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Anthracnose decay symptoms were observed on mature blueberry fruit sampled from retailers in Manawatū, New Zealand. To identify the causal agent, fungi were isolated from fruit lesions and initially subjected to morphological and phylogenetic characterisation. Based on these analyses, two species of the Colletotrichum genus, Colletotrichum fioriniae and Colletotrichum godetiae, were identified. Pathogenicity tests subsequently confirmed that these two species were responsible for causing the observed symptoms. This is the first report of Colletotrichum fioriniae and Colletotrichum godetiae causing anthracnose disease on mature blueberry fruit in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilli pepper is one of the most important economic crops. However, anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) is one of the most devastating fungal diseases affecting the quality and yield of chili. There is a need to control this fungal infection at all growth stages, starting from the seed (initial) stage, by using a natural and eco-friendly approach. Laboratory and pot studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of coating anthracnose-infected chili seed with 1-Deoxynomyjirimycin (1-DNJ) mulberry leaf extract on seed germination, plant growth, and anthracnose development. The levels of 1-DNJ mulberry leaf extract coating were 1, 2, 3 and 4%. In addition, a positive control with 1% thiram fungicide was applied as well as a negative control with neither 1-DNJ nor thiram application. The results revealed that coating chilli seed infected with anthracnose with the mulberry leaf extract resulted in a significantly improved germination rate of over 80% in treatments 2, 3, and 4% mulberry leaf extract coating. The chilli plant growth parameters, root lengths and shoot heights were significantly greater in the treatments where seeds were coated with 2, 3 and 4% mulberry leaf extract coating compared to both positive and negative controls. A similar result was observed for chilli seedlings shoot fresh weight, where the shoot fresh weight was the highest in the treatment with 2% mulberry leaf extract. These results clearly showed that the mulberry leaf extract (1-DNJ) has the potential to inhibit Colletotrichum spp. and enhance the chilli seed quality. Hence, 2% mulberry leaf extract (1-DNJ) could be adopted as a coating formulation for disease infected chilli seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose is one of the most relevant diseases of mango crops in producing regions, affecting 60% of production. Currently, its detection is carried out in late stages by human visual inspection. Hyperspectral imaging systems allow the development of non-destructive solutions to inspect and detect internal damage. This work aimed to develop a system for detecting anthracnose in mango fruits using Vis–NIR hyperspectral imaging and discriminant analysis. The usefulness of three-dimensionality reduction methods to minimise redundancy in the spectral data and to obtain a compact number of wavelengths that effectively allow the detection of anthracnose symptoms in mango fruits is also explored. As a result, a classification model based on discriminant analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained, showing the potential of hyperspectral data to robustly allow the detection of anthracnose symptoms with full or reduced spectra. The findings reported in this study can serve as the basis for developing an anthracnose detection system in mango fruits with multispectral cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 18 Streptomyces species were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of maize. Among 18 isolates, SDSRO-13 showed strong inhibition against Colletotrichum spp. of chilli. SDSRO-13 was identified as Streptomyces sp. based on morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA partial gene sequence analysis. In this study, two strains of Colletotrichum sp. were used for pathogenicity test. For in vivo antifungal activity, spore suspension of the test pathogens were used on the fresh chilli fruit by making a small puncture on the fruit, in completely sterile conditions and incubated for up to 21 days. The chilli fruits treated with SDSRO-13 and test pathogens showed no disease symptoms. The infected fruits were subjected for Koch's postulate test and they showed the similar morphological features compared to the pure cultures of the pathogens. We conclude that actinomycetes, especially members of the genus Streptomyces are potential biocontrol agents which offer safer alternative management strategy to control the chilli fungal pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum incanum, has emerged and affected the production of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorus) in Viet Nam. The current study aims to characterize C. incanum and evaluate its sensitivity to fungicides. C. incanum was identified based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. The study revealed that Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was the most suitable medium for the growth of C. incanum. The optimal conditions were observed at temperatures ranging between 25-28 °C and pH levels of 6.5-7.0. Antracol 70WP at a concentration of 3.00 g L−1, Tilt Super® 300EC at 0.03 ml L−1, and Ridomil Gold® 68WG at 4.5 g L−1 exhibited high efficacy in inhibiting the growth and development of C. incanum isolates under in vitro conditions. It's worth noting that this study marks the first report of C. incanum causing anthracnose disease in balloon flower in Viet Nam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the primary pillars powering India's economy. It is alarming to note that India's agriculture rate is declining steeply. Climate change, environmental pollution, and soil erosion are well-known factors affecting crop productivity. The increasing prevalence of plant diseases is also a significant factor affecting agriculture. Early disease detection and mitigation actions based on identified conditions in the plants are critical in increasing crop productivity. This study considers a machine learning model for detecting disease in cashew leaves. This work concentrates on Anthracnose disease, which leads to severe yield loss when it affects the cashew plant. In this regard, cashew leaves are collected and used to train various machine learning classifiers to identify and classify the disease. This work focuses on the segmentation and classification of leaves using multiple Machine Learning models. Basic segmentation approaches like Global Threshold, Adaptive Gaussian, Adaptive Mean, Otsu, Canny, Sobel, and K-Means, and Machine Learning models like Random Forest, Decision Tree, KNN, Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naive Bayes Classifiers are employed. The final classification employs a Hard and Soft voting classifier and the Decision Tree, KNN, Logistic Regression, and Gaussian Naive Bayes classifiers. Finally, we observe that K-Means segmentation with Random Forest outperforms other classifiers. The accuracy obtained from the Random Forest classifier is 96.7% for the CCDDB dataset, and the accuracy obtained from the Random Forest classifier is 99.7% for the PDDB dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Katsura-uri is a variety of Japanese pickling melon (Cucumis melo var. conomon) and traditionally cultivated in the Kyoto area in Japan. The thick flesh and crunchy texture of the fruit are excellent for making Japanese pickles. In 2010, dark brown to black anthracnose spots were found on ripening Katsura-uri fruits after harvest. Four fungal strains (T1, K1, K2 and K3) were isolated from lesions on fruits and identified as four Colletotrichum species (C. orbiculare, C. fructicola, C. aenigma and C. chlorophyti) based on phylogenetic analysis. C. orbiculare K3 isolate caused necrotic lesions on Katsura-uri leaves, whereas C. fructicola K1, C. aenigma K2 and C. chlorophyti T1 isolates caused necrotic lesions on Katsura-uri fruits but not on leaves. Inoculation assays to ripe and immature Katsura-uri fruits suggested that C. chlorophyti causes a postharvest disease; necrotic lesions developed only on ripe fruits. This study showed that multiple Colletotrichum species caused anthracnose on Katsura-uri fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable plants and is widely used in China, while ginseng anthracnose is one of the most destructive diseases. Colletotrichum panacicola could infect ginseng leaves and stems and causes serious anthracnose disease, but its mechanism is still unknown. Here, transcriptome and metabolism analyses of the host leaves were conducted to investigate the ginseng defense response affected by C. panacicola. Upon C. panacicola infection, ginseng transcripts altered from 14 to 24 h, and the expression of many defense-related genes switched from induction to repression. Consequently, ginseng metabolites in the flavonoid pathway were changed. Particularly, C. panacicola repressed plant biosynthesis of the epicatechin and naringin while inducing plant biosynthesis of glycitin, vitexin/isovitexin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. This work indicates C. panacicola successful infection of P. ginseng by intervening in the transcripts of defenserelated genes and manipulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which might have antifungal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango cv. 'Nam Dok Mai' is highly susceptible to anthracnose and undergoes rapid degeneration once it reaches ripeness. The objective was to compare the effectiveness of sweet basil oil, liposome-incorporated with sweet basil oil and chitosan-coated liposomes (Chitosomes) incorporated with sweet basil oil treatments in suppressing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides growth, both in vitro and in vivo. The particle size, zeta potential, total phenol content and antioxidant activity of sweet basil oil and liposomes- and chitosomes-containing sweet basil oil were comparable. Furthermore, the study examined the effectiveness of chitosomes incorporated with sweet basil oil in preserving the postharvest quality of mangoes during storage at 25±2ºC. The result demonstrated that sweet basil oil could slow down the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides mycelium. Chitosomes containing 4 and 6 µL mL−1 of sweet basil oil effectively slowed down the mycelium growth and disease incidence in inoculated mangoes compared to liposomes containing sweet basil oil. Chitosomes containing 4 µL mL−1 of sweet basil oil was chosen to investigate its effectiveness in preserving the postharvest quality of the mangoes compared to treatments using solely sweet basil oil and liposomes-containing sweet basil oil. Compared to other treatments, the treatment effectively inhibited disease incidence, delayed weight loss, and enhanced antioxidant activity in the mangoes. Both liposomes- and chitosomes- containing sweet basil oil maintained firmness, induced antioxidant enzyme activities, and delayed the ripening of the mangoes. To summarise, the chitosomes treatment is an effective approach to preserving the postharvest quality of the mangoes during storage. [Display omitted] • Chitosomes containing sweet basil oil suppressed Colletotrichum gloeosporioides growth. • Chitosomes containing sweet basil oil inhibited anthracnose disease on mangoes. • Sweet basil oil treatments delayed mango ripening during storage. • Chitosomes containing sweet basil oil maintained the quality of mangoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the cause of anthracnose disease on mango. This disease becomes more damaging because it economically affects the harvested fruit during the postharvest season. In this research, eight isolates are isolated from the soil of a mango plantation. One of the isolates shows antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides MC9. This isolate is identified as Penicillium citrinum isolate S1 based on the phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal rRNA sequence. From the culture of this isolate, extracellular filtrates are collected and evaluated for their antifungal activity. The mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides is significantly inhibited by the culture supernatant of P. citrinum isolate S1. The culture filtrate is used to purify the antifungal protein using ammonium sulfate and ultrafiltration methods. Results show that the antifungal protein was estimated at around 40 kDa molecular weight when separated on a 10% Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. After nine days of incubation, this antifungal protein’s inhibition effect with a concentration of 0.94 mg/ml remained 63.6% against C. gloeosporioides. The LCMS result showed that the antifungal protein belongs to the L-asparaginase superfamily. Based on this result, the antifungal protein produced by P. citrinum S1 has the potential to control mango anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides.

The complete genome sequence of Colletotrichum jinshuiense , a goldthread anthracnose pathogen, was sequenced using PacBio Revio and MGI DNBSEQ-T7 PE150. It contains 10 chromosomes, 5 mini chromosomes, a circular mitochondrial chromosome, and 13,129 genes predicted with RNA-Seq data in a 52.13-Mb genome with an N 50 of 5.05 Mb.

The pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes anthracnose disease, which is an important fungal disease affecting the production of numerous crops around the world. The presence of mycoviruses, however, may have an impact on the pathogenicity of the fungal host. Here, we describe a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus, which was isolated from a field strain of C. gloeosporioides, Ssa-44.1. The 2939 bp genome sequence comprises two open reading frames (ORFs) that encode for a putative protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The Ssa-44.1 mycovirus is a member of the unclassified mycovirus family named Colletotrichum gloeosporioides RNA virus 1 strain Ssa-44.1 (CgRV1-Ssa-44.1), which has a phylogenetic similarity to Colletotrichum gleosporioides RNA virus 1 (CgRV1), which was isolated from citrus leaves in China. In C. gloeosporioides, CgRV1-Ssa-44.1 was shown to be linked to hypovirulence. CgRV1-Ssa-44.1 has a low spore transfer efficiency but can successfully spread horizontally to isogenic virus-free isolates. Furthermore, CgRV1-Ssa-44.1 had a strong biological control impact on C. gloeosporioides on mango plants. This study is the first to describe a hypovirulence-associated mycovirus infecting C. gloeosporioides, which has the potential to assist with anthracnose disease biological management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to investigate defense mechanisms on cassava induced by salicylic acid formulation (SA) against anthracnose disease. Our results indicated that the SA could reduce anthracnose severity in cassava plants up to 33.3% under the greenhouse condition. The β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase enzyme activities were significantly increased at 24 hours after inoculation (HAI) and decrease at 48 HAI after Colletotrichum gloeosporioides challenge inoculation, respectively, for cassava treated with SA formulation. Synchrotron radiation–based Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy spectra revealed changes of the C=H stretching vibration (3,000–2,800 cm−1), pectin (1,740–1,700 cm−1), amide I protein (1,700–1,600 cm−1), amide II protein (1,600–1,500 cm−1), lignin (1,515 cm−1) as well as mainly C–O–C of polysaccharides (1,300–1,100 cm−1) in the leaf epidermal and mesophyll tissues treated with SA formulations, compared to those treated with fungicide carbendazim and distilled water after the challenged inoculation with C. gloeosporioides. The results indicate that biochemical changes in cassava leaf treated with SA played an important role in the enhancement of structural and chemical defense mechanisms leading to reduced anthracnose severity.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the most prevalent phytopathogen, causing anthracnose disease that severely affects the production of various fruit trees, including walnut and jujube. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Bacillus velezensis CE 100 disrupted the cell membrane integrity of C. gloeosporioides and reduced the spore germination by 36.4% and mycelial growth by 20.0% at a bacterial broth concentration of 10%, while the control group showed no antifungal effect. Based on the headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) analysis, seven VOCs were identified from the headspace of B. velezensis CE 100. Out of the seven VOCs, 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid were only detected in the headspace of B. velezensis CE 100 but not in the control group. Both 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid showed significant antifungal activity against the spore germination and mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. Treatment with 100 µL/mL of 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid suppressed the spore germination of C. gloeosporioides by 10.9% and 30.4% and reduced mycelial growth by 14.0% and 22.6%, respectively. Therefore, 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid are the potential antifungal VOCs emitted by B. velezensis CE 100, and this is the first report about the antifungal activity of 5-nonylamine against C. gloeosporioides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalypt plantations in South Africa make up an important part of the local forestry industry. Recently, one-year-old nursery plants of a Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla variety displayed symptoms of leaf and shoot anthracnose disease. Samples were collected from these plants and isolations were made from the disease symptoms. Isolates were identified based on their morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data for eight gene regions. Phylogenetic analyses led to the isolates being identified as Colletotrichum theobromicola and the reduction of Colletotrichum pseudotheobromicola to synonymy with the former species. Pathogenicity trials with isolates of C. theobromicola were conducted on clones of E. grandis and hybrids of E. grandis × E. urophylla and E. grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Resulting symptoms were similar to those found on naturally infected plants and the fungus was re-isolated from the infections. Colletotrichum theobromicola is known to cause anthracnose on various plants including eucalypts in Brazil, but this is the first record of the pathogen in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the cause of anthracnose disease on mango. This disease becomes more damaging because it economically affects the harvested fruit during the postharvest season. In this research, eight isolates are isolated from the soil of a mango plantation. One of the isolates shows antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides MC9. This isolate is identified as Penicillium citrinum isolate S1 based on the phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal rRNA sequence. From the culture of this isolate, extracellular filtrates are collected and evaluated for their antifungal activity. The mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides is significantly inhibited by the culture supernatant of P. citrinum isolate S1. The culture filtrate is used to purify the antifungal protein using ammonium sulfate and ultrafiltration methods. Results show that the antifungal protein was estimated at around 40 kDa molecular weight when separated on a 10% Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. After nine days of incubation, this antifungal protein’s inhibition effect with a concentration of 0.94 mg/ml remained 63.6% against C. gloeosporioides. The LCMS result showed that the antifungal protein belongs to the L-asparaginase superfamily. Based on this result, the antifungal protein produced by P. citrinum S1 has the potential to control mango anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coating is one of the methods to prevent postharvest loss in the food industry. Propolis seems to be promising as a coating due to its waxy properties, high antifungal activity and less toxicity. In this study, propolis ethanol extract coating was tested for the antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causative fungus that caused anthracnose disease on bananas (Musa acuminata). All samples were artificially inoculated with C. gloeosporioides and the disease severity index (DSI) was measured. Other postharvest qualities of banana tested were weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), colour and titratable acidity (TA). Results showed that the control banana was more susceptible to the fungal infection (60% necrosis) compared to the treated banana. The propolis coating successfully inhibited the fungus activity of C. gloeosporioides activity on a banana during storage. The higher concentration of extract coating seems to be better effective against the fungus. Moreover, the control banana showed higher weight loss (6.92%) and total soluble solid (p<0.05) compared to coated banana during storage. In conclusion, bananas treated with an 11% concentration of propolis coating are promising for improving the colour, total soluble solid content and titratable acidity and can inhibit artificially anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides on a banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose disease on chili pepper has been known to seriously interfere with the plant growth and obviously reduce the yield. The disease is caused by Colletotrichum spp. In Bali, Indonesia, six species of Colletotrichum have been identified: Colletotrichum scovillei, C. acutatum, C. nymphaeae, C. gloeosporioides, C. truncatum, and C. fructicola. However, among them the C. scovillei was found to be the most prevalent cause of anthracnose on chili pepper in Bali. Two species of antagonist against C. scovillei, namely Paenibacillus polymyxa C1 and Bacillus siamensis C7B, have been identified. In this study the effectiveness of P. polymyxa C1 formulation was evaluated under greenhouse condition on chili pepper cultivars Cabe Besar. Application of formulation was conducted by a mini hand sprayer once to five times with a week interval. Results of the study showed that treatment with five applications significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the disease incidence, disease intensity, and the yield loss of chili pepper cultivar Cabe Besar. Alose relationship was observed between the number of applications with disease intensity, with coefficient of determination (R2) at 0.929. These results revealed that the formulation of P. polymyxa C1 effectively control the anthracnose disease on chili pepper, particularly on chili pepper cultivar Cabe Besar, and thus can be recommended for field testing to confirm its stability under field conditions.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the major diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze common bean cultivars in Turkey for Co resistance genes using different molecular markers (SC08, SBB14, OPAZ04, SF10, OPF10, OPA18, SB12, TGA1, SAB3, SCAreoli, SZ04, and OPV20) linked with anthracnose resistance genes and evaluate the reaction of these cultivars to the pathogen isolates. The results showed the presence of Co-1, Co-14, Co-15, Co-2, Co-4, Co-42, Co-6, Co-10, Co-11, and Co-13 resistance genes, alone or combination except for Co-33and Co-5, in common bean cultivars. These cultivars carried predominantly Co-6 and Co-4 genes for anthracnose resistance. Five cultivar (Sazova, Zülbiye, Akın, Önceler and Karacaşehir 90), carrying Co-1, Co-14, Co-15, Co-2, Co-10, Co-13, Co-4, and Co-6 resistance genes were resistant to the pathogen isolates. These cultivars, showing a high level of resistance to the pathogen can be used as resistance sources in common bean breeding programs for resistance to anthracnose disease. These markers will provide significant benefit in breeding strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici , is a major fungal issue in chilies (Capsicum annuum L.) worldwide, leading to a reduction in global production. It can be controlled by using synthetic fungicides, but these fungicides can hamper the environmental and ecological balance. As a result, alternative approaches are needed to control this important fungal disease. In this study, economically feasible silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were manufactured and demonstrated antifungal activity against anthracnose disease causing Colletotrichum capsici. AgNPs were synthesized from Colchicum luteum leaf extract. Physico-chemical characterization confirmed the synthesis, average size, and shape of AgNPs. The AgNPs were spherical in shape, with an average size of 11.75 nm. The isolated fungal pathogen causing anthracnose in chili was identified as C. capsici. The antifungal activity of AgNPs, AgNO 3 , and a fungicide was evaluated, with AgNPs showing the strongest inhibitory impact on the mycelial growth of C. capsici. In an in vitro leaflet assay, AgNPs demonstrated significant efficacy in inhibiting fungal proliferation on chili leaves. The results highlight the ability of AgNPs as antifungal agents against C. capsici , surpassing the effectiveness of both AgNO 3 and conventional fungicide treatments. These findings advocate for continued investigation into the practical application of AgNPs as a promising alternative strategy for managing fungal diseases in agricultural settings. • Spherical with an average size of 11.75 nm silver nanoparticles were formed via green method. • Green silver nanoparticles displayed profound antifungal activity against anthracnose disease causing Colletotrichum capsici. • Silver nanoparticles proved effective for the management of anthracnose disease in chili. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal secreted proteins that contain the Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane (CFEM) domain are important for pathogenicity. The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola causes the serious anthracnose disease of maize. In this study, we identified 24 CgCFEM proteins in the genome of C. graminicola. Phylogenic analysis revealed that these 24 proteins (CgCFEM1—24) can be divided into 2 clades based on the presence of the trans-membrane domain. Sequence alignment analysis indicated that the amino acids of the CFEM domain are highly conserved and contain 8 spaced cysteines, with the exception that CgCFEM1 and CgCFEM24 lack 1 and 2 cysteines, respectively. Ten CgCFEM proteins with a signal peptide and without the trans-membrane domain were considered as candidate effectors and, thus were selected for structural prediction and functional analyses. The CFEM domain in the candidate effectors can form a helical-basket structure homologous to the Csa2 protein in Candida albicans, which is responsible for haem acquisition and pathogenicity. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that these effectors accumulate in the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytosolic bodies. Additionally, 5 effectors, CgCFEM6, 7, 8, 9 and 15, can suppress the BAX-induced programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana with or without the signal peptide. These results demonstrate that these 10 CgCFEM candidate effectors with different structures and subcellular localizations in host cells may play important roles during the pathogenic processes on maize plants.

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Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the most prevalent phytopathogen, causing anthracnose disease that severely affects the production of various fruit trees, including walnut and jujube. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Bacillus velezensis CE 100 disrupted the cell membrane integrity of C. gloeosporioides and reduced the spore germination by 36.4% and mycelial growth by 20.0% at a bacterial broth concentration of 10%, while the control group showed no antifungal effect. Based on the headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) analysis, seven VOCs were identified from the headspace of B. velezensis CE 100. Out of the seven VOCs, 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid were only detected in the headspace of B. velezensis CE 100 but not in the control group. Both 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid showed significant antifungal activity against the spore germination and mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. Treatment with 100 µL/mL of 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid suppressed the spore germination of C. gloeosporioides by 10.9% and 30.4% and reduced mycelial growth by 14.0% and 22.6%, respectively. Therefore, 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid are the potential antifungal VOCs emitted by B. velezensis CE 100, and this is the first report about the antifungal activity of 5-nonylamine against C. gloeosporioides.

Fig (Ficus septica Brum.f.) leaf extract has bioactive compounds with antifungal properties due to alkaloid and phenolic compounds which are antioxidants. Fig is widely distributed and F. septica accessions have large genetic variability, which may be separated based upon morphological traits. Colletotrichum acutatum is a plant pathogen, which causes the most destructive fungal disease (called anthracnose) in the Solanaceae family, and is triggered by post-bloom fruit drop. The fungus C. acutatum is also the causal agent of the anthracnose disease of chili peppers. The present study aimed to study the mode of action of F. septica leaf extract in controlling the growth of fungus C. acutatum. Experiments were conducted to measure antifungal activity as well as diffusion to identify the mode of action of fig leaf extract, including a control treatment using sterile distilled water. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used. The minimum concentration inhibition (MIC) to inhibit the growth of C. acutatum on potato dextrose agar (PDA) was 0.9% with inhibition zone diameter (7.25 mm) on the third day of incubation. Based on the in vitro test on PDA and based on the antifungal activity test, the leaf extract of F. septica inhibited the growth of C. acutatum with inhibition zone diameter of 30 mm. However, inhibitory action of the C. acutatum leaf extract is not widely known. The SEM and TEM analyses and mode of action of F. septica leaf extract confirmed that the growth of fungus C. acutatum was inhibited and controlled through diffusion process into the fungal cells, and then interfered with the structure of the cell organelles. Consequently the cells suffered from lysis and become empty, and eventually the fungal growth was inhibited resulting in cell death. We conclude that crude leaf extract of F. septica contains bioactive compounds with the antifungal substances which can be safely used as an alternative measure to control anthracnose disease of chili peppers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Custard apple is the most delicious fruit of tropical and subtropical areas. The storage life of custard apple is very limited due to fast ripening and attack of several diseases after harvesting. Anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the most damaging postharvest disease of custard apple. The effects of postharvest nitric oxide (NO) treatment on anthracnose disease and quality of custard apple were investigated in this study. The fruit were dipped in 50, 100 and 200 µM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), the NO-donor compound, and stored for 8 days at 25 °C. The results showed that custard apple treated with 100 µM SNP treatment significantly reduced anthracnose disease incidence (97.25%) and disease severity (92.88%) after 8 days of storage. However, SNP did not exhibit substantial effect on mycelial growth and spore germination of C. gloeosporioides. Custard apple treated with SNP effectively reduced weight loss and total soluble solids. SNP treatment retained a higher level of firmness, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and total phenolics compared to the control fruit. Additionally, the same treatment enhanced DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activities of custard apple. These results indicated that exogenous NO treatment could be a promising approach to increase resistance against fungal pathogens and maintain postharvest quality of custard apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles of 22-40 nm size were synthesized using goat, cow and buffalo urine. These nanoparticles are conjugated with a fungicide (Mancozeb). The antifungal activity of these conjugated nanoparticles (Mc-AgNPs) was tested against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides which causes anthracnose disease in various fruits and vegetables. This fungus infects during pre and postharvesting seasons causing a significant decrease in the quantity and quality of the product. The fungicide conjugated AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible, FTIR, SEM and XRD analysis. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by the UV-visible spectroscopy. The shape of AgNPs was found to be spherical. The Mc-AgNPs from goat, cow and buffalo urine exhibited 146.15%, 133.33% and 114.28% more antifungal activity than the fungicides alone respectively. The results indicate that the Mc-AgNPs from goat urine showed more efficacy than cow and buffalo urine. The fungicideconjugated AgNPs drastically reduce the amount of fungicide to be applied against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which in turn reduce the hazardous effect caused by fungicides. Further, these can be tested to control other pathogenic fungi also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus & W.D. Moore is a devastating disease in Central and Southern India. Chemical control of this disease is neither economical nor eco-friendly and genetic resistance is considered to be an efficient means for its management. Therefore, in the current study, a total of 225 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm accessions were evaluated for anthracnose resistance which resulted in the identification of five genotypes viz., EC 538828, EC 34372, EC 457254, AKSS 67 and Karune as highly resistant. Genetics of anthracnose resistance in three F2 populations derived from EC 34372 × JS 95-60, EC 457254 × JS 95-60 and AKSS 67 × JS 95-60 revealed that the resistance in all the three resistant parents was governed by two major genes interacting in complementary fashion. The χ2 test for goodness of fit revealed that F2 plants in each of the three populations segregated in 9 resistant: 7 susceptible ratio. This is the first report on genetics of anthracnose resistance in soybean and will aid soybean breeders to develop a strategic anthracnose resistance breeding program and to map the genes governing resistance. Research findings from this study indicated the potential role of exotic germplasm in Indian soybean improvement against anthracnose disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) growing areas of district Jhansi coming under Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh were surveyed during Kharif 2018 for the occurrence of anthracnose disease of black gram. A total of 22 villages were visited under six blocks of Jhansi during this period. Blockwise comparison of the survey in Jhansi revealed that less mean disease incidence (10%) and severity (4.0%) occurred in the Chirgaon block. Highest disease incidence (24%) and severity (12%) were observed in block Moth. The block Bangra, Babina, Badagaon, and Bamour secured disease incidence 23.5, 20, 16.44 and 15% and severity 15.14, 12, 7.44 and 8.5% respectively. Nine fungicides (viz. folicur@ 0.1%, tilt @0.1%, natio@0.0.5%, saaf@0.2%, bavistin@0.2%, dithane Z-78@0.2%, amistar top, kavach@0.2% and blitox@0.2%) were tested against anthracnose disease of black gram under field condition. Among them, seed treatment with carbendazim@ 3gram/kg seed and foliar spray of mixture of azole and strobilurin group T3- natio@0.05 (tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin) and T7-amistar top@0.1% (azoxystrobin+ difenoconazole) were found significantly (at 0.05%) superior over the rest of treatments, both showed minimum (6%) disease severity with maximum (78.51%) disease control. Significant (at 0.05%) increase in yield (47.5%) also observed in both treatments T3 and T7. The treatment T1- Spray of Folicur@0.1%, T2- Spray of Tilt @0.1%, T4- Spray of Saaf@0.2%, T5- Spray of Bavistin@0.2%, T8- Spray of Kavach@0.2%, T9- Spray of Blitox@0.2% also showed good results in reducing the black gram anthracnose disease severity per cent (64.29, 57.14, 64.28, 57.14, 71.42 and 64.28 and also increased the yield per cent 37.5, 35, 42.5, 36.25, 45 and 45 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a species complex of fungi belonging to the Glomerellaceae family (Ascomycota). It has a global worldwide occurrence and while sometimes described as a plant endophytic commensal, it also often demonstrates pathogenicity on crops and is responsible for anthracnose disease in many cultivated species. Thirty-nine polymorphic microsatellites were isolated and their polymorphism levels were determined in 95 strains from Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles), mostly isolated from Water Yam (Dioscorea alata). The average allele number per polymorphic locus was 12.3 (decreasing to 4.3 at 5% frequency threshold, indicative of dramatic amounts of rare polymorphisms), with a range of 2–29 alleles. The microsatellite markers data will facilitate genetic diversity analyses and population genetics studies for the species complex.

Mango is one of the popular fruits in the tropical region including India and the production of this is adversely affected by Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This fungal infection during pre-and post-harvesting seasons causes significant economic loss and thus there is a need for effective fungicide to control the disease. Currently, many fungicides including Carbendazim at high concentrations are being used which is a serious environmental hazard. Recently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being used as a potent means of controlling various pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, we have synthesized Carbendazim-conjugated silver nanoparticles (Cz-AgNPs) by a chemical method and tested their efficacy against C. gloeosporioides, in vitro. The Cz-AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible, FTIR, SEM and XRD analysis. The shape of Cz-AgNPs was found to be spherical with an average particle size of 19–24 nm. The antifungal activity of Cz-AgNPs was found to be dose-dependent and the maximum potency was observed at a low concentration of 0.1% as compared to fungicide alone at 1% concentration. These results indicate that the Cz-AgNPs could be effectively used to control anthracnose disease in mango and in other crops as well. Further studies with other fungicides and field studies are in progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana is a tropical fruit that suffers from several postharvest diseases during transportation and storage. Anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum musae is the most destructive postharvest disease of banana. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activities of Aloe vera (AV) gel coating alone or in combination with garlic oil (GO) at two concentrations (AV + GO 0.05% and AV + GO 0.1%) in vitro and in vivo against anthracnose disease of banana fruit. The results showed that the AV gel coating incorporated with GO was more effective as a fungicide than AV gel alone. The highest antifungal activity was observed in AV + GO 0.1% treatment, which significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination by 87.7 and 91.2%, respectively, compared to the control. In vivo study indicated that AV gel combined with GO 0.1% effectively reduced anthracnose disease incidence (92.5%) and severity (81.0%) in artificially inoculated banana fruit after 15 days of storage. The same treatment delayed the changes in weight loss, firmness, soluble solids concentration, and titratable acidity. Moreover, AV gel coating and GO enhanced total phenolic contents and total antioxidant activities of banana fruit. These results suggested that AV gel combined with GO can be used as an effective biofungicide for controlling anthracnose disease of banana fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effects of non-thermal plasma (NTP) using a gliding arc (GA) discharge was studied with harvested Nam Dok Mai mangoes to determine the rate of retardation of anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Different fluxes of argon (Ar) gas (3–5 L/min) and treatment times (5–7 min) with NTP delayed mycelium growth as well as decreasing fungal spore survival and anthracnose severity. A GA discharge at 5 L/min Ar for 7 min had a significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) inhibition of C. gloeosporioides mold growth on potato dextrose agar and mango fruit at 30 °C together with reducing the number of fungi spores in suspension. Hydroxyl radicals (OH●) together with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) may be responsible for the suppression of the postharvest anthracnose disease with mangoes. Highlights • Gliding arc discharge non-thermal plasma (NTP) was applied in Nam Dok Mai mangoes. • Different fluxes of argon gas and treatment times were investigated. • Anthracnose severity and mycelium growth were delayed and decreased by NTP. • OH.● and H 2 O 2 are responsible for suppression of anthracnose disease in mangoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of a cyclic tetrapeptide from Bacillus velezensis CE 100 against anthracnose-causing fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Antifungal compound produced by B. velezensis CE 100 was isolated and purified from ethyl acetate extract of B. velezensis CE 100 culture broth using octadecylsilane column chromatography. The purified compound was identified as cyclo-(prolyl-valyl-alanyl-isoleucyl) based on mass spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. This is the first report of the isolation of a cyclic tetrapeptide from B. velezensis CE 100 culture filtrate. Cyclic tetrapeptide displayed strong antifungal activity at concentration of 1000 µg/mL against C. gloeosporioides mycelial growth and spore germination. Our results demonstrate that the antifungal cyclic tetrapeptide from B. velezensis CE 100 has potential in bioprotection against anthracnose disease of plants caused by C. gloeosporioides.

The fungal phytopathogen Colletotrichum lupini is responsible for lupin anthracnose, resulting in significant yield losses worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying this infectious process are yet to be elucidated. This study proposes to evaluate C. lupini gene expression and protein synthesis during lupin infection, using, respectively, an RNAseq-based transcriptomic approach and a mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach. Patterns of differentially-expressed genes in planta were evaluated from 24 to 84 hours post-inoculation, and compared to in vitro cultures. A total of 897 differentially-expressed genes were identified from C. lupini during interaction with white lupin, of which 520 genes were predicted to have a putative function, including carbohydrate active enzyme, effector, protease or transporter-encoding genes, commonly described as pathogenicity factors for other Colletotrichum species during plant infection, and 377 hypothetical proteins. Simultaneously, a total of 304 proteins produced during the interaction were identified and quantified by mass spectrometry. Taken together, the results highlight that the dynamics of symptoms, gene expression and protein synthesis shared similarities to those of hemibiotrophic pathogens. In addition, a few genes with unknown or poorly-described functions were found to be specifically associated with the early or late stages of infection, suggesting that they may be of importance for pathogenicity. This study, conducted for the first time on a species belonging to the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex, presents an opportunity to deepen functional analyses of the genes involved in the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. during the onset of plant infection.

This study evaluated the efficacy of the extracts of Ophiocordyceps sobolifera isolate Cod-NB1302 for the biological control of chili anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici and C. gloeosporioides under pot conditions. Among the extracts, mycelial extract treatments provide the best reduction in disease severity. Interestingly, two bioactive constituents, adenosine and cordytropolone, from the mycelial extract, inhibited growth of the fungal pathogens. Moreover, these bioactive compounds had a synergistic effect against the fungal pathogens in a pot experiment. These results confirmed the disease suppressive activity of the mycelial extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose - the - anthurium is caused by two species of Colletotrichum spp. (C anthurii and C. gloeosporioides) and teleomorph is represented by Glomerella sp. (G. Cincta and G. cingulata) infecting leaves of Anthurium spp. The objective of this study was to record the simultaneous occurrence of anamorphic stages (Colletotrichum sp.) And teleomorph (Glomerella sp.) In anthurium leaves. Anthurium leaves showing symptoms of leaf spot were received in the laboratory and injuries subjected to surface sterilization then isolation agar - water culture (AA) followed by overprinting on potato- dextrose agar (PDA). Prepared semi-permanent blades acervuli and perithecia. Mycelium discs' form inoculated (with and without injury) in mature leaves and anthurium young people submitted to humid chamber. In optical microscope it identified the bodies as Colletotrichum sp. and Glomerella sp. The pathogenicity in wound treatments was confirmed in young leaves and the diameter of the lesion was (29-42 mm) and in mature leaves was lesion diameter (9-11 mm). This is the first record of the simultaneous association of anamorphic form and teleomorph the causal agent of leaf spot Anthurium, with important information about the sexual cycle of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fungus Colletotrichum is a plant pathogen that causes the anthracnose disease, resulting in huge losses in various crops including the rose-scented geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens). Although the bacterial community associated with plants has an important role in the establishment of plant diseases, little is known about what happens in P. graveolens. Aims: To increase the knowledge about the bacterial community associated with P. graveolens and its relationship with anthracnose disease symptoms. Methods: Quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing were combined to determine the presence of the fungus Colletotrichum and to reveal the bacterial communities associated with different plant parts - root, stem and leaf - and in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, and also to determine the respective bacterial communities associated with P. graveolens leaves symptomatic and asymptomatic for anthracnose disease. Results: The fungus Colletotrichum was detected in all plant parts and in the surrounding soil. Bacterial communities varied spatially in plants, and the disease symptoms also influenced the composition of the bacterial community. Abundances of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria and to the genus Streptococcus were greatly increased in asymptomatic leaves. Conclusions: The bacterial community associated to geranium leaves responds to anthracnose symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the host resistance using biotic elicitors is one of the eco-friendly approaches developed for plant disease management. The Crude Oligosaccharides (CO) extracted fromColletotrichum capsici(Syd.) Butler & Bisby was evaluated for their efficiency to elicit resistance in chilli against anthracnose disease. Among the different concentrations tested, CO treatment at 2.5 mg/ml concentration for 3 h duration significantly enhanced seed germination (90.5%) and seedling vigor (986.7), compared to control which offered 78% of seed germination and 712.5 of seedling vigor. Application of CO at 2.5 mg/ml concentration also reduced the disease severity with a highest anthracnose disease protection of 68% under greenhouse conditions and enhanced the vegetative growth parameters compared to control. The induction of resistance was evident with higher expression of primary defense responses like hypersensitive response, deposition of lignin, callose, hydrogen peroxide and phenol when compared to control plants. There was a one fold increase in defense enzyme activities phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and lipoxygenase in crude oligosaccharide-treated inoculated seedlings when compared to susceptible inoculated seedlings which were similar to that of resistant inoculated seedlings where a maximum of 1.5-fold increase in enzyme activity was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Betelvine (Piper betle L.) is a cash crop whose cultivation generates healthy earnings, significantly impacting the livelihood security of India and other Asian countries. However, betelvine plant encounters various fungal diseases, out of which anthracnose disease is a serious concern in India caused by Colletotrichum capsici. It causes crop loss up to 60% subsequently decreasing the overall production and market price. Several chemicals and fungicides are used against anthracnose disease. However, all of these are not fully effective in eradicating the disease as well as have an adverse effect on the environment. The development of resistant clones would be an alternative and effective approach. In this study, degenerate primers were used for cloning and characterization of NBS-LRR type resistant gene from betelvine against anthracnose disease. A strong amino acid identity ranging from 90.38 to 97.75% and the presence of internal conserved motifs, provided evidence that the identified resistance gene analogs (RGAs) belong to the non-TIR NBS-LRR class of R genes. The multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic relationship study identified three non-TIR NBS-LRR class of RGAs from betelvine. Further, the gene expression pattern of identified RGAs were studied against resistant and susceptible lines of betelvine. A differential gene expression pattern after C. capsici inoculation was observed using qRT-PCR. The identification of betelvine RGAs specific to C. capsici would have enough significance for the in depth characterization of potential C. capsici resistance gene and the development of resistant lines. • The NBS-LRR genes were isolated for the first time from betelvine plant against anthracnose disease. • Multiple sequence alignment showed the signature conserved domains of betelvine clones. • Phylogenetic tree study resulted that the betelvine clones were grouped into non-TIR NBS-LRR class. • Expression study of the isolated clones were validated in resistant and susceptible lines of betelvine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]