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Copyright of Revista de Estudios de la Administración Local y Autonómica is the property of Instituto Nacional de Administracion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Calvino's apology of multiplicity starts with the exposure, revealed by his take on typically modern novels, of some fundamental contradictions underlaying the modern quest for knowledge, which are definitely not alien to our day education. Then, when Calvino goes on to explore how twentieth century literature transcended those difficulties, he provides us with a valuable inspiration for how education could cope with its ambiguous relation to knowledge, still deeply rooted in the modern approach. Guided by Calvino's readings, we are shown that literature can succeed in its epistemological (r)evolution. Meanwhile, education, as it seems, is still struggling to overcome its entanglement with the unreachable goal of teaching everything about everything, to cope with the infinity and complexity of that everything, making reflecting upon education's epistemological stance in the twenty-first century very much a necessity, one that I will try to pursue in the following pages After a methodological introduction, the paper starts by placing Calvino's examination of beautiful, yet unsuccessful literary attempts at an exhaustive account of the world in the context of education, to show how their unattainable ambitions are mirrored in pedagogical practice, pointing out to the "modern spirit" underlying both the aforementioned novels' and contemporary education's relation to knowledge. Then, with the help of J. Rancière's take on education, I will try and make educational sense of Calvino's account of Bouvard and Pécuchet failed quest to know everything there is to be known, and relate it to the particular model of knowledge at work in education, one that needs to be questioned. Finally, I will draw on Calvino's praise of "the contemporary novel as (...) a method of knowledge" (SM, p. 105), and particularly on his analysis of Perec's masterpiece La Vie mode d'emploi, and his rehabilitation of the idea of arbitrariness, to outline some reflections about how an educational multiplicity, where "everything is in everything" could come to life (Rancière, 1991, p. 26). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constitutional democracies are increasingly perceived as limited devices. Against invitations to reducing their influence and size, these pages highlight one aspect or function that the State and constitutionalism share and which turn them into valuable instruments: avoidance of arbitrariness. I here argue that a central feature of both institutions is a commitment to making sure that citizens must lead lives that can be planned with some degree of certainty and reasonableness.

Informalism in the law: unnecessary and risky The childcare benefits scandal in the Netherlands has led to numerous initiatives, including strengthening the Safeguard Function of the Administrative Law Act. One notable aspect of this law is the requirement to include informal resolution of in the appeal procedure, which is based on the concept of psychological procedural justice (PPJ). This theory inspired the project 'Pleasant Contact with the Government' (PCMO). While there is nothing wrong with a friendly demeanor, embedding this in law is risky because the justification used by the legislators is scientifically unfounded. In this article, the author refers to this informality as 'informalism': an overly extreme and irresponsible belief in the informal approach, lacking the counterbalance of rule-of-law values. Due to enthusiasm, no research was conducted on the potential side effects and problems of the informal approach, despite their prevalence and explicit warnings to the government. These side effects include unintended arbitrariness and potential integrity issues, which have been extensively studied in sociology of law, public administration, and forensic science. At the end, an alternative is suggested: revaluing quality and objective law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term classifier is widely used in Sign Language Linguistics to address some signs that seem to be unarbitrarily linked to the objects and processes they refer to. However, there are almost no texts in spanish that depict in detail how this term enters the subfield of sign language linguistics and what it implies. This paper aims to compensate this gap, by discussing several of the problems that are inherent to the use of this term to the description of those elements and mechanisms we find in sign languages. In the end, based on some specific examples gathered from video recorded narrations in Uruguayan signed language, I show how Peircean semiotics could solve several problems linked to the concept of classifier and its use for linguistic analysis of signed languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author must have a certain intention when displaying a character in his work. In the short story book Sesat Pikir Para Binatang (SPPB), the author, Triyanto Triwikromo, displays the character of an animal, namely obedient. There are 6 out of 14 short stories in the SPPB kumcer book that feature submissive animal instincts. Therefore, a research was conducted on the 6 short stories with the aim of analyzing loyalty, hatred, and arbitrariness as a form of representation of submissive animal characters by focusing on the actions of human-like animal characters and animal-like human characters. Descriptive qualitative method was used as the research method. The result of this research is the discovery of submissive animal instincts that represent loyalty, viciousness, and arbitrariness of animal characters that are similar and opposite to human instincts. In addition, the plot patterns in the data sources are similar in that the submissive characters do not feel happiness, but experience sad and tragic things, namely abandonment, betrayal, and harm and even murder. Triyanto as the author presents the loyalty, hatred, and arbitrariness of the submissive animal characters in the SPPB kumcer as if he wants to criticize the bad behavior of humans and wants to convey the message that do not be excessively loyal, submissive, and obedient to others because humans will still disappoint. Thus, the representations of loyalty, hatred, and arbitrariness of the submissive animal characters are used by Triyanto to criticize the bad behavior of humans.

Standard accounts hold that regularities of behavior must be arbitrary to constitute a convention. Yet, there is growing consensus that conventionality is a graded phenomenon, and that conventions can be more or less natural. I develop an account of natural conventions that distinguishes two basic dimensions of conventional naturalness: a probabilistic dimension and an inherent one. A convention is probabilistically natural if it is likely to emerge in a population of agents, and inherently natural if its content is a regularity that scores high on relevant measures for naturalness. I motivate the proposal on conceptual grounds and then showcase its descriptive benefits by discussing two case studies in language: the tendency towards word-length optimality and the prevalence of shape opacity in spoken language vocabularies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work analyzes the importance of the motivation of environmental considerations in the different bases of public tenders as a limit to the discretion of public powers; as well as the consequences of lack of said motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iconicity has been defined in three majors ways in the sign language literature. Some authors describe iconicity as a similarity mapping between a signifier (the mental representation of the form side of a linguistic sign) and its referent, while others state that iconicity is to be understood as a similarity mapping between a signifier and its meaning. Other scholars have defined iconicity as a similarity mapping between a signifier and some other mental representation. The goal of this paper is to give an overview of the consequences entailed by defining iconicity as a mapping between a signifier and its referent, a signifier and its meaning, or a signifier and some mental concept. These consequences will be discussed from different theoretical perspectives. It will be argued that definitions viewing iconicity as a mapping between a signifier and some associated mental concept work best, while definitions based on reference and meaning run into several theoretical problems or are, at least, rather theory-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Language Problems & Language Planning is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While it has largely been taken for granted by most linguists that the relationship between linguistic signifier and signified is arbitrary in nature, a growing number of studies suggest otherwise. In this article, we demonstrate that iconicity in total reduplicative constructions in Nigerian Pidgin is graded in nature, and that the degree of iconicity of any given reduplicative is largely correlated with the word class to which its simplex form belongs, with reduplicated ideophones and adverbials exhibiting the highest degree of iconicity, reduplicated pronouns the lowest degree of iconicity, and reduplicated adjectives, nouns, numerals and verbs intermediate degrees of iconicity. Our results shed light, not only on which word classes are more prototypically involved in reduplication than others in the world's languages, but also on typical pathways that reduplicatives follow in processes of grammaticalization, whereby their isomorphic form-meaning relationship appears increasingly attenuated, albeit due to varying language-internal factors that are specific to individual languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impari Atena presents the verbal text of a musical theater performance on the myth of Apollo and Marsyas, which will be staged in Turin as part of the 2022 edition of Festa Europea della Musica. This reworking imagines that Euterpe, in protest against Apollo’s arbitrariness, calls for Athena’s intervention so that the musical competition can take place and the contestants have equal opportunities. But even the goddess of justice cannot judge equally, and so she remains silent. It will be Music who wins the challenge, and finds a way to reconcile the art of the god with that of the Sylen beyond all expectations.

An urgent criminal law problem at present is a systematic analysis of doctrinal and law enforcement aspects of crimes against the order of governance, which are the fifth most common group of crimes. Purpose: to analyze the doctrinal positions of Professor V.S. Komissarov regarding the interpretation of crimes against the order of governance, their classification, as well as the signs of individual elements of crimes. Methods: general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, formal and dialectical logic; specific scientific methods: legal-dogmatic and interpretation of legal norms. Results: the study reveals and shows the main approaches of Professor V.S. Commissarov to the understanding of crimes against the order of governance, some of which are adopted by the modern doctrine, and reflected in the decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

Relics of holy people have been attractive among Muslims of all generations due to their mundane and spiritual importance. Sufi scholars are, especially, notable for their particular interest in relics, which form an integral part of their beliefs and practices. They venerate relics through which they seek blessing (tabāruk) and intercession (tawāṣul), among others. Meanwhile, the modern Salafi scholars criticized the Sufis’ perspective on relics, claiming that their actions constitute bid’ah (innovation), kufr (infidelity), and syirk (associating partners with Allah). This paper, therefore, examined the modern Salafis’ criticism of the religious attitudes of the Sufis on relics. It adopted both historical and exegetical methods to achieve the set objectives. It has been discovered that relics have spiritual values, and Muslims of all generations, especially the companions (ṣahābah), have used them for different spiritual purposes. It is also clear that both the Salafis and Sufis venerate and seek blessing from the relics, though Sufis are more prominent in the practice. The paper identified excessiveness and arbitrariness in the disposition of the Sufis to the relics, which engendered deification of them as the yardstick for the Salafis’ criticisms. Therefore, it concluded that advocacy for the desecration of relics on the part of modern Salafi scholars lacks merits. Instead, machinery to checkmate arbitrariness should be advocated for.

The Digital Markets Act is a new European Regulation which entered into force on October 2022. It will apply to "gatekeepers", namely undertakings providing core platform services, with the aim of fostering "fairness" and "contestability" in the digital sector. If these objectives appear at first sight both relevant and legitimate, this paper sheds light on the dark side of this Regulation by arguing that it will undermine the Rule of Law. Indeed, for several reasons which will be discussed, the Digital Markets Act will impede or limit the respect of principles which are deeply rooted in the legal tradition of European countries. This leads to an important question: is the cure worse than the disease? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the theory of Baron and Herslund, English has a tendency to have names for collective concepts such as "chairs" and "bowls", whereas French more or less consistently lacks names for collective concepts and, instead, has different names for different chairs and bowls. This observation is crucial and is not restricted to English and French nouns – when English uses one verb in an utterance, but Chinese more than one verb, we are dealing with the same distinction. All existing models of lexical semantics may contain tools to describe this distinction, but they lack tools to explain it. This is largely due to the fact that they are grounded in Saussure's dichotomic view of symbols, i.e., as consisting of an expression unit and a content unit in which there is an arbitrary and conventional relationship between the two sides. However, if one adopts a trichotomic view, where there is one expression unit but two content units, called images and ideas, it becomes possible to explain the differences between English and French. Moreover, it becomes clear that "convention" and "arbitrariness" should be kept strictly apart, since they concern different sides of the linguistic sign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public debates on linguistic integration as a socially desired outcome often share a prevailing sentiment that newcomers ought to "learn the language." But the intensity of that sentiment is rarely accompanied by an equally robust understanding of what, precisely, it means in practice. This results in a notion of linguistic integration with an inbuilt tension between a seemingly pragmatic and commonsensical appearance, on the one hand, and a minimal action‐guidance capacity, on the other hand. This paper explores this intriguing tension, and it identifies three moral and practical challenges that this challenge presents to the normative theorizing of the practical ethics of linguistic integration: (1) a predicament of arbitrary treatment; (2) the interpersonal structure of social and linguistic learning; and (3) the affective dimension of linguistic integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict that occurs within the educational institution has historically deserved scientific efforts focused on reducing its implications and the inherent destructiveness of the positive school climate, interpersonal relationships and the normal development of the teaching-learning processes. This research, as a result of a documentary review on bullying, presents a chronological organization of the studies carried out around this psychosocial risk factor or silent enemy, as it is currently called. The findings indicate the following: the abuse that is perpetrated in the educational context is the result of the reproduction of patriarchal patterns of domination, culturally legitimized practices, as well as the imitation of styles of coexistence in which the subject fails to rationalize the effects of violence in its various manifestations; added to this is the fact that prolonged stay in conflictive scenarios leads to the adoption of disruptive behaviors that, when transferred to the educational context, generate a drastic shock, both with the regulations of coexistence and with the sociocultural particularities and ways of seeing the world; the use of humiliation, systematic submission, manipulation, threat and psychological abuse, constitute factors that configure victimization and violent personality. In conclusion, bullying is a sign of the subject's conscious and unconscious rejection of a deteriorating, disintegrating and dysfunctional social and family system, in which discrimination, individualism and intolerance prevail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is about a special kind of transformative choice that plays a key role in debates about permissivism, the view that some bodies of evidence permit more than one rational response. A prominent objection to this view contends that its defender cannot vindicate our aversion to arbitrarily switching between belief states in the absence of any new evidence. A prominent response to that objection tries to provide the desired vindication by appealing to the idea that arbitrary switching would involve a special kind of transformative choice: the choice to change one’s epistemic standards, i.e., one’s commitments regarding the relative importance of achieving true belief and avoiding false belief. My first aims here are to argue that this response is unsuccessful and propose an alternative. My secondary aim is to consider how this discussion might bear on more general debates about transformative choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Juridica Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Prawnych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hardly anyone denies that (nearly) all human beings have equal moral status and therefore should be considered and treated as equals. Yet, if humans possess the property that confers moral status upon them to an unequal degree, how come they should be considered and treated as equals? It has been argued that this is because the variations in the degree to which the status‐conferring property is held above a relevant threshold are contingencies that do not generate differences in degrees of moral status. Call this the contingency argument for the basis of moral equality. In this paper, I reject the contingency argument. Instead, I develop an attitude‐based account of the basis of moral equality: according to this account, the basis of moral equality lies in a fitting, basic, and independent moral attitude which is owed to human beings qua moral status‐holders, and provides a coherent and plausible explanation for why the variations above the threshold for moral status do not matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbitrariness is a distinctive feature of human language, and a growing body of comparative work is investigating its presence in animal communication. But what is arbitrariness, exactly? We propose to distinguish four notions of semiotic arbitrariness: a notion of opaque association between sign forms and semiotic functions, one of sign‐function mapping optionality, one of acquisition‐dependent sign‐function coupling, and one of lack of motivatedness. We characterize these notions, illustrate the benefits of keeping them apart, and describe two reactions to our proposal: abandoning arbitrariness‐talk in favor of the newly introduced conceptual vocabulary, or feeding the distinctions back into the parent concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can there be rule of law at sea? In extending the traditionally terrene ideal seaward, there are a range of conceptual difficulties. These difficulties are outlined, and a recurring thought pattern is set out that is found in the traditions of thought about the rule of law as protecting members of a community from the abuse of power. Drawing on Jeremy Bentham's scattered remarks about maritime governance, three assumptions underlying this thought pattern, regarding territoriality, community, and protective function, are identified as requiring modification in the maritime context. Achievement of the rule of law at sea is possible, but reflects a number of limitations as compared to its terrene counterpart, limitations related to these three traditional assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lenguaje is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scripta is the property of Scripta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Administración Pública is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale reproduced a misconception of Chinese as a monosyllabic language without complex words. In this paper, we investigate the sources of this misconception in Western thought. We also show that the misconception about Chinese was already known to be inaccurate in Saussure's time, and that he had many missed opportunities to find out. While Saussure reproduced the empirical errors of Comparatists and Neogrammarians with respect to Chinese, he moved away from the cultural prejudices and attitudes that were behind their claims. This turn, we argue, illustrates an important aspect of the Saussurean scientific revolution, which was fuelled more by fundamental conceptual changes than by empirical discoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the fourth part and the final one of a more extensive commentary on Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which is entirely published in four issues of this law journal. The first part of this study, published in the December 2022 issue, assessed the general features of the right to liberty and security and commented Article 5 § 1 (a) and (b). The second part, published in the January 2023 issue, analysed four other situations in which a person can be deprived of his or her liberty, as stipulated by Article 5 § 1 (c), (d), (e) and (f). The third part, published in the March 2023 issue, commented the rights enshrined in Article 5 §§ 2 and 3. The current work continues that analysis, focusing on the rights guaranteed in §§ 4 and 5 of this important Article of the Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imagine numerous clients, each with personal data; individual inputs are severely corrupt, and a server only concerns the collective, statistically essential facets of this data. In several data mining methods, privacy has become highly critical. As a result, various privacy-preserving data analysis technologies have emerged. Hence, we use the randomization process to reconstruct composite data attributes accurately. Also, we use privacy measures to estimate how much deception is required to guarantee privacy. There are several viable privacy protections; however, determining which one is the best is still a work in progress. This paper discusses the difficulty of measuring privacy while also offering numerous random sampling procedures and statistical and categorized data results. Furthermore, this paper investigates the use of arbitrary nature with perturbations in privacy preservation. According to the research, arbitrary objects (most notably random matrices) have "predicted" frequency patterns. It shows how to recover crucial information from a sample damaged by a random number using an arbitrary lattice spectral selection strategy. This filtration system's conceptual framework posits, and extensive practical findings indicate that sparse data distortions preserve relatively modest privacy protection in various situations. As a result, the research framework is efficient and effective in maintaining data privacy and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the last part of a more extensive commentary on Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which has been entirely published in three issues of this law journal. The first part of this study, published in the December 2022 issue, assessed the general features of the right to liberty and security and commented Article 5 § 1 (a) and (b). The second part, published in the January 2023 issue, analysed four other situations in which a person can be deprived of his or her liberty, as stipulated by Article 5 § 1 (c), (d), (e) and (f). The current work continues that analysis, focusing on the rights enshrined in the paragraphs of this important Article of the Convention, namely §§ 2 and 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author analyzes the evolution of the guarantee of habeas corpus as the simple and quick remedy in the inter-American system. It describes the different forms of application of the aforementioned guarantee and compares it with the habeas corpus law in Argentina. The broader protection provided by this guarantee is noted for the protection of multiple situations not provided for in the local law to conclude that by means of conventionality control, article 7 based on article 25 of the American Convention with the interpretation "pro homine" and "pro actione" is the most suitable tool to protect the right to freedom as a fundamental right and foundation of other rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the second part of a more extensive commentary on Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which will be entirely published in three consecutive issues of this law journal. The first part of this study, published in the December 2022 issue, assessed the general features of the right to liberty and security and commented Article 5 § 1 a) and b). The present work continues that analysis. It evaluates four other situations in which a person can be deprived of his or her liberty, as stipulated by Article 5 § 1 c), d), e) and f). The remaining paragraphs of this important Article of the Convention, namely §§ 2, 3, 4 and 5, will be commented in a third paper which will be published in the next issue of this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]