Search

Stauntonia leucantha is an excellent medicinal, edible and landscape plant of Stauntonia DC, which has high development and utilization value. In this paper, the research status of Stauntonia leucantha at home and abroad was summarized from the aspects of medicinal value, edible value and ornamental value. It was found that compared with Stauntonia chinensis, the research on medicinal components analysis, efficacy test, genetic improvement, artificial cultivation and product development of Stauntonia leucantha was seriously lagging behind, and the bottleneck of the development of Stauntonia leucantha industry was improved seedlings, ecological cultivation technology and the development of medicinal and edible products. The key areas and directions of future research and development were analyzed and put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cordyceps cicadae (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) is a renowned entomopathogenic fungus used as herbal medicine in China. However, wild C. cicadae resources have been threatened by heavy harvesting. We hypothesised that Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) could be a new alternative to cultivate C. cicadae due to the low cost of rearing. Bacterial communities are crucial for the formation of Cordyceps and for promoting the production of metabolites. To better understand the bacterial community structure associated with Cordyceps, three Claviciptaceae fungi were used to explore the pathogenicity of the silkworms. Here, fifth‐instar silkworms were infected with C. cicadae, Cordyceps cateniannulata (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). Subsequently, we applied high‐throughput sequencing to explore the composition of bacterial communities in silkworms. Our results showed that all three fungi were highly pathogenic to silkworms, which suggests that silkworms have the potential to cultivate Cordyceps. After fungal infection, the diversity of bacterial communities in silkworms decreased significantly, and the abundance of Staphylococcus increased in mummified larvae, which may play a role in the death process when the host suffers infection by entomopathogenic fungi. Furthermore, there were high similarities in the bacterial community composition and function in the C. cicadae and C. cateniannulata infected samples, and the phylogenetic analysis suggested that these similarities may be related to the fungal phylogenetic relationship. Our findings reveal that infection with different entomopathogenic fungi affects the composition and function of bacterial communities in silkworms and that the bacterial species associated with Cordyceps are primarily host dependent, while fungal infection affects bacterial abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the quest for bioactive compounds from Ganoderma, artificially cultivated fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cf. mastoporum, strain TBRC-BCC 47851 were chemically investigated. The study led to the isolation of three undescribed lanostane triterpenoids (1–3) together with twelve known compounds. The structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data. The new compounds were inactive in the antimalarial and antitubercular activity assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

旨在为选育性状优良、适合于油用开发的滇牡丹种质资源提供参考，对人工栽培在同一环境的9个种源滇牡丹籽百粒鲜质量和百粒干质量、含水率、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成及含量进行了测定，对各指标之间的相关性及各指标与种源地地理因子的相关性进行分析，对脂肪酸组成进行主成分分析（PCA）和聚类分析。结果表明：人工栽培到同一环境后，不同地理种源滇牡丹籽各指标均存在一定差异，其中可溶性蛋白（变异系数21.76%）、亚油酸（变异系数19.57%）及豆蔻酸（变异系数18.52%）差异较大；丽江河西种源滇牡丹籽粗脂肪含量最高，达到21.64%；丽江鲁甸种源滇牡丹籽中的α-亚麻酸含量最高（42.84%）；相关性分析表明，百粒鲜质量（p

Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant. is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that is widely distributed across Asia, Europe, and the Americas, especially in East Asian countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, and Mongolia. The widespread application of A. argyi in medicine, foods, and folk customs gives it great economic value and strong cultural relevance in China. It has been used in treating diseases for over 2000 years, with modern pharmacological research validating diverse functions (including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, and analgesic activities) of metabolites produced by A. argyi. Surges in clinical demand have led to the formation of a domesticated A. argyi industry, which has produced a relatively mature artificial planting technology system and comprehensive quality evaluation standards in China. In recent years, the assembly and release of A. argyi chloroplast and chromosome-scale nuclear genomes have enabled identification of key genes in the biosynthetic pathways of various important active compounds. In addition, non-medicinal applications of A. argyi have received widespread attention due to the plant's promising herbicidal, antibacterial, and preservative effects, which could allow its use in place of chemical products. We here review recent progress in A. argyi research with a focus on botanical characteristics, artificial cultivation methods, quality evaluation, genomic and molecular research, pharmacological effects, and non-medicinal value development. This review lays a strong foundation for future research to develop and increase the value of A. argyi and other traditionally medicinal plants.

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Camellia fascicularis belongs to the family Theaceae and is a plant species with extremely small populations. It is also a second-class national protected plant in China. In recent years, the anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and antitumor effects of C. fascicularis polyphenols and flavonoids have been reported. However, changes in the soil chemistry and microbes after artificial cultivation of C. fascicularis have not been well studied. Therefore, three healthy plants from each different artificial planting year's plot (Age_3, Age_5, and Age_7) were selected, and the chemical properties of the rhizosphere soil and root endophytic microbial communities for different cultivation years of C. fascicularis were studied in Hekou County, China. The accumulation of pathogenic and beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere of C. fascicularis was also discussed. The results show that (1) the alpha diversity in rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in roots, and roots recruited more Actinobacteria, which might produce beneficial secondary metabolites for the plant; (2) the total nitrogen in the rhizosphere soil of C. fascicularis cultivated for 7 years was significantly higher than that in the soil cultivated for 3 years; (3) there was no significant difference in the alpha and beta diversity in the rhizosphere soil and root endophytes of C. fascicularis in different cultivation years; (4) there was no difference in the abundance of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in either the rhizosphere soil or roots, but the number of PGPR in roots was higher than that in rhizosphere soil; and (5) the changes in pathogenic fungi and biocontrol fungi in rhizosphere soil were greater than those of endophytic fungi in roots. The results show that there are no significant differences in microbial communities among 3, 5, and 7 years, but the influence of the outside environment on the soil and fungi was greater than that of the roots and bacteria. These results can help us to understand the soil chemical and microbial community changes during the artificial cultivation of C. fascicularis and play an important role in its artificial conservation and breeding, as it is a plant species with extremely small populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota participates in a wide range of biological processes of host, such as growth, feeding and immunity. The rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) is a popular table fish with good taste and rich nutrition. However, there are many potential unknown risks in artificial cultivation process. In this study, for the first time, we performed a 16 s rDNA sequencing analysis of gut microbiota in rabbitfish growing in different environments including marine cage, cement pond and wild environment. The most abundant phylum in all conditions was Proteobacteria, especially in individuals cultured in cement pond, and the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes was obviously higher in marine-cage and wild individuals. At the genus level, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia was the most abundant in rabbitfish cultivated in cement pond environment. Moreover, Lipid biosynthesis proteins, Carotenoid biosynthesis, Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation, Dioxin degradation and Xylene degradation pathways were found to be highly abundant in rabbitfish cultivated in cement pond, while Sphingolipid metabolism, Plant-pathogen interaction and Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-globo series pathways were scarce. Interestingly, no obvious difference of gut microbiota was found between marine-cage and wild rabbitfish. All these results would lay a good foundation for developing a microbiota based strategy for artificial cultivation of rabbitfish.

[Objective] The influence factors of artificial cyanobacterial crust on soil threshold wind velocity and wind erosion rate, and the effects of wind erosion prevention and control were analyzed, and the feasibility of using artificial cyanobacterial crust to prevent and control wind erosion on farmland soil was explored, in order to provide a new idea for farmland soil wind erosion prevention and control. [Methods] The effects of five inoculum amounts of cyanobacterial liquid, which were 400, 600, 800, 1 000, 1 200 ml/m2, on the formation of cyanobacterial crust on farmland soil were investigated. The effects and feasibility of using artificial cyanobacterial crust to reduce soil wind erosion were tested and estimated using wind tunnel tests. [Results] Cyanobacterial crusts of different coverages could be formed under outdoor conditions by inoculating the soil with cyanobacteria liquid having different inoculum amounts. When the cyanobacteria inoculum amount was 1 200 ml/m2, the coverage could reach 30% after 14 days of cultivation, and the coverage was greater than 60% after 50 days of cultivation. The biomass and thickness of the artificial cyanobacteria crust were 52 and 9 times of that of the control, respectively (p

Abstract Rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum is both a renowned traditional Chinese remedy and a commonly consumed delicacy. Due to the escalating demand and excessive overexploitation, there has been a growing interest in the artificial cultivation of this plant in recent years. To assess the therapeutic benefits of artificially cultivated P. sibiricum, it is crucial to identify and classify its phytochemical components, which are the primary bioactive compounds found in its rhizome. In this study, the phytochemical profile of an artificially cultivated P. sibiricum rhizomes with multiple rhizome buds (ACM) was characterized by using untargeted UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS based approach. In addition, two-wild-types P. sibiricum rhizomes, namely the wild-type with multiple rhizome buds (WTM) and the wild-type with single rhizome bud (WTS), were used for comparison. A total of 183 phytochemicals, including 20 alkaloids, 48 flavonoids, 33 phenolic acids, and 82 terpenoids, were tentatively identified. Generally, the phytochemical profile of ACM was comparable to that of WTM and WTS. In specific, most of the identified alkaloids and phenolic acids, and approximately half of the identified terpenoids, were not significantly different. Notably, several phytochemicals with potent therapeutic properties, such as epiberberine, laetanine, sinapic acid, curcumenol, were present in ACM. Additionally, artificial cultivation increased the abundance of geniposide and naringenin, which have been linked to cardioprotective effects. These findings provide valuable insights for the future utilization of artificially cultivated P. sibiricum.

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Auricularia cornea is a widely prized basidiomycetous mushroom with culinary and medicine value, which is cultivated artificially on a large scale in China. However, little attention has been paid to the differences in metabolic profiles under different pH growth conditions. In the present study, weakly acidic and weakly alkaline artificial substrates were developed and used for the cultivation of A. cornea, and the metabolic profiles of its fruiting bodies were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results show that the weakly alkaline substrate environment promoted mycelial growth, increased body surface area, and improved yield and transformation efficiency, but attenuated metabolite accumulation by A. cornea. A total of 412 different metabolites were identified in negative and positive ion mode, of which 99 had significantly different amounts and covered 51 metabolic pathways. Principal component analysis and orthogonal patrial least squares discriminant analysis showed clear separation between two treatments, indicating different metabolic profiles. The different metabolites mainly included seven chemical categories, including amino acids and derivatives, nucleotides and derivatives, phenolic acids, organic acids, lipids, flavonoids and alkaloids. This study revealed the biological significance of these metabolites, which could be useful for further unexplored compounds and possible biological functions of A. cornea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcomyxa edulis is a low-temperature mushroom of Northeastern Asia. Although this mushroom is highly popular in this region, it is not currently cultivated on a large scale. In this study, two Sarcomyxa edulis strains were successfully cultivated on a combination of oak sawdust and other agricultural byproducts substrate. Their yield, biological efficiency, organic matter loss (OML), lignocellulosic degrading enzymes activity, and substrate biodegradation capacity were measured. Furthermore, the two S. edulis strains were identified by ITS sequence analysis. Their chemical and amino acid composition when cultivated on oak sawdust was measured. Strain A exhibited significantly higher biological efficiency (46 ± 7%) compared to strain B (13 ± 1%). The activity of four lignocellulosic degrading enzymes was lower in strain A than in strain B. Strain A exhibited significantly higher crude fiber content in the fruiting bodies. On the other hand, strain B had a significantly higher crude protein content. The two strains consisted of 17 amino acids, but the content of each amino acid in the two strains significantly differed. Our findings demonstrate the potential of S. edulis domestication to achieve good yield and nutritional value. This is the first report on S. edulis artificial cultivation, providing promising information and insights for its further mass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Atractylodes chinensis is a Chinese herb that is used in traditional medicine; it contains volatile components that have enormous potential for pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications. The destruction of wild resources demands significant improvement in the quality of artificial cultivation of Atractylodes chinensis. However, little is known about the compositional differences in the volatile substances derived from the wild and cultivated varieties of Atractylodes chinensis. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the specific components of Atractylodes chinensis and analyse the similarities and differences between the volatile components and metabolic pathways in the wild and cultivated varieties. Material and methods: Metabolomic analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was employed following the extraction of volatile components from Atractylodes chinensis using headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME). Results: A total of 167 volatile metabolites were extracted, and 137 substances were matched with NIST and Wiley databases. Among them, 76 compounds exhibited significant differences between the two sources; these mainly included terpenes, aromatics, and esters. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the differential metabolites were primarily involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, terpene biosynthesis, and limonene and pinene degradation; all these pathways have geranyl diphosphate (GDP) as the common link. Conclusion: The total content of volatile substances extracted from wild Atractylodes chinensis was 2.5 times higher than that from the cultured variety; however, each source had different dominant metabolites. This study underscores the necessity for protecting wild Atractylodes chinensis resources, while enhancing the quality of cultivated Atractylodes chinensis. Atractylodes chinensis is a Chinese herb; its volatile components have applications in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic products. The destruction of wild resources demands the artificial cultivation of this herb. However, the total amount of volatile substances extracted from wild A. chinensis was 2.5 times higher than that from the cultured variety; 76 volatile metabolites exhibited significant differences between the two sources. Therefore, it is important to protect wild A. chinensis resources and enhance the quality of cultivated A. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saffron is a rare and valuable crop that is only cultivated in specific regions with suitable topographical conditions. To improve saffron cultivation, it is crucial to monitor and precisely control the crop's agronomic variables over at least one growth cycle to create a fully automated environment. To this end, agronomic variables in the Punjab region of India were analyzed and set points were calculated using third-order polynomial equations through the application of image processing techniques. The relationship between canopy cover, growth percentage, and agronomic variables was also investigated for optimal yield and quality. The addition of adulterants, such as turmeric and artificial colorants, to saffron is a major concern due to the potential for quality compromise and fraud by supply chain vendors. Hence, there is a need for devising an easy, reliable, and user-friendly mechanism to help in the detection of adulterants added to the saffron stigmas. This paper proposes an automated IoT-based saffron cultivation environment using sensors for determining set points of agronomical variables. In addition, a sensor-based chamber has been proposed to provide quality and adulteration checks of saffron and to eliminate product counterfeiting. The AquaCrop simulator was employed to evaluate the proposed framework's performance. The results of the simulation show improved biomass, yield, and harvest index compared with the existing solutions in precision agriculture. Given the high value and demand for saffron, ensuring its purity and quality is essential to sustain its cultivation and the economic viability of the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many wild ornamental plant species have been introduced to improve the landscape of cities; however, until now, no study has been performed to explore the composition and function of foliar endophytes associated with cultivated rare plants in cities after their introduction. In this study, we collected the leaves of the healthy ornamental plant Lirianthe delavayi from wild and artificially cultivated habitats in Yunnan and compared their diversity, species composition, and functional predictions of their foliar endophytic fungal community based on high-throughput sequencing technology. In total, 3125 ASVs of fungi were obtained. The alpha diversity indices of wild L. delavayi populations are similar to those of cultivated samples; however, the species compositions of endophytic fungal ASVs were significantly varied in the two habitats. The dominant phylum is Ascomycota, accounting for more than 90% of foliar endophytes in both populations; relatively, artificial cultivation trends to increase the frequency of common phytopathogens of L. delavayi, such as Alternaria, Erysiphe. The relative abundance of 55 functional predictions is different between wild and cultivated L. delavayi leaves (p < 0.05); in particular, chromosome, purine metabolism, and peptidases are significantly increased in wild samples, while flagellar assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, and fatty acid metabolism are significantly enhanced in cultivated samples. Our results indicated that artificial cultivation can greatly change the foliar endophytic fungal community of L. delavayi, which is valuable for understanding the influence of the domestication process on the foliar fungal community associated with rare ornamental plants in urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sparassis crispa is an edible mushroom exhibiting a wide range of medicinal properties. It is recognized for therapeutic value because of the high β-glucan content in the basidiomes. The broad range of its reported curative effects include anti-tumour, anti-cancer, immune-enhancing, hematopoietic, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, wound-healing, antioxidant, anti-coagulant, and anti-hypertensive properties. However, most of the studies are conducted on immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. Besides this, it also exhibits anti-microbial properties due to the presence of sparassol. Technology is now available for the cultivation of S. crispa on coniferous sawdust. This review is an attempt to focus on its distribution, taxonomy, chemical composition, medicinal properties, potential applications, and artificial cultivation.

Camellia fascicularis belongs to the family Theaceae and is a plant species with extremely small populations. It is also a second-class national protected plant in China. In recent years, the anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and antitumor effects of C. fascicularis polyphenols and flavonoids have been reported. However, changes in the soil chemistry and microbes after artificial cultivation of C. fascicularis have not been well studied. Therefore, three healthy plants from each different artificial planting year’s plot (Age_3, Age_5, and Age_7) were selected, and the chemical properties of the rhizosphere soil and root endophytic microbial communities for different cultivation years of C. fascicularis were studied in Hekou County, China. The accumulation of pathogenic and beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere of C. fascicularis was also discussed. The results show that (1) the alpha diversity in rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in roots, and roots recruited more Actinobacteria, which might produce beneficial secondary metabolites for the plant; (2) the total nitrogen in the rhizosphere soil of C. fascicularis cultivated for 7 years was significantly higher than that in the soil cultivated for 3 years; (3) there was no significant difference in the alpha and beta diversity in the rhizosphere soil and root endophytes of C. fascicularis in different cultivation years; (4) there was no difference in the abundance of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in either the rhizosphere soil or roots, but the number of PGPR in roots was higher than that in rhizosphere soil; and (5) the changes in pathogenic fungi and biocontrol fungi in rhizosphere soil were greater than those of endophytic fungi in roots. The results show that there are no significant differences in microbial communities among 3, 5, and 7 years, but the influence of the outside environment on the soil and fungi was greater than that of the roots and bacteria. These results can help us to understand the soil chemical and microbial community changes during the artificial cultivation of C. fascicularis and play an important role in its artificial conservation and breeding, as it is a plant species with extremely small populations.

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Poplar mushroom is characterised by attractive fruiting bodies in terms of appearance and taste. Cyclocybe aegerita mushrooms are also known to contain unique substances, including proteins, polysaccharides, and aromatic substances with proven nutritional value and medicinal effects. However, the lack of a sound cultivation technology using available plant material limits the saturation of the domestic market with mushrooms of this species. Three strains of C. aegerita from the IBK National Collection of Agaricale Cultures of the Institute of Ecology and Natural Resources were studied for their potential introduction into commercial culture. It was determined that strains 2230 and 2231 have a vegetation cycle of 42 days compared to 46-64 days for the previously studied strains. The highest yield in the experiment was obtained for strain 2231, which ranged from 217 to 220 g per kilogram of a substrate over three cultivation cycles. The biological efficiency of the strains according to the results of the first wave of fruiting ranged from 20.2 (2229) to 60.4% (2231), which is consistent with the published data of other researchers. The appearance and parameters of the fruiting bodies of the strains, which differed in both the colour of the pileus and the size, were described in detail. Under microclimatic conditions of the experiment, strains 2230 and 2231 had a rich brown colour of pilei, while the formed fruit bodies of strain 2229 were distinguished by a pleasant milky cream colour. The largest fruiting bodies in terms of weight were obtained by cultivation of strain 2229 (7.5 ± 0.4 g), which is on average 2 g higher than the weight of mushrooms of other studied strains. The highest fruiting bodies were discovered in strain 2230 having a height of 91.0 ± 1.8 mm, which also had the widest pilei with a diameter of 29.5 ± 0.9 mm. The largest stem diameter, which reached an average of 10.8 ± 0.3 mm, was detected in the fruiting bodies of strain 2229. This study investigated the variability of morphological traits and identified trends in the number of fruiting bodies of a certain size in the total volume of collected mushrooms, which facilitates the design of packaging and marketing campaigns

Phellinus strains were collected from different areas in Korea. Of them, the fast mycelial growing strains were artificially cultivated on the oak logs to produce fruiting body. The varieties, Phellinus linteus ASI26099 (Korea Sanghwang) and P. baumii PBJS (Jangsoo Sanghwang) were grown under the same conditions as controls. Their cultivating characteristics including mycelial colonization, pinhead formation, and fruiting body formation rate were investigated on the logs. Basidiocarps of Phellinus strains HN00K9, HN6036, and ASI26099 were concentrically zonate and shallowly sulcate, and dark chestnut showing typical characteristics of Tropicoporus linteus (synonyum: P. linteus, Inonotus linteus, polyporus linteus), which is distinguishably different to PBJS. HN00K9 showed the highest yield of fruiting body among the mushroom strains. The β-glucan content in fruiting bodies of HN00K9 was 20% higher than those of other strains. Bioactive effects of polysaccharide samples from fruiting bodies of Phellinus strains, HN00K9, HN6036, ASI26099, and PBJS were assessed on cell viability and cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) inhibition and finally on anticancer to different human cancer cells.

Saffron is a rare and valuable crop that is only cultivated in specific regions with suitable topographical conditions. To improve saffron cultivation, it is crucial to monitor and precisely control the crop’s agronomic variables over at least one growth cycle to create a fully automated environment. To this end, agronomic variables in the Punjab region of India were analyzed and set points were calculated using third-order polynomial equations through the application of image processing techniques. The relationship between canopy cover, growth percentage, and agronomic variables was also investigated for optimal yield and quality. The addition of adulterants, such as turmeric and artificial colorants, to saffron is a major concern due to the potential for quality compromise and fraud by supply chain vendors. Hence, there is a need for devising an easy, reliable, and user-friendly mechanism to help in the detection of adulterants added to the saffron stigmas. This paper proposes an automated IoT-based saffron cultivation environment using sensors for determining set points of agronomical variables. In addition, a sensor-based chamber has been proposed to provide quality and adulteration checks of saffron and to eliminate product counterfeiting. The AquaCrop simulator was employed to evaluate the proposed framework’s performance. The results of the simulation show improved biomass, yield, and harvest index compared with the existing solutions in precision agriculture. Given the high value and demand for saffron, ensuring its purity and quality is essential to sustain its cultivation and the economic viability of the market.

Many wild ornamental plant species have been introduced to improve the landscape of cities; however, until now, no study has been performed to explore the composition and function of foliar endophytes associated with cultivated rare plants in cities after their introduction. In this study, we collected the leaves of the healthy ornamental plant Lirianthe delavayi from wild and artificially cultivated habitats in Yunnan and compared their diversity, species composition, and functional predictions of their foliar endophytic fungal community based on high-throughput sequencing technology. In total, 3125 ASVs of fungi were obtained. The alpha diversity indices of wild L. delavayi populations are similar to those of cultivated samples; however, the species compositions of endophytic fungal ASVs were significantly varied in the two habitats. The dominant phylum is Ascomycota, accounting for more than 90% of foliar endophytes in both populations; relatively, artificial cultivation trends to increase the frequency of common phytopathogens of L. delavayi, such as Alternaria, Erysiphe. The relative abundance of 55 functional predictions is different between wild and cultivated L. delavayi leaves (p < 0.05); in particular, chromosome, purine metabolism, and peptidases are significantly increased in wild samples, while flagellar assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, and fatty acid metabolism are significantly enhanced in cultivated samples. Our results indicated that artificial cultivation can greatly change the foliar endophytic fungal community of L. delavayi, which is valuable for understanding the influence of the domestication process on the foliar fungal community associated with rare ornamental plants in urban environments.

Sparassis crispa is an edible mushroom exhibiting a wide range of medicinal properties. It is recognized for therapeutic value because of the high β-glucan content in the basidiomes. The broad range of its reported curative effects include anti-tumour, anti-cancer, immune-enhancing, hematopoietic, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, wound-healing, antioxidant, anti-coagulant, and anti-hypertensive properties. However, most of the studies are conducted on immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. Besides this, it also exhibits anti-microbial properties due to the presence of sparassol. Technology is now available for the cultivation of S. crispa on coniferous sawdust. This review is an attempt to focus on its distribution, taxonomy, chemical composition, medicinal properties, potential applications, and artificial cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increased demand for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has led to the over-exploitation and disordered utilization of wild NTFP resources. Thus, it is important to determine how to sustainably utilize and cultivate NTFPs. Stubble and root cutting are two important methods for artificial cultivation, but little is known about their effects on the artificial cultivation of NTFP species with strong sprouting ability. Aralia elata is an important understory economic plant with high medicinal and edible values, and its wild resources are decreasing rapidly due to increasing demand. Therefore, A. elata, with its strong sprouting ability, was taken as an example to explore the effects of stubble (plant size × stubble height) and root cutting (root-cutting distance × root-cutting ratio) on its growth and sprouting ability for three years. The results showed that both stubble and root-cutting treatments could effectively facilitate the root sprouting ability of A. elata. The short stubble height treatment (6–15 cm) was the optimum stubble method for large A. elata (the mean height and basal diameter of plants were 256.65 cm and 4 cm, respectively). For small A. elata (plant basal diameter ranged from 1.5 cm to 3.4 cm), the optimal root-cutting method was 100% root-cutting ratio at a root-cutting distance of 0.25 m. However, the effects of stubble and root cutting on the growth and sprouting ability of A. elata were time-dependent, and repetitive treatment might be applied at an interval of two years to maintain its continuous growth and sprouting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective]: To provide technical support for the large-scale, industrialized development of cultivated Puionium dolabratum. [Methods]: Under artificial cultivation conditions, the growth law of Puionium dolabratum was studied by evaluating the growth, biomass, and distribution of the leaves and roots. [Results]: The growth of the leaves and horizontal roots of Puionium dolabratum corresponded with exponential function, while the vertical roots was polynomially. The rapid growth of vertical roots in the early stage was beneficial to seedling preservation and stress resistance. The horizontal roots adapted to the dry and arid climate by expanding the soil water absorption area. Leaf biomass, total root biomass, horizontal root biomass, and vertical root biomass all increased exponentially, but the growth mechanism was different. Leaf biomass mostly increased when the number of leaves increases. Vertical root biomass was underdeveloped, and mostly increased by lateral root diameter expansion. The horizontal roots was highly developed, and the biomass of horizontal roots increased by horizontal root development. The difference in biomass growth was statistically significant (P<0.05), with leaves and horizontal roots having the highest biomass growth, followed by total roots and vertical roots. In the growth process of Puionium dolabratum, leaf biomass had an absolute advantage (70%-90%)and exhibited a gradually growing trend, while the distribution of total root biomass showed a gradually decreasing trend. Both vertical and horizontal roots showed a declining trend in root biomass distribution, and the biomass distribution difference between them gradually narrowed. [Conclusion]: The leaf, horizontal root, and biomass of cultivated Puionium dolabratum corresponded with exponential function. It was ideal for propagating in arid desert areas because of its fast growth rate, high yield, and strong stress resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The parasitoid fungus Cordyceps cicadae , whose fruiting bodies are known in China as "chan hua," literally "cicada flower," has been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal ingredient for centuries. However, systematic disclosure of the vital factors responsible for the formation of wild cicada flower is limited. Here, we determined the physicochemical properties of soil and simultaneously analyzed the diversities and the structures of microbial community inhabiting the coremia, sclerotia, and soil around wild cicada flowers through high-throughput sequencing. Our results indicated that cicada flower more preferentially occurred in acidic soil (pH 5.9) with abundant moisture content (MC), total nitrogen (TN), and organic matter (OM). The dominant fungal genera in soil mainly included Isaria , f__Clavariaceae_Unclassified, Umbelopsis , f__Chaetomiaceae_Unclassified, Mortierella , f__Sordariaceae_Unclassified, and Arcopilus. Among them, C. cicadae was the only fungus that was massively detected in both the coremia and sclerotia with abundance of 83.5 and 53.6%, respectively. Based on this, a C. cicadae strain named AH10-4 with excellent adenosine- and N 6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA)-producing capability was successfully isolated. However, to the aspect of bacteria, Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia , Bacillus , Acidibacter , f__Xanthobacteraceae_Unclassified, and Candidatus_Solibacter were the dominant genera in soil. Pedobacter , f__Enterobacteriaceae_Unclassified, Pandoraea , Achromobacter , Stenotrophomonas , Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia , and Chitinophaga were the dominant genera in the coremia and sclerotia. Notably, Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia was the shared bacteria among them with high abundance of 3.1, 11.4, and 5.2% in the sclerotia, coremia, and soil, respectively. However, the possible role of these bacteria to the occurrence of cicada flower has been unclear to our knowledge. By analyzing the correlation between physicochemical properties and microbial community of soil, we found that MC, Fe, and Zn were significantly negatively correlated with soil Isaria and that Cu was significantly negatively correlated with most dominant soil bacterial genera. But Mg was significantly positively correlated with most dominant taxa. This study provides new insight into the formation mechanisms of cicada flower and may contribute to the large-scale cultivation of cicada flowers. Brief strategy for wild cicada flowers internal and external microorganism community analysis and its applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The parasitoid fungus Cordyceps cicadae, whose fruiting bodies are known in China as “chan hua,” literally “cicada flower,” has been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal ingredient for centuries. However, systematic disclosure of the vital factors responsible for the formation of wild cicada flower is limited. Here, we determined the physicochemical properties of soil and simultaneously analyzed the diversities and the structures of microbial community inhabiting the coremia, sclerotia, and soil around wild cicada flowers through high-throughput sequencing. Our results indicated that cicada flower more preferentially occurred in acidic soil (pH 5.9) with abundant moisture content (MC), total nitrogen (TN), and organic matter (OM). The dominant fungal genera in soil mainly included Isaria, f__Clavariaceae_Unclassified, Umbelopsis, f__Chaetomiaceae_Unclassified, Mortierella, f__Sordariaceae_Unclassified, and Arcopilus. Among them, C. cicadae was the only fungus that was massively detected in both the coremia and sclerotia with abundance of 83.5 and 53.6%, respectively. Based on this, a C. cicadae strain named AH10-4 with excellent adenosine- and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA)-producing capability was successfully isolated. However, to the aspect of bacteria, Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia, Bacillus, Acidibacter, f__Xanthobacteraceae_Unclassified, and Candidatus_Solibacter were the dominant genera in soil. Pedobacter, f__Enterobacteriaceae_Unclassified, Pandoraea, Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia, and Chitinophaga were the dominant genera in the coremia and sclerotia. Notably, Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia was the shared bacteria among them with high abundance of 3.1, 11.4, and 5.2% in the sclerotia, coremia, and soil, respectively. However, the possible role of these bacteria to the occurrence of cicada flower has been unclear to our knowledge. By analyzing the correlation between physicochemical properties and microbial community of soil, we found that MC, Fe, and Zn were significantly negatively correlated with soil Isaria and that Cu was significantly negatively correlated with most dominant soil bacterial genera. But Mg was significantly positively correlated with most dominant taxa. This study provides new insight into the formation mechanisms of cicada flower and may contribute to the large-scale cultivation of cicada flowers.

Cordyceps cicadae is an entomogenous fungus with important uses in traditional Chinese medicine. However, its wild resources have not met consumers’ demand due to excessive harvesting practices. Artificial cultivation is therefore an important alternative, but research on cultivating C. cicadae in natural habitats has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to explore the viability of cultivating C. cicadae in a natural habitat, in the soil of Pinus massoniana forest. We assessed and compared the yield, metabolite contents and bacterial community composition of C. cicadae grown in the Antheraea pernyi pupae at different growth stages, and under different cultivation conditions, in the soil of a natural habitat and in sterile glass bottles. Our results showed that cultivating C. cicadae in a natural habitat is feasible, with up to 95% of pupae producing C. cicadae fruiting bodies. The content of nitrogen compounds (amino acids) in C. cicadae cultivated in a natural habitat was significantly higher than in glass bottles, while the yield and carbon compound (mannitol and polysaccharide) and nucleoside (cordycepin and adenosine) contents were lower. Different bacterial genera were enriched in C. cicadae at different growth stages and cultivation environments, and these bacterial genera were closely related to metabolites contents during growth. This study demonstrated the viability of a novel cultivation method of C. cicadae, which could be used as an alternative to wild stocks of this fungus. These findings provided new insights into the growth mechanism of C. cicadae and its interaction with soil microorganisms.

Cordyceps cicadae is an entomogenous fungus with important uses in traditional Chinese medicine. However, its wild resources have not met consumers' demand due to excessive harvesting practices. Artificial cultivation is therefore an important alternative, but research on cultivating C. cicadae in natural habitats has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to explore the viability of cultivating C. cicadae in a natural habitat, in the soil of Pinus massoniana forest. We assessed and compared the yield, metabolite contents and bacterial community composition of C. cicadae grown in the Antheraea pernyi pupae at different growth stages, and under different cultivation conditions, in the soil of a natural habitat and in sterile glass bottles. Our results showed that cultivating C. cicadae in a natural habitat is feasible, with up to 95% of pupae producing C. cicadae fruiting bodies. The content of nitrogen compounds (amino acids) in C. cicadae cultivated in a natural habitat was significantly higher than in glass bottles, while the yield and carbon compound (mannitol and polysaccharide) and nucleoside (cordycepin and adenosine) contents were lower. Different bacterial genera were enriched in C. cicadae at different growth stages and cultivation environments, and these bacterial genera were closely related to metabolites contents during growth. This study demonstrated the viability of a novel cultivation method of C. cicadae , which could be used as an alternative to wild stocks of this fungus. These findings provided new insights into the growth mechanism of C. cicadae and its interaction with soil microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phellinus strains were collected from different areas in Korea. Of them, the fast mycelial growing strains were artificially cultivated on the oak logs to produce fruiting body. The varieties, Phellinus linteus ASI26099 (Korea Sanghwang) and P. baumii PBJS (Jangsoo Sanghwang) were grown under the same conditions as controls. Their cultivating characteristics including mycelial colonization, pinhead formation, and fruiting body formation rate were investigated on the logs. Basidiocarps of Phellinus strains HN00K9, HN6036, and ASI26099 were concentrically zonate and shallowly sulcate, and dark chestnut showing typical characteristics of Tropicoporus linteus (synonyum: P. linteus, Inonotus linteus, polyporus linteus), which is distinguishably different to PBJS. HN00K9 showed the highest yield of fruiting body among the mushroom strains. The β-glucan content in fruiting bodies of HN00K9 was 20% higher than those of other strains. Bioactive effects of polysaccharide samples from fruiting bodies of Phellinus strains, HN00K9, HN6036, ASI26099, and PBJS were assessed on cell viability and cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) inhibition and finally on anticancer to different human cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased demand for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has led to the over-exploitation and disordered utilization of wild NTFP resources. Thus, it is important to determine how to sustainably utilize and cultivate NTFPs. Stubble and root cutting are two important methods for artificial cultivation, but little is known about their effects on the artificial cultivation of NTFP species with strong sprouting ability. Aralia elata is an important understory economic plant with high medicinal and edible values, and its wild resources are decreasing rapidly due to increasing demand. Therefore, A. elata, with its strong sprouting ability, was taken as an example to explore the effects of stubble (plant size × stubble height) and root cutting (root-cutting distance × root-cutting ratio) on its growth and sprouting ability for three years. The results showed that both stubble and root-cutting treatments could effectively facilitate the root sprouting ability of A. elata. The short stubble height treatment (6–15 cm) was the optimum stubble method for large A. elata (the mean height and basal diameter of plants were 256.65 cm and 4 cm, respectively). For small A. elata (plant basal diameter ranged from 1.5 cm to 3.4 cm), the optimal root-cutting method was 100% root-cutting ratio at a root-cutting distance of 0.25 m. However, the effects of stubble and root cutting on the growth and sprouting ability of A. elata were time-dependent, and repetitive treatment might be applied at an interval of two years to maintain its continuous growth and sprouting.

Continuous cropping obstacles severely hindered the sustained development of the ginseng industry. Among the obstacles, an imbalance of soil microbiome community was considered one of the major culprits. The fungal community is an essential part of the soil microbiome community. Extensive characterization of the fungal community composition and variation during ginseng cultivation will help us understand the mechanism underlying continuous cropping obstacles. By using a high-throughput amplicon sequencing method, the non-rhizospheric fungal community of farmland cultivated ginseng of 2 years old (C2) and 5 years old (C5), understory wild ginseng of 15 years old (W15) and 35 years old (W35), fallow fields which have been abandoned for 10 (F10) years were characterized. Farmland cultivated ginseng and understory wild ginseng harbored distinct non-rhizospheric fungal communities, and extension of cultivation periods enlarged the fungal community difference between two cultivation modes. Extended cultivation periods significantly decreased the OTU richness and PD whole tree indices, and OTU number and cultivation periods were negatively correlated. Extension of cultivation periods led to an increased abundance of pathotrophs. Still, the increased abundance of pathotrophs may not be the leading cause of severe continuous cropping obstacles in farmland cultivated ginseng. Compared with understory wild ginseng, farmland cultivated ginseng had a lower abundance of symbiotrophs and a higher abundance of saprotrophs. This changed symbiotrophs/saprotrophs ratio may have some correlation with the severe continuous cropping obstacles that occurred in farmland cultivated ginseng. Fallowing on the fungal community of the non-rhizosphere soil was generally opposite of that of extension of ginseng cultivation periods. The impacts of farmland cultivation on the fungal community of the non-rhizosphere soil can last for decades, even if the following is practiced.

Background Monochasma savatieri is an endangered hemiparasitic medicinal plant with a variety of antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite the urgent need to understand the parasitic biology of M. savatieri, parasite-host associations have long been neglected in studies of M. savatieri. Methods We conducted a pot cultivation experiment to analyze changes in the growth traits, physiological performance and anatomical structures of M. savatieri grown with the potential host Gardenia jasminoides E., before and after the establishment of the parasite-host association. Results Prior to the establishment of the parasite-host association, the presence of the host had no significant effect on the maximum root length, leaf indexes or total dry weight of M. savatieri seedlings, but had significant positive effect on seedling height, number of roots or number of haustoria. When it was continuously grown without a host, M. savatieri growth was rather slow. The establishment of the parasite-host association enhanced the growth of M. savatieri, and higher levels of photosynthetic pigments, increased antioxidant enzyme activity and lower malondialdehyde accumulation were observed in M. savatieri with an established parasite-host association. Furthermore, an analysis of the anatomical structures of M. savatieri showed that the establishment of the parasite-host association enabled better development of the seedling vegetative organs than that in seedlings without parasite-host associations. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the physiological and anatomical changes that occurred in M. savatieri after connection with a host and suggests that the enhanced growth and development of M. savatieri were highly dependent on the parasite-host association.

ABSTRACT: Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim is a perennial, parasitic herb used in traditional Chinese medicine and its wild resources have decreased sharply in recent years due to destructively harvesting and habitat destruction. Haustorium formation is a key event of parasites, but the concentrations of haustorium-inducing factors vary with species and cultivation conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of the 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (DMBQ) concentration and cultivation density on the growth traits, haustorium formation and biomass of M. savatieri in the absence of a host plant. The results showed that both the DMBQ concentration and cultivation density regulated growth traits, haustorium formation and biomass in M. savatieri. The number of haustoria was significantly positively correlated with seedling height, maximum root length, the number of root tips and total dry weight. Membership function analysis revealed an overall greater increase in growth traits, haustorium formation and biomass when M. savatieri was treated with 10 μmol·L-1DMBQ and grew solitarily. These results offer an understanding of growth in M. savatieri influenced by the DMBQ concentration and cultivation density, which may aid in the establishment of a comprehensive cultivation system for M. savatieri or similar plants.

Ganoderma gibbosum is a medicinal fungus widely distributed in China, but the scarcity of its wild resources has limited its application and potential economic value. In this research, we collected a macrofungus from the wild, isolated using tissue culture technique, and identified by morphological characteristic analysis combined with ITS sequencing and homology-based phylogenetic analysis. A DNA fragment of approximately 650 bp was obtained and the fungus was identified as G. gibbosum. Furthermore, the fungus was cultured in liquid medium and artificially cultivated for fruiting body development. The crude protein contents and amino acid compositions of the mycelia, artificially cultivated and wild fruiting bodies were systematically evaluated to assess the nutritional value. Protein quality was evaluated by calculating the amino acid score (AAS), chemical score (CS), score of ratio coefficient of amino acids (SRC) and essential amino acid index (EAAI), referring to the most recent version of the international amino acid reference patterns. The results revealed that 17 kinds of amino acids were detected, and the essential amino acid contents were superior to the WHO/FAO reference protein pattern value in the hydrolysates of samples. The most abundant essential amino acid in mycelia was Lys, whereas that in both artificially cultivated and wild fruiting bodies was Met. The SRC values were between 25.30 and 69.84, and the EAAI values were between 75.15 and 94.43, which basically conformed to the requirements of current international reference patterns. The study provides a scientific basis for further utilization of this fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sargassum ilicifolium, the dominant brown macroalgae in the northeast coastal area of Taiwan, is a crucial member in the marine ecosystem. Recently, various bioactive compounds and extracts within the Sargassum genus have been applied to disease treatment, health maintenance, the food industry, and agriculture. Therefore, the demand for this alga is increasing. To satisfy industry demand and to prevent the loss of natural stock due to harvesting without limits, the development of artificial cultivation is necessary. Following investigation of growth maturation in 2016, the present study aims to determine the optimal conditions for sexual reproduction. Our data showed that egg release and fertilization percentage were positively correlated with temperature, but sperm release was not. The optimal temperature for egg bearing and fertilization was 25 °C, which yielded 73.03 ± 10.94 eggs per receptacle over a period of 9 days and attained an 84.74 ± 6.59% fertilization percentage. Moreover, irradiance was the only stimulating factor on sperm bearing. The number of sperm released in a receptacle area (6.72 × 104 μm2) could be improved above 20% under an irradiance of 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1 compared with an irradiance of 20 or 50 μmol photons m−2 s−1. Thus, this study could provide the preliminary cultivation condition for developing the artificial technique of S. ilicifolium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese cordyceps, regarded as the 'Himalayan Viagra', is highly valued for its medicinal benefits. The decline of its yield due to over-exploitation and increased market demand have stimulated efforts to artificially cultivate Chinese cordyceps for over half a century. However, successful cultivation of Chinese cordyceps through caterpillar infection by the fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) and the induction of the fruiting body from each mummified cadaver remains difficult for its complex life cycle. Herein, we report the developmental dynamics of hyphal bodies in hemolymph of injected Thitarodes xiaojinensis (Tu, Ma & Zhang) larvae and the success in artificial cultivation of sexual fruiting bodies from the mummified cadavers in the low-altitude area. We find that not only the numbers of hyphal bodies but also the conversion of hyphal bodies into hyphae played important roles in the mummification of the injected larvae. This cultivation will be beneficial for sustainable utilization of natural resources and provides the possibility for further research on the mechanism of the interaction between pathogenic fungus and host insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)