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The CH stretch overtone region (5750–6300 cm−1) of benzene and naphthalene is assigned herein using anharmonic quantum chemical computations, and the trend of how this extends to larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is established. The assignment of all experimental bands to specific vibrational states is performed for the first time. Resonance polyads and the inclusion of 3-quanta vibrational states are both needed to compute accurate vibrational frequencies with the proper density-of-states to match the experimental band shape. Hundreds of 3-quanta states produce the observed band structure in naphthalene, anthracene, and tetracene, and this number is expected to increase drastically for larger PAHs. The width and shape of the main peak are consistent from naphthalene to anthracene, necessitating further exploration of this trend to confirm whether it is representative of all PAHs in the CH stretch overtone region. Understanding observations of PAH sources in the 1–3 μm region from the NIRSpec instrument aboard JWST requires new computational data, and this study provides a benchmark and foundation for their computation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBiodegradation of PAH mixtures is an eco-friendly practice that requires the exploration of efficient microbes. In this study, three fungal species; Phellinus noxius BRB 11, Leiotrametes menziesii BRB 73, and Ceriporia lacerata BRB 81, were screened for phenanthrene (PHE) degradation. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase activities were analyzed before and after the degradation. Following the screening, further degradation was performed by P. noxius BRB 11 using the following seven treatments: PHE, anthracene (ANT), Benzo (a) pyrene (BaP), PHE–ANT, PHE–BaP, ANT–BaP, and ANT–PHE–BaP. The transformed metabolites and metabolic pathways were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity were investigated using Artemia salina and Vigna radiata. The primary screening revealed P. noxius BRB 11 to be a potential strain based on 95% PHE degradation, followed by 24%, and 26% using L. menziesii BRB 73 and C. lacerata BRB 81, respectively. Further research was carried out using only P. noxius BRB 11 to degrade PAHs in single and mixture forms. Co-degradation was observed above 90% except for ANT, while single degradation demonstrated high values for ANT and lower for BaP. Pathway analysis of P. noxius BRB 11 confirmed ten metabolites with lower toxicity in both phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity assays. This study provides a foundation for the practical applications of white rot fungal species in PAH degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the chemical industry, the threat of mercury pollution to human health is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a low-cost, convenient and efficient Hg2+ detection method. In this study, anthracene-based Hg2+ fluorescent probes AN-2S and AN-4S were synthesized by a dithioacetal reaction for the rapid and efficient detection of the Hg2+ concentration in water. Through molecular structure design and synthesis route optimization, the complexity and cost of the probe synthesis were greatly reduced. AN-2S and AN-4S had good water solubility, rapid response abilities and anti-interference abilities, and could specifically detect Hg2+ using "turn-off" or "turn-on" detection modes within 1 min. The AN-4S probe showed a wide linear response range (0~40 μmol/L) and high sensitivity (4.93 × 10−8 mol/L) to Hg2+ in 99% aqueous solutions, over a pH range of 5~13. The reaction mechanism between the probe and Hg2+ was determined using 1H NMR and FT-IR spectra and Job's curves. It was proven that the AN-2S and AN-4S probes react with Hg2+ in a molar ratio of 1:1 or 1:2. The dual-detection mode enabled the probes to be used not only for the accurate quantitative detection of Hg2+ under a fluorescence spectrometer, but also for rapid qualitative analysis using a UV flashlight as a test strip, showing a broad practical application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the efficacy of a single-mode, multimode, and single-mode (SMF-MMF-SMF) fiber configuration for low-dose optical radiation monitoring applications, such as UV detection and dosimetry. Particular attention is devoted to radiation-induced absorption (RIA) and radiation-induced refractive index change (RIRIC). Radiation exposure alters the refractive index of fiber materials, resulting in a shift in the peak wavelength. This study utilized a multimode fiber with a core diameter of 65 μm, and its sensing region was coated with anthracene solutions at varying concentrations of 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%. The experimental findings demonstrate that RIRIC and RIA depend on the energy of the applied radiation for all sensor configurations. A discernible shift in the peak wavelength was observed. When the impact of anthracene concentration on sensor efficiency was examined, the sensitivity of the 3 wt% solution was higher than that of the 1 wt% and 5 wt% solutions. This work contributed to the advancement of optical fiber sensor technology, specifically in the context of radiation detection. The results may encourage further exploration of hybrid fiber configurations and functional coatings, opening new avenues for the next-generation fiber optic dosimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We designed and synthesized two new blue materials, namely 9,10-bis(4-(4,5-diphenyloxazol-2-yl)phenyl)anthracene (DPO-An) and 9,10-bis(4-(phenanthro[9,10-d]oxazol-2-yl)phenyl)anthracene (PO-An). Both DPO-An and PO-An materials show maximum photoluminescence wavelengths of 443 nm and 449 nm, respectively. These materials emit deep-blue light with high PLQY values of 80% and 82% in the solution state. Additionally, these two materials exhibit remarkable thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures exceeding 440 °C. In non-doped devices using DPO-An and PO-An as the emitting layer, electroluminescence peaks at 455 nm and 468 nm were observed, with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.17, 0.24) and (0.18, 0.26), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic pressures affect large stretches of Mediterranean coastal environments, determining alterations, including chemical pollution, able to impair ecosystem functioning and services. Among the pollutants of major concern for their toxicity and persistence, there are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can be effectively monitored through bioaccumulation approaches. However, the main biomonitor of PAHs in the Mediterranean Sea, Posidonia oceanica, is currently undergoing extensive regressions due to anthropogenic pressures, forcing the search for alternative biomonitors. In this context, with a view to evaluate the effectiveness of the red alga Laurencia microcladia as an alternative PAH biomonitor, we comparatively investigated the accumulation gradients of 14 PAHs in its thalli, in leaves of P. oceanica and in surface sediments collected from different sites along the Cilento coast (southern Italy). The two species mainly absorb PAHs from water rather than sediments and show comparable PAH concentrations, with a preferential accumulation of low molecular weight PAHs in L. microcladia and of medium molecular weight PAHs in P. oceanica. Although with different accumulation profiles, both macrophytes highlighted comparable concentration gradients of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene across study sites and the highest concentrations near a harbour. The obtained findings indicate that L. microcladia can be considered an effective biomonitor of PAHs in coastal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics of anthracene hydrogenation was studied using the method of equilibrium kinetic analysis. To determine the diffusion–kinetic characteristics, anthracene hydrogenation was performed at different temperatures (648 K, 673 K, 698 K), at a hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa in the presence of a mixture of pyrite (FeS2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) taken at a ratio of 1:1. Chromatographic analysis of anthracene hydrogenation products showed the presence of 9,10-dihydroanthracene (DHA), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracene (THA), methylnaphthalene (MN), naphthalene (H) and other unidentified compounds. In order to preserve the material balance, a total hydrogenation reaction of anthracene, up to 9,10-dihydroanthracene, was proposed as characterized by the highest rate in the presence of pyrite-based catalysts and aluminum oxide. Calculations of the degrees of rotation of anthracene, reaction constants, and Gibbs energy have shown that with increasing temperature, the reaction becomes more thermodynamically advantageous. Based on the obtained data, Arrhenius dependences were constructed, which made it possible to calculate the activation energies of direct (39.4 kJ/mol) and reverse (13.04 kJ/mol) reactions. Thus, based on the calculations performed, it was found that the process of anthracene hydrogenation in the presence of a mixture of pyrite and aluminum oxide proceeds mainly in the diffusion region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: New drugs are required for the treatment of liver cancers and protozoal parasite infections. Analogs of the known anticancer active and antileishmanial 2′,4′,6′-trimethoxychalcone SU086 were prepared and investigated. Methods: The chalcones were prepared according to the Claisen–Schmidt condensation protocol and analyzed. They were tested for activity against two liver cancer cell lines (HepG2 and HuH-7) and protozoal parasites (Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania major). Unspecific toxicity and expression of Hsp90 and Hsp70 upon treatment were analyzed in liver cancer cells. Results: A new chalcone, 2′,4′,6′-trimethoxy-3-pentafluorosulfanylchalcone (246TMP-3SF5), with a pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) substituent showed pronounced activities against liver cancer cells and T. gondii parasites which were superior to the activities of the parent chalcone SU086 in these models. In contrast, SU086 and its anthracene analog 2′,4′,6′-trimethoxy-9-anthracenylchalcone (246TMP-Anth) were most active against L. major promastigotes. The new SF5-substituted chalcone behaved like the known Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG and upregulated Hsp70 expression in liver cancer cells. Conclusions: The SF5-substituted SU086 analog has potential to become a new drug for the therapy of hepatoma and toxoplasmosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds as they are low water solubility, hardly degradable and may persist in the environment for many years. Therefore, this study was directed to PAHs 'anthracene and naphthalene' removal using a combination method between adsorption and degradation using sunlight. Three adsorbent materials, iron oxide (Fe) alone, Sargassum dentifolium (S) alone, and mixture of Iron oxide and Sargassum dentifolium (FeS) were prepared. Afterwards, optimisation process was performed for the three adsorbent forms through some preliminary experiments followed by full factorial design experiment to get the optimum interacted factors that achieve high PAHs removal efficiency. Some characterisation analyses such as FT-IR, TEM, DLS, zeta potential, specific surface area, magnetisation analysis, isotherm and kinetics studies were performed. The full factorial design showed that, the highest anthracene removal efficiency of 99.15% was obtained at 50 ppm concentration, 3 h contact time by using 1 g/l Sargassum dentifolium, whereas the highest naphthalene removal efficiency of 93.05% was achieved after 4 h contact time at 50 ppm concentration by using 4 g/l Sargassum dentifolium. Moreover, 93.02% naphthalene removal efficiency was stated at 50 ppm concentration after 1 h contact time by using 1 g/l mixed form of Iron oxide/Sargassum dentifolium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the influence of nitrogen atoms on the mechanofluorochromic (MFC) properties, three novel anthracene‐based MFC compounds were designed and synthesized, and the effects of nitrogen atom position changes on their photophysical properties and MFC properties were deeply explored. The structure of the three compounds maintains the anthracene and enone portions unchanged, with only subtle adjustments made to the position of the nitrogen atom in the pyridine moiety. Experimental verification revealed that these three anthracene‐based compounds exhibit almost identical photophysical properties in solution but display significantly different fluorescence colors and distinct MFC properties in the solid state. The findings of this study not only offer a new perspective for understanding the MFC mechanism of anthracene‐based compounds but also provide valuable insights for the design and development of novel MFC molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the flat band voltage (VFB) of silicon (Si) surfaces functionalized with methyl (Me), 9‐anthracene (Anth), 1,8‐anthracene (DiAnth; two attachment points), and 9‐bianthracene (BiAnth) on n‐type and p‐type Si substrates. Flat band potential (EFB, by Mott‐Schottky) provided VFB (or VBI) dependent on the contacted redox couple (ERedox). On p‐type Si, VFB increased linearly until a limiting value was reached; similarly, the n‐type Si VFB decreased linearly until it plateaued at more negative potentials. Notably, the slope of VFB depended on the surface modifier, exhibiting opposite trends for p‐type and n‐type Si. Curiously, anthracene‐functionalized p‐Si exhibited an unexpectedly more shallow (and beneficial) slope than ‐methyl, attributed to the polarizability of the anthracene π electron cloud and a potential drop across the molecular interface. On n‐type Si, anthracene‐functionalized surfaces displayed a higher slope than ‐methyl, suggesting a gradual cancellation of the voltage shift effect due to a fixed surface dipole. We also quantified the interfacial potential drop across p‐Si–Anth as 275 mV using variable frequency (10 kHz vs 1 kHz) Mott‐Schottky analysis. The interfacial potential drop and dipoles that result from molecular functionalization are thus critical design parameters for PEC cells that utilize moderate‐potential redox couples or reactions; however, such effects are negligible with redox couples that reside at or beyond the semiconductor band‐edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of viable solid‐state annihilators is one of the greatest hurdles in perovskite‐sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (UC). Unfavorable singlet and triplet energy surfaces in the solid state have limited the successful implementation of many conventional solution‐based annihilators. To date, rubrene is still the best‐performing annihilator; however, this comes at the cost of a limited apparent anti‐Stokes shift. To this point, anthracene derivatives are promising candidates to increase the apparent anti‐Stokes shift. The well‐known green glowstick dye 9,10‐(bisphenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) and its chlorinated derivatives have already shown promise in solution‐based UC applications. Due to favorable band alignment of the perovskite and triplet energy levels of BPEA, it is conceivable that a wide variety of BPEA derivatives can be compatible with the perovskite‐based UC system. Here, the properties of the parent molecule BPEA and its derivatives 1‐chloro‐9,10‐(bisphenylethynyl)anthracene and 2‐chloro‐9,10‐(bisphenylethynyl)anthracene are investigated. Despite similar optical properties in solution, the different molecules exhibit vastly different properties in thin films. UC studies in lead halide perovskite/BPEA bilayer devices demonstrate the importance of intermolecular coupling on the resulting properties of the upconverted emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound with a donor–π–donor (D–π–D) type triad structure was synthesized by Buchwald–Hartwig amination using 9,10-dibromoanthracene and 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, and characterized by 1H, 13C{1H} NMR, HRMS, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The azepine–anthracene–azepine units are nearly orthogonal to each other, with a torsion angle of 88°. A broad and weak absorption band around 410–480 nm and the low emission character (ΦF = 0.01) suggest the weak intramolecular charge transfer from the azepine to the anthracene unit due to the twisted structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective hydrogenation is an effective approach to utilize coal tar and slurry oil to produce high value-added fine chemicals. However, how to efficiently improve the selectivity of the target product and the stability of the catalyst is difficult. Herein, the PdZn alloy catalyst was synthesized by the assistance of strong interaction between active metal (Pd) and support (ZnO) for hydrogenation of anthracene to symmetrical octahydro anthracene (sym-OHA). The PdZn alloy catalyst reduced at 400 °C was found to exhibit a 100% conversion of the anthracen with 84.77% selectivity to sym-OHA under the optimized conditions (200 °C, 1 MPa). The characterization analysis indicated that the PdZn alloy with electron-rich Pd active sites is more efficient in the selective hydrogenation than the pure Pd metal. The study of the deep hydrogenation of sym-OHA (Hydrogenation of sym-OHA to perhydroanhtracene) showed that PdZn alloy catalysts were inactive to further hydrogenation of sym-OHA. Additionally, due to the strong interaction between Pd and ZnO, the Pd/ZnO(400) catalyst shows high stability for five cycles. These findings are of practical significance for the selective hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to produce high value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coal tar and heavy oil can reduce the quality of oil products and pollute the environment. In order to reduce the content of harmful substances in fossil resources, minimize environmental pollution, and prepare efficient light fuels, anthracene is used as a model compound for catalytic hydrogenation saturation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A series of Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with different mass fractions of La were prepared by impregnation method, and the effects of La introduction on the structure and properties of the catalysts, as well as the reaction performance of anthracene hydrogenation to fully hydrogenated anthracene, were investigated by characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ammonia gas temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) . The results showed that the addition of an appropriate amount of La significantly improved the selectivity of fully hydrogenated anthracene. When the loading mass fraction of La metal was 1%, the temperature was 275 ℃, and a hydrogen pressure was 4 MPa, the conversion rate of anthracene hydrogenation is the highest, at 99.9%. The XRD characterization results of the catalyst showed that appropriate doping of metal La into Pd based catalyst reduced the metal particle size of the catalyst and improved the dispersion of Pd. The XPS characterization results indicate that the introduction of 1% La results in the highest content of Pd0 active metal and the best hydrogenation effect. The NH3-TPD results indicate that a higher degree of weak acidity is beneficial for the deep hydrogenation of anthracene. This provides theoretical guidance for designing efficient precious metal catalysts to catalyze the synthesis of fully hydrogenated anthracene from anthracene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis and characterization of a [2]catenane consisting of one fluorescent ring incorporating a 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene and the other ring containing 2 naphthalene diimides as quenchers. The catenane was constructed via a modified Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between terminal alkyne and azide groups, introduced into precursors of the quencher ring in the presence of the fluorescent ring. In chloroform, the absorption spectra of the catenane showed a broad band between 500 and 700 nm, attributed to charge-transfer interactions between the fluorophore and quenchers. Titration experiments using a quencher ring and linear model compounds of the fluorescent ring suggested that the fluorophore in [2]catenane is sandwiched between the 2 quenchers. This configuration led to substantial shifts in the ¹H NMR signals of the fluorophore, compared to the free 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene of the ring before catenane formation. While the fluorescent ring exhibited a high fluorescence quantum yield (Φ = 0.91), this was completely quenched upon catenane formation (Φ < 0.01). This pronounced fluorescence quenching makes the system a promising candidate for the development of supramolecular mechanophores capable of on/off fluorescence switching in response to applied force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become one of the major pollutants of the environment today due to consistent industrial activities, which have imposed great effects on human health. PAHs are mostly present in high concentrations in soils which are associated with industrial activities and are of concern due to their carcinogenic and toxic effects. With these growing industrial activities, developing alternative methods to mitigate the increasing negative effects caused by PAHs is considered a necessity. The novelty of this study is modelled aluminium nitride nanotube with silicon and phosphorus co-doping (SiP-AlNNT) to study its potential towards the sensing and adsorption of PAHs, particularly, anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene through the density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP-D3/def2svp level of theory. The systems underwent a series of analyses and the results are promising. Comparing the behaviour of the nanotube towards sensing and adsorption of the various PAHs, preference due to tiny differences across the analyses is for anthracene. This is first suggested by the most narrowed energy gap (Egap ¼ 2.704 eV), strongest adsorption (Eads ¼ ¡1.54 eV), and highest polarity (dipole moment ¼ 11.29 D). Overall, this study presents aluminium nitride nanotube engineered with silicon and phosphorus co-doping as a promising adsorbent for sensing and adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This nanotube is therefore recommended for further explorations, through experimentally driven research approaches.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of two Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the profiles of soluble proteins and fatty acids and on LacsA (long-chain acyl-CoA synthesis) gene expression in Dunaliella tertiolecta and Dunaliella salina. The algae were treated with a control and three experimental concentrations (3000, 6000 and 9000 μg l‒1) of phenanthrene and anthracene. In D. salina treated with 6000 and 9000 μg l‒1 of anthracene, expression of LacsA and α-linolenic acid was higher than in the control treatment. Also, at 3000 and 6000 μg l‒1 of anthracene, there was a sharp increase in hexadecenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (omega-3). Dunaliella tertiolecta treated with 9000 μg l‒1of anthracene showed a stronger protein expression profile than other samples which was consistent with LacsA gene expression at the same dose of anthracene. In D. tertiolecta, α-linolenic acid and 11-octadecenoic acid increased significantly at 9000 µg l‒1 of anthracene compared to the control, and there were similar trends in proteins, LacsA gene expression and α-linolenic acid and 11-octadecenoic fatty acids content. Phenanthrene and anthracene have different molecular structures, and it seems that they also have different dose-dependent effects on synthesis/accumulation of fatty acids, SDS-PAGE profiles of proteins and LacsA gene expression in D. salina and D. tertiolecta. According to previous reports, the LacsA gene is mediated by α-linolenic acid, hexadecenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (omega-3) synthesis. Since PAHs tend to be accumulated in the cell membrane of the microalgae, microalgae produce various proteins and fatty acids to bioremediate these harmful substances. Our results indicated that Dunaliella spp. may be good candidates for biodegradation purposes as well as an adequate model as a biotechnological accumulator of fatty acids under exposure to PAHs.

This document is an erratum for a journal article that corrects errors in the implementation of equations. It provides corrected values for eigenvectors and perturbative correction terms. The document also presents data on triplet exciton transfer couplings in anthracene dimers and singlet fission couplings for pentacene dimers. The corrected tables compare couplings for different compounds and calculation methods, and provide excitation energies and weights of basis states for pentacene dimers. This information can be useful for researchers studying singlet fission and its applications. The correction was provided by Soichiro Nishio and Yuki Kurashige. [Extracted from the article]

The di(9-anthryl)methyl (DAntM) radical was synthesized and investigated to elucidate its optical, electrical properties, and reactivity. The generation of the DAntM radical was confirmed by its ESR spectrum, which showed two broad signals. The unpaired electron is primarily localized on the central sp2 carbon and slightly delocalized over the two anthryl moieties. Although the DAntM radical undergoes dimerization in solution, the radical still remains even at 190 K due to the bulky nature of the two anthryl groups. Interestingly, upon exposure to air, the purple color of the radical solution quickly fades to orange, resulting in decomposition to give 9-anthryl aldehyde and anthroxyl radical derivatives.

Photocontrol over host frameworks is an elegant way to manipulate host‐guest composites, yet the majority of previous systems suffer from long irradiation time and narrow guest scope, and are restricted to intramolecular photoreactions in organic solvents. Herein we present a photolockable polyaromatic capsule with high guest binding abilities in water. The capsule assembles from bent amphiphiles featuring two 2‐subsutituted anthracene panels, which shows high stability against dilution and undergoes intermolecular [4+4] photo‐oligomerization upon short light irradiation (<10 min). The photolocked capsule provides a roughly spherical framework, with an average, core diameter of ~3 nm, composed of amphiphilic oligomers (e. g., trimer). The new capsule shows improved host ability (up to 10‐fold) in water toward various hydrophobic compounds (e. g., organic and metal‐complex dyes), as compared with an analogous, non‐photolockable capsule with 9‐subsutituted anthracene panels. In addition, the resultant dye‐loaded capsules are also successfully photolocked via short irradiation with high retention of the bound dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As family members of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, compound anthracene (Ant) and phenanthrene (Phe) as isomers are widely used in organic optical materials and electronic materials. But their photochemical and physical properties are very different. In this work, the room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) properties of PVA−B‐Ant and PVA−B‐Phe are discussed carefully which are prepared by B−O click reaction through polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with 9‐anthraceneboronic acid (B‐Ant) and 9‐phenanthrenylboronic acid (B‐Phe), respectively. PVA−B‐Phe 1 % film exhibits excellent fluorescence (FL) emission at 374 nm and RTP emission at 523 nm with green afterglow and around 1.9 s phosphorescence lifetime. However, PVA−B‐Ant 1 % film only shows strong blue FL emission at 414 nm, and the emission intensity decreases seriously with the extension of irradiation time. Experimental and theoretical calculations results suggest that the photodimer of Ant which is formed in PVA matrix under the UV light irradiation would be competitive with the process of RTP emission. This work demonstrates that the RTP properties of organic molecules might be probably affected by the photostability of the organic phosphor under UV irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactivity of [{SiNDipp}AlK]2, which comprises a formally anionic Al(I) centre, has been examined towards a variety of 1,3‐dienic molecules, including 2,3‐dimethylbutadiene, cyclooctatetraene, anthracene and tetracene. In each case, the alumanyl derivative experiences oxidative addition across the Al(I) centre to provide the corresponding potassium aluminacyclopentene, aluminacyclopropene or aluminanorbornadiene products of [4+1] cycloaddition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The effective measurement of temperature in living systems at the nano and microscopic scales continues to be a challenge to this day. Here, we study the use of 2-(anthracen-2-yl)-1,3-diisopropylguanidine, 1 , as a nanothermometer based on fluorescence lifetime measurements and its bioimaging applications. In aqueous solution, 1 is shown in aggregated form and the equilibrium between the two main aggregate types (T -shaped and π-π) is highly sensitive to the temperature. The heating of the medium shifts the equilibrium toward the formation of highly emissive T -shaped aggregates. This species shows a high fluorescence emission and a long lifetime in comparison with the π-π aggregates and the freé monomer. A linear relationship between the fluorescence lifetime and the temperature both in aqueous solution and in a synthetic intracellular buffer was found. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) also showed a linear relationship between lifetime and temperature with an excellent sensitivity in MCF7 breast cancer cells, which opens the door for its potential use as FLIM nanothermometer in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was used to obtain several graphite nanowall (GNW)-type films at different deposition times on silicon and copper to achieve various thicknesses of carbonic films for the development of electrochemical sensors for the detection of anthracene. The PECVD growth time varied from 15 min to 30 min to 45 min, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the changes in the thickness of the GNW films, revealing a continuous increase in the series. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystallinity of the GNW film samples increased with increasing crystallite size and decreasing dislocation density as the deposition time increased. Electrochemical characterization of the GNW-based electrodes indicated that the electroactive area and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant were greater for the GNW 45 min film in the carbonic material series. We present the transfer of GNW films on flexible polyethylene substrates for achieving flexible electrochemical sensors for further use in anthracene determination. The flexible GNW-based electrodes were investigated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in the presence of anthracene. The results showed that the highest sensitivity in anthracene detection was provided by the sensor with the GNW film obtained after 45 min of PECVD growth. The optimization of the GNW film thickness for the development of flexible electrochemical sensors on polyethylene substrates represents a successful approach for enhancing the electrochemical performance of carbonic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new macrocyclic arenes H1 and H2 were conveniently synthesized by the one‐step reaction of carboxylic acid substituted octopus[3]arene. It was found that H1 was composed of three ethenoanthracene subunits with a rigid hexagonal structure and H2 contained two ethenoanthracene subunits and one anthracene subunit with a rigid house‐shaped structure. Among them, H2 exhibited strong blue fluorescence due to the existence of an anthracene subunit. Moreover, both H1 and H2 showed large and electron‐rich cavities, which enable them to effectively complex different nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic salt guests in solution and the solid state. It was further found that H2 exhibited stronger complexation towards the tested guests than H1 probably due to the stronger charge‐transfer interactions between H2 and the guests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acenes are attractive as building blocks for low gap organic materials with applications, for example, in organic light emitting diodes, solar cells, bioimaging and diagnostics. Previously, we have shown that modification of dipyridylanthracene via B–N Lewis pair fusion (BDPA) strongly redshifts the emission, while facilitating self‐sensitized reactivity toward O2 to reversibly generate the corresponding endoperoxides. Herein, we report on the further expansion of the π‐system of BDPA to a vinyl‐substituted monomer, vinylene‐bridged dimer, and a polymer with an average of 20 chromophores. The extension of π‐conjugation results in largely reduced band gaps of 1.8 eV for the dimer and 1.7 eV for the polymer, the latter giving rise to NIR emission with a maximum at 731 nm and an appreciable quantum yield of 7 %. Electrochemical and computational studies reveal efficient delocalization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) along the pyridyl‐anthracene‐pyridyl axis, which results in effective electronic communication between BDPA units, selectively lowers the LUMO, and ultimately narrows the band gap. Time‐resolved emission and transient absorption (TA) measurements offer insights into the pertinent photophysical processes. Extension of π‐conjugation also slows down the self‐sensitized formation of endoperoxides, while significantly accelerating the thermal release of singlet oxygen to regenerate the parent acenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles doped with europium impurities were synthesized, and their ability to generate singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals was investigated for photodynamic therapy. They were detected using Anthracene and methylene blue reagentsThe process involved chemical synthesis of nanoparticles, followed by analysis of their structural properties and characteristics using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the nanoparticles' optical properties were studied using Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) for potential tumor applications. The analysis of the results shows that the prepared nanoparticles have a tetragonal structure, with a size of 14 nm. Additionally, when excited at a wavelength of 275 nm, they exhibit emission peaks at 388, 412, 481, 667, and 735 nm. Nanoparticles not only have the appropriate photoluminescence spectrum needed for photodynamic therapy, but they also exhibit a strong afterglow. These nanoparticles can serve as an effective light source for treating deep tumors. To achieve this, the nanoparticles are stimulated outside the body and then used as a light source. In this study, UV and X-rays were employed to stimulate the nanoparticles and investigate their photodynamic therapy properties. The findings suggest that SnO2: Eu nanoparticles show promise as a novel and cost-effective treatment for deep tumor photodynamic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) The evidence is mounting that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of hazardous organic compounds with established carcinogenic and toxic properties. Humans may be exposed to PAHs through several different routes, including diet, inhalation, and dermal contact. There is also a possibility that they could transfer into breast milk following maternal exposure, which could potentially endanger breastfeeding infants. (2) The objective of this study was to ascertain the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in breast milk samples from 50 Hungarian mothers, employing high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC–FLD). An Incremental Life Risk Calculation (IRCL) model estimated the carcinogenic risk to infants. (3) Total PAH concentrations ranged from 0 to 78 ng/mL, with fluorene (5.3 ng/mL), phenanthrene (3.2 ng/mL), and pyrene (2.5 ng/mL) being the most abundant. PAHs were detected in 48 of the 50 samples, with phenanthrene present in 92% of samples. Dibenzo (a,h)anthracene was not detected. (4) According to the model measurements, most of the samples were within acceptable risk levels; however, 2 samples out of 50 posed a higher risk. Statistical analysis of questionnaires completed by the mothers indicated that factors such as diet, residence, and education may influence PAH levels in breast milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Heavy metals (HM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposition has been associated with health problems. Therefore, this research evaluated genotoxicity induced in male mice strain CD-1 exposed to benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and their interaction with Fe, Pb, and Al. Methods: Groups of animals were exposed intraperitoneally to HM, PAHs, and mixtures of both. Peripheral blood samples were taken from 0 to 96 h at 24 h intervals; genotoxicity was determined by micronucleus tests and comet assay. Additionally, toxicity and viability were evaluated. Results: HM and PAHs individually were genotoxic. About toxicity, only Al altered polychromatic erythrocytes number and did not change leukocytes viability. Concerning mixtures, Fe + B[a]P, Fe + B[a]A, Pb + B[a]P increased genotoxicity. There were no changes with Pb + B[a]A. Finally, Al mixtures with both PAHs damage was decreased. Conclusions: Exposure to HM and PAH caused genetic damage. Fe, Al, and B[a]A, established a genotoxic potential. Every metal can interact with PAHs in different ways. Also, the micronucleus test and the comet assay demonstrated their high capacity and reliability to determine the genotoxic potential of the compounds evaluated in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seafood, namely, C. sapidus (Crab), P. mollusca (Mollusc), Cambarus sp. (Crayfish), Caridea (Shrimp) from Orashi River in Omoku, Rivers State of Nigeria. The PAHs in the samples were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. There was no variation in the relative level of PAHs congeners. The mean concentrations of individual PAHs decreased in the order: D(a,h)ant > Pyr > Fluth > B(g,h,i)p > B(a)A > B(b)f > Ind (1,2, 3)pyr > B(a)pyr > Chr > B(k)flu > Ant > Flu > Phen > Aceth > Ace > Nap. Anthracene contributed the highest PAHs values, with 51.685% in Caridea. The EDI values of B(a)P, Ʃ2PAH, Ʃ4PAH, Ʃ8PAH across all the seafood were within the maximum permissible limit recommended by EFSA; this suggests that the accumulation of the PAHs in the body system are within the permitted levels. Similarly, the HI of the PAHs congeners obtained from this study were less than 1 which is the safe limit recommended by USEPA. The total Excess Cancer Risk of the PAHs congeners obtained from this study exceeded the permissible maximum limit recommended by USEPA. This study suggests that the water may be contaminated with PAHs which have the tendency to cause non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk because of frequent and high consumption of seafoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of photosensitizers with extended π‐conjugation and spectral matching to sunlight and fluorescent light is crucial for achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This study presents a series of novel anthracene‐based photosensitizers, AMO1–AMO4. This series has been designed with bulky modified Hagfeldt donors to suppress undesired molecular aggregation, double anthracene groups for enhanced π‐conjugation, acetylene groups for improved molecular planarity, and four distinct acceptors to fine‐tune their photophysical and electrochemical properties. The performance of the novel dyes in DSSCs is investigated using two copper redox shuttles, CuI/II(dmp)2 and CuI/II(dmodmbp)2. Among the investigated dyes, AMO2 mediated with CuI/II(dmodmbp)2 exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.05% (JSC = 13.72 mA cm 2, VOC = 1.035 V, and FF = 0.71) under sunlight illumination and an outstanding PCE of 34.64% under T5 illumination (6000 lux). These achievements underscore the remarkable potential of anthracene‐bridged sensitized DSSCs in indoor and outdoor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot exciton emitters based on 9,10‐substituted anthracenes are a well‐investigated class of molecules featuring thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). TADF converts triplet excitons into singlet excitons and improves the internal quantum efficiency of electroluminescent devices to performance beyond the limit of spin‐statistics of conventional emitters. In this paper, we compare different 1,8‐functionalized donor/acceptor‐substituted anthracenes and compare these to established 9,10‐functionalized hot exciton emitters. Interestingly, our new 1,8‐substituted anthracenes make use of a beneficial hot exciplex pathway, resulting in improved emission characteristics and higher photoluminescence quantum yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual‐state emission luminescent materials (DSEgens), which exhibit bright emissions in boththe solid state and solution, have been attracting research interest in the design of multifunctional materials.The delicate manipulation of molecular structures remains challenging in the synthesis of DSEgens. In this article, two novel molecules with dual‐state emission were synthesized by combining tetraphenylethylene with anthracene via dihydroisoxazole. Tetraphenylethylene acts as a solid‐state emitter, while the anthracene core functions as an emitter in the solution state to achieve DSE fluorescence properties. The THF/DCM mixture resulted in successfully obtaining the crystal structures of TPE−An−H and TPE−An−Cl. The quantum yields (QYs) of TPE−An−H were 31 % and 42 % in EA and the solid state, respectively, while TPE−An−Cl exhibited QYs of 32 % and 34 %. The novel synthesis method in this paper combines AIE with ACQ via dihydroisoxazole to achieve dual‐state emission, offering a new and concise approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled intake of complex metal cations and anions in the human body and other biological systems is essential for the health and well-being of the environment. Anthracene and anthracene derivatives are the most widely used sensors for this purpose. Because of their convenience, better detection and results are preferred over colorimetric sensors, which offer better color detection by the naked eye. This review article will present different designs of chemosensors using fluorescence and UV–visible spectroscopy to determine different ions. Density functional theory and Austin model 1 are widely used for theoretical and computational studies of the energy levels of molecules. The Indo/Cis method is used to calculate the geometries of anthracene oligomers. A novel anthracene-based fluorescent probe containing the benzothiazole group BFA was highly sensitive and selective toward trivalent cations (Cr3+ and Fe3+). This sensor is not sensitive to other ions, including Aluminum trivalent ions. (N- ((anthracen-9-yl) methyl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl) pyridin-2-amine) has been designed to detect zinc and copper. Click chemistry using photodimerization can be used to form cellulose nanoparticles. TEMPO-mediated hypohalite oxidation converts hydroxyl groups to carboxylic groups. Amide linkage formation between amine and carboxylic acid was followed by the installation of an alkyne group. Copper (I)-catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) was used to produce highly photoresponsive and fluorescent cellulose nanoparticles by using coumarin, anthracene, and generated nanomaterials. The effects of naphthalene and phenanthrene on the spectra of anthracene were determined in a dilute solution. Temperature and solvent effects introduce different changes in fluorescence, emission, and absorption bands, leading to some changes in the configuration of anthracene. The solvent and temperature effects on variations of emission maxima of exciplex anthracene—diethylaniline (DEA) are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) from fossil fuel combustion, poses significant environmental threats. This study investigates the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in the anthracene tolerance of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha using mutants deficient in ABA perception (Mppyl1) or biosynthesis (Mpaba1). In this study, we monitored the role of ABA in the anthracene tolerance response by tracking two ABA-controlled traits: plant growth inhibition and gemmae dormancy. We found that the anthracene-induced inhibition of plant growth is dose-dependent, similar to the growth-inhibiting effect of ABA, but independent of ABA pathways. However, gemmae dormancy was differentially affected by anthracene in ABA-deficient mutants. We found that gemmae from anthracene-exposed WT plants exhibited reduced germination compared to those from mock-treated plants. This suggests that the anthracene exposure of mother plants induces a transgenerational effect, resulting in prolonged dormancy in their asexual propagules. While Mppyl1 gemmae retained a dormancy delay when derived from anthracene-exposed thalli, the ABA biosynthesis mutant Mpaba1 did not display any significant dormancy delay as a consequence of anthracene exposure. These results, together with the strong induction of ABA marker genes upon anthracene treatment, imply that anthracene-induced germination inhibition relies on ABA synthesis in the mother plant, highlighting the critical role of MpABA1 in the tolerance response. These findings reveal a complex interplay between anthracene stress and ABA signaling, where anthracene triggers ABA-mediated responses, influencing reproductive success and highlighting the potential for leveraging genetic and hormonal pathways to enhance plant resilience in contaminated habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated how the introduction of substituent at the 9‐ or 10‐position of the 1,8‐dichloroanthracene framework affects the horizontal and vertical distortions of the anthracene rings. The 9‐substituted anthracenes showed higher distortions than their 10‐substituted counterparts due to the steric repulsion with two chloro groups at the peri‐positions. The distortion of anthracene framework affected their reactivity. Indeed, 9‐substituted anthracenes exhibited higher reactivity to undergo the Diels–Alder reaction with maleic anhydride, which was a result of non‐electronic activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical waveguides based on elastic molecular crystals are of interest as flexible and compact optical communication materials. Low emission efficiency is often a problem in terms of communication signal strength, and an increase in the loss factor α due to fluorescence reabsorption in the crystal reduces the photon transport efficiency. Here, we report the development and improvement of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-assisted optical waveguides using anthracene-based elastic mixed molecular crystals. 9,10-Dicyanoanthracene was selected as the dopant for solution-grown crystallization of 9,10-dibromoanthracene. 1H NMR measurements of the obtained crystals showed that the acceptor doping to be 1% to 5%. Elastic behavior was observed even when doped with a few percent of the acceptor. The quantum efficiency was 0.016, a dramatic improvement over the previous luminescent elastic mixed molecular crystals (0.004). The α value (92 dB/cm) of this crystal containing 1%-doped 9,10-dicyanoanthracene is much lower than that of the crystal consisting of only 9,10-dibromoanthracene (1258 dB/cm) due to the reduced reabsorption in the FRET system. We have demonstrated a practical approach toward developing improved fluorescent, highly efficient, and flexible optical waveguides by constructing the mixed crystal structure by selecting appropriate acceptor molecules and their low doping ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]