Search

Drawing from a conversation analytic investigation of Japanese speakers' face-to-face conversations and telephone calls, this study investigated a conversational device that allows speakers to stay on as tellers while answering questions. The device consists of various forms of embedding practices that make the teller's continuation of extended telling recognizable as an answer to the recipient's confirmation requests. These include the following: first, vocabulary incorporation with word replacement, in which the teller's original lexical choice is replaced with a new word used in the recipient's confirmation request; second, vocabulary incorporation without word replacement, in which the teller repeats a word (with possible syntactic modification) included in the recipient's confirmation request; and third, transformative answers, in which the teller designs their continuations with adjustments to the original question posed to them. In addition, two types of syntactic operation construct a turn-in-progress as a continuation of extended telling: repeating the same syntactic formulation of the preceding utterance of the teller and producing a syntactically continuous component of the preceding utterance. These practices enable tellers to move their extended telling forward while answering the request for confirmation, thus securing their status as tellers. • How tellers of extended telling stay on as tellers while answering recipient questions is analyzed. • I identified three forms of embedding practices that make the extended telling recognizable as an answer. • Continuations of extended telling are achieved by two types of syntactic operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Normative Reasons: Between Reasoning and Explanation (2022), Arturs Logins provides a novel reductivist account of normative reasons, what he calls the Erotetic View of Reasons. In this paper, I provide three challenges to this view. The first two concern the extensional adequacy of the Erotetic View. The view may fail to count as normative reasons all and only considerations that are such. In particular, the view seems to both overgenerate and undergenerate reasons. My third concern is that the view may fail to capture the essential, practice-independent nature of reasons, as well as reasons' constitutive and grounding role with respect to other normative properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earnings Conference Calls, in which corporate management are quizzed by investment analysts, are a particularly rich source of a phenomenon of question-asking that, though less prevalent, also occurs in many other genres of discourse. When a participant in a dialogue is allowed to ask more than one question consecutively — particularly in order to extend or refine or recast — we see that respondents often react by answering either one or more of the individual questions, or by answering a question that was never actually asked, but which is related to the explicit questions and to other content introduced in the turn. We call this overarching implicit question a superquestion, and explore how they can be formed, how they can be answered, how they trigger argumentation, and, indeed, how they can be dodged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the forms and functions of answers to proposals for joint action, implemented through polar interrogatives, in Greek telephone calls. Our analysis indicates a distinct functional distribution of three types of accepting answers to such proposals. Particle-type answers do 'simple' acceptance of the proposal, i.e. they only display the respondent's willingness to take on the proposed action and nothing else, while repetition-type answers display the speaker's epistemic/deontic stance towards additional aspects of the proposal. With a third type of responses, speakers accept the proposal in a mitigated manner. Our findings align with Enfield et al.'s (2019) conclusion that particles serve as pragmatically unmarked polar answers. They do not, however, evince the prevalence of this type of answer to proposals to the same extent as to epistemically oriented polar interrogatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing the history of journalistic genres, author discovers “question-answer” patterns and suggests them to be an immanent fundamental communicative pattern for transmitting the knowledge and mass information in media. Observing recent genres dynamics in Russian media, the author describes main trends in the media discourse – irrationalization and primitivization. Applying his theoretical frame to the empirical analysis of Russian media texts on religion, the author finds “question-answer” patterns in interviews, expert commentaries and analytical articles. He indicates journalists’ desire to clarify issues of audience’s interest about religious life through questions and answers.

Background: ChatGPT is among the most popular large language models (LLMs), exhibiting proficiency in various standardized tests, including multiple-choice medical board examinations. However, its performance on otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (OHNS) certification examinations and open-ended medical board certification examinations has not been reported. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT on OHNS board examinations and propose a novel method to assess an AI model's performance on open-ended medical board examination questions. Methods: Twenty-one open-ended questions were adopted from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada's sample examination to query ChatGPT on April 11, 2023, with and without prompts. A new model, named Concordance, Validity, Safety, Competency (CVSC), was developed to evaluate its performance. Results: In an open-ended question assessment, ChatGPT achieved a passing mark (an average of 75% across 3 trials) in the attempts and demonstrated higher accuracy with prompts. The model demonstrated high concordance (92.06%) and satisfactory validity. While demonstrating considerable consistency in regenerating answers, it often provided only partially correct responses. Notably, concerning features such as hallucinations and self-conflicting answers were observed. Conclusions: ChatGPT achieved a passing score in the sample examination and demonstrated the potential to pass the OHNS certification examination of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Some concerns remain due to its hallucinations, which could pose risks to patient safety. Further adjustments are necessary to yield safer and more accurate answers for clinical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the increasing application of large language models like ChatGPT in various industries, its potential in the medical domain, especially in standardized examinations, has become a focal point of research. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the clinical performance of ChatGPT, focusing on its accuracy and reliability in the Chinese National Medical Licensing Examination (CNMLE). Methods: The CNMLE 2022 question set, consisting of 500 single-answer multiple choices questions, were reclassified into 15 medical subspecialties. Each question was tested 8 to 12 times in Chinese on the OpenAI platform from April 24 to May 15, 2023. Three key factors were considered: the version of GPT-3.5 and 4.0, the prompt's designation of system roles tailored to medical subspecialties, and repetition for coherence. A passing accuracy threshold was established as 60%. The χ 2 tests and κ values were employed to evaluate the model's accuracy and consistency. Results: GPT-4.0 achieved a passing accuracy of 72.7%, which was significantly higher than that of GPT-3.5 (54%; P <.001). The variability rate of repeated responses from GPT-4.0 was lower than that of GPT-3.5 (9% vs 19.5%; P <.001). However, both models showed relatively good response coherence, with κ values of 0.778 and 0.610, respectively. System roles numerically increased accuracy for both GPT-4.0 (0.3%‐3.7%) and GPT-3.5 (1.3%‐4.5%), and reduced variability by 1.7% and 1.8%, respectively (P >.05). In subgroup analysis, ChatGPT achieved comparable accuracy among different question types (P >.05). GPT-4.0 surpassed the accuracy threshold in 14 of 15 subspecialties, while GPT-3.5 did so in 7 of 15 on the first response. Conclusions: GPT-4.0 passed the CNMLE and outperformed GPT-3.5 in key areas such as accuracy, consistency, and medical subspecialty expertise. Adding a system role insignificantly enhanced the model's reliability and answer coherence. GPT-4.0 showed promising potential in medical education and clinical practice, meriting further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Artificial intelligence models can learn from medical literature and clinical cases and generate answers that rival human experts. However, challenges remain in the analysis of complex data containing images and diagrams. Objective: This study aims to assess the answering capabilities and accuracy of ChatGPT-4 Vision (GPT-4V) for a set of 100 questions, including image-based questions, from the 2023 otolaryngology board certification examination. Methods: Answers to 100 questions from the 2023 otolaryngology board certification examination, including image-based questions, were generated using GPT-4V. The accuracy rate was evaluated using different prompts, and the presence of images, clinical area of the questions, and variations in the answer content were examined. Results: The accuracy rate for text-only input was, on average, 24.7% but improved to 47.3% with the addition of English translation and prompts (P <.001). The average nonresponse rate for text-only input was 46.3%; this decreased to 2.7% with the addition of English translation and prompts (P <.001). The accuracy rate was lower for image-based questions than for text-only questions across all types of input, with a relatively high nonresponse rate. General questions and questions from the fields of head and neck allergies and nasal allergies had relatively high accuracy rates, which increased with the addition of translation and prompts. In terms of content, questions related to anatomy had the highest accuracy rate. For all content types, the addition of translation and prompts increased the accuracy rate. As for the performance based on image-based questions, the average of correct answer rate with text-only input was 30.4%, and that with text-plus-image input was 41.3% (P =.02). Conclusions: Examination of artificial intelligence's answering capabilities for the otolaryngology board certification examination improves our understanding of its potential and limitations in this field. Although the improvement was noted with the addition of translation and prompts, the accuracy rate for image-based questions was lower than that for text-based questions, suggesting room for improvement in GPT-4V at this stage. Furthermore, text-plus-image input answers a higher rate in image-based questions. Our findings imply the usefulness and potential of GPT-4V in medicine; however, future consideration of safe use methods is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research applying large language models (LLMs) to medicine was focused on text-based information. Recently, multimodal variants of LLMs acquired the capability of recognizing images. Objective: We aim to evaluate the image recognition capability of generative pretrained transformer (GPT)-4V, a recent multimodal LLM developed by OpenAI, in the medical field by testing how visual information affects its performance to answer questions in the 117th Japanese National Medical Licensing Examination. Methods: We focused on 108 questions that had 1 or more images as part of a question and presented GPT-4V with the same questions under two conditions: (1) with both the question text and associated images and (2) with the question text only. We then compared the difference in accuracy between the 2 conditions using the exact McNemar test. Results: Among the 108 questions with images, GPT-4V's accuracy was 68% (73/108) when presented with images and 72% (78/108) when presented without images (P =.36). For the 2 question categories, clinical and general, the accuracies with and those without images were 71% (70/98) versus 78% (76/98; P =.21) and 30% (3/10) versus 20% (2/10; P ≥.99), respectively. Conclusions: The additional information from the images did not significantly improve the performance of GPT-4V in the Japanese National Medical Licensing Examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Communication is a core competency of medical professionals and of utmost importance for patient safety. Although medical curricula emphasize communication training, traditional formats, such as real or simulated patient interactions, can present psychological stress and are limited in repetition. The recent emergence of large language models (LLMs), such as generative pretrained transformer (GPT), offers an opportunity to overcome these restrictions Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of a GPT-driven chatbot to practice history taking, one of the core competencies of communication. Methods: We developed an interactive chatbot interface using GPT-3.5 and a specific prompt including a chatbot-optimized illness script and a behavioral component. Following a mixed methods approach, we invited medical students to voluntarily practice history taking. To determine whether GPT provides suitable answers as a simulated patient, the conversations were recorded and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. We analyzed the extent to which the questions and answers aligned with the provided script, as well as the medical plausibility of the answers. Finally, the students filled out the Chatbot Usability Questionnaire (CUQ). Results: A total of 28 students practiced with our chatbot (mean age 23.4, SD 2.9 years). We recorded a total of 826 question-answer pairs (QAPs), with a median of 27.5 QAPs per conversation and 94.7% (n=782) pertaining to history taking. When questions were explicitly covered by the script (n=502, 60.3%), the GPT-provided answers were mostly based on explicit script information (n=471, 94.4%). For questions not covered by the script (n=195, 23.4%), the GPT answers used 56.4% (n=110) fictitious information. Regarding plausibility, 842 (97.9%) of 860 QAPs were rated as plausible. Of the 14 (2.1%) implausible answers, GPT provided answers rated as socially desirable, leaving role identity, ignoring script information, illogical reasoning, and calculation error. Despite these results, the CUQ revealed an overall positive user experience (77/100 points). Conclusions: Our data showed that LLMs, such as GPT, can provide a simulated patient experience and yield a good user experience and a majority of plausible answers. Our analysis revealed that GPT-provided answers use either explicit script information or are based on available information, which can be understood as abductive reasoning. Although rare, the GPT-based chatbot provides implausible information in some instances, with the major tendency being socially desirable instead of medically plausible information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of studies in every field of Islamic sciences has increased over time. Parallel to this, the diversity of tafsir studies on the Qurʾān has also increased. The field of Mushkil al- Qurʾān constitutes an important part of the ongoing tafsir studies using different methods. Both in tafsir in general and in individual works, verses that are in a state of ambiguity have been the subject and important studies have been carried out. The use of the question-and-answer method in the studies on the puzzling verses is also quite old in terms of history, and there are also works that have contributed to the exegesis of The Qurʾān by using this method. In the aforementioned works, both the questions that were predetermined by the author and the questions raised in line with the conditions of the period were answered and the resulting accumulation was published in books. At the same time, it is likely that the objectionable questions of orientalist approaches had an impact on the emergence of these works, although not completely. While some of the authors who were interested in the subject raised similar questions and gave answers to them in the places they deemed necessary in their works of tafsir, some of them wrote works consisting entirely of questions and answers prepared in this method. When the studies on the field are analyzed, it is seen that there is a considerable interaction between the works in question. At the same time, different questions showing the needs of the period in which the works were written are noteworthy in terms of showing the reflections of certain topics in history. Despite the similarity of the questions addressed in these works, the differences encountered in the answers also provide important clues in terms of understanding the perception of The Qurʾān of the period. In our study, we focused on a treatise prepared with the question-answer method, the content and method of the treatise were determined and its contribution to the field of Mushkil al-Qur' ān was tried to be determined. First of all, other works on the subject were researched and the studies on these works were pointed out. Then, our evaluations on the copy information of the treatise, which is the subject of our study, and the results we could reach about its author were included, and then the content of the treatise was revealed by comparing it with similar works. The questions included in the work have been categorized according to their subjects and analyzed by making headings in this direction. However, since it is not possible to deal with all the questions in detail in the scale of the article, from time to time, we have gone in the direction of ihtisar, and information is given in footnotes when deemed necessary. In order to make comparisons, other works that are the same or similar to the questions and answers given in the book have been pointed out in the footnotes, and the authors who gave different answers to the same questions have been identified and mentioned to the extent possible. At the end of the study, the data we obtained were evaluated and the contributions of the treatise to the field, its position among other similar works, and its shortcomings and aspects open to criticism were revealed. There are procedural deficiencies in the work, such as the fact that the questions are listed without any classification, that the controversial issues that have always been discussed in the historical process are not sufficiently emphasized, and that the holders of different opinions are not mentioned. However, the treatise is distinguished by its short, concise, simple and noncontroversial method and its questions that will appeal to interlocutors at different levels of education. In this sense, it is possible to say that the work makes a modest contribution to the field in the sense that it provides practical answers to questions that may come to mind while reading the Qurʾān. It is also among the results obtained that, although the work does not mention the disputes, the views that are more accepted in the historical process regarding the issues of the debates are adopted and these views are reflected in the answers. In addition, our study is a contribution to the promotion of research in this field and to the discovery of similar studies that have not yet been discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the uslubs or language styles mentioned in the Quran for expressing its sacred messages is question and answer (sual wa jawab), where a question is followed by its answer. This style of language has certainly attracted the attention of many parties, especially the scholars of the Quran, or mufassirin, whose thoughts and expertise are in direct contact with the holy words, as well as Arabic linguists, especially those related to balaghah. Scholars' perspectives on revealing the secrets of these questions and answers differ according to their scientific backgrounds, but all of them appear to be urgent in order to strengthen our awareness of the truth of the Divine Word that Allah revealed to His Messenger Muhammad (peace be upon him). The questions and answers (uslub) implicitly seem like an extremely important style or learning method to be applied in communicating with other parties. Among the forms of questions and answers (uslub) in the Qur'an that are interesting to observe is "uslub al-hakim," which is literally interpreted as the style of a wise man. This article discusses some of the general characteristics of usul al-Quran.It also describes specific types of Quranic questions and answers. Hence, it aims to be a blessing for us in this life.

Objective type of Exams is the most popular method of assessment nowadays that holds the belief of modernized assessors. It gives 100% of satisfaction to the assessors, since the sources of malpractice can be controlled. The word objective is a noun that means as intended efforts and actions of a person to attain or accomplish the purpose. The same meaning was dragged to name a specific type of testing through which the quality and quantity of a person can be easily measured. The objective of the objective type of exam is to keep the substantial type in shorter format, which has got various advantages from either ends. In this article we are to confer the system of objective type of questions and its exam pattern in order to provide hypothetical strategies to get through with the said format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although persistence is essential to overcoming challenges andmaking new discoveries, continued effort can be costly. Evenvery young learners must make decisions about when to investeffort and when to abandon a task. In the current study, weexplore whether children’s decisions about when to exert effortare influenced by the information they stand to gain in aparticular learning situation. That is, we examine whetherproviding children with solutions after they attempt tocomplete a challenging task reduces their persistence. Sixty 4-and 5-year-old children completed a series of iSpy puzzles andthen attempted to activate a novel toy. Children were eitherpresented with the solutions after attempting each task or givenno information about the answers. Our results demonstrate thatchildren persisted longer at attempting to activate a novel toywhen their effort was more likely to be the only source ofinformation: children who expected to be provided with thesolution gave up faster than those who did not. We discuss theimplications of these findings on children’s rational decisionsabout when effort is worthwhile, and consider how providinganswers might impact motivation and curiosity more broadly.

Allah has revealed Quran for the guidance of all humanity. Several methods have been employed to discuss and illustrate various themes to ensure the internalization of the divine message. If we are to study the Quran and the anecdotal accounts, instances that have been mentioned, we would find a genre of multiple subjects dedicated to the study of such methods. Linguistic rhetoric is comprised of simile, allegories, antonomasia and almost all the other essential linguistic tools to retain the purpose of competent and synoptic deliverance. Amongst such methods one is the maieutic methodology, which is of great importance in the genre of literary prose. It not only serves rhetoric ends but also assures the reinforcement of Quranic commandments. This article, titled 'Questions and Answers in Quran: An Analytical and Exegetic Study' shall explore this maieutic methodology as employed in Quran.

The mathematical communication of junior high school students is contained in written answers to mathematics, especially in finding patterns of problem-solving, presentation, and rewriting using the language, which is the purpose of this research. Expressing a mathematical situation into a mathematical model in writing can be done by reading and understanding the problem repeatedly, making connections between mathematical concepts and relevant images, making observations on the pictures given, then sorting the numbers based on the views, providing a complete explanation. Then ask students to illustrate the correct and correct answers in their language. The need to pay attention and maximize the time for students to communicate their findings. Creating a learning atmosphere that supports mathematical communication by getting students to dare to express opinions or ideas related to lessons and enrich themselves by seeking information from various sources. Komunikasi matematis siswa SMP yang terkandung dalam jawaban tertulis matematika, terutama dalam menemukan pola pemecahan masalah, penyajian, dan penulisan ulang menggunakan bahasanya. Menyatakan situasi matematika ke dalam model matematika secara tertulis, dapat dilakukan dengan cara membaca dan memahami masalah secara berulang-ulang, membuat hubungan antara konsep matematika dan gambar yang relevan, melakukan pengamatan pada gambar yang diberikan, kemudian mengurutkan angka berdasarkan gambar, memberikan penjelasan yang lengkap, kemudian meminta siswa untuk mengilustrasikan jawaban dalam bahasa mereka sendiri yang benar dan benar. Perlunya memperhatikan dan memaksimalkan waktu bagi siswa untuk mengomunikasikan temuannya. Menciptakan suasana belajar yang mendukung komunikasi matematis dengan cara membiasakan siswa memberanikan diri mengemukakan pendapat atau gagasan terkait pelajaran, dan memperkaya diri dengan mencari informasi dari berbagai sumber.

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wh-questions with the modal verb can admit both mention-some (MS) and mention-all (MA) answers. This paper argues that we should treat MS as a grammatical phenomenon, primarily determined by the grammar of the wh-interrogative. I assume that MS and MA answers can be modeled using the same definition of answerhood (Fox in Mention-some interpretations, MIT seminar, 2013) and attribute the MS/MA ambiguity to structural variations within the question nucleus. The variations are: (i) the scope ambiguity of the higher-order wh-trace and (ii) the absence/presence of an anti-exhaustification operator. However, treating MS answers as complete answers in this way contradicts the widely adopted analysis of uniqueness effects in questions of Dayal (Locality in wh quantification: Questions and relative clauses in Hindi, 1996), according to which the uniqueness effects of singular which-phrases arise from an exhaustivity presupposition, namely that a question must have a unique exhaustive true answer. To solve this dilemma, I propose that question interpretations presuppose Relativized Exhaustivity: roughly, the exhaustivity in questions is evaluated relative to the accessible worlds as opposed to the anchor/utterance world. Relativized Exhaustivity preserves the merits of Dayal's exhaustivity presupposition while permitting MS; moreover, it explains the local-uniqueness effects in modalized singular wh-questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While answers are constrained by the formal, functional and sequential properties of questions, this does not mean that those answering questions do not seek to respond in ways that resist or push back against those constraints. In this paper, we examine instances where guests on Iranian talk shows respond to a preceding information-seeking question with an incongruous or irrelevant answer that is framed as nonserious. We suggest that non-serious answers are a means by which respondents construe the prior question as improper, but also inoculate themselves against a (potential) charge of being overly-sensitive or too easily offended. However, while nonserious answers construe a prior question as improper, they do not forestall that question-answer sequence. It is only when the question-recipient proffers a subsequent non-answer response that the host admits to the potential impropriety of their line of questioning and moves to close the sequence. In cases where the question-recipient provides a serious answer following the initial non-serious response, the question-answer sequence is extended. We conclude that non-serious answers strike a delicate balance between drawing attention to the impropriety of someone else's question without completely forestalling the overall progressivity of social interaction. • Answers can resist or push back against the constraints of prior questions. • Non-serious answers enable respondents to construe the prior question as improper. • Non-serious answers do not forestall question-answer sequences. • Question-answer sequences shape the identities and relationships of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conversation analytic study examines the linguistic resources for indexing epistemic stance in second position in question sequences in Greek conversation. It targets three formats for providing affirming/confirming answers to polar questions: unmarked and marked positive response tokens, and repetitions. It is shown that the three formats display different functional distributions. Unmarked response tokens do 'simple' answering, marked response tokens provide overt confirmations, and repetitional answers assert the respondent's epistemic authority besides confirming the question's proposition. Unmarked and marked response tokens accept the questioner's epistemic stance, whereas repetitional answers may accept or resist the epistemic terms of the question, depending on the action being implemented by the question. This study sheds light on the organization of questioning and answering in Greek conversation and the role of epistemics in the design of polar answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Of Islamic Science College is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What makes a question useful? What makes an answer appropriate?In this paper, we formulate a family of increasinglysophisticated models of question-answer behavior within theRational Speech Act framework. We compare these modelsbased on three different pieces of evidence: first, we demonstratehow our answerer models capture a classic effect in psycholinguisticsshowing that an answerer’s level of informativenessvaries with the inferred questioner goal, while keepingthe question constant. Second, we jointly test the questionerand answerer components of our model based on empirical evidencefrom a question-answer reasoning game. Third, we examinea special case of this game to further distinguish amongthe questioner models. We find that sophisticated pragmaticreasoning is needed to account for some of the data. Peoplecan use questions to provide cues to the answerer about theirinterest, and can select answers that are informative about inferredinterests.

Responses to a polar question have recently received much attention in the syntactic literature (e.g., Yaisomanag, 2012 on Thi; Wu, 2016 on Taiwanese, Servidio et al., 2018 on Italian; among others). However, the syntax of yes-no questions in Arabic has been undermined in the literature. The present study provides a syntactic analysis of answers to positive/neutral polar questions in Jordanian Arabic. Jordanian Arabic is particularly relevant here because its system allows for a variety of answer expressions. For example, an answer to a polar question could be in the form of a particle (a: 'yes' and la? 'no') or a finite verb echoing the verb of the question. Following Holmberg (2016), we demonstrate that these expressions are full sentences derived by ellipses. We assume that a yes-no question has an unvalued, free polarity variable [±Pol] that needs to be assigned a value. Deriving the answer would provide a value for this variable. This involves copying the TP of the question and merging an answer particle or an abstract polarity feature (affirmative or negative) in spec-Foc to value the unvalued feature of Pol; then the TP of the answer gets deleted at the PF component under identity with the TP of the question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ma'alim Quran Sunnah is the property of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Reading medical papers is a challenging and time-consuming task for doctors, especially when the papers are long and complex. A tool that can help doctors efficiently process and understand medical papers is needed., Objective: This study aims to critically assess and compare the comprehension capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in accurately and efficiently understanding medical research papers using the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist, which provides a standardized framework for evaluating key elements of observational study., Methods: The study is a methodological type of research. The study aims to evaluate the understanding capabilities of new generative artificial intelligence tools in medical papers. A novel benchmark pipeline processed 50 medical research papers from PubMed, comparing the answers of 6 LLMs (GPT-3.5-Turbo, GPT-4-0613, GPT-4-1106, PaLM 2, Claude v1, and Gemini Pro) to the benchmark established by expert medical professors. Fifteen questions, derived from the STROBE checklist, assessed LLMs' understanding of different sections of a research paper., Results: LLMs exhibited varying performance, with GPT-3.5-Turbo achieving the highest percentage of correct answers (n=3916, 66.9%), followed by GPT-4-1106 (n=3837, 65.6%), PaLM 2 (n=3632, 62.1%), Claude v1 (n=2887, 58.3%), Gemini Pro (n=2878, 49.2%), and GPT-4-0613 (n=2580, 44.1%). Statistical analysis revealed statistically significant differences between LLMs (P<.001), with older models showing inconsistent performance compared to newer versions. LLMs showcased distinct performances for each question across different parts of a scholarly paper-with certain models like PaLM 2 and GPT-3.5 showing remarkable versatility and depth in understanding., Conclusions: This study is the first to evaluate the performance of different LLMs in understanding medical papers using the retrieval augmented generation method. The findings highlight the potential of LLMs to enhance medical research by improving efficiency and facilitating evidence-based decision-making. Further research is needed to address limitations such as the influence of question formats, potential biases, and the rapid evolution of LLM models., (©Seyma Handan Akyon, Fatih Cagatay Akyon, Ahmet Sefa Camyar, Fatih Hızlı, Talha Sari, Şamil Hızlı. Originally published in JMIR Medical Informatics (https://medinform.jmir.org), 04.09.2024.)

Doubting theological science and limiting the primacy of theology has been a subject of debate among scientists and theologians for centuries. The study aims to answer scientists who doubt theology as a science and warn theologians who only recognize theology as science but do not recognize theology as ascience. To achieve this goal, researchers use content analysis methods. The results found that, on the one hand, theology is science essentially, not because of the recognition of theologians, but because of its understanding, characteristics, activities, and dimensions as a science. On the other hand, in accordance with its nature, theology is ascience because of its understanding and presupposition, position, adequacy, certainty, and superiority over science. These findings confirm that theology is indeed the queen of all science. If theology is recognized as science and ascience, scientists and theologians will realize knowledge and life that is entirely integrative.

The question-response interchange in biblical dialogue is of great linguistic as well as literary interest. In order to successfully serve purposes such as characterization and plot development, question-response interactions in a literary composition must authentically reflect the linguistic forms and conversational practices characterizing natural spoken language. The present study analyzes the linguistic characteristics and patterns of use of responses to questions in Biblical Hebrew dialogue. Its findings show that the semantics and syntax of answers to yes/no questions are closely related to the affiliation or misaffiliation of the answer with the question's accompanying assumptions, expectations, and agendas. These associations between semantic/syntactic types and social cooperativeness, which closely resemble those found in modern spoken conversation, contribute to the authenticity of the style of biblical dialogue, and enable the question-response interaction to function effectively on the literary level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Educa UMCH is the property of Universidad Marcelino Champagnat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The temporal references are one of the indicative elements of deliberation, whose significance can only be reached through the context in which the answers of the imam, peace be upon him, are contained in the approach of Al-Balajah and the books he is familiar with. It has been used by him as a deliberative use, as he stated in its explicit and explicit meaning, The context sometimes to express the meanings that are wandering in his mind and wants to be communicated to the addressee and include the acts that are absolute from the time of grammar that was developed for him as a sign of the past on the case and reception and the signifier of the past and the present and the future and Saw it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural disasters are a risk factor for the development of mental disorders, the mental health care of the affected population is a priority. The purpose of this text is to present the diagnosis on the provision of services and mental health needs of those affected by the earthquakes of September, 2017. From these observations it is concluded that a National Program for Mental and Psychosocial Health in Critical Situations and Disasters is essential, whose basic action lines are described in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Techniques of conversation analysis are employed to reach a better understanding of the interactional competencies of young children. Drawing on audio–video recordings of mother–child interactions, this paper examines laughter by young children after questions by the child's mother. It is argued that by laughing the child is showing an orientation to the conditional relevance of a second pair part of an adjacency pair on the production of a first pair part. It is argued that possible bases for young children using laughter after a question are the child's inability to answer a question in full, and their unwillingness to do so. The children studied are in the second year of life and are making the transition from the single to multiword stage. All participants are native speakers of English and speak English throughout the recordings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The reliability of GPT-4, a state-of-the-art expansive language model specializing in clinical reasoning and medical knowledge, remains largely unverified across non-English languages., Objective: This study aims to compare fundamental clinical competencies between Japanese residents and GPT-4 by using the General Medicine In-Training Examination (GM-ITE)., Methods: We used the GPT-4 model provided by OpenAI and the GM-ITE examination questions for the years 2020, 2021, and 2022 to conduct a comparative analysis. This analysis focused on evaluating the performance of individuals who were concluding their second year of residency in comparison to that of GPT-4. Given the current abilities of GPT-4, our study included only single-choice exam questions, excluding those involving audio, video, or image data. The assessment included 4 categories: general theory (professionalism and medical interviewing), symptomatology and clinical reasoning, physical examinations and clinical procedures, and specific diseases. Additionally, we categorized the questions into 7 specialty fields and 3 levels of difficulty, which were determined based on residents' correct response rates., Results: Upon examination of 137 GM-ITE questions in Japanese, GPT-4 scores were significantly higher than the mean scores of residents (residents: 55.8%, GPT-4: 70.1%; P<.001). In terms of specific disciplines, GPT-4 scored 23.5 points higher in the "specific diseases," 30.9 points higher in "obstetrics and gynecology," and 26.1 points higher in "internal medicine." In contrast, GPT-4 scores in "medical interviewing and professionalism," "general practice," and "psychiatry" were lower than those of the residents, although this discrepancy was not statistically significant. Upon analyzing scores based on question difficulty, GPT-4 scores were 17.2 points lower for easy problems (P=.007) but were 25.4 and 24.4 points higher for normal and difficult problems, respectively (P<.001). In year-on-year comparisons, GPT-4 scores were 21.7 and 21.5 points higher in the 2020 (P=.01) and 2022 (P=.003) examinations, respectively, but only 3.5 points higher in the 2021 examinations (no significant difference)., Conclusions: In the Japanese language, GPT-4 also outperformed the average medical residents in the GM-ITE test, originally designed for them. Specifically, GPT-4 demonstrated a tendency to score higher on difficult questions with low resident correct response rates and those demanding a more comprehensive understanding of diseases. However, GPT-4 scored comparatively lower on questions that residents could readily answer, such as those testing attitudes toward patients and professionalism, as well as those necessitating an understanding of context and communication. These findings highlight the strengths and limitations of artificial intelligence applications in medical education and practice., (©Takashi Watari, Soshi Takagi, Kota Sakaguchi, Yuji Nishizaki, Taro Shimizu, Yu Yamamoto, Yasuharu Tokuda. Originally published in JMIR Medical Education (https://mededu.jmir.org), 06.12.2023.)