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Die aktuellen Konzepte zur Gestaltung von Regelungssystemen basieren auf dynamischen Verhaltensmodellen, die mathematische Ansätze wie Differentialgleichungen zur Ableitung der entsprechenden Funktionen verwenden. Diese Konzepte stoßen jedoch aufgrund der zunehmenden Systemkomplexität allmählich an ihre Grenzen. Zusammen mit der Entwicklung dieser Konzepte entsteht eine Architekturevolution der Regelungssysteme. In dieser Dissertation wird eine Taxonomie definiert, um die genannte Architekturevolution anhand eines typischen Beispiels, der adaptiven Geschwindigkeitsregelung (ACC), zu veranschaulichen. Aktuelle ACC-Varianten, die auf der Regelungstheorie basieren, werden in Bezug auf ihre Architekturen analysiert. Die Analyseergebnisse zeigen, dass das zukünftige Regelungssystem im ACC eine umfangreichere Selbstadaptationsfähigkeit und Skalierbarkeit erfordert. Dafür sind kompliziertere Algorithmen mit unterschiedlichen Berechnungsmechanismen erforderlich. Somit wird die Systemkomplexität erhöht und führt dazu, dass das zukünftige Regelungssystem zu einem selbstadaptiven cyber-physischen System wird und signifikante Herausforderungen für die Architekturgestaltung des Systems darstellt. Inspiriert durch Ansätze des Software-Engineering zur Gestaltung von Architekturen von softwareintensiven Systemen wird in dieser Dissertation ein generischer Architekturstil entwickelt. Der entwickelte Architekturstil dient als Vorlage, um vernetzte Architekturen mit Verfolgung der entwickelten Designprinzipien nicht nur für die aktuellen Regelungssysteme, sondern auch für selbstadaptiven cyber-physischen Systeme in der Zukunft zu konstruieren. Unterschiedliche Auslösemechanismen und Kommunikationsparadigmen zur Gestaltung der dynamischen Verhalten von Komponenten sind in der vernetzten Architektur anwendbar. Zur Bewertung der Realisierbarkeit des Architekturstils werden aktuelle ACCs erneut aufgenommen, um entsprechende logische Architekturen abzuleiten und die Architekturkonsistenz im Vergleich zu den originalen Architekturen basierend auf der Regelungstheorie (z. B. in Form von Blockdiagrammen) zu untersuchen. Durch die Anwendung des entwickelten generischen Architekturstils wird in dieser Dissertation eine künstliche kognitive Geschwindigkeitsregelung (ACCC) als zukünftige ACC-Variante entworfen, implementiert und evaluiert. Die Evaluationsergebnisse zeigen signifikante Leistungsverbesserungen des ACCC im Vergleich zum menschlichen Fahrer und aktuellen ACC-Varianten., Current concepts of designing automatic control systems rely on dynamic behavioral modeling by using mathematical approaches like differential equations to derive corresponding functions, and slowly reach limitations due to increasing system complexity. Along with the development of these concepts, an architectural evolution of automatic control systems is raised. This dissertation defines a taxonomy to illustrate the aforementioned architectural evolution relying on a typical example of control application: adaptive cruise control (ACC). Current ACC variants, with their architectures considering control theory, are analyzed. The analysis results indicate that the future automatic control system in ACC requires more substantial self-adaptation capability and scalability. For this purpose, more complicated algorithms requiring different computation mechanisms must be integrated into the system and further increase system complexity. This makes the future automatic control system evolve into a self-adaptive cyber-physical system and consistitutes significant challenges for the system’s architecture design. Inspired by software engineering approaches for designing architectures of software-intensive systems, a generic architecture style is proposed. The proposed architecture style serves as a template by following the developed design principle to construct networked architectures not only for the current automatic control systems but also for self-adaptive cyber-physical systems in the future. Different triggering mechanisms and communication paradigms for designing dynamic behaviors are applicable in the networked architecture. To evaluate feasibility of the architecture style, current ACCs are retaken to derive corresponding logical architectures and examine architectural consistency compared to the previous architectures considering the control theory (e.g., in the form of block diagrams). By applying the proposed generic architecture style, an artificial cognitive cruise control (ACCC) is designed, implemented, and evaluated as a future ACC in this dissertation. The evaluation results show significant performance improvements in the ACCC compared to the human driver and current ACC variants.

The Mediterranean architectural style began to be a reference style in designing buildings in Indonesia since the 1990s and applied to various buildings including residential buildings because it offers an impressive aesthetic element of grandeur and its response to heat according to the origin region. The potential application of Mediterranean architectural style elements in the middle of Modern architectural style invasion can still be taken to resolve thermal problems caused by environmental issues namely climate change and global warming. This research aims to evaluate the thermal performance of Mediterranean-style residential buildings in response to the local climate and the potential adaptation of the envelope elements to Modern architectural styles using ECOTECT simulations. The results showed that a sample house with a combination of three architectural styles shows that the Mediterranean architectural style can still be used and able to compete with other architectural styles at this time by including its Mediterranean style which presents grandeur, and incorporates elements of minimalist architectural style to give a modern nuance, also implementing shading strategies from Tropical architectural styles as adaptations to the tropical climate. That house sample has the longest thermal comfort duration compared to the others, which is 8.5 hours. Keywords : thermal building performance; building envelope; architecture style; environmental issue. Abstrak: Gaya arsitektur Mediterania mulai menjadi referensi gaya dalam mendesain bangunan di Indonesia sejak tahun 1990an dan banyak sekali diminati serta diaplikasikan ke berbagai bangunan tidak terkecuali bangunan rumah tinggal karena menawarkan unsur estetika yang mengesankan kemegahan dan responnya terhadap iklim sekitar yang cenderung panas sesuai dengan wilayah asalnya. Potensi pengaplikasian unsur-unsur gaya arsitektur Mediterania di tengah gempuran gaya arsitektur Modern masih dapat diperhitungkan dengan tujuan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan termal berupa peningkatan temperatur yang diakibatkan oleh isu lingkungan yaitu climate change dan global warming. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja termal bangunan rumah tinggal bergaya Mediterania dalam responnya terhadap iklim setempat dan potensi pengadaptasian elemen selubungnya terhadap gaya arsitektur Modern dengan menggunakan simulasi termal ECOTECT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampel rumah dengan perpaduan tiga gaya arsitektur menunjukkan bahwa gaya arsitektur Mediterania masih bisa dipergunakan dan mampu bersaing dengan gaya arsitektur lainnya saat ini yaitu dengan memasukkan gaya Mediterania sendiri yang mempresentasikan kemegahan, dan juga memasukkan unsur gaya arsitektur Minimalis untuk memberi balutan nuansa modern, serta menerapkan strategi shading dari gaya arsitektur Tropis sebagai adaptasi dengan iklim tropis. Sampel rumah tersebut memiliki durasi kenyamanan termal paling lama dibanding yang lainnya yaitu selama 8,5 jam. Kata Kunci: kinerja termal bangunan; selubung bangunan; gaya arsitektur; isu lingkungan

日本図書館協会分類委員会により、『日本十進分類法新訂10版』が2014年12月発行された。1995年8月の『日本十進分類法新訂9版』の刊行以降、概ね20年ぶりの日本十進分類法の改訂である。今後の日本図書館界の主題組織化を担う『日本十進分類法新訂10版』のうち、本稿では、建築における様式及び言語による区分について、検討を進めた。

Colonial schools are among the most valuable and precious treasures from the British administration era. The architectural characteristics of the schools contain a wealth of meaning and philosophy in each of the building details that is not found in modern schools nowadays. However, in this era of rapid development, the status of colonial schools is unclear in terms of their heritage status and significance towards society or even the authorities. Moreover, some colonial schools that are now overshadowed by new buildings that were built inside of the school compound and its surrounding. Besides, the local authorities themselves are lacking on the documentation of colonial schools in terms of their value, and the principles behind the architectural style of the colonial schools that could prove beneficial to many parties later as a reference. This article will outline the method to handle this issue besides suggesting a relationship between the value of the colonial architecture and its history at both heritage sites of Georgetown and Melaka. Besides that, we will also classify different colonial schools according to their architectural style. To ensure the objectives are achieved, qualitative methods will be applied including several approaches such as descriptive method, historical method and content analysis method. Hence, this research can serve as a reference point and documentation, especially for conservation purposes of colonial schools. In addition, the local authorities can also improve their Conservation Management Plan (CMP) by adding a colonial schools sector for conservation work and later guidelines. This research will hopefully also encourage the younger generation on the importance of skills and knowledge in the heritage building conservation sector.

UML is a widely adopted open standard to create architectural models from multiple viewpoints for various domains. Its language-inherent extension mechanism is being applied to systematically integrate domain-specific concepts via libraries and profiles because they are indispensable for model-based engineering (MBE). Cloud computing is an appealing target domain for MBE. Modern cloud environments support a relatively high degree of automation in service provisioning, which allows cloud users to dynamically acquire services required for deploying cloud applications. On the other hand, MBE aims at increasing the automation of application development by a systematic tool-supported refinement of high-level models towards a target platform and the environment underneath. The selected platform and environment designate the technical target domain whose concepts have to be captured on the model level in order to enable the refinement of architectural models. Modeling concepts and tools along with a set of constraints on how they can be used denote an architecture style. Providing an architecture style for cloud application modeling based on UML including tools that exploit automated processes of both cloud computing and MBE is thus highly desirable. Due to the generic nature of UML, it does however not provide cloud modeling concepts by default and existing UML tools do not yet adequately support cloud-specific model refinement. To address these deficiencies, the goal of this thesis is to realize cloud-specific extensions to UML and a toolset that together form an architecture style for developing cloud applications. In particular, we place emphasis on the automation of development processes and their effectiveness in producing truly useful models. Four main contributions are presented to achieve this goal. First we systematically review current cloud modeling languages (CMLs) and investigate major cloud environments to derive a core set of features inherent to the cloud computing domain. They serve as the basis for developing the UML-based cloud application modeling language (CAML), which is the second contribution. CAML supports semi-automatic model refinement towards the Java platform and three major cloud environments via dedicated libraries and profiles. The third contribution addresses the automatic translation of UML architecture models refined by CAML into TOSCA, a recently adopted standard that aims at automating application provisioning and management. Combining UML and TOSCA closes the gap between architecture modeling and application provisioning. As model transformations are key to automate the refinement and translation of model-based artifacts, maintaining those transformations and their produced artifacts is addressed by the fourth contribution. We exploit incremental transformation to co-evolve existing models with changes to transformations. In addition to the conceptual contributions, we provide proof-of-concept implementations as open-source projects and present case studies for evaluating not only their practical relevance but also aspects such as quality and performance.

With the rapid development Wireless/Handheld (W/H) technologies, mobile learning has become a new trend in education. In spite of abundant tools and literature about mobile educational software, the lake of a web-based mobile architecture is felt. This study uses design patterns to present platform independent architecture to support development of m-learning systems for greater flexibility, agile and accurate web based software development. The paper also includes an Ajax and Decorator pattern-based method to develop robust and more interactive presentation layer. Qualitative evaluations of proposed architecture illustrate the optimization on aesthetic, content, navigation and other presentation-related metrics.

In this report, we develop a railway control system. We are mainly concerned with the software architecture of the control system and its dynamic evolution ; we do not discuss here the implementation details of the components forming the control system. The software architecture is characterized by a hierarchy of controllers whose leaves are local controllers connected in a network that mimics the underlying railway topology. Using a particular graph grammar, we formally define a class of software architectures for the railway control system ensuring several desirable properties by construction. The dynamic evolution of the architecture is modelled by a set of coordination rules which define graph transformations. Particular emphasis is placed on the verification of these rules with respect to desirable properties encoded in the grammars. Using the graph grammar and the coordination rules as a formal specification of the railway control system, we derive an implementation in ConCoord, an environment for concurrent coordinated programming whose coordination language permits us to define the software architecture of the control system and its dynamic evolution abstracting away from the implementation details of its components.

Architecture styles characterise families of architectures sharing common characteristics. We have recently proposed configuration logics for architecture style specification. In this paper, we study a graphical notation to enhance readability and easiness of expression. We study simple architecture diagrams and a more expressive extension, interval architecture diagrams. For each type of diagrams, we present its semantics, a set of necessary and sufficient consistency conditions and a method that allows to characterise compositionally the specified architectures. We provide several examples illustrating the application of the results. We also present a polynomial-time algorithm for checking that a given architecture conforms to the architecture style specified by a diagram., Comment: In Proceedings ICE 2016, arXiv:1608.03131

Architectures are common means for organising coordination between components in order to build complex systems and to make them manageable. They allow thinking on a higher plane and avoiding low-level mistakes. Architectures provide means for ensuring correctness-by-construction by enforcing global properties characterising the coordination between components. In this work, we consider the following questions of architecture modelling: 1) how to model architectures; 2) how to compose them if several properties enforced by different architectures are required; 3) how to specify architectures styles that generalise the notion of architectures and represent families of architectures satisfying the same property. An architecture can be considered as an operator that, applied to a set of components, builds a composite component meeting a characteristic property. The underlying concepts of components and their interaction originate from the BIP framework. This thesis is structured in two parts. In the first part, we study the expressiveness of glue operators in the BIP framework. We provide results for classical BIP glue and for several modifications obtained by relaxing the constraints imposed on priority models. We also study an alternative semantics of BIP glue based on the offer predicate. It meets fundamental properties required from component-based frameworks, namely compositionality, incrementality, flattening and modularity. We provide the comparison with the classical BIP semantics and the algorithm for the synthesis of connectors from the interaction logic used to describe coordination constraints. In the second part, we define architectures and propose an architecture composition operator. We study their properties and prove that the composition operator preserves safety properties of its operands. The alternative glue semantics presented in the first part of the thesis allows to extend architectures with priorities. For the specification of architecture styles, we propose configuration logics. We provide a sound and complete axiomatisation of the propositional configuration logic as well as decision procedures for checking that an architecture satisfies a given logical specification. To allow genericity of specifications, we study higher-order extensions of the propositional configuration logic. We illustrate with examples the specification of various architecture styles. We provide an experimental evaluation using the Maude rewriting system to implement the decision procedure for configuration logics. Additionally, we study the relation between the architecture composition operator and the composition of configuration logic formulas.