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Mingzhi Dai,1 Zhendong Wu,1 Shaocheng Qi,1 Changhe Huo,1 Qiang Zhang,1 Xingye Zhang,1 Thomas J Webster,2 Hengbo Zhang1 1Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USACorrespondence: Mingzhi Dai Email daimz@nimte.ac.cnBackground: Electronic devices which mimic the functionality of biological synapses are a large step to replicate the human brain for neuromorphic computing and for numerous medical research investigations. One of the representative synaptic behaviors is paired-pulse facilitation (PPF). It has been widely investigated because it is regarded to be related to biological memory. However, plasticity behavior is only part of the human brain memory behavior.Methods: Here, we present a phenomenon which is opposite to PPF, i.e., paired-pulse inhibition (PPI), in nano oxide devices for the first time. The research here suggests that rather than being enhanced, the phenomena of memory loss would also be possessed by such electronic devices. The device physics mechanism behind memory loss behavior was investigated. This mechanism is sustained by historical memory and degradation manufactured by device trauma to regulate characteristically stimulated origins of artificial transmission behaviors.Results: Under the trauma of a memory device, both the signal amplitude and signal time stimulated by a pulse are lower than the first signal stimulated by a previous pulse in the PPF, representing a new scenario in the struggle for memory. In this way, more typical human brain behaviors could be simulated, including the effect of age on latency and error generation, cerebellar infarct, trauma and memory loss pharmacological actions (such as those caused by hyoscines and nitrazepam).Conclusion: Thus, this study developed a new approach for implementing the manner in which the brain works in semiconductor devices for improving medical research.Keywords: artificial bio synapses, ion dynamics, PPI, paired-pulse pulse inhibition, memory loss

Dai M, Wu Z, Qi S, et al. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:1863–1870. The Authors, Editor and Publisher of International Journal of Nanomedicine have agreed to retract the published article. Concerns were raised by the Editor following the authors request to make several corrections to the published article. Many of the requested corrections related to data descriptions in the Materials and Methods and the Results and Discussion. Readers should note the Editor confirms the retraction is not due to academic misconduct but owing to the number of corrections reported within the article which were too numerous to be corrected in a standard corrigendum. The authors may consider republishing a corrected version of the article. The authors agreed with the decision to retract the article to maintain the preciseness of the publication record and wish to apologise for the number of corrections that were reported. Our decision-making was informed by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retraction. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”. This retraction relates to this paper