse pollinators (e.g., bats, hummingbirds, hawkmoths). In particular, Agave species provide resources that a few genera of nectar feeding bats from the subfamily Glosophaginae are dependent upon. To explore a possible coevolutionary relationship between Agave and the bat species that pollinate them, we calibrated molecular phylogenies of both groups and looked for a correlation in their dates of divergence. One coding and two non-coding regions of the chloroplast genome were sequenced from 49 species of the Agavoideae (Asparagaceae), and the mitochondrial gene Cyt-b and nuclear coding gene RAG2 were either sequenced or obtained from gene bank for 120 Phyllostomid bats. Results from the analyses indicate that Agave sensu lato is a young genus (estimated crown age 2.7–8.5/stem age 4.6–12.3 Ma), with an increasing diversification rate, and the highest speciation rate among Agavoideae’s clades. The origin of the Glossophaginae bats (stem age 20.3–23.5 Ma) occurred prior to the stem age of Agave sensu lato, while the origin of the current pollinators of Agave species, members of the genera Glossophaga, Leptonycteris, Anoura, Choeronyscus, Musonycteris and Choeronycteris, was estimated to be around 6.3–16.2 Ma, overlapping with the stem age of Agave sensu lato, supporting the hypothesis of diffuse coevolution.

Anoura fistulata (n = 16) — ECUADOR: Cotopaxi, Cantón Sigchos, Reserva Integral Otonga, 0°25’8.04”S, 79°00’14.04”W, 2200 m (QCAZ 2567 *). Santo Domingo, Cantón Santo Domingo, Reserva Ecológica Río Guajalito, 0°13’44.18”S, 78°47’50.64”W, 1900 m (QCAZ 2740 *), Cantón Santo Domingo, Reserva Ecológica Río Guajalito, 0°18’41.08”S, 79°10’15.96”W, 2000 m (QCAZ 3424 *, 3427). Morona Santiago, Morona, Domono-Lundije, Parroquia San Isidro, 02°13’02.42”S, 78°07’35.26”W, 1170 m (EPN 11035). Napo, El Chaco, Alto Coca, El Salado, 00°15’N, 77°41’W, 1800 m (EPN 4631 *). Zamora Chinchipe, Chinapinza, La Herradura, 04°02’02”S, 78°34’12”W, 1750 m (EPN 9714); Paquisha, Loma Emperadora, Cordillera del Cóndor, 03°54’57.31”S, 78°29’30.05”W, 1800–2000 m (EPN 10667, 11847 *), Destacamento Militar Cóndor Mirador, 03°44’S, 78°23’W, 1725 m (EPN 9711 *, 9713*). PERU: Cajamarca, San Ignacio, Tabaconas, Palma Pampa, 5°21’53.57”S, 79°15’2.84”W, 1733 m (MUSM 37883*). Cuzco, San Pedro, 13°03’16.81”S, 71°32’46.43”W, 1550 m (MUSM 8750). San Martín, P.N. Río Abiseo, Las Palmas 07°33’S, 77°23’W, 2045–2285 m (MUSM 7215*, 7221*), La Meseta, 06°53’42.43”S, 71°23’28.18”W, 1707 m (MUSM 24363*)., Published as part of Pacheco, Víctor, Sánchez-Vendizú, Pamela & Solari, Sergio, 2018, A new species of Anoura Gray, 1838 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Peru, with taxonomic and biogeographic comments on species of the Anoura caudifer complex, pp. 31-50 in Acta Chiropterologica 20 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2018.20.1.002, http://zenodo.org/record/3944883

Anoura javieri, sp. nov. Figs. 1 and 2 Anoura sp. nov. Pacheco et al. (1993). Anoura sp. Pacheco et al. (1995). Holotype A male adult specimen catalogued in the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (MUSM 6736). The holotype is a skin and skull in good condition, collected by Víctor Pacheco (field number VPT 887) on 5 September 1990. External and craniodental measurements for the holotype and paratypes are provided in Table 1. Type locality Trocha Ericcson (13°11’47’’S, 71°37’11’’W), District of Challabamba, Province of Paucartambo, Department of Cusco, Peru, 3350–3450 m a.s.l. This locality is on the southern border of the Manu National Park at km 110 on the Paucartambo-Pillcopata road, in the headwaters of Río Cosñipata, a tributary of the Río Alto Madre de Dios (Fig. 3). Paratypes Two adult males from the same locality: MUSM 6734, collected on 3 September 1990; and MUSM 8749, collected on 19 July 1991. Other designated paratypes are from nearby localities: adult male, MUSM 19602 (= FMNH 174510), from La Esperanza, 2880 m; adult female, MUSM 11753, from Pillahuata, 2600 m; and adult male, MUSM 16559 (= FMNH 169821) from Suecia, 1900 m. All the type specimens were collected along the Paucartambo-Pillcopata road in the Río Cosñipata valley. Vouchers are preserved in good condition. All are skins and skulls except MUSM 16559, which is an alcoholic specimen (fixed in formalin, and then transferred to ethanol) with skull removed, and MUSM 19602 that consists of a dry skin, skull and carcass in ethanol. Distribution Anoura javieri is known only from the upper montane forests of Manu Biosphere Reserve (1900– 3450 m a.s.l.), Department of Cusco, Peru (Fig. 3). Diagnosis A small-sized Anoura that can be distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: pelage dark brown overall with no distinct demarcation between dorsum and venter; tail present in two of six specimens; uropatagium narrow (Description Anoura javieri is a small-size bat (HBL 61.0– 69.0 mm). Dorsal pelage is long (about 6–7 mm), dark brown, and woolly throughout; individual hairs are white at the base (80%) contrasting with dark brownish tips (20%). The ventral fur is dark brown and not contrasting with the dorsal coloration; chin is dark brown as well, but the hairs have two bands, white in the base and dark brown in the tips. The mystacial vibrissae are dark brown, robust and comparatively long. The supra and infralabial vibrissae are present and long. The genal and interramal vibrissae are present and relatively long. The tragus is long (5–6 mm) with a rounded tip. The forearm is moderately long (37–38 mm) and densely haired. The interfemoral membrane is reduced to a narrow band (1.1–1.9 mm, measured in dry skins) with its edge densely furred with long hairs (4.3 mm average, some reaching up to 5.4 mm). The femur is barely haired or naked on the proximal half, becoming densely furred on the distal half. The tibia is densely haired. The tail is present in two of six specimens (absence could be an artifact of preparation). The feet are long and have whitish claws. The skull has comparatively short and smoothly rounded braincase, and a long and comparatively narrow rostrum (GSL, 23.7–24.8 mm). The zygomatic arch is complete, straight and slender. The palate is moderately depressed, with posterolateral margins shallow and without palatal processes. The lambdoid crest is weakly developed. The paraoccipital processes are conspicuous, slender, and medially oriented. The upper incisors are notably weak, peglike, and subequal. The surface of the upper canines is smooth, without a conspicuous sulcus. P 2 is peglike, without the anterobasal cusp, but has a low posterobasal cusp. P 2 is separated from the upper canine by a wide gap, which is almost twice the length of P 2. P 3 lacks the anterobasal cusp, and is separated from P 4 by a distinct gap. The postero-lingual cingulum on P 4 is absent or notably reduced, lacking a shelf. The molars have well developed paracones and metacones. The first upper molars are rectangular and have a weakly developed hypoconal basin; and the postprotocrista does not make an angle with the metacone. The lower premolars and molars are narrow, laterally compressed, and have well developed cusps. The paraconid on M 1 is comparatively elongated. The trigonid and talonid of lower molars are separated by a narrow constriction, and the trigonid is longer than the talonid. The mandibular ramus is long, thin, delicate, straight, and markedly low; and the mental foramen is comparatively small. The mandibular symphysis is large, usually subequal to the length of the lower canine or larger. The coronoid process is low, almost in line with the condylar process. A posterior process on the ventral surface of the mandible is well developed, and just ventral or postero-ventral to the sigmoid notch (Fig. 1). Comparisons Anoura javieri is a small bat that differs external, cranial and dentally from any other known species of Anoura. It is easily separated from the larger species A. carishina, A. geoffroyi, A. latidens, A. peruana or A. cultrata by smaller size (forearm length A. caudifer complex, especially with A. caudifer and A. aequatoris, and with A. fistulata, present also in the Cosñipata valley (Tables 2 and 3; and Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7). Anoura javieri and A. caudifer are similar in cranial and dental features; however, A. javieri can be distinguished by its larger body size (FA = 37.4 versus 35.27 mm on average), a longer and narrow rostrum (GSL = 24.3 vs. 22.0 mm on average), a depressed or smoothly rounded brain- case, a zygomatic arch mostly horizontal in lateral view, and absence of a palatal process. In A. javieri, the outer incisors are barely longer than the inner, whereas in A. caudifer they are longer. Anoura javieri lacks a sulcus in the upper canine, which is distinctly present in A. caudifer. The anterior cusp of P 3 is reduced or absent in A. javieri, but is always conspicuous in A. caudifer. In A. javieri, there are large gaps between C and P 2, and between P 3 and P 4, whereas in A. caudifer the gaps are small. In A. javieri, the ventral margin of the mandible is straight vs. slightly or markedly bowed in A. caudifer. In A. javieri, the mandibular symphysis is larger than the length of the lower canine, whereas in A. caudifer it is shorter. The first lower molar of A. javieri has a large, conspicuous paraconid, the trigonid is larger than the talonid, and both structures are well separated by a narrow constriction, whereas in A. caudifer the paraconid is smaller, the trigonid and talonid are subequal, and the constriction between them is not as narrow. Additionally, A. javieri has darker coloration, paler hindfeet claws, shorter calcar, and a densely furred uropatagium reduced to a narrow band in comparison to A. caudifer, which has paler brown pelage, darker hindfeet claws, longer calcar, and wider and sparsely haired uropatagium. In A. javieri, the upper and lower labial vibrissae are longer. Anoura javieri and A. cadenai are of similar size (FA = 37.0–38.0 mm vs. 36.1–37.0 mm; GSL = 23.7–24.8 mm vs. 23.1–23.8 mm), but the skull and rostrum is much slender and delicate in the former species. In A. javieri, the upper canines are small without trace of a sulcus, whereas in A. cadenai, they is a moderate deep sulcus. In A. javieri, the upper incisors are separated when viewed from below (Fig. 6), whereas in A. cadenai, they are in contact. In addition, A. javieri exhibits a distinct keel at the mandibular symphysis whereas A. cadenai has a reduced or absent keel. At present, A. cadenai is known only from western Colombia. Compared to A. luismanueli, A. javieri is larger (FA = 37.0–38.0 mm vs. 33.6–36.9 mm; GSL = 23.7–24.8 mm vs. 20.4–21.6 mm), with longer rostrum and a longer palatal length (PAL = 12.6–13.5 mm vs. 9.6–11.0 mm). Other measurements that show no overlap between these two species are condylobasal length, maxillary toothrow length, dentary length, dentary height, and mandibular toothrow length. P2 is very small and widely separated from the canine in A. javieri. Hairs on the margin of the uropatagium of A. javieri are longer and denser than those found in A. luismanueli. In ventral view of the skull, toothrows converge anteriorly in A. javieri, in contrast to the more parallel toothrows of A. luismanueli. At present, A. luismanueli is known to occur only in Venezuela and Colombia. Anoura aequatoris and A. javieri are more similar and could be confused because both have dark pelage and hairy uropatagia. However, A. javieri is on average larger (GSL = 24.3 mm vs. 22.0 mm; FA = 37.4 mm vs. 35.8 mm), has a longer slen- der rostrum, and a smoothly rounded braincase. Additionally, A. javieri is characterized by a small P 2 that is widely separated from the canine, a M 1 with well-reduced hypoconal basin, and a shallow angle between the postprotocrista and metacone. Other differential characters of A. javieri are absence of palatal process, smooth anterior surface of upper canines, lower molars laterally compressed, m1 larger than the other molars, well developed paraconid, and lower molars with a deep constriction between the trigonid and the talonid. The mandibular symphysis in A. javieri is also larger than in most specimens of A. aequatoris, and the uropatagium is more densely haired. Compared to A. fistulata, A. javieri has a much narrower and densely haired uropatagium, usually less than two mm in width vs. a broader, not as well haired membrane (4.0– 7.5 mm). Foot claws are pale brown to whitish in A. javieri vs. dark brown in A. fistulata. Anoura javieri and A. fistulata average about the same size (GSL = 24.3 vs. 24.0 mm; FA = 37.4 vs. 37.5 mm), but the higher range of measurements shows that A. fistulata can attain larger size (Table 3). Anoura javieri has a narrow and slender rostrum and a smoothly and rounded braincase, whereas A. fistulata has a rectangular and broader rostrum and a more globular braincase with more distinct lambdoid crests. The palate in A. javieri is slightly domed in the midline and post-molar palatal processes are absent; in contrast to the flatter palate and distinctive palatal processes in A. fistulata. In A. javieri, the upper incisors are sub-equal in length vs. a distinctly larger outer incisor in A. fistulata. In A. javieri, the upper canines lack a posterior cusp on the cingulum and a sulcus on the anterior surface, which are distinct in A. fistulata. The lower molars of A. javieri are narrow and the trigonid is larger than the talonid; in contrast, the molars are comparatively broader, and the trigonid and talonid are subequal in A. fistulata. The mental foramen is small in A. javieri, vs. large in A. fistulata. Etymology It is a pleasure to dedicate this species to Javier Ortiz de la Puente Denegri (1928–1952), one of the first Peruvian mammalogists (Fig. 8). Javier had been highly interested in the natural sciences since childhood, and became a professor at Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos at an early age. Unfortunately, he died young at the age of 24 in a tragic automobile accident, thus was unable to complete several planned publications and could not have the opportunity to prepare students in mammalogy. However, his legacy continues among Peruvian biologists because of his charisma, talent and his few, but significant contributions. Surviving contemporaneous colleagues recall him as an enthusiastic, talented and devoted student of the natural sciences. The late professors Luz Sarmiento and Hernando de Macedo often talked about Javier as a talented young scientist. Javier Ortiz de la Puente inspired the senior author to follow him in the study of mammals. Both, the late Philip Hershkovitz and Karl K. Koopman personally knew Ortiz de la Puente and also expressed their admiration for him to the senior author. His monograph ‘Estudio Monográfico de los Quirópteros de Lima y Alrededores’ (Ortiz de la Puente, 1951) is still a benchmark for anybody interested in the study of the Peruvian bat fauna. Additional notes, with photographs, on Javier’s life have been published by Aguilar-Fernández (2009) and Franke (2007, 2012). Ecology and habitat Anoura javieri has been collected in upper montane forest habitat, but only from July to September during the typical dry season; none has been collected during the rainy season expeditions in spite of similar mist-netting efforts at the same sites. Anoura javieri has been collected in sympatry with the following bat species: A. caudifer, A. cultrata, A. peruana, Chiroderma salvini, Artibeus glaucus, Enchisthenes hartii, Micronycteris megalotis, Sturnira erythromos, S. magna, Platyrrhinus albericoi, P. masu, Tadarida brasiliensis, Eptesicus brasiliensis, Lasiurus blossevillii, Myotis keaysi, and M. oxyotus (Pacheco et al., 1993; Solari et al., 2006). The analysis of one stomach of A. javieri revealed an abundance of pollen of diverse forms, and vegetative remains that appears to be anthers. Neither arthropods nor endoparasites were found. No ectoparasites have been collected on any of the reported specimens. Morphometric analysis The 13 craniodental and forearm length variables exhibited a normal distribution with the Shapiro- Wilk test. Multivariate tests of MANOVA showed an overall significant difference among species (P = 0.000 for Pillai’s Trace and Wilks’ Lambda). Bonferroni post-hoc test identified the variables that significantly differentiated species in multiple comparisons (Table 4). Anoura javieri differed significantly from A. aequatoris in six variables, from A. caudifer in 11 variables, and from A. fistulata in six of 14 variables. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the measurements of A. caudifer, A. aequatoris, A. fistulata, and A. javieri, found two components with eigenvalues larger than 1.0. These two components (PC1 and PC2) accounted for 79.1% of total variance (56.3% and 22.8%, respectively — Table 5). The third component had an eigenvalue of 0.79 (5.7%), and therefore was ignored. In the plot of PC 1, usually considered to be a ‘size’ component, vs. PC 2, A. javieri is clearly separated in morphospace. This plot shows that A. javieri is larger than A. aequatoris and A. caudifer, and suggests that ‘shape’ is an important factor to differentiate A. javieri from A. fistulata. Anoura caudifer and A. aequatoris show some degree of mutual overlap, but A. fistulata is also clearly separated from the other species (Fig. 9). The variables that accounted for the greatest proportion of variance are CBL, GSL, MANDL, DENL, MXTRL, BRW, and PALTL, for the first component; and C 1 C 1, ZYGW, and DENT for the second component. Comparisons Anoura javieri is a small bat that differs external, cranial and dentally from any other known species of Anoura. It is easily separated from the larger species A. carishina, A. geoffroyi, A. latidens, A. peruana or A. cultrata by smaller size (forearm length A. caudifer complex, especially with A. caudifer and A. aequatoris, and with A. fistulata, present also in the Cosñipata valley (Tables 2 and 3; and Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7). Anoura javieri and A. caudifer are similar in cranial and dental features; however, A. javieri can be distinguished by its larger body size (FA = 37.4 versus 35.27 mm on average), a longer and narrow rostrum (GSL = 24.3 vs. 22.0 mm on average), a depressed or smoothly rounded brain- case, a zygomatic arch mostly horizontal in lateral view, and absence of a palatal process. In A. javieri, the outer incisors are barely longer than the inner, whereas in A. caudifer they are longer. Anoura javieri lacks a sulcus in the upper canine, which is distinctly present in A. caudifer. The anterior cusp of P 3 is reduced or absent in A. javieri, but is always conspicuous in A. caudifer. In A. javieri, there are large gaps between C and P 2, and between P 3 and P 4, whereas in A. caudifer the gaps are small. In A. javieri, the ventral margin of the mandible is straight vs. slightly or markedly bowed in A. caudifer. In A. javieri, the mandibular symphysis is larger than the length of the lower canine, whereas in A. caudifer it is shorter. The first lower molar of A. javieri has a large, conspicuous paraconid, the trigonid is larger than the talonid, and both structures are well separated by a narrow constriction, whereas in A. caudifer the paraconid is smaller, the trigonid and talonid are subequal, and the constriction between them is not as narrow. Additionally, A. javieri has darker coloration, paler hindfeet claws, shorter calcar, and a densely furred uropatagium reduced to a narrow band in comparison to A. caudifer, which has paler brown pelage, darker hindfeet claws, longer calcar, and wider and sparsely haired uropatagium. In A. jav, Published as part of Pacheco, Víctor, Sánchez-Vendizú, Pamela & Solari, Sergio, 2018, A new species of Anoura Gray, 1838 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Peru, with taxonomic and biogeographic comments on species of the Anoura caudifer complex, pp. 31-50 in Acta Chiropterologica 20 (1) on pages 33-42, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2018.20.1.002, http://zenodo.org/record/3944883, {"references":["PACHECO, V., B. D. PATTERSON, J. L. PATTON, L. H. EMMONS, S. SOLARI, and C. ASCORRA. 1993. List of mammal species known to occur in Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural, UNMSM, 44: 1 - 12.","PACHECO, V., H. DE MACEDO, E. VIVAR, C. ASCORRA, R. ARANA- CARDO, and S. SOLARI. 1995. Lista anotada de los mamiferos peruanos. Occasional Papers in Conservation Biology, 2: 1 - 35.","TAMSITT, J. R., and D. NAGORSEN. 1982. Anoura cultrata. Mammalian Species, 179: 1 - 5.","ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE D., J. 1951. Estudio monografico de los quiropteros de Lima y alrededores \" Publicaciones del Museo de Historia natural \" Javier Prado \", Zoologia 7 A: 1 - 48.","FRANKE, I. 2007. Historia de la ornitologia peruana e importancia de las colecciones cientificas de aves. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 14: 159 - 164.","FRANKE, I. 2012. Una brillante aunque fugaz presencia en la ornitologia peruana: Javier Ortiz de La Puente (1928 - 1952). Available at http: // avesecologaymedioambiente. blogspot. com / 2012 / 06 / una-brillante-aunque-fugaz-presencia-en. html. Access date 1 June 2014.","SOLARI, S., V. PACHECO, L. LUNA, P. M. VELAZCO, and B. D. PATTERSON. 2006. Mammals of the Manu Biosphere"]}

Anoura caudifer (n = 57) — BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ilha da Cardoso, 25º11’6”S, 47º59’43”W, 10 m (FMNH 141597 *); Primeiro Morro, 24º22’S, 47º50’W (FMNH 94700); Quadro Penteado, 24º23’S, 48º12’W, 50 m (FMNH 94701 *). PERU: Cajamarca, (19) San Ignacio, San Ignacio, Chirinos Nuevo Chalaquito “El Chaupe”, 05º12’18.0”S, 79º1’30.8”W, 2100 m (MUSM 12627). Cusco, (20) Huajyumbe, Quincemil, 13º13’S, 70º42’W, 630 m (FMNH 93541 *); (21) La Convención, Camisea Konkari, 11º48’S, 72º52’W, 450 m (MUSM 14681); (22) La Convención, Echerate, Camisea-San Martín, 11º46’60.0”S, 72º42’W, 487 m (MUSM 13464 *); (23) La Convención, Echerate, Camisea Las Malvinas, 11º52’10.2”S, 72º56’22.5”W, 400 m (MUSM 14682–14684); (24) La Convención, Echerate, Camisea Pagoreni, 11º42’22.0”S, 72º54’9.0”W, 450 m (MUSM 13462); (25) La Convención, Echerate, Camisea Segakiato, 11º50’42.1”S, 72º35’58.5”W, 460 m (MUSM 14685); (26) La Convención, Quimbiri, Campamento Llactahuaman, 12º51’54.0”S, 73º30’46.8”W, 1710 m (MUSM 14477–14479); (27) Paucartambo, Kosñipata, Consuelo km #165 17 km by rd W of Pilcopata, 13º 01’25.0”S, 71º29’30.7”W, 1200 m (MUSM 9467, 9468); (28) Paucartambo, Kosñipata, Tono, 5 km S of Río Tono and 18 road km W of Patria, 13º0’S, 71º10’60.0”W, 900 m (MUSM 9472); (29) Paucartambo, Kosñipata, Estación Biológica Bosque Nublado, San Pedro, 13º3’16.8”S, 71º32’46.4”W, 1480 m (MUSM 11754). Huánuco, (30) Huánuco, Chinchao, Hacienda Paty pasando Carpish, 09º37’S, 76º08’W, 2195 m (MUSM 1209); (31) Leoncio Prado, Rupa Rupa, ca Tingo María, 09º18’S, 75º59’W, 600 m (MUSM 2753– 2758). Loreto, (32) Maynas, Torres Causana, 12 km S. del P. V. Arcadia (en cuevas), 01º47’27.7”S, 74º41’33.7”W, (MUSM 20992 *); (33) Maynas, Torres Causana, 2 km E del P. V. Arcadia (Platanal), 01º42’58.1”S, 74º40’18.1”W (MUSM 20993 *); (34) Maynas, Torres Causana, P. V. Arcadia Río Napo, 01º42’33.3”S, 74º39’59.4”W (MUSM 20994 *, 20997*, 20998*, 20999); (35) Maynas, Torres Causana, P. V. Castaña Río Aguarico, 00º48’13.0”S, 75º14’24.0”W (MUSM 21000 *); (36) Requena, Jenaro Herrera, Centro de Investigación Jenaro Herrera, 04º55’1.2”S, 73º45’W (MUSM 5585); (37) Ucayali, Contamana, Aguas Calientes (Cerros de Contamana), 07º11’20.1”S, 74º58’59.9”W, 150 m (MUSM 699, 700). Madre de Dios, (38) Cerro de Pantiacolla, E. slope NR Summit, ca. 4 km NNE Shintuya, 12°34’60”S, 71°15’00”W (FMNH 138891 *); (39) Manu, Pakitza, 11º56’47.0”S, 71º15’W, 350 m (MUSM 480); (40) Manu, Pakitza, 11º56’47.0”S, 71º16’59.9”W, 340 m (MUSM 6826, 6827 *); (41) Manu, Madre de Dios, Quebrada Aguas Calientes a 2.75 km al Este de Shintuya, 12º40’6.0”S, 71º16’8.0”W, 400 m (MUSM 16560 *, 16562, 16563*); (42) Manu, Madre de Dios, Hacienda Amazonia R. Alto Madre de Dios frente a Atalaya, 12º52’38.3”S, 71º23’11.4”W, 500–780 m (FMNH 125422 *, MUSM 8747 *). Pasco, (43) Oxapampa, Palcazú, Campamento R. Lobo (P.N. Yanachaga Chemillen), 10º21’30.0”S, 75º14’46.0”W, 500 m (MUSM 10117 *, 10118*); (44) Oxapampa, Palcazú, Shiringamazu carretera a Iscosazin, 10º15’40.8”S, 75º7’46.7”W, 450 m (MUSM 10120 *); (45) Oxapampa, Pozuzo, Palmira, 10º3’46.3”S, 75º 32’12.6”W, 830 m (MUSM 10799 *). Puno, (46) Sandia, Sandia, Río Huacamayo, 14º16’58.8”S, 69º25’58.8”W, 805 m (MUSM 11503, 11504); (47) Sandia, San Pedro de Putinapunco, Curva Alegre, 14º2’30.0”S, 68º57’41.0”W, 950 m (MUSM 26631, 26632); (48) Sandia, San Pedro de Putinapunco, San Fermín, 13º56’37.0”S, 68º58’34.0”W, 850 m (MUSM 26633); (49) Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Challohuma, 14º12’35.0”S, 69º8’56.0”W, 1200 m (MUSM 26775, 26776). Ucayali, (50) Purús, Purús, Balta, Río Curanja, 10º7’48.0”S, 71º49’59.9”W, 300 m (MUSM 1210)., Published as part of Pacheco, Víctor, Sánchez-Vendizú, Pamela & Solari, Sergio, 2018, A new species of Anoura Gray, 1838 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Peru, with taxonomic and biogeographic comments on species of the Anoura caudifer complex, pp. 31-50 in Acta Chiropterologica 20 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2018.20.1.002, http://zenodo.org/record/3944883

Anoura aequatoris (n = 39) — PERU: Amazonas (1) Condorcanqui, El Cenepa, Cordillera del Cóndor, R. Comaina, P. V. 3 Alfonso Ugarte, 03º54’S, 78º25’W, 1138 m (MUSM 10626). Cajamarca (2) San Ignacio, Tabaconas, Anexo Cerro Grande- Sector Puchua, 05º17’40.8”S, 79º17’34.5”W, 2100 m (MUSM 37880 *); (3) San Ignacio, Tabaconas, Palmas Pampa, 05º21’43.4”S, 79º15’11.8”W, 1785 m (MUSM 37881); (4) San Ignacio, Tabaconas, Palmas Pampa, 05º21’53.6”S, 79º15’2.8”W, 1733 m (MUSM 37823 *, 37882*); (5) San Ignacio, Tabaconas, Tierra Blanca; 05º17’0.4”S, 79º16’44.1”W, 2407 m (MUSM 24993). Cusco (6) La Convención, Echerate, Quimbiri, Campamento Wayrapata, 12º50’9.6”S, 73º29’42.0”W, 2445 m (MUSM 14483 *, 14484*, 14485, 14486); (7) La Convención, Quimbiri, Campamento Llactahuaman, 12º51’54.0”S, 73º30’46.8”W, 1710 m (MUSM 14480 *). Huánuco, (8) Huánuco, Chinchao, Bosque de Carpish, 09º43’59.9”S, 76º6’23.0”W, 2826 m (MUSM 18552 *); (9) Chinchao, Caserío de San Pedro de Carpish, 09°43’28”S, 76°05’58”W, 2757 m (MUSM 18252 *, 18253); (10) Chinchao, Caserío de San Pedro de Carpish, 09º41’4.8”S, 76º05’47.5”W, 1982 m (MUSM 18884–18887, 18888 *, 18889–18892, 18893*, 18894, 18895); (11) Chinchao, Cordillera de Carpish, 09º43’37.0”S, 76º6’7.0”W, 2760 m (MUSM 18411). Junín, (12) Chanchamayo, Chanchamayo, Santuario Nacional Pampa Hermosa Los Cedros, 10º59’43.1”S, 75º25’37.2”W, 1540 m (MUSM 41319); (13) Chanchamayo, Chanchamayo, Santuario Nacional Pampa Hermosa Podocarpus, 10º58’37.2”S, 75º25’57.1”W, 1890 m (MUSM 41320 *). Pasco, (14) Oxapampa, Oxapampa, San Alberto (límite oeste del P. N. Yanachaga Chemillen), 10º33’S, 75º24’W, 2600 m (MUSM 10119 *, 14915, 14916*). Piura, (15) Huancabamba, El Carmen de la Frontera, Quebrada el Gallo, 04º53’1.0”S, 79º20’30.6”W, 2121 m (MUSM 23358); (16) El Carmen de la Frontera, Quebrada el Gallo-Campamento Bomba Quemada 1, 04°53’10”S, 79°21’08”W, 2757 m (MUSM 23459); (17) El Carmen de la Frontera, Minera Majaz Campamento Nueva York, 04º54’16.1”S, 79º22’38.2”W, 3100 m (MUSM 23602). San Martín, (18) Mariscal Cáceres, P. N. Río Abiseo, Las Palmas, 07º33’S, 77º23’W, 2045–2250m (MUSM 7214, 7219 *, 7223*, 7228*)., Published as part of Pacheco, Víctor, Sánchez-Vendizú, Pamela & Solari, Sergio, 2018, A new species of Anoura Gray, 1838 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Peru, with taxonomic and biogeographic comments on species of the Anoura caudifer complex, pp. 31-50 in Acta Chiropterologica 20 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2018.20.1.002, http://zenodo.org/record/3944883

The differences in adult morphology of the denticles and tip of spicules revealed by the use of Scanning Electron Microscope,, and the difference in number of larvae recovered from the same number of eggs in the two species suggest they are different species, i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758 and Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. In both species it was confirmed that two moults occur in the egg with the time interval elapsing between the two moults. It was concluded that the so-called second moult observed in the tissue of experimentally infected animals by various investigators represents a delayed process which commences in the egg and usually is completed before migration commences. The growth, development, distribution and migratory behaviour of the larvae of the two species are similar. The third-stage larvae of 8 species of Ophidascaris occurring in pythons were distinguished morphologically corresponding with differences in their growth and migratory behaviour in the tissue of mice. These differences in larval morphology and behaviour support their status as separate species.Toxocara hippopotami is described from a hippopotamus and found to have affinities with Toxocara vitutorum. A previous key to species of Toxocara is revised. Ophidascaris solitaria is redescribed from a closely related host collected from, the same locality as the original specimen. The species is compared with others in colubrine snakes. The status of Ophidascaris amucronata Schuurrnans-Stekhoven, 1937 was studied by a comparison with O. filaria sensu stricto (Dujardin, 1845) Sprent, 1969 on the basis of adult morphology and differentiation of larvae. Specimens of Polydelphis anoura from various hosts and locations did not show any morphological difference in adults or larval stages, suggesting that one species is involved in pythons. The three species of Hexametra occurring in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia were compared in relation to adult morphology and larval characters and it was concluded that the three species, quadricornis, hexauterina and sewelli should be upheld.

An imported white-lipped island pitviper, Trimeresurus insularis, originally collected from Wetar Island, Indonesia and held in quarantine and housed at the Dallas Zoo, U.S.A., unexpectedly died and was examined for gastrointestinal helminths. The pitviper harbored 6 female ascarid nematodes identified as Polydelphis anoura Dujardin, 1845. This snake is rarely examined and herein we report only the second record of any parasite from this host as well as a new distributional record for P. anoura.

None

In a hypothesis that has remained controversial since its inception, Darwin suggested that long-tubed flowers and long-tongued pollinators evolved together in a coevolutionary race, with each selecting for increasing length in the other. Although the selective pressures that flowers impose on tongue length are relatively straightforward, in that longer tongues allow access to more nectar, selective pressures that pollinators impose on flower length are less clear. Here, we test for such selective pressures in the highly specialized mutualism between the nectar bat Anoura fistulata , which can extend its tongue twice as far as other nectar bats, and Centropogon nigricans , which has flowers of a similar length (8–9 cm). We used flight cage experiments to examine the effects of artificially manipulated flower lengths on (i) bat behaviour and (ii) pollen transfer. Increased length produced longer visits, but did not affect the force bats applied during visits. In the second experiment, flower length increased both the male and female components of flower function: long male flowers delivered more pollen grains and long female flowers received more pollen grains. However, pollen transfer was not correlated with visit duration, so the mechanism behind differences in pollen transfer remains unclear. By demonstrating that bats select for increasing flower length, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that A. fistulata evolved its remarkable tongue in a coevolutionary race with long-tubed flowers similar to that envisioned by Darwin.

A surge in new species descriptions must be accompanied by an equal amount of healthy skepticism. Herein, we critique the current approach to species delimitation for the genus Anoura and assess the methodology used in these studies. It is not uncommon for studies committed to the delimitation of species to incur in a mismatch between their underlying epistemological perspective and the nature of species as real entities or ontological individuals. This is the reason why these studies must capitalize on the statistical paradigm to ascertain the degree of vagueness upon their particular approximation to real or purportedly real species. It is common for species to have fuzzy boundaries and numerous sources of variation. Furthermore, as multi-organismal entities, species deserve a more cautious action to their delimitation than purely verbal descriptions from the point of view of a single observer. We highlight the need for quantifiable methods that provide clear perspectives on the magnitude of overlap and variability within and among species. We argue that the delimitation of complex entities as evolutionary species must be framed under the paradigm of hypothesis testing and measurable and concrete estimates of character states. Quantitative hypothesis testing should be a requirement for the practice of systematics, taxonomy and species delimitation. Species are not mind constructs but complex ontological individuals awaiting discovery by means of precise statements of uncertainty.

None

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is known to be present in bats of the family Phyllostomidae, but in most species this is inferred from the presence of accessory olfactory bulbs. Like primates, bats have profound intergroup variations in the vomeronasal system. Of the family Phyllostomidae (49 genera, 143 species) the VNO of approximately 60 species has been studied. Here, we report light microscopic observations of the VNO of Anoura geoffroyi (fetus and adult), A. caudifer, and A. cultrata, as well as ultrastructural observations of the VNO in adult A. geoffroyi. The organ is crescent-shaped, with a wide lumen encroached by a "mushroom body" that contains a venous sinus. In adults, the vomeronasal cartilage is reduced, being longer in absolute length in fetal A. geoffroyi compared with the adult. In the neuroepithelium, the receptor cell microvilli are dark, distinct, and short, emerging from a vesicular tuft; the supporting cell microvilli are relatively much longer. Large paravomeronasal ganglia are observed. The receptor-free epithelium is undulating and lacks cilia or microvilli. Some characteristics of the VNO in Anoura have not been reported in other chiropterans to date, such as the marked reduction of the vomeronasal cartilage and absence of cilia in the receptor-free epithelium. Moreover, if A. geoffroyi is representative, the genus has an adult neuroepithelial volume similar to other mammals of its body size. Further examination of uninvestigated phyllostomid VNOs may elucidate a phylogenetic history of the family, as well as ecological or social correlates of the VNO in the order Chiroptera.

Here we describe a new species of Anoura from the Andes of Ecuador, distinguished from all other species of Anoura by its elongated tubelike lower lip and its much longer tongue. Based on size and other characteristics, Anoura n. sp. appears most similar to Anoura caudifer, but averages approximately 10% larger and has a wider uropatagium in the shape of an inverted V. Anoura n. sp. has been collected infrequently in cloud forests on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes throughout Ecuador, where it co-occurs with the more abundant A. geoffroyi and A. caudifer. Comparison with the diets of sympatric species of Anoura suggests that Anoura n. sp. visits flowers that have longer corollas, as might be expected given its much longer tongue.

The reproductive patterns and feeding habits of three sympatric nectarivorous bats, Glossophaga soricina, Anoura caudifera, and A. geoffroyi were studied in the Pousada das Araras Natural Reserve, located in Central Brazil. The bats were captured with mist nets from August 2000 to July 2001. Reproductive condition was determined by external analyses of the specimens and feeding habits from fecal samples. Glossophaga soricina was the most abundant species (65%), followed by A. geoffroyi (30%) and A. caudifera (5%). Significant differences were observed in the sex-ratio of the two more abundant species. Anoura geoffroyi showed a monoestrous pattern; its reproductive peaks occurred between the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rain season. A seasonal bimodal pattern was recorded for G. soricina, with pregnant specimens showing one peak observed in the dry season and another in the middle of the rainy season. The reproductive pattern of A. caudifera could not be satisfactorily defined because of the small sample size. However, this species apparently has a reproductive cycle similar to that of G. soricina. The patterns observed in this study seem to be related with the climate in the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado), with two well-defined seasons (dry and wet). By adjusting the parturition close to or in the rain season the three species could be favoring a greates survival rate for the offspring, since the critical lactation period would then occur in a time of maximum food availability. The three bat species showed a generalist diet, consuming fruits, pollen-nectar, and arthropods. Significant differences were observed in the diet of G. soricina: fruits and arthropods predominated in the dry season and pulp (fruits) in the rainy season. Males and females of this species ate the same items in similar proportions. Although A. geoffroyi has not showed a preference for a specific item, consumption of fruits and arthropods was generally greater than that of pollen. Os padrões reprodutivos e alimentares de três espécies simpátricas de morcegos nectarívoros, Glossophaga soricina, Anoura caudifera e A. geoffroyi, foram estudados na Reserva Natural Pousada das Araras no Brasil Central. Os morcegos foram capturados mensalmente durante um ano (agosto de 2000 a julho de 2001), com redes de neblina. Os estágios reprodutivos foram inferidos por intermédio de análises externas dos animais e a dieta, por intermédio da coleta de fezes dos animais. Glossophaga soricina foi a espécie mais abundante (65%), seguida por A. geoffroyi (30%) e A. caudifera (5%). Foram observadas diferenças significativas na razão sexual das duas espécies mais abundantes. Anoura geoffroyi apresentou um padrão monoéstrico de reprodução com o pico reprodutivo ocorrendo entre o final da estação seca e o início da estação chuvosa. Um padrão poliéstrico bimodal foi identificado para G. soricina, com um pico de fêmeas grávidas observado no final da estação seca e outro na metade da estação chuvosa. O período reprodutivo de A. caudifera não pôde ser definido satisfatoriamente em função do pequeno tamanho da amostra. Contudo, essa espécie apresentou aparentemente um ciclo similar a G. soricina. Os padrões observados neste estudo parecem estar relacionados à sazonalidade climática do Cerrado, que apresenta duas estações bem definidas (seca e chuvosa). As três espécies, ajustando os picos de nascimentos para a estação chuvosa, poderiam garantir maior sucesso de sobrevivência dos filhotes, visto que o período crítico da lactação estaria ocorrendo numa época de máxima oferta de alimentos. Os morcegos estudados apresentaram dieta generalista, consumindo frutos, pólen-néctar e artrópodes. Ocorreu diferença significativa na dieta de G. soricina, em que frutos e artrópodes foram os itens predominantes na estação seca, enquanto frutos (polpa) predominou na estação chuvosa. Machos e fêmeas dessa espécie comeram os mesmos itens numa proporção semelhante. Embora A. geoffroyi não tenha tido preferência por determinado item específico, frutos e artrópodes foram mais consumidos do que pólen.

Apharyngotrema lenti n. sp. is described from the gall-bladder of two Brazilian bats, Saccopteryx bilineata and Anoura caudifera. This is only the second member of the genus to be described and the first anenterotrematid recorded from the gall-bladder. Specimens of Anenterotrema from the intestine of the same hosts are also briefly described. The validity of the genus Apharyngotrema is commented upon.

En el presente estudio se evaluó la dieta de murciélagos filostómidos de los bosques montanos del valle de Kosñipata (San Pedro, Cusco). Las especies evaluadas pertenecieron a los géneros Carollia, Sturnira y Anoura. Se analizó la dieta en base a la presencia de polen y semillas en muestras fecales. Se realizó un análisis de la importancia de las plantas consumidas, la amplitud del nicho alimenticio y el nivel de superposición del nicho alimenticio. Los resultados mostraron que la dieta de los murciélagos está compuesta en su mayoría por frutos y néctar-polen de las plantas. Los principales recursos registrados pertenecieron a los géneros Piper (registrado en 23,08% de las muestras), Cecropia (en 21,15%) y Abutilon (en 13,46%), los cuales fueron los recursos más importantes para la comunidad de murciélagos evaluada. La amplitud de nicho alimenticio para las 6 especies analizadas indicó que son especialistas en su dieta en el área de estudio. Por otro lado, los mayores niveles de superposición de nicho alimenticio ocurre entre las especies C. brevicauda, C. perspicillata y S. erythromos., In this study had been evaluated the diet of phyllostomids bats of the montane forest of the Kosñipata Valley (San Pedro, Cusco). The species of bats evaluated belong to the genus Carollia, Sturnira and Anoura. The diet was evaluated regarding the presence of pollen and seeds in fecal samples. Also, it was analyzed the importance of the plants consumed, the food niche breath and the food niche overlap. The results showed that the diet of the bats is mostly compounded of fruit and nectar-pollen of the plants. The principal resources registered belong to the genus Piper (registered in 23,08% of the samples), Cecropia (in 21,15%) and Abutilon (in 13,46%), which was the most important resources for the community of bats evaluated. The food niche breath of the six species analyzed showed that they are specialist in their diet in the study zone. The highest level of food niche overlap occurs between the species C. brevicauda, C. perspicillata and S. erythromos.

Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi is an endemic species from the Serra do Caraça, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In order to propose conservation strategies for this species, its reproductive strategies were investigated, including reproductive phenology, floral biology, floral visitors and breeding system. The flowering and fruiting period extends from May to October. Few flowers per plant open each night, producing up to 0.4 ml nectar, but 30% of them are nectarless. Probably pollen is also offered as a resource. Fruiting efficiency of C. laniflorus (47%) is close to that found in other Cactaceae species. Pollen of this species was detected in Anoura geoffroy, Soricina glossophaga and Pygoderma bilabiatum bats. Amongst the characteristics related to bat-pollination syndrome found in C. laniflorus, the cream-white colouring of the internal part of the flower, the numerous stamens and the nocturnal anthesis of short duration can be highlighted. Flowers of C. laniflorus are also visited by Nitidulidae beetles, Trigona fulviventris bees and hummingbirds, however bats are the main pollinators of this species. Finally, as a self-sterile species, C. laniflorus needs a pollinator and is more susceptible to the risk of extinction if local disturbances affect its pollination system. Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi é uma espécie endêmica da Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A fim de se propor estratégias de conservação para esta espécie, estudos sobre sua biologia reprodutiva foram realizados, incluindo fenologia reprodutiva, biologia floral, visitantes florais e o sistema reprodutivo. O período de floração e frutificação ocorre de maio a outubro. Poucas flores abrem-se por planta a cada noite, podendo produzir até 0.4 ml de néctar, poré 30% destas não apresentam néctar. Cipocereus laniflorus provavelmente oferece também pólen como recurso. A eficiência de frutificação sob condições naturais de polinização (47%) foi semelhante às encontras para outras espécies de Cactaceae. Pólen de C. laniflorus foi detectado nos morcegos Anoura geoffroy, Glossophaga soricina e Pygoderma bilabiatum. Entre os caracteres relacionados à quiropterofilia encontrados em C. laniflorus, destacamos a coloração creme da parte interna da flor, os estames numerosos e a antese noturna de curta duração. As flores de C. laniflorus também podem ser visitadas por besouros Nitidulidae, abelhas Trigona fulviventris e beija-flores. No entanto, os morcegos são os principais polinizadores desta espécie. Finalmente, por ser uma espécie auto-estéril, C. laniflorus precisa de um polinizador e está mais suscetível ao risco de extinção se qualquer distúrbio afetar de forma negativa o seu sistema de polinização.