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Extracts from powders of geminated brown rice (Oryza sativa L.), Moringa oleifera, and Cordyceps militaris were combined in various ratios and their health-beneficial properties were investigated. All combined extracts exerted the synergistic effects on antioxidant activity as well as inhibitions against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Extract formulas T4 (70% germinated brown jasmine rice, 20% M. oleifera dry leaves, and 10% C. militaris) and T2 (80% germinated brown jasmine rice, 10% M. oleifera dry leaves, and 10% C. militaris) elicited the significantly highest antioxidant activity and the significantly highest inhibition against α-glucosidase, respectively. Both formulas exhibited the significantly highest inhibition against α-amylase. As compared to each other, extract formulas T4 and T2 possessed the higher glucose consumption-promoting and antiinflammatory activities, respectively. Both formulas were not toxic to normal RAW-264.7 and SW-480 human colon cancer cells. Bioactive compounds with health-supporting properties were identified using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. These combined extracts can be promising therapeutic food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the increasing global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, there is a pressing need for novel therapeutic interventions. Lavandula stoechas, a medicinal plant traditionally used for various ailments, holds promise as a potential agent for T2D management, particularly in Morocco, where it is commonly used to treat diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacological potential of L. stoechas aqueous extract (AqLs) by assessing its lipase inhibition antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, identifying phenolic compounds, and examining its efficacy in reducing diabetic complications. Methods: The pharmacological potential of L. stoechas aqueous extract was investigated using in vitro assays. The inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase, antioxidant power (FRAP), and anti-inflammatory activity (albumin denaturation method) was assessed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified phenolic compounds. Additionally, albumin glycation was evaluated by estimating fructosamine, carbonyl groups, and amyloid β-structures to assess efficacy in mitigating diabetic complications. Results: The extract demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 0.132 ± 0.006 mg/mL), potent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 604.99 ± 1.01 μg/mL), and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects (IC50 = 207.01 ± 34.94 mg/mL). HPLC analysis revealed phenolic compounds: naringin (38.28%), syringic acid (25.72%), and cinnamic acid (15.88%) were the most abundant, with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrated catechin, and catechin ranging from 9.60% to 5.24%, and p-coumaric acid (1.73%). Furthermore, the extract inhibited albumin glycation and fructosamine production, suggesting efficacy in mitigating diabetic complications. Conclusion: These findings highlight the multifaceted pharmacological potential of L. stoechas aqueous extract in T2D management, suggesting that this plant can be highly beneficial for diabetic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on evaluating the anticholinesterase, antioxidative, and neuroprotective effects of hydroethanolic extracts of Guiera senegalensis leaves on scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease in Wistar rat models. Topics include the improvement of memory and learning through behavioral tests, modulation of cholinergic and oxidative stress pathways, and the reduction of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative markers.

Traditional medicine has employed Jatropha tanjorensis to treat various diseases, especially those accompanied by pain, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This study investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Jatropha tanjorensis ethanol leaf extract on rodent models. Phytochemical and acute toxicity studies were determined by standard methods. Acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking models were used to determine the antinociceptive efficacy, whereas formalin-induced hind paw oedema was employed for the anti-inflammatory study. In each of the assays, groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 received 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg of J. tanjorensis extract and aspirin (150 mg/kg) or Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) correspondingly while group 1 was administered 10 ml/kg physiological saline. J. tanjorensis extract, physiological saline, aspirin (150 mg/kg) or Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) were administered orally 1 hour before the induction of pain or inflammation. The most notable (P < 0.05) reduction of inflammatory response was shown by Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract at 100 mg/kg with 80% inhibition of oedema. In addition, in comparison with the control group, the extract showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in paw licking and writhing in the mice. Flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenols were detected in the extract. The extract administered at a maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg did not cause any observable toxic effect. J. tanjoreensis leaves have potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials. This validates its traditional usage in pain and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts from powders of geminated brown rice (Oryza sativa L.), Moringa oleifera, and Cordyceps militaris were combined in various ratios and their health-beneficial properties were investigated. All combined extracts exerted the synergistic effects on antioxidant activity as well as inhibitions against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Extract formulas T4 (70% germinated brown jasmine rice, 20% M. oleifera dry leaves, and 10% C. militaris) and T2 (80% germinated brown jasmine rice, 10% M. oleifera dry leaves, and 10% C. militaris) elicited the significantly highest antioxidant activity and the significantly highest inhibition against α-glucosidase, respectively. Both formulas exhibited the significantly highest inhibition against α-amylase. As compared to each other, extract formulas T4 and T2 possessed the higher glucose consumption-promoting and antiinflammatory activities, respectively. Both formulas were not toxic to normal RAW-264.7 and SW-480 human colon cancer cells. Bioactive compounds with health-supporting properties were identified using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. These combined extracts can be promising therapeutic food.

BACKGROUND: Human periodontal stem cells have a certain inhibitory effect on the pro-inflammatory function of M1-type macrophages, and it is not clear whether icariin, which has anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological activities, can enhance the inhibitory effect of human periodontal stem cells on M1- type macrophages. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of icariin on M1 macrophages after pretreatment of human periodontal stem cells. METHODS: Primary human periodontal stem cells were isolated, cultured and characterized. THP-1 was induced and M1-type macrophages were identified by immunofluorescence staining and PCR. Human periodontal stem cells were cultured with α-MEM complete medium containing concentrations of 10-7, 10-6, 10-5, and 10-4 mol/L icariin, and the cytotoxicity of Icariin on human periodontal stem cells was detected by the CCK-8 assay at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, respectively. α-MEM complete medium, untreated α-MEM conditioned medium for human periodontal stem cells and α-MEM conditioned medium for human periodontal stem cells pretreated with icariin for 24 hours were conditioned with RPMI-1640 complete medium in a 1:1 ratio for M1-type macrophages in the control, untreated, and pretreated groups, and 24 hours later, the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in M1 macrophages was detected by RT-PCR. The protein expression of inflammatory factors in M1 macrophages was detected by ELISA. The expression of surface markers and nuclear factor-κB pathway-related proteins in M1/ M2 macrophages was detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: CCK-8 assay results showed that 10-7, 10-6, 10-5, 10-4 mol/L icariin was not cytotoxic to the human periodontal stem cells, and from day 5 onwards, all the concentrations increased the cell viability, and promoted the cell proliferation. 10-4 mol/L icariin was selected for follow-up experiment. RT-PCR and ELISA results showed that compared with the control group, the untreated group and the pretreated group both decreased the expression and secretion of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α of M1-type macrophages (P < 0.05), and the pretreated group was lower than the untreated group (P < 0.05). Western blot assay results showed that compared with the untreated group, the expression of CD86 was significantly lower in the pretreated group (P < 0.05); compared with the control group, the expression of CD206, a surface marker of M2-type macrophages, was elevated in both the untreated and pretreated groups (P < 0.01), and it was significantly higher in the pretreated group than in the untreated group (P < 0.01). In M1- type macrophages after 24 hours of conditioned culture, compared with the control group, the expression of nuclear factor-κB/P65 was decreased in the untreated group and the pretreated group (P < 0.01), and the expression of p-IκBα was decreased only in the pretreated group (P < 0.01); the expression of both nuclear factor-κB/P65 and p-IκBα was significantly reduced in the pretreated group compared with the untreated group (P < 0.05), while the difference of IκBα in the three groups was not statistically significant. These results indicated that icariin enhanced the inhibitory effect of human periodontal stem cells on M1-type macrophages, and this effect may be related to the inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway of macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is a complex autoimmune disease associated with high rates of mortality and extreme disability. It is characterized by gradual joint destruction and a chronic inflammatory response. As current medications are not economical and provide complications, plant-derived therapeutic practices are now being explored. Dodonaea viscosa, a flowering plant, is well-known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, wound healing, and analgesic activities but no in vivo anti-arthritic study have been conducted so far. Hence, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the toxicity and therapeutic potential of Dodonaea viscosa in a collagen-induced arthritic mouse model. Chemical analysis exhibited that Dodonaea viscosa has high levels of beneficial bioactive compounds, including phenols, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals. In ex vivo and in vivo studies, Dodonaea viscosa showed significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic potential, while no toxic effects were found. Arthritic mice treated with Dodonaea viscosa showed reduced levels of rheumatoid factor and paw edema, while no significant effects were found on spleen indices and radiological examination of paws, compared to control untreated arthritic mice. Our study showed that treatment with Dodonaea viscosa resulted in improvements in arthritis and could therefore be a viable therapeutic source for treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, further studies on humans are required for validation.

This study reports a comparative analysis of the polyphenolic composition and nutraceutical properties of different olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and corresponding extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) extracts. Specifically, four OMWWs and corresponding EVOOs from cultivars Frantoio (A) and Leccino (B) obtained from different crushing seasons (early-stage (A1 and B1) and later-stage (A2 and B2)) were analyzed. Employing HPLC-DAD and LC-MS methods, the primary polyphenol content was identified and quantified. Overall, OMWW extracts showed a greater polyphenolic content compared to corresponding EVOO extracts, with OMWW B1 displaying the highest levels of polyphenols. The antiradical properties of extracts towards radical species (DPPH, ABTS, O2−, and HOCl−) were demonstrated in vitro, revealing a correlation with polyphenolic content. In fact, OMWW B1 and B2 demonstrated the strongest antiradical activity. Exploring nutraceutical properties of OMWWs, the intestinal permeation of the main polyphenols in a co-culture model (Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cell lines) was assessed, with tyrosol achieving a permeation of almost 60%. Furthermore, the involvement in the inflammation process has been evaluated in cell studies on THP1-derived macrophages by immunocytochemistry, demonstrating that OMWW B1 may exert an anti-inflammatory effect by modulating specific phenotype expression on macrophages. In conclusion, this study provides evidence supporting the reuse of OMWWs as a source of polyphenols with nutraceutical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for 80% of primary liver cancers, is the most common primary liver malignancy. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third leading cause of tumor-related deaths worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 18%. Chemotherapy, although commonly used for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment, is limited by systemic toxicity and drug resistance. Improving targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs to tumor cells without causing systemic side effects is a current research focus. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, possesses good biocompatibility and biodegradability, making it suitable for drug delivery. Enhanced chitosan formulations retain the anti-tumor properties while improving stability. Chitosan-based biomaterials promote hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, inhibit tumor angiogenesis, and improve extracellular matrix remodeling for enhanced anti-tumor therapy. Methods: We summarized published experimental papers by querying them. Results and Conclusions: This review discusses the physicochemical properties of chitosan, its application in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment, and the challenges faced by chitosan-based biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of the research consisted of assessing the modification produced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress (OS) on the ketorolac therapeutic effects in the chickens which are the analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. A significant decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and subsequent occurrence of OS was observed in the stressed (H2O2) group on days 7th, 10th, and 14th by 39, 29, and 41%, respectively in comparison to the control (non-stressed) group. The analgesic effect of ketorolac in the stressed group had more intense in comparison to the non-stressed group, the analgesic effectiveness of ketorolac raised by 16% in that group. In the non-stressed and stressed groups, ketorolac produces its antipyretic effect at 3 and 4 hours after fever induction by baker's yeast while it shows the effect significantly at 1, 2, and 4 hours. Furthermore, ketorolac has the superiority of antipyretic action in stressed group over the non-stressed group. Ketorolac carries out anti-inflammatory activity in the stressed and non-stressed groups by 61 and 75%, respectively. Ketorolac has a significant antiinflammatory property in the stressed group through a significant decrease in the delta thickness compared to the non-stressed group. The stressed group was treated with ketorolac for five consecutive days significantly affect the kidney and liver function concerning the non-stressed group. The net findings proposed the ability of H2O2-induced OS to alter ketorolac's analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties in the chickens thus, it is recommended to reduce the dose of ketorolac intended to be given to stressed animals involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent years, diverse initiatives have been carried out to control the COVID-19 pandemic, ranging from measures restricting social activities to analyzing drugs and vaccines. Studies on herbal medicines are also increasingly conducted in various countries as an adjuvant therapy or supplement. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbal medicines analyzed from various countries through clinical trials with the randomized controlled trial method. The outcomes of Length of Stay (LOS), Negative Conversion Time (NCT), and Negative Conversion Rate (NCR) were the main focus. Methods: An extensive review of literature spanning from 2019 to 2023 was carried out using well-known databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. The search included relevant keywords such as "randomized controlled trial," "COVID-19," and "herbal medicine." Results: A total of 8 articles were part of the inclusion criteria with outcomes of LOS, NCT, and NCR. In terms of LOS outcomes, all types of herbal medicines showed significant results, such as Persian Medicine Herbal (PM Herbal), Persian Barley Water (PBW), Jingyin Granules (JY granules), Reduning Injection, and Phyllanthus emblica (Amla). However, only JY granules showed significant results in NCR outcome, while JY granules and Reduning Injection showed significant results in reducing NCT. Conclusion: These findings enrich our understanding of the potential benefits of herbal medicines in influencing LOS, NCR and NCT parameters in COVID-19 patients. Herbal medicines worked to treat COVID-19 through antiviral, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an erratum for an article titled "Preemptive use of anti-inflammatories and analgesics in oral surgery: a review of systematic reviews." The erratum corrects the omission of Table 1 from the published article and clarifies its citation as Supplementary Table 1. The erratum also includes a note from the publisher stating that the views expressed in the article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated organizations or the publisher. The article summarizes systematic reviews on the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics in dental procedures, specifically focusing on their effectiveness in reducing pain, edema, and trismus after surgeries like third molar surgery, periodontal surgery, and implant surgery. The reviews indicate that corticosteroids and NSAIDs have positive effects in improving postoperative experiences for patients, although some drugs may be more effective than others. Adverse effects were generally mild and varied among treatment groups. However, more high-quality randomized clinical trials are needed to provide stronger evidence for the use of these drugs. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: This review of systematic reviews evaluated the effectiveness and safety of the preemptive use of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs in the management of postoperative pain, edema, and trismus in oral surgery. Materials and methods: The databases searched included the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Epistemonikos, Scopus, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library, up to March 2023. Pairs of reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and rated their methodological quality using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Results: All of the 19 studies reviewed had at least two critical methodological flaws. Third molar surgery was the most common procedure (n = 15) and the oral route the most frequent approach (n = 14). The use of betamethasone (10, 20, and 60 mg), dexamethasone (4 and 8 mg), methylprednisolone (16, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 125 mg), and prednisolone (10 and 20 mg) by different routes and likewise of celecoxib (200 mg), diclofenac (25, 30, 50, 75, and 100 mg), etoricoxib (120 mg), ibuprofen (400 and 600 mg), ketorolac (30 mg), meloxicam (7.5, 10, and 15 mg), nimesulide (100 mg), and rofecoxib (50 mg) administered by oral, intramuscular, and intravenous routes were found to reduce pain, edema, and trismus in patients undergoing third molar surgery. Data on adverse effects were poorly reported. Conclusion: Further randomized clinical trials should be conducted to confirm these findings, given the wide variety of drugs, doses, and routes of administration used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disturbing or disrupting the regular healing process of a skin wound may result in its progression to a chronic state. Chronic wounds often lead to increased infection because of their long healing time, malnutrition, and insufficient oxygen flow, subsequently affecting wound progression. Gelatin--the main structure of natural collagen-is widely used in biomedical fields because of its low cost, wide availability, biocompatibility, and degradability. However, gelatin may exhibit diverse tailored physical properties and poor antibacterial activity. Research on gelatin-based biomaterials has identified the challenges of improving gelatin's poor antibacterial properties and low mechanical properties. In chronic wounds, gelatin-based biomaterials can promote wound hemostasis, enhance peri-wound antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and promote vascular and epithelial cell regeneration. In this article, we first introduce the natural process of wound healing. Second, we present the role of gelatin-based biomaterials and gelatin as an additive in wound healing. Finally, we present the future implications of gelatin-based biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iridovirus poses a substantial threat to global aquaculture due to its high mortality rate; however, the molecular mechanisms underpinning its pathogenesis are not well elucidated. Here, a multi-omics approach was applied to groupers infected with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), focusing on the roles of key metabolites. Results showed that SGIV induced obvious histopathological damage and changes in metabolic enzymes within the liver. Furthermore, SGIV significantly reduced the contents of lipid droplets, triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipoproteins. Metabolomic analysis indicated that the altered metabolites were enriched in 19 pathways, with a notable down-regulation of lipid metabolites such as glycerophosphates and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), consistent with disturbed lipid homeostasis in the liver. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data revealed that the top enriched pathways were related to cell growth and death and nucleotide, carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, supporting the conclusion that SGIV infection induced liver metabolic reprogramming. Further integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis indicated that SGIV infection activated crucial molecular events in a phagosome-immune depression-metabolism dysregulation-necrosis signaling cascade. Of note, integrative multi-omics analysis demonstrated the consumption of ALA and linoleic acid (LA) metabolites, and the accumulation of L-glutamic acid (GA), accompanied by alterations in immune, inflammation, and cell death-related genes. Further experimental data showed that ALA, but not GA, suppressed SGIV replication by activating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses in the host. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive resource for understanding host response dynamics during fish iridovirus infection and highlight the antiviral potential of ALA in the prevention and treatment of iridoviral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundWith the increasing global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, there is a pressing need for novel therapeutic interventions. Lavandula stoechas, a medicinal plant traditionally used for various ailments, holds promise as a potential agent for T2D management, particularly in Morocco, where it is commonly used to treat diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacological potential of L. stoechas aqueous extract (AqLs) by assessing its lipase inhibition antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, identifying phenolic compounds, and examining its efficacy in reducing diabetic complications.MethodsThe pharmacological potential of L. stoechas aqueous extract was investigated using in vitro assays. The inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase, antioxidant power (FRAP), and anti-inflammatory activity (albumin denaturation method) was assessed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified phenolic compounds. Additionally, albumin glycation was evaluated by estimating fructosamine, carbonyl groups, and amyloid β-structures to assess efficacy in mitigating diabetic complications.ResultsThe extract demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 0.132 ± 0.006 mg/mL), potent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 604.99 ± 1.01 μg/mL), and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects (IC50 = 207.01 ± 34.94 mg/mL). HPLC analysis revealed phenolic compounds: naringin (38.28%), syringic acid (25.72%), and cinnamic acid (15.88%) were the most abundant, with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrated catechin, and catechin ranging from 9.60% to 5.24%, and p-coumaric acid (1.73%). Furthermore, the extract inhibited albumin glycation and fructosamine production, suggesting efficacy in mitigating diabetic complications.ConclusionThese findings highlight the multifaceted pharmacological potential of L. stoechas aqueous extract in T2D management, suggesting that this plant can be highly beneficial for diabetic individuals.

In this study, a series of nine novel heterocyclic compounds were synthesized through a concise three-step reaction process. The synthesis involved Knoevenagel condensation at the 5th position of the 2,4-thiazolidinedione or rhodanine ring-system. Comprehensive physicochemical and spectral analyses, including FTIR, Mass, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, were performed to characterize the synthesized compounds. The synthesized derivatives were subjected to evaluation for their potential in various therapeutic domains. In-vivo anti-diabetic activity was assessed diabetes induced wistar rats, anti-inflammatory effects were gauged using the carrageenan and formalin induced rat paw edema model. Additionally, the in-vitro PPAR-γ modulatory activity, glucose uptake by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rat hemidiaphragm and cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity along with scavenge free radicals was tested by FRAP and DPPH method. According to the potential binding patterns of the most potent anti-diabetic compounds, namely 7a and 13a with the active sites of target PPAR-γ (PDB ID: 5U5L), was obtained through molecular docking using Schrodinger’s Glide model. Among the tested compounds, the compound 13a demonstrated significant antidiabetic activity with reduction in blood glucose levels (108.5 ± 2.171 mg/dL), comparable to the effect of pioglitazone (101.66 ± 0.95 mg/dL), similarly anti-inflammatory activity at fourth hour paw volume 93.6% and thickness at 3.99 ± 0.076 mm, respectively closer to that of standard drug diclofenac sodium (91.2% and 4.7 ± 0.057 mm) in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat. The compound 13a displayed promising COX-2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 7.82 μM) and DPPH antioxidant activity showcasing its multifaceted therapeutic potential. This study not only presents multi-targeting approach and highlights the significant potential compounds as a lead molecule for further therapeutic development.

Introduction: P. candolleana Wight et Arn. Is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used by the Gelao nationality in southwest China, has been historically applied to treat various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite its traditional usage, scientific evidence elucidating its efficacy and mechanisms in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) remains sparse. This study aimed to determine the quality and chemical composition of Pimpinella candolleana and to identify its potential therapeutic targets and mechanisms in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) rats through integrated approaches. Methods: Morphological and microscopic characteristics, thin layer chromatography (TLC) identification, and quantitative analysis of P. candolleana were performed. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, network pharmacology, and molecular docking were used to identify its chemical composition and predict its related targets in UC. Furthermore, a rat model was established to evaluate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of P. candolleana on UC. Results: Microscopic identification revealed irregular and radial arrangement of the xylem in P. candolleana, with a light green cross-section and large medullary cells. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis detected and analyzed 570 metabolites, including flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenoids. Network pharmacology identified 12 effective components and 176 target genes, with 96 common targets for P. candolleana-UC, including quercetin, luteolin, and nobiletin as key anti-inflammatory components. GO and KEGG revealed the potential involvement of their targets in RELA, JUN, TNF, IKBKB, PTGS2, and CHUK, with action pathways such as PI3K-Akt, TNF, IL-17, and apoptosis. Molecular docking demonstrated strong affinity and binding between these key components (quercetin, luteolin, and nobiletin) and the key targets of the pathway, including JUN and TNF. Treatment with P. candolleana improved body weight loss, the disease activity index, and colonic histological damage in UC rats. Pimpinella candolleana also modulated the levels of IL-2 and IL-6 in UC rats, reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, MAPK8, TNF-a, CHUK, and IKBKB mRNA, and decreased the expression of TNF, IKBKB, JUN, and CHUK proteins in the colon of UC rats, thereby reducing inflammation and alleviating UC symptoms. Conclusion: P. candolleana exerts its protective effect on UC by reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting inflammation, providing scientific evidence for its traditional use in treating gastrointestinal diseases. This study highlights the potential of P. candolleana as a natural therapeutic agent for UC and contributes to the development of novel medicines for UC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cancer, a significant global health concern, necessitates innovative treatments. The pivotal role of chronic inflammation in cancer development underscores the urgency for novel therapeutic strategies. Benzothiazole derivatives exhibit promise due to their distinctive structures and broad spectrum of biological effects. This study aims to explore new anti-tumor small molecule drugs that simultaneously anti-inflammatory and anticancer based on the advantages of benzothiazole frameworks. Methods: The compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for structure as well as purity and other related physicochemical properties. The effects of the compounds on the proliferation of human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431) and human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1299) were evaluated by MTT method. The effect of compounds on the expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in mouse monocyte macrophages (RAW264.7) was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of compounds on apoptosis and cell cycle of A431 and A549 cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. The effect of compounds on A431 and A549 cell migration was evaluated by scratch wound healing assay. The effect of compounds on protein expression levels in A431 and A549 cells was assessed by Western Blot assay. The physicochemical parameters, pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity and drug similarity of the active compound were predicted using Swiss ADME and admetSAR web servers. Results: Twenty-five novel benzothiazole compounds were designed and synthesized, with their structures confirmed through spectrogram verification. The active compound 6-chloro-N-(4-nitrobenzyl) benzo[d] thiazol-2-amine (compound B7) was screened through a series of bioactivity assessments, which significantly inhibited the proliferation of A431, A549 and H1299 cancer cells, decreased the activity of IL-6 and TNF-α, and hindered cell migration. In addition, at concentrations of 1,2, and 4 μM, B7 exhibited apoptosis-promoting and cell cycle-arresting effects similar to those of the lead compound 7-chloro-N-(2, 6- dichlorophenyl) benzo[d] thiazole-2-amine (compound 4i). Western blot analysis confirmed that B7 inhibited both AKT and ERK signaling pathways in A431 and A549 cells. The prediction results of ADMET indicated that B7 had good drug properties. Discussion: This study has innovatively developed a series of benzothiazole derivatives, with a focus on compound B7 due to its notable dual anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. B7 stands out for its ability to significantly reduce cancer cell proliferation in A431, A549, and H1299 cell lines and lower the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. These results position B7B7 as a promising candidate for dual-action cancer therapy. The study's mechanistic exploration, highlighting B7's simultaneous inhibition of the AKT and ERK pathways, offers a novel strategy for addressing both the survival mechanisms of tumor cells and the inflammatory milieu facilitating cancer progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Background: Camellia L., belonging to the Theaceae family, is a diverse group of plant species native to various regions of Asia. Methods: Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves of three Camellia species, namely Camellia quephongensis, Camellia yokdonensis, and Camellia longii, were determined using a spectrophotometric method. Phenolic compounds of the leaf extracts were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, antioxidant activity, anti-α-amylase and in vitro antiinflammatory properties of the extracts were evaluated. Results: The total carotenoid content in C. longii was the highest, whereas the total chlorophyll content in this species was the lowest. Most of the phenolic compounds in C. quephongensis were found at the greatest concentrations compared to the other species. The extract from C. quephongensis exhibited the strongest antioxidant properties estimated by ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging assays. This activity was shown to be comparable with that of ascorbic acid. All the Camellia extracts may possess a much less potent anti-α-amylase activity in comparison with acarbose. They could also be weaker than diclofenac with respect to in vitro anti-inflammatory activity evaluated by albumin denaturation inhibition assay. Conclusions: The findings of this investigation provide the initial insights into pigments and phenolics present in the various Camellia species and pave the way for the development of functional foods that could potentially offer a range of health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The nose can be damaged by environmental pollutants and foreign bodies, as well as a result of trauma, infection or surgical interventions. Proper healing of the damaged nasal mucosa is important for health. Objective: There is no study in the literature investigating the effects of rosmarinic acid on mucosal healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid on nasal mucosal healing. Methods: 21 male, adult Spraque Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups as the control group, the local treatment group in which rosmarinic acid was applied locally to the nasal mucosa, and the systemic treatment group in which rosmarinic acid was injected intraperitoneally. The wound area was obtained by creating a trauma area by inserting a 10 mm interdental brush through the right nasal nostril into the right nasal cavities of all animals. For the following 15 days, the treatment agent was applied as indicated once a day and on the 15th day the animals were decapitated and tissue samples taken from the nasal mucosa were prepared for histopathological examination. The preparations were examined in terms of cellular hyperplasia, goblet cell hypertrophy and degeneration, leukocyte infiltration, cilia loss and degeneration, edema and vascular dilatation, and they have been classified into four categories as mild (+), moderate (++), severe (+++) and very severe (++++). Results: There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of all parameters evaluated, and there is a decrease in the intensity of the parameters with transition from the control group to the local group and from there to the systemic group. Conclusion: Systemic rosmarinic acid administration showed an enhancing effect on the healing of experimentally induced nasal mucosal injury due to its possible anti-inflammatory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, reliable high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)‒densitometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of β-sitosterol, a significant bioactive phytosterol, in Manilkara zapota L. P. Royen leaves. This method is combined with mass spectroscopy (MS) for relevant structural identification, responsible for their antioxidant and antiinflammatory therapeutic potential. The pet ether (PE), chloroform (CH), ethyl acetate (EA), and hydro-ethanolic (HE) leaf extracts were prepared using the cold maceration technique. These extracts were screened for preliminary qualitative tests, and based on the screening results, secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins were further quantified. Antioxidant potential was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging assays. antiinflammatory activity was evaluated through protein denaturation and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stability methods. Additionally, an HPTLC method was developed and validated for β-sitosterol quantification. Among all the extracts, the ethyl acetate leaf extract exhibited the highest steroidal content [50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) 2.92 ± 0.21 mg β-sitosterol equivalent (BSE)/g dry extract (DE)], flavonoid content [IC50 22.9 ± 0.25 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g DE], and phenolic content [IC50 103.8 ± 0.23 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DE]. The ethyl acetate extract also demonstrated the highest efficacy against DPPH (IC50 16.35 ± 1.49), ABTS (IC50 17.52 ± 2.36), FRAP [41.32 ± 0.02 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/g crude extract], NO (IC50 17.13 ± 2.06), protein denaturation (IC50 31.75 ± 2.1), and HRBC membrane stability (IC50 24.8 ± 2.44). Correlation analysis further supported these findings. Furthermore, following the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines, an HPTLC method was developed, and 434.4 ng of β-sitosterol was quantified, with the highest content found in the ethyl acetate extract. Therefore, M. zapota leaf extract exhibits beneficial antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects due to its richness in phytosterols. This extract has the potential to be further explored as a therapeutic agent against inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medicinal plants have played an essential role in the treatment of human diseases and their associated secondary complications since early childhood in the medical systems of China, India, Korea, and Japan. Aromadendrin is a phytochemical member of the flavonoid class found in many medicinal plants such as Persica vulgaris, Chionanthus retusus, Populus davidiana, Olea europaea, Spatholobus suberectus, Akschindlium godefroyanum, Chionanthus retusu, Cudrania tricuspidata, Populus davidiana, Hemiptelea davidii and Gelditsia sinensis. The purpose of this article is to summarize scientific information on the medicinal efficacy, pharmacological activity, and analytical aspects of aromadendrin in medicine. Methods: This article discusses the biological significance and therapeutic effects of aromadendrin along with its analytical aspects to know the therapeutic potential of aromadendrin in medicine. All scientific information about aromadendrin was collected from Google, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. Additionally, aromadendrin belongs to the flavonoid class, so to know its health benefits, the biological importance of flavonoids will also be discussed in this article. Additionally, the analytical aspects of aromadendrin are also discussed in this article. Results: This article discusses the biological significance and therapeutic efficacy of aromadendrin in the treatment of human diseases. This study reveals aromadendrin immunosuppressive, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, antibacterial, trypanocidal, anticandida, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential in medicine. In addition, aromadendrin also has significant effects on cardiac hypertrophy, glucose absorption, non-small cell lung cancer, liver damage, acute pancreatitis, enzymes, and multidrug resistance. However, analytical parameters for aromadendrin separation, isolation, and identification are also discussed in this article. Discussion and conclusion: Present work described the different pharmacological activities of aromadendrin with their molecular mechanism. The present study provides new insights into the biological applications of aromadendrin and will help explore its therapeutic potential for many types of human diseases. This study will help understand the biological potential and benefits of aromadendrin in medicine.

IntroductionIn recent years, diverse initiatives have been carried out to control the COVID-19 pandemic, ranging from measures restricting social activities to analyzing drugs and vaccines. Studies on herbal medicines are also increasingly conducted in various countries as an adjuvant therapy or supplement. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbal medicines analyzed from various countries through clinical trials with the randomized controlled trial method. The outcomes of Length of Stay (LOS), Negative Conversion Time (NCT), and Negative Conversion Rate (NCR) were the main focus.MethodsAn extensive review of literature spanning from 2019 to 2023 was carried out using well-known databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. The search included relevant keywords such as “randomized controlled trial,” “COVID-19,” and “herbal medicine.”ResultsA total of 8 articles were part of the inclusion criteria with outcomes of LOS, NCT, and NCR. In terms of LOS outcomes, all types of herbal medicines showed significant results, such as Persian Medicine Herbal (PM Herbal), Persian Barley Water (PBW), Jingyin Granules (JY granules), Reduning Injection, and Phyllanthus emblica (Amla). However, only JY granules showed significant results in NCR outcome, while JY granules and Reduning Injection showed significant results in reducing NCT.ConclusionThese findings enrich our understanding of the potential benefits of herbal medicines in influencing LOS, NCR and NCT parameters in COVID-19 patients. Herbal medicines worked to treat COVID-19 through antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory mechanisms.

The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, analgesic, and antiinflammatory activities of Bunium incrassatum aqueous extract (BIAE) from roots. Tests of radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and induced erythrocyte hemolysis using 2,2'-azo bis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) were used for antioxidant activity evaluation. The antiinflammatory activity was tested in Croton oil- and xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenaninduced paw edema. The antinociceptive effect was tested with the pain model induced by formalin and acetic acid-induced writhing response. The results revealed that BIAE exhibited a strong protective effect against AAPH-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes. In contrast, in the DPPH test, BIAE showed moderate activity (IC50: 1.07}0.078 mg/mL) compared to BHT. In the antiinflammatory test, oral administration of BIAE (100, 300, and 600 mg/kg) significantly reduced the edema in the three models used. In antinociceptive experiments, the pretreatment with BIAE produced important analgesic activity. Additionally, the pretreatment of mice with BIAE significantly reduced the paw-licking time in the second phase. The results of this study revealed the antioxidant, analgesic, and antiinflammatory potential of BIAE, and demonstrated the importance of B. incrassatum as a source of compounds for therapeutic uses.

This study reports a comparative analysis of the polyphenolic composition and nutraceutical properties of different olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and corresponding extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) extracts. Specifically, four OMWWs and corresponding EVOOs from cultivars Frantoio (A) and Leccino (B) obtained from different crushing seasons (early-stage (A1 and B1) and later-stage (A2 and B2)) were analyzed. Employing HPLC-DAD and LC-MS methods, the primary polyphenol content was identified and quantified. Overall, OMWW extracts showed a greater polyphenolic content compared to corresponding EVOO extracts, with OMWW B1 displaying the highest levels of polyphenols. The antiradical properties of extracts towards radical species (DPPH, ABTS, O2−, and HOCl−) were demonstrated in vitro, revealing a correlation with polyphenolic content. In fact, OMWW B1 and B2 demonstrated the strongest antiradical activity. Exploring nutraceutical properties of OMWWs, the intestinal permeation of the main polyphenols in a co-culture model (Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cell lines) was assessed, with tyrosol achieving a permeation of almost 60%. Furthermore, the involvement in the inflammation process has been evaluated in cell studies on THP1-derived macrophages by immunocytochemistry, demonstrating that OMWW B1 may exert an anti-inflammatory effect by modulating specific phenotype expression on macrophages. In conclusion, this study provides evidence supporting the reuse of OMWWs as a source of polyphenols with nutraceutical properties.

Abstract The gradual deterioration of the supporting periodontal tissues caused by periodontitis, a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease, is thought to be triggered by the colonization of dysbiotic plaque biofilms in a vulnerable host. One of the most prevalent dental conditions in the world, periodontitis is now the leading factor in adult tooth loss. When periodontitis does develop, it is treated by scraping the mineralized deposits and dental biofilm off the tooth surfaces. Numerous studies have shown that non-surgical treatment significantly improves clinical and microbiological indices in individuals with periodontitis. Although periodontal parameters have significantly improved, certain bacterial reservoirs often persist on root surfaces even after standard periodontal therapy. Periodontitis has been treated with local or systemic antibiotics as well as scaling and root planning. Since there aren't many brand-new antibiotics on the market, several researchers are currently concentrating on creating alternate methods of combating periodontal germs. There is a delay in a study on the subject of nanoparticle (NP) toxicity, which is especially concerned with mechanisms of action, while the area of nanomedicine develops. The most promising of them are metal NPs since they have potent antibacterial action. Metal NPs may be employed as efficient growth inhibitors in a variety of bacteria, making them useful for the treatment of periodontitis. In this way, the new metal NPs contributed significantly to the development of efficient anti-inflammatory and antibacterial platforms for the treatment of periodontitis. The current therapeutic effects of several metallic NPs on periodontitis are summarized in this study. This data might be used to develop NP-based therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of periodontal infections. Graphical Abstract

Introduction: Cancer, a significant global health concern, necessitates innovative treatments. The pivotal role of chronic inflammation in cancer development underscores the urgency for novel therapeutic strategies. Benzothiazole derivatives exhibit promise due to their distinctive structures and broad spectrum of biological effects. This study aims to explore new anti-tumor small molecule drugs that simultaneously anti-inflammatory and anticancer based on the advantages of benzothiazole frameworks.Methods: The compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for structure as well as purity and other related physicochemical properties. The effects of the compounds on the proliferation of human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431) and human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1299) were evaluated by MTT method. The effect of compounds on the expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in mouse monocyte macrophages (RAW264.7) was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of compounds on apoptosis and cell cycle of A431 and A549 cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. The effect of compounds on A431 and A549 cell migration was evaluated by scratch wound healing assay. The effect of compounds on protein expression levels in A431 and A549 cells was assessed by Western Blot assay. The physicochemical parameters, pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity and drug similarity of the active compound were predicted using Swiss ADME and admetSAR web servers.Results: Twenty-five novel benzothiazole compounds were designed and synthesized, with their structures confirmed through spectrogram verification. The active compound 6-chloro-N-(4-nitrobenzyl) benzo[d] thiazol-2-amine (compound B7) was screened through a series of bioactivity assessments, which significantly inhibited the proliferation of A431, A549 and H1299 cancer cells, decreased the activity of IL-6 and TNF-α, and hindered cell migration. In addition, at concentrations of 1, 2, and 4 μM, B7 exhibited apoptosis-promoting and cell cycle-arresting effects similar to those of the lead compound 7-chloro-N-(2, 6-dichlorophenyl) benzo[d] thiazole-2-amine (compound 4i). Western blot analysis confirmed that B7 inhibited both AKT and ERK signaling pathways in A431 and A549 cells. The prediction results of ADMET indicated that B7 had good drug properties.Discussion: This study has innovatively developed a series of benzothiazole derivatives, with a focus on compound B7 due to its notable dual anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. B7 stands out for its ability to significantly reduce cancer cell proliferation in A431, A549, and H1299 cell lines and lower the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. These results position B7B7 as a promising candidate for dual-action cancer therapy. The study’s mechanistic exploration, highlighting B7’s simultaneous inhibition of the AKT and ERK pathways, offers a novel strategy for addressing both the survival mechanisms of tumor cells and the inflammatory milieu facilitating cancer progression.

Injury to the liver is a significant public health issue that affects people all over the world, which necessitates the creation of innovative treatments that are both effective and safe. Due to the antioxidant activity that it possesses, Ziziphus mauritiana (Z. mauritiana) has traditionally been considered to have therapeutic potential against many organ toxicity disorders. In the current work, the objective was to assess the antioxidant activities in vitro and the potential hepatoprotective effects of hydroethanolic extracts from Z. mauritiana seeds (ZMSE) against 2-nitropropane (2-NP) produced liver damage (Fibrosis) in rats. Additionally, the phytochemical contents of the extracts were to be identified. Through in vitro testing, the extract demonstrated significant antioxidant properties, as well as a high quantity of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds respectively. By activating the hepatic antioxidant defense mechanisms, modulating hepatic functions, and decreasing the production of lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory mediators, and collagen content, oral administration of ZMSE (especially high dose) significantly suppressed the incidence and severity of 2-NP-induced liver toxicity. However, the degree of suppression varied depending on the dose. There is a possibility that the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and diterpenoids is responsible for these activities. These findings demonstrate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ZMSE when administered in varying doses (200, 400, or 800 mg/kg body weight), demonstrate the protective and beneficial effects of the seed against 2-NP-induced hepatic toxicity in rats, and provide support for its consumption, traditional uses, and the promotion of its valorization as a nutraceutical product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance: In the past, Ethiopian traditional medicine employed the leaves of the native Commelina latifolia Hochst. ex C.B. Clarke plant to treat wounds, pain, and malaria. Aim of the study: The crude extract and solvent fractions of C. latifolia Hochst. ex C.B. Clarke leaves were examined in the present investigation to determine their ability to have an antiinflammatory effect and provide an antinociceptive effect in animal models. Materials and methods: The leaves of C. latifolia were extracted with 80% methanol, and the CL crude extract was further fractionated with chloroform, pure methanol, and distilled water. The carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used to test the extracts' ability to reduce inflammation. The hotplate model and the acetic acid-induced writhing test on rodents were used to test the extracts' potential antinociceptive effect to reduce pain. Results: Inflammation was decreased by 64.59% with CL crude extract (400 mg/kg); 56.34% (400 mg/kg) of methanol fraction, 64.59% of aqueous fraction (400 mg/kg), and 38.27% of chloroform fraction in the carrageenaninduced inflammatory model. All extracts demonstrated a considerable lengthening of the nociception reaction time in the hot plate test, with a maximum antinociceptive effect of 78.98% (crude extract) and 71.65% (solvent fractions). At a dosage of 400 mg/kg, the natural C. latifolia crude extract and aqueous fraction demonstrated considerable antinociceptive effects against acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) during the writhing test (48.83% and 45.37than%, respectively). The current findings support Ethiopia's traditional user's assertions that the herb can alleviate inflammation and pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant chemodiversity is a helpful tool for disease prevention and a basis for adjuvant treatments to conventional therapies. In this regard, the extract of Polypodium leucotomos rhizomes, PLE, has shown benefits fighting inflammation and recurrent infections but its molecular mechanism is poorly undersood. This work shows that Plesinox 3A, containing PLE, Vitamins A, C, and selenium, helps modulate the initial inflammatory response triggered by bacterial LPS through the upregulation of IL8 and IL10, together with downregulation of COX2, IL1B and TNF, in a more efficient manner than PLE alone. Additionally, this formulation enhances the antiviral response through the upregulation of MX1, IFNA1 and IFNG in different cell types. Finally, the addition of vitamins and selenium to PLE in Plesinox 3A greatly boosts the anti-bacterial properties of PLE alone. Overall, these findings support the combined use of PLE, vitamins, and selenium, in the form of Plesinox 3A as an immune booster to prevent recurrent infections, highlighting a gene set potentially involved in its beneficial effect, as well as showing its direct anti-bacterial properties, which are greater than those of PLE alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatic and autoimmune diseases are a group of immune system-related disorders wherein the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body’s tissues and organs. This excessive immune response leads to inflammation, tissue damage, and functional impairment. Therapeutic approaches typically involve medications that regulate immune responses, reduce inflammation, alleviate symptoms, and target specific damaged organs. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, has been widely studied in recent years for its application in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. Numerous studies have shown that preparations of Tripterygium wilfordii have antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and immunosuppressive effects, which effectively improve the symptoms and quality of life of patients with autoimmune diseases, whereas the active metabolites of T. wilfordii have been demonstrated to inhibit immune cell activation, regulate the production of inflammatory factors, and modulate the immune system. However, although these effects contribute to reductions in inflammatory responses and the suppression of autoimmune reactions, as well as minimize tissue and organ damage, the underlying mechanisms of action require further investigation. Moreover, despite the efficacy of T. wilfordii in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, its toxicity and side effects, including its potential hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, warrant a thorough assessment. Furthermore, to maximize the therapeutic benefits of this plant in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and enable more patients to utilize these benefits, efforts should be made to strengthen the regulation and standardized use of T. wilfordii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scutellaria sibthorpii is used in treatment of bacterial infections, pains and inflammations. The leaf was extracted by maceration and then partitioned with hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The extract was screened for phytochemicals. The antioxidant activity was assayed using DPPH, H2O2 and ß-carotene. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu's and AlCl3. The crude extract/fractions were tested on E. coli, S. typhi, B. subtilis and S. aureus using agar disk diffusion. Lorke's method was used to determine the LD50. The analgesic activity was determined using ethanoic acid-induced writhing, hotplate and formalin-induced nociception. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by means of formalin-induced acute inflammation. The antipyretic activity was studied using Brewer's yeast. The ethyl acetate fraction (EtFSs) had IC50 of 0.4352mg/mL in the H2O2 and IC50 of 0.00014mg/mL. The MIC of EtFSs against S. aureus was 1.25mg/mL and 2.5mg/mL on S. typhi. LD50 of the CrESs/fractions were greater than 5000mg/Kg. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were higher in EtFSs when compared to piroxicam. The fractions decrease the rectal temperature of the rats in the same way as paracetamol at 200mg/Kg. This research has for the first time validated the used of Scutellaria sibthorpii traditionally as analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, leading to various complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), which can result in vision impairment and blindness. DR involves the disruption of the blood retinal barrier (BRB) and the development of neovascularization due to high blood sugar levels. Inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules play a role in this process, with NF-κB and its down regulators, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, being key players. Moringa oleifera (MO), a plant with medicinal properties, is being investigated for its prospective effect in preventing and treating DR. This study explores the effects of Moringa oleifera extract on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats with DR. Molecular docking studies indicate that components of Moringa oleifera extract, namely Quercetin and Myrecetin, strongly bind to key targets involved in DR. To induce DR, rats were given STZ, and after 8 weeks, various factors were evaluated. The results show that MO extract significantly reduces blood glucose levels compared to the diabetes group. Additionally, the extract decreases the expression of VEGF, an angiogenic mediator, and reduces the levels of TNF-α and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), markers of inflammation, in the retinas of diabetic rats. Histopathological analyses reveal improvements in the retinal blood vessels of MO -treated animals compared to the diabetes group. The extract also reduces the overexpression of NF-κB and VCAM-1 in the retina. These findings suggest that MO may be useful in managing diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting angiogenic mediators and regulating NF-κB and VCAM-1. [Display omitted] • Effect of Moringa oleifera (MO) against diabetic retinopathy. • In-vitro biochemical study of MO was done for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. • In-silico study also has proven the hypothesis of MO phytoconstituents against diabetic retinopathy targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) leaves ethanol extract contains several bioactive compounds that might function as an antiinflammatory agent. Coating technology through the encapsulation of bioactive compounds is necessary and much research has been carried out to increase the utilization of plant extracts as medicinal preparations or supplements. The specific aim of this study was to observe changes in the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and encapsulated preparations of the ethanol extract of jeruju leaves as anti-inflammatory agents using mice. The research method begins with preparing samples to be extracted with ethanol solvent, phytochemical screening tests, extract encapsulated formulations, percent yield and solubility of the encapsulated extract, and anti-inflammatory tests. This research used maltodextrin coating material for encapsulated, carried out using the freeze-dryer method, and and using SEM and FTIR to analyze the results of the encapsulated extract. The anti-inflammatory test was carried out on 60 male white mice aged 2-3 months with a body weight of approximately 15-30 grams and the test was carried out using the rat hind paw edema method or the formation of artificial inflammation on the soles of the mice's left paws using carrageenan. Edema volume was measured using a plethismometer every 60 minutes for 330 minutes. This research shows that the secondary metabolite compounds contained in jeruju leaves ethanol extract are flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and saponins. Several extract encapsulation formulations obtained the highest yield of 58.81%, and the highest solubility of 98.76 The average percent inhibition of each dose administered is calculated based on the data results and the high average percent inhibition obtained for Na-diclofenac is 80%. In the research encapsule 1:12, the 120 mg/KgBW dose had a significant percentage of inhibition of 75.55%, with Na-diclofenac dose of 10 mg/KgBW being 80%. This study highlights the potential of jeruju leaf extract as an effective anti-inflammatory agent when encapsulated, presenting a promising avenue for further research and applications in medicinal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Macrophage subtypes exhibit tissue heterogeneity, and the adipose tissue macrophage phenotype is largely influenced by obesity. Local and systemic inflammatory responses caused by obese adipose tissue macrophages are considered a vital pathological mechanism of obesity-associated metabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the inflammatory characteristics of different macrophage subtypes in adipose tissue and their relationship with obesity-associated metabolic diseases, aiming to provide a reference basis for targeting specific macrophage subtypes to explore preventive and treatment strategies for obesityassociated metabolic diseases. METHODS: Literature retrieval was conducted in CNKI and PubMed using Chinese and English search terms “obesity, adipose tissue, adipose tissue macrophage, macrophage polarisation, metabolic diseases.” The search results were accepted or excluded according to the inclusion criteria. Ninety-one papers that met the criteria were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Macrophages have tissue heterogeneity. Under normal conditions, adipose tissue macrophages are mainly composed of antiinflammatory M2 resident macrophages, which maintain tissue inflammation homeostasis. Under obese conditions, a large number of foreign infiltrating macrophages surround hypertrophic adipocytes, and most of them exhibit pro-inflammatory characteristics. Therefore, it is believed that adipose tissue macrophages of pro-inflammatory M1 type may actually be a collection of multiple pro-inflammatory subtypes. Further understanding of the characteristics of various pro-inflammatory subtypes helps us to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying inflammatory disorders in obese adipose tissue. (2) In obesity, foreign infiltrating macrophages form crown-like structures around hypertrophic adipocytes. Currently, six different subtypes of the crown-like structure have been identified, most of which exhibit pro-inflammatory properties and a few of which possess anti-inflammatory characteristics. Thus, taking full advantage of the anti-inflammatory subtypes while inhibiting the differentiation of the pro-inflammatory subtypes may be a new target for alleviating inflammatory damage in obese adipose tissue. (3) M3, MMe, CD9+ and LAM adipose tissue macrophage subtypes have been found to be involved in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, insulin resistance, and cancer. DARC+ and MFehi adipose tissue macrophage subtypes play a vital role in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity insulin resistance, iron death, and other related metabolic diseases. The above studies further suggest that inflammatory disorders caused by externally infiltrated macrophages in obese adipose tissue are an important pathological basis for obesity-induced metabolic diseases. Further in-depth research on the characteristics of various subtypes has important theoretical and practical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance: In the past, Ethiopian traditional medicine employed the leaves of the native Commelina latifolia Hochst. ex C.B. Clarke plant to treat wounds, pain, and malaria.Aim of the study: The crude extract and solvent fractions of C. latifolia Hochst. ex C.B. Clarke leaves were examined in the present investigation to determine their ability to have an antiinflammatory effect and provide an antinociceptive effect in animal models.Materials and methods: The leaves of C. latifolia were extracted with 80% methanol, and the CL crude extract was further fractionated with chloroform, pure methanol, and distilled water. The carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used to test the extracts’ ability to reduce inflammation. The hotplate model and the acetic acid-induced writhing test on rodents were used to test the extracts’ potential antinociceptive effect to reduce pain.Results: Inflammation was decreased by 64.59% with CL crude extract (400 mg/kg); 56.34% (400 mg/kg) of methanol fraction, 64.59% of aqueous fraction (400 mg/kg), and 38.27% of chloroform fraction in the carrageenan-induced inflammatory model. All extracts demonstrated a considerable lengthening of the nociception reaction time in the hot plate test, with a maximum antinociceptive effect of 78.98% (crude extract) and 71.65% (solvent fractions). At a dosage of 400 mg/kg, the natural C. latifolia crude extract and aqueous fraction demonstrated considerable antinociceptive effects against acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) during the writhing test (48.83% and 45.37than%, respectively). The current findings support Ethiopia’s traditional user’s assertions that the herb can alleviate inflammation and pain.

One of the important sources for pharmaceuticals to reach aquatic environments is wastewater treatment plant discharges. In this study, the presence and concentration of some analgesic and anti-inflammatory in the sewage system and the removal of these pharmaceuticals in Konya Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) were determined. Ecological risk posed by pharmaceuticals discharged to the receiving environment with WWTP discharge has been evaluated for fish, Daphnia magna and algae. Extraction of samples taken from 22 different points of the sewage system and WWTP influent and effluent was carried out with a solid phase extraction system. Qualitative and quantitative analyzes of pharmaceuticals were performed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). Mean concentrations of etodolac 3875 ng/L, diclofenac 119 ng/L, flurbiprofen 247912 ng/L, naproxen 1827 ng/L, paracetamol 7204 ng/L, propyphenazone 2.23 ng/L were detected in the sewage system. Mean concentrations were detected for etodolac 5080 ng/L, 19688 ng/L, for diclofenac 248 ng/L, 962 ng/L, for naproxen 1924 ng/L, 97 ng/L, for paracetamol 3286 ng/L, 109 ng/L, for propyphenazone 7.30 ng/L, 20.9 ng/L at the influent and effluent of the WWTP, respectively. Over 90% removal was observed for naproxen and paracetamol in the WWTP, and it was observed that other pharmaceuticals could not be removed in the plant. In the risk assessment made with the concentrations detected in the effluent, the RQ values were determined in the range of 4.3x10-5- 2.6x10-2 and it poses an insignificant risk for the receiving environment. However, it should be kept in mind that pharmaceuticals are not the only pollutants found in receiving environments, they coexist with conventional and other micropollutants, and when their toxic effects are combined, they can create serious environmental problems. In addition, pharmaceuticals can accumulate in environment and living tissues, enter the food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melaleuca is a well-known genus of the Myrtaceae family, one of the major plant families with a high concentration of essential oils. The Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), a genus of aromatic and herbaceous trees that belongs to the Myrtaceae family, is well known to produce herbal essential oils owing to the presence of therapeutic and medicinal elements in the plant's by-products. In the present study, tea tree essential oil (TTEO) was extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia and was evaluated for its phytochemicals, antifungal, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. GC-FID analysis and fingerprint analysis were performed. Different antioxidant assays were performed like DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), nitric oxide radical, hydroxyl radical, iron-reducing potential, iron chelating activity. Antibacterial activity was observed by the disk diffusion method against gram-positive (G+) and gram-negative (G−) bacteria. Antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities were also performed. Antifungal activity against "Aspergillosis" and "Mucormycosis" causing fungal strains was also evaluated. GC-FID revealed the presence of α-terpineol, a major component of TTEO, along with other bioactive components. The IC50 value for various assays was observed in the following order: Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (7.4486), DPPH (34.0961), ABTS (38.9952), Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (47.4052). The best antimicrobial activity was against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160) with an inhibition zone of 0.9 cm. TTEO showed strong anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential and can be employed as an antidiabetic agent due to its inhibitory effect on α-amylase activity. Based on these findings, it was concluded that TTEO can be widely employed across various sectors, including aromatherapy, herbal and allopathic medicine, cosmetics, and as a natural biocide, fungicide, and preservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Inflammation, cell proliferation, matrix deposition, and tissue remodeling are all elements of the well-structured and well-coordinated process of wound repair. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of genistein and nicotine on polyglycolic acid (PGA) and vicryl sutures. Material and methods. Genistein and nicotine were isolated and solution was prepared and the suture material PGA and vicryl were immersed in the solution and dried. They were tested for their tensile strength and degradation values after immersion in artificial saliva (on the first day and on the 14th day). The sutures were also seen under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for its uniform coating and the mixture formulation of genistein and nicotine were tested for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity using protein denaturation assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay respectively. Results. Nicotine has a high anti-inflammatory activity on the suture material, whereas Genistein has an insignificant anti-inflammatory effect. The mixture formulation has a relatively similar anti-inflammatory effect when compared to the control. The SEM analysis shows a uniform coating of the formulation on the PGA and vicryl sutures. In comparison, PGA has shown lesser tensile strength and hence higher degradation ability. Conclusion. Nicotine and Genistein affect the tensile strength and degradation properties of the sutures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current therapeutic approaches to the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis depend mainly on synthetic anti-arthritis compounds that usually cause many adverse effects. The anti-arthritic effect of the hypocholesterolemic drug simvastatin (Sim) has been confirmed, however, its actual mechanism of action has not been investigated yet. Therefore, this study aimed to unveil the biochemical and molecular changes that accompany the application of Sim as anti-arthritic in a mouse model of pristane-induced arthritis. Female Swiss albino mice (20-30g) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n= 10/group): control, Sim control, pristane-induced arthritis, Sim co-treated, and Sim post-treated group. Sim treatment significantly 1) downregulated the expression of immunomodulatory genes [interferon gamma (IFNγ) and lactoferrin (LF)], 2) decreased the expression of inflammation-related genes [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL1β)], 3) declined the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), transforming growth factor beta (TGFα), and oxidized-LDL receptor (OLR1), 4) upregulated the expression of the anti-inflammatory gene IL10, 5) reduced the levels of the oxidative markers [lipid peroxide marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO)], 6) increased the levels of antioxidant markers [reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)]. These findings conclude that administration of Sim relieved pristane-induced arthritis, with best improvement in the Sim co-treated (prevention) group. Thus, Sim could be used as a protective drug against rheumatoid arthritis based on its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysmenorrhea a painful gynecological problem reported by women in their reproductive years, is a common condition and is refers to painful menstruation with severe cramping affecting the lower part of the abdomen caused by excessive prostaglandin production within secretory endometrial cell. Already existing drugs have numerous limitations. The objective of the study is to evaluate the cyclooxygenase inhibitory and radical scavenging potential of Heliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) in the management of dysmenorrhea. The entire dried Heliotropium indicum plant was extracted by successive extraction procedure. Cyclooxygenase assay was carried out using COX-2 Test kit and ABTS assay was also carried out using ABTS Radical cation decoloration assay. HPLC-DAD was used to detect polyphenolic molecules. In cyclooxygenase assay, methanol extract showed highest anti-inflammatory activity with the lowest IC50 of 0.553±0.05 mg/mL when compared with Ibuprofen (IC50 of 0.065±0.00 mg/mL) at 1-0.03125 mg/mL, nhexane and ethyl acetate have IC50 of 0.782±0.01mg/mL and 0.608±0.01mg/mL, respectively. Heliotriopium indicum extract also showed an antioxidative activity when tested with ABTS radical cation decoloration with ethyl acetate having the highest activity (IC50 of 0.315±0.00 mg/mL) when compared with Trolox (IC50 of 0.034±0.00 mg/mL) at 1-0.03125 mg/mL. Tannic acid, naringenin, garlic acid, quercetin, maleic acid and saponin were identified from HPLC-DAD analysis at various concentration. Heliotriopium indicum has the potential to prevent the production of excessive prostaglandin by its ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2. Therefore, could be a source of new COX-2 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of medicinal plants for treating various diseases dates back thousands of years and has been a part of many cultures around the world. Various parts of plants, including roots, leaves, and flowers, and their extracts have been used to develop remedies to cure different ailments like fever, pain, inflammation, infections, among others. In this research, the aerial parts of both Salvia varieties were extracted with ethanol and water to obtain infusion and decoction, separately. S. sericeotomentosa var. hatayica Celep & Doğan (SH) and Salvia sericeotomentosa Rech. f. var. sericeotomentosa (ST) plants were chemically analyzed for polar compounds using LC-HRMS for the first time. All SH and ST extracts were found to be very rich in rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, hispidulin-7-Oglucoside, and caffeic acid. The study also investigated the antiinflammatory and carbonic anhydrase inhibition properties of the most abundant secondary metabolites extracted from SH and ST. In silico studies were conducted for the first time to explore the effects of these metabolites on TNF-α, iNOS, and human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCAI and hCAII). Salvianolic acid B should be considered a strong antiinflammatory agent and a carbonic anhydrase I and II inhibitors due to low binding energy scores with the tested enzymes (TNF-α: -12.391 kcal/mol), (iNOS: -7.547 kcal/mol), (hCAI: -7.877 kcal/mol), and (hCAII: -4.312 kcal/mol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]