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Background and Aim: Ascaridia galli, a nematode that frequently infects the digestive tract of chickens, is a significant concern for poultry health. In response, the use of medicinal plant-derived anthelmintics was proposed as a potential solution. This study observed the in vitro effectiveness of a single, graded dose of the ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus niruri L., Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., and Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. on the movement activity of adult A. galli every hour for 6 h, followed by an analysis of worm cuticle damage in A. galli. Materials and Methods: A randomized block design was used. Adult A. galli were collected from the intestinal lumen of fresh free-range chickens. Each petri dish contained two A. galli for each treatment with three replications. Each plant extract (A. paniculata, P. niruri L., C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., and C. aeruginosa Roxb.) was evaluated with three distinct doses, which were 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL; 0.9% sodium chloride solution was used as a negative control, and 500 μg/mL Albendazole solution was used as a positive control. The active compound content of A. paniculata, P. niruri L., C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., and C. aeruginosa Roxb. extracts were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The movement activity of A. galli was determined by the percentage score value from the 1st to the 6th h in each treatment group, followed by analysis of damage to the A. galli cuticle layer using a nano-microscope and histopathological images. Results: Analysis of variance demonstrated that at doses of 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, the ethanol extracts of A. paniculata, P. niruri L., C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., and C. aeruginosa Roxb. did not have a significant effect on the effectiveness of A. galli’s motility (>0.005). However, at a dose of 1000 μg/mL, the ethanol extract of A. paniculata, P. niruri L., C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., and C. aeruginosa Roxb. reduced the motility of A. galli. Importantly, the motility of A. galli in the dose of 1000 μg/mL A. paniculata and P. niruri L. extract groups was very weak and significantly different (p < 0.001) compared to the negative control group. The content of the active compound Andrographolide in the ethanol extract of A. paniculata and the active compound 5-Methoxybenzimidazole in the extract of P. niruri L. are strongly suspected to play an important role in damaging and shedding the cuticle layer of A. galli. Conclusion: All herbal extracts have anthelmintic activity at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. Extracts of A. paniculata, P. niruri L., C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., and C. aeruginosa Roxb. have activities that can damage and dissolve the cuticle layer of A. galli, resulting in the weakening of the motility of A. galli.

Abstract During parasite infections, the liver may prioritise immune-related pathways over its metabolic functions. Intestinal infections caused by Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum impair feed intake, nutrient absorption, and weight gain. Histomonas meleagridis, vectored by H. gallinarum, can also damage liver tissues, potentially impairing liver functions. This study examined the hepatic gene expression in three strains of chickens: Ross-308 (R), Lohmann Brown Plus (LB), and Lohmann Dual (LD), 2 weeks after an experimental infection (n = 18) with both A. galli and H. gallinarum or kept as uninfected control (n = 12). Furthermore, H. gallinarum infection led to a co-infection with H. meleagridis. The mixed infections reduced feed intake and the average daily weight gain (P 0.05). For host molecular response, 1887 genes were differentially expressed in LD, while 275 and 25 genes were differentially expressed in R and LB, respectively. The up-regulated genes in R and LD were mostly related to inflammatory and adaptive immune responses, while down-regulated genes in LD were involved in metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis. Despite performance differences among the strains, worm burdens were similar, but hepatic molecular responses differed significantly. Moreover, there was an indication of a shift in hepatic functions towards immune-related pathways. We, therefore, conclude that the liver shifts its functions from metabolic to immune-related activities in chickens when challenged with mixed parasite species.

During parasite infections, the liver may prioritise immune-related pathways over its metabolic functions. Intestinal infections caused by Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum impair feed intake, nutrient absorption, and weight gain. Histomonas meleagridis, vectored by H. gallinarum, can also damage liver tissues, potentially impairing liver functions. This study examined the hepatic gene expression in three strains of chickens: Ross-308 (R), Lohmann Brown Plus (LB), and Lohmann Dual (LD), 2 weeks after an experimental infection (n = 18) with both A. galli and H. gallinarum or kept as uninfected control (n = 12). Furthermore, H. gallinarum infection led to a co-infection with H. meleagridis. The mixed infections reduced feed intake and the average daily weight gain (P < 0.001). The infections also increased the plasma concentrations of alpha (1)-acid glycoprotein and the antibody titre against H. meleagridis (P = 0.049), with no strain differences (P > 0.05). For host molecular response, 1887 genes were differentially expressed in LD, while 275 and 25 genes were differentially expressed in R and LB, respectively. The up-regulated genes in R and LD were mostly related to inflammatory and adaptive immune responses, while down-regulated genes in LD were involved in metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis. Despite performance differences among the strains, worm burdens were similar, but hepatic molecular responses differed significantly. Moreover, there was an indication of a shift in hepatic functions towards immune-related pathways. We, therefore, conclude that the liver shifts its functions from metabolic to immune-related activities in chickens when challenged with mixed parasite species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Mallotus philippinensis (Kamala), Melia azedarach (Bakain), and their combination as herbal extracts against Ascaridia galli infection. To determine efficacy, egg hatch test (EHT) and adult motility assay (AMS) were performed using increasing concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml of aqueous plant extracts, in conjunction with 7.5 mg/ml Albendazole as the positive control and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control for up to 15 h. There was 100% mortality achieved with the combined herbal extract (LC50 = 36.7 µg/ml), whereas mortality with extract from Mallotus 50 philippinensis (LC50 = 41.4 µg/ml), Melia azedarach (LC50 = 147 µg/ml), and 50 50 Azadirachta indica (LC50 = 189 µg/ml) were 87.5%, 62.5%, and 50% respectively, 50 at 15 hours post-exposure. These findings suggest that Azadirachta indica, Mallotus philippinensis, Melia azedarach herbal extracts, or their combination, should be further exploited to control Ascaridia galli infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascaridia galli, a nematode parasite, is the most prevalent nematode that causes gastrointestinal infections in birds. Some reports have stated that this nematode affects the intestines of birds; however, there is a lack of data on the effects of A. galli on gizzards. This study aimed to provide information on the presence of this parasite in the gizzards of broiler chickens. Three-months-old chicken (n=2) were purchased from a poultry farm. During evisceration, the gizzard of one bird was smaller in size. Further investigation showed that the small-sized gizzard was infected with A. galli upon necropsy. Ulcerative lesions were also observed in the mucosal layer. In conclusion, A. galli can attach to the walls of chicken gizzards to cause gizzard ulcers and atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthelmintic resistance in livestock animals has been spreading across the world in prevalence and severity. As a result, researchers are exploring alternative strategies to combat this issue, and one promising avenue is the utilization of medicinal plants. This study aims to investigate the anthelmintic efficacy of the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) derived from the leaves of Juglans regia against one of the most detrimental nematode parasites affecting poultry, namely Ascaridia galli (A. galli). For the in vitro studies, adult A. galli worms were collected from the naturally infected chickens and the efficacy of CEE was measured at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml using adult worm motility inhibition (WMI) assay. In addition, levamisole (0.55 mg/ml) was used as the positive control. Likewise, Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as the negative control. For the in vivo studies, CEE of J.regia at the doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg were evaluated in chickens experimentally infected with A. galli. The anthelmintic efficacy was monitored using faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and worm count reduction (WCR) assays. In vitro studies revealed significant (P < 0.001) anthelmintic effects of CEE of J.regia on the motility of A. galli worms at different hours post-exposure. At the concentration of 100 mg/ml, CEE resulted in 96.5% inhibition of worm motility at 24 h post-exposure. While the synthetic anthelmintic drug, levamisole caused the highest inhibition of worm motility (100%) at the same time period. The in vivo anthelmintic activity of CEE of J. regia demonstrated a maximum effect on day 14 post-treatment by inducing 67.28% FECR and 65.03% WCR. We observed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in worm counts between the negative control group and the chickens treated with CEE at the dosage of 500 mg/kg. Together, the results of the present study suggest that CEE of J. regia leaves possess anthelmintic properties and could be a potential source of novel anthelmintic compounds for controlling helminth parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A study was conducted to investigate the presence of parasitic infection in a poultry flock during an outbreak. A total of 32 Kadaknath birds died out of 600 birds. The succumbed birds had a history of anorexia, loose feces, and sudden death. During the necropsy, the birds were examined externally and internally, which revealed creamish-white coloured multifocal necrotic foci on the liver parenchyma with diffusely congested hepatic tissue and a severe, diffuse condition of the lungs. The examination of the intestines of the affected birds showed severe and diffuse catarrhal enteritis resulting from roundworms present in the small intestine and the caecum of the birds, eventually causing button-shaped round lesions on the mucosal surface. The birds were found to be infected with Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis.

The periodicity of parasite egg excretion refers to variations in the number of eggs produced across time, with significant implications in optimizing diagnostic procedures and conducting the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). Here, we explore whether Ascaridia galli egg excretion varies across time under Philippine conditions, thus informing the best time to collect fecal samples during flock health examination. A time-course analysis was performed in chickens (N = 12) experimentally infected with A. galli, isolated from a naturally infected Philippine native chicken. We examined the fecal egg per gram (EPG) count at 3-h intervals for 3 days, starting from 5:00–6:00 h AM to the following day at 1:00–2:00 h AM. Our results showed a consistent daily egg excretion pattern with a peak EPG count in the morning that abruptly declined in the afternoon and lowest in the evening. The EPG counts correlated with the amount of excreta produced, suggesting that A. galli fecundity corresponds to the timing of host defecation. Our results imply that the best time to collect fecal samples for A. galli diagnosis and FECRT in Philippine conditions should be from sunrise until late morning when parasite EPG count and host excreta production are at their highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to determine the effect of A. galli on the histological changes in the liver and lung of two distinct lines of laying chickens and study the resistance of each line. In this study, fifty laying hens 8 weeks of age were used, (25 of which were Lohmann brown-classic and 25 of which were Lohmann lsl-lite). Each line was divided into two groups: the infected group (N=15) these chickens were infected with a single dose of 500 embryonated eggs through oral inoculation, and the second group control group (N=10) was given normal saline. After 8 weeks the chickens were killed to examination the histological changes. The results showed a histopathological lesion of the liver of the Lohmann brown-classic infected group showed fatty degeneration, blood vessels congestion and the fibrin and inflammatory cells in the lumina of the dilated veins these inflammatory cell infiltrations include eosinophil, while Lohmann lsl-lite showed congestion of blood vessels, as well as lymphocyte infiltration of the inflammatory cells. The lung of Lohmann brown-classic showed congestion in inflammatory cell blood vessels and infiltration with alveolar congestion and eosinophils inflammation and necrotic patches, whereas histopathological changes of the lung of Lohmann lsl-lite showed eosinophils proliferation within an alveolar wall, deterioration of their lumina as a result of haemorrhage. While the control group of two-line showed normal liver and lung. Concluded that the A. galli had an effect on the histological structure of the liver and lung, additionally, Lohmann lsl-lite was more affected and less resistant compare to Lohmann brown-classic. [AJVS 2024; 17(2.000): 40-45]

A study was conducted to investigate the presence of parasitic infection in a poultry flock during an outbreak. A total of 32 Kadaknath birds died out of 600 birds. The succumbed birds had a history of anorexia, loose feces, and sudden death. During the necropsy, the birds were examined externally and internally, which revealed creamish-white colored multifocal necrotic foci on the liver parenchyma with diffusely congested hepatic tissue and a severe, diffuse condition of the lungs. The examination of the intestines of the affected birds showed severe and diffuse catarrhal enteritis resulting from roundworms present in the small intestine and the caecum of the birds, eventually causing buttonshaped round lesions on the mucosal surface. The birds were found to be infected with Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is study of chicken parasitic associations in small farms of Kotayk region, and analysis of the determined factors. Materials and methods. Research was conducted in 2021 to 2022 in small poultry farms of Kotayk Marz. Poultry feces samples were examined at the Laboratory of Parasitology of the Research Center of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise, Armenian National Agrarian University. Totally 210 fecal samples were examined. Eimeria spp. oocysts and nematode eggs were detected by means of method after Darling. The results of the research were processed by statistical methods. Results and discussion. Results of the research have shown that poultry eimeriasis had a wide prevalence in Kotayk Region (52.86%). Three species of Eimeria spp. have been detected: E. acervulina, E. tenella, and E. necatrix. E. acervulina was the most prevalence species (34.29%). The highest intensity of the infection has been registered in Nairi and Kotayk Regions of the region. The above-mentioned species of Eimeria spp. have been occurred both in mono- and poly-infection, with various combinations of the species. E. acervulina + E. tenella combination was the most common. Poultry eimeriasis occurred as a mixed-infection with ascaridiasis, heterakiasis, and capillariasis. The highest extensiveness of the poultry infection has been registered in Kotayk and Hrazdan Regions of the region (65.71% in both cases). Geographical location, as well as natural and climatic conditions of the region promote the prevalence of the mixed infection of poultry.

Chicken production has increased over the past decade, resulting in a concomitant rise in the demand for more humane options for poultry products including cage-free, free-range, and organic meat and eggs. These husbandry changes, however, have come hand-in-hand with increased prevalence of Ascaridia galli infection, which can cause clinical disease in chickens as well as the occasional appearance of worms in eggs. Additionally, development of anthelmintic resistance in closely related helminths of turkeys highlights the need for closely monitored anthelmintic treatment programs. Manual faecal egg counts (FECs) can be time-consuming and require specialist training. As such, this study sought to validate an automated FEC system for use in detection and quantification of A. galli eggs in chicken faeces. Automated counts using the Parasight System (PS) were compared to traditional manual McMaster counting for both precision and correlation between methods. Overall, ten repeated counts were performed on twenty individual samples for a total of 200 counts performed for each method. A strong, statistically significant correlation was found between methods (R 2 = 0.7879, P < 0.0001), and PS counted more eggs and performed with statistically significant higher precision (P = 0.0391) than manual McMaster counting. This study suggests that PS is a good alternative method for performing A. galli FECs and provides a new tool for use in helminth treatment and control programs in chicken operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helminth parasite infections are widespread in smallholder farming systems affecting farmers and livestock animals. There are pathogenic parasites that populate the gut of their host and coexist closely with the gut microbiota. The physical and immunological environment of the gut can be modified by parasites and microbiota creating a wide range of interactions. These interactions modify the development of infection, affects overall host health, and can modify the way a host interacts with its bacterial microbiota. In addition, where there is a high worm burden parasites will affect the health of the host and intestinal tract colonization. This review highlights key studies on the interaction between helminth parasites and the intestinal microbiome to understand the relationship between parasitic worm infections and gut microbiome health in chickens. Finally, the review discusses modulations, molecular changes, and the importance of helminth-microbiome interactions for the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascaridia galli (Nematoda: Ascaridiidae), infecting mainly the small intestine of chickens, is one of the most common nematodes in poultry worldwide. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of A. galli was 13,981 bp in total length with 36 coding genes, namely, 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNAs, and 22 transfer RNAs. All PCGs were transcribed in one direction. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitogenome of A. galli would further contribute to resolving its phylogenetic position and offer novel perspectives on phylogenetic studies of A. galli.

Helminth parasite infections are widespread in smallholder farming systems affecting farmers and livestock animals. There are pathogenic parasites that populate the gut of their host and coexist closely with the gut microbiota. The physical and immunological environment of the gut can be modified by parasites and microbiota creating a wide range of interactions. These interactions modify the development of infection, affects overall host health, and can modify the way a host interacts with its bacterial microbiota. In addition, where there is a high worm burden parasites will affect the health of the host and intestinal tract colonization. This review highlights key studies on the interaction between helminth parasites and the intestinal microbiome to understand the relationship between parasitic worm infections and gut microbiome health in chickens. Finally, the review discusses modulations, molecular changes, and the importance of helminth-microbiome interactions for the host.

Background: Ascaridia galli is the largest gut‐dwelling helminth of chickens, which confers adverse effects on meat and egg production; thus, on the animal protein supply and the economy. Both adult and immature parasites affect gut health, but larval stages play a major role in pathology. Aims: Here, we present immunology and pathology of A. galli in chickens. Materials and Methods: Literatures were surveyed through online platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate. Results: The larvae cause excessive mucus production, damage to the intestinal gland, hemorrhage, anemia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The adult worms can cause death by intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Although both cellular and humoral immunity are involved in fighting against ascariasis, the role of naturally acquired immunity is poorly defined. In cellular immunity, Th‐2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐9, and IL‐13), goblet cells (mucin), gut‐associated lymphoid tissues, CD8α+ intraepithelial cells, TCRγδ + T cells, and TGF‐β4 form a protective band. Type 2 immunity provides protection by forming a network of endogenous damage‐associated molecular patterns, chitin, and parasitic antigens. Among antibodies, IgY is the most prominent in chickens and provides temporary humoral protection. During parasitic infection, infiltration of various immune cells is evident, especially in the intestinal epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts of the duodenum and jejunum. In chickens older than 12 weeks, gradual reduction of worm burden is more successful than the younger birds. Female chickens exert a short‐lived but higher level of protection by passing IgY to chicks in the form of egg yolk antibodies. In laying conditions, immunity differs between breeds. This review provides an overview of the silent but inevitable pathological changes induced by A. galli and the interaction of host immunity with the parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) against Ascaridia galli in vitro. There were six treatment groups and each consisted of four replicates. This study used ten A. galli in each treatment for all replications. Observation and recording of death of A. galli was carried out at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th hours. Death of A. galli was declared if there was no movement when clamped with anatomical tweezers. The data obtained were analyzed using the ANOVA test and continued with Duncan's test. The results showed that the ethanol extract of gamal leaves had an anthelmintic effect on A. galli worms in vitro. The extract with a concentration of 5% has almost the same anthelmintic properties as piperazine citrate 10 mg/ml. In conclusion, the higher the concentration of the extract, the higher the anthelmintic properties.

Ascaridia galli is an important nematode that causes ascaridiasis in free-range and indoor system chicken farms. Infection with A. galli may damage the intestinal mucosa and inhibit nutrient absorption, leading to a reduced growth rate, weight loss and a decreased egg production. Consequently, A. galli infection is a significant health problem in chickens. In this study, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for the visual detection of A. galli eggs in faecal samples. The LAMP-LFD assay consists of six primers and one DNA probe that recognize the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region; it can be performed within 70 min and the results can be interpreted with the naked eye. Using the LAMP-LFD assay developed in this study, A. galli DNA was specifically amplified without any cross-reactions with other related parasites (Heterakis gallinarum, Raillietina echinobothrida, R. tetragona, R. cesticillus, Cotugnia sp., Echinostoma miyagawai) and definitive hosts (Gallus gallus domesticus, Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). The minimum detectable DNA concentration was 5 pg/μl, and the detectable egg count was 50 eggs per reaction. The assay can be performed in a water bath, without the need for post-mortem morphological investigations and laboratory instruments. It is therefore a viable alternative for the detection of A. galli in chicken faeces and can replace classical methods in field screening for epidemiological investigations, veterinary health and poultry farming management. This is the first study using the LAMP-LFD assay for Ascaridia galli detection. The results can be observed by the naked eye. The developed assay can be used to detect Ascaridia galli eggs in faecal samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to find efficient alternatives to synthetic anthelmintics among ethno-veterinary herbs. Ascaridia galli eggs isolated from the worm uterus were exposed in vitro to methanolic extracts (ME) of nine plant species such as Achillea millefolium (AM), Artemisia absinthium (AA), Artemisia vulgaris (AV), Cicerbita alpina (CA), Cichorium intybus (CI), Inula helenium (IH), Origanum vulgare (OV), Tanacetum vulgare (TV), Tanacetum parthenium (TP). Flubendazole (FL), 0.5% formalin with dimethylsulfoxide and Petri dishes without the addition of reagents were used as positive, negative and untreated control respectively. The effects of the different ME at concentrations 0.500, 0.325, 0.200 mg/ml were assessed on the embryonic development (ED) of the eggs in duplicate. Logit analysis was used to calculate EC50 values. A generalized linear mixed model, having plant species and concentration as fixed effect and day as repeated measure, was used to determine differences in ED. Estimated EC50 was the lowest for FL at 0.11 mg/ml. CA and TV followed with 0.27 mg/ml and 0.32 mg/ml. ED for FL was significantly lower (25%) than that of CA (47%). The analysis showed 0.5 mg/ml of the ME of CA and TV significantly affected the ED at 35% and 42% inhibitions respectively. The ED for all ME showed similar pattern i.e., relatively higher efficacy in the first experimental week compared to the rest of the experimental period. The effect from all multicomponent extracts is time and dose dependent. The plants have promising results in inhibiting ED, contributing to the identification of alternative anthelmintic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Poultry roundworms have re-emerged in laying hens in many European countries due to the increase in noncaged housing. This is worrying because, at high parasite loads, Ascaridia galli can impact birds' welfare, health, and productivity. Worm control is therefore an important aspect of the successful management of the egg production industry. In 2009, the Swedish Egg Association initiated a voluntary control program to tackle the problem and reduce the appearance of worms in table eggs by encouraging producers to submit fecal samples for analysis. Since the start of the program, its data have never been thoroughly explored. Moreover, after more than a decade of challenges, our understanding of how egg producers perceive worm infection is still inadequate. This study was therefore designed to address these issues. The research data in the present study are drawn from 2 sources. First, through the control program and second, through an online survey. We have summarized the control program's achievements and discussed its findings and limitations. Although this work contributes to existing knowledge of roundworm control in laying hens in general, it also identifies gaps in knowledge. In conclusion, the control program can be improved by incorporating more strategic sampling and utilizing well-suited diagnostic tools for better assessment of infection status. It is equally important to educate producers on anthelmintics (AH) use and the development of resistance.

SUMMARY: Intestinal parasites are commonly found in non-cage laying hens. Some of these parasites reduce welfare and performance. Anthelmintics are not always effective and may lead to residues in eggs and in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between free-range use and infections with intestinal parasites in organic laying hens, in order to identify directions for preventive measures. The study included 40 farms in 3 countries. Per farm, 6 pooled soil and 14 pooled fecal samples were analyzed using the McMaster method. Range use on flock level was assessed in several ways. Of the fecal samples, 71% (median) contained ascarid eggs, with a median of 143 eggs/gram (EPG). Capillaria eggs were found in 7% (median) of the fecal samples (median EPG = 5). Of the soil samples, 0% (median) contained ascarids eggs. Capillaria eggs were only detected in Italian soil samples. No relationship was found between parasite eggs in feces and range use or flock performance (% of lay, mortality). The low number of ascarid eggs and regionally the absence of Capillaria eggs in free-range soil suggest to focus further investigations on the conditions inside the hen house rather than in the free-range.

Copyright of Jurnal Medik Veterinar is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Veteriner is the property of Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Helminthiasis, usually a chronic problem in poultry, is the major cause of economic losses in the poultry industry. This study was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effects of Vernonia amygdalina methanol leaf extract and fractions on Ascaridia galli in experimentally infected birds. Standard protocols for extraction, phytochemical screening, isolation and infection of parasite and histological examination were followed. Result At 50 mg/ml albendazole (ALB) caused the highest inhibition of embryonation (97.3%) followed by crude methanol extract (CME) (94.5%), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) (81.3%) and butanol fraction (BF) (80.3%). The lowest faecal egg counts (FEC) and highest FEC at 21 days post-treatment were observed in the group treated with albendazole (99.2%) and CME at 800 mg/kg (96.9%). Deparasitization at 200 mg/kg caused by ALB was (93.8%), while at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, CME was (77.5%, 87.5% and 91.86%), BF was (75.51%, 79.61% and 85.73%) and EAF was (73.48%, 75.5% and 81.63%), respectively. At post-mortem, broiler chickens infected with A. galli and treated with CME, BF and EAF at 200 mg/kg had desquamation of the villi while at 400 and 800 mg/kg treatments, the intestines were intact. Conclusion The extract and fractions of V. amygdalina were found to possess anthelmintic activity against A. galli due to the inhibition of embryonation of eggs and the reduction in faecal egg count; further research is required to fully ascertain their mechanism of action of the extract.

Background and Aim: Roundworms cause infections in the avian population that lead to illness and poor production. The singing zebra dove is an economically important animal in the Indo-Malay region. The prevalence of these parasitic groups in zebra doves is unknown. This study estimated the prevalence and associated human risk factors of gastrointestinal nematode infections in zebra dove farming. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to April 2021. The study was conducted on 184 doves in three zebra dove farms. Fecal samples were collected from pooled zebra dove droppings. Major proportions and infection intensity of gastrointestinal nematodes were morphologically identified and morphometrically investigated. Associated human factors were assessed through the interview surveys among farmers. Results: Results showed that 36.96% of the zebra doves were infected. The primary nematodes were Ascaridia galli (34.78%), Heterakis gallinarum (6.52%), Trichostrongylus tenuis (2.17%), Syngamus spp. (4.35%), and Amidostomum spp. (2.17%). The primary human factors that contribute to parasitic infection were poor hygiene, food contamination with parasites, and inappropriate deworming. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in the zebra dove in the close cage system. Human factors played key roles as risk factors, and improves farming management will help reduce parasitic infections. However, these nematodes may contribute to poor health status and poor productivity of zebra doves. Further extensive studies on clinical signs and pathological changes should be conducted.

Ascaridia galli worm was chicken parasite that inflicted significant economic loss for breeders. Expensive commercial anthelmintic drug and drug resistance were the reasons why herbal anthelmintic study became strategic. The study aimed at finding out the effect of the application of turmeric (Curcuma domestica) extract in vivo on the number of eggs per gram (EPG) in feces. It used 30 free ranging chickens that were classified into 2 groups of 5 chickens with 3 repetitions. Group I served as control (Aquadestilata) and group II was treated using turmeric extract at the concentration of 2%, 3 times a week. Observation was conducted on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The results were then analyzed using Anova and advanced LSD test. The results of in vivo test showed that the application of the turmeric significantly decreased the number of the EPG as compared to negative control. The application of the turmeric had anthelmintic potential and significant effect on the decrease in the number of the EPG.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Areca catechu Crude Aqueous Extract (ACCAE) as an anthelmintic, the number of Ascaridia galli worms in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum after treatment, and an economic analysis. In this study, 50 female chickens were used. The chickens were divided into 5 groups: Treatment 1, negative control (P1), which was given aquadestylates; treatment 2 (P2), which was given infusion of ACCAE at a dose of 26 mg/mL; treatment 3 (P3), which was given infusion of ACCAE at a dose of 53 mg/mL; treatment 4 (P4), which was given ACCAE with a dose of 79 mg/mL; and treatment 5 (P5) (positive control with pyrantel pamoat). Each group consisted of 10 chickens. An examination was carried out that included weighing the population of adult worms according to their predilection 14 days after treatment. Weighing was carried out at the beginning before treatment, on the 7th day after treatment and on the 14th day after treatment. The chickens were then euthenized, the intestinal worms were counted, and the economic analysis was calculated. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the best dose for removing A. galli worms is 79 mg/mL, and the location of the predilection of the intestine where the most worms are found is the jejunum and the least is in the ileum. Economically, the highest income was obtained from treatment 4, namely the group with infusion of areca nut at a dose of 79 mg/mL.

Ascaridia galli (Nematoda: Ascaridiidae), infecting mainly the small intestine of chickens, is one of the most common nematodes in poultry worldwide. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of A. galli was 13,981 bp in total length with 36 coding genes, namely, 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNAs, and 22 transfer RNAs. All PCGs were transcribed in one direction. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitogenome of A. galli would further contribute to resolving its phylogenetic position and offer novel perspectives on phylogenetic studies of A. galli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease investigation was made in a native chicken farm with 150 numbers of 12 weeks old Aseel chickens kept in Iruvelpattu village, Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu. Clinical signs like dullness, inappetance, brownish diarrhoea in few birds and mortality of 5 birds within a span of 3 days were reported (3.33%). Necropsy examination of dead birds revealed that emaciated carcass, soiling of vent with reddish droppings, swelling of small intestine with haemorrhages and also duodenum with cylindrical worms. Examination of small intestinal contents and mucosal scrapings confirmed numerous unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria sp. and eggs of Ascaridia galli. The adult roundworms were identified as Ascaridia galli. Examination of droppings from live birds also confirmed of Eimeria (23.33%) and Ascaridia galli eggs (26.66%). Based on the lesions produced in mid-small intestine, oocysts morphometry and sporulation time involved, it was identified as Eimeria necatrix. The present study reports for concurrent parasitic infections of Eimeria necatrix and Ascaridia galli and importance of specific treatment and deworming for endoparasites in native chickens.

The aim of this research was to know whether pineapple peel juice can be used as an ovicidal of in vitro A. galli. This study used eggs of A. galli worms obtained by collecting adult A. galli worms from the small intestines of fresh local chickens purchased from traditional markets in Surabaya. The research design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments, the concentration of pineapple peel juice was 0% (Control), 5%, 10%, and 20%. Each treatment consisted of six replications, with observations on days 5, 10, 15 and 20. Developed eggs identified with the presence of larvae within egg and the movement of larvae. The data obtained analyzed with the ANOVA Statistical Test with the SPSS device and then followed by the Duncan test. The results of statistical analysis showed that pineapple peel juice had a significant effect on the development of A. galli worm eggs In Vitro. The number of damaged A.galli eggs increased as they were given higher pineapple juice concentration. This proves that pineapple peel juice has higher anthelmintic effect with increasing concentration given. Pineapple peel juice 20% is the best juice concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascaridia galli (Ascaridida: Ascaridiidae) nematodes are intestinal parasites of domestic chickens and other Galliform species. They are ubiquitous worldwide, and perpetuation of their direct life cycle is favored by constant exposure of birds to infective worm eggs present in fecal material. Rarely, adult worms may be found in intact chicken eggs. We hereby describe a case of such a finding in a chicken egg from a commercial organic farm in Israel. Morphologic parameters, as well as sequences obtained following amplification of segments of the cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA loci were used to confirm the diagnosis. Subsequent testing of the respective flock has confirmed the presence of infection, and effective anthelmintic treatment has been applied. Although the eggs are non-aesthetic for consumers, they do not present a risk for human infection. Nevertheless, such an infection may negatively affect health and productivity of the respective flock, and should be addressed accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helminthiasis, usually a chronic problem in poultry, is the major cause of economic losses in the poultry industry. This study was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effects of Vernonia amygdalina methanol leaf extract and fractions on Ascaridia galli in experimentally infected birds. Standard protocols for extraction, phytochemical screening, isolation and infection of parasite and histological examination were followed. Result: At 50 mg/ml albendazole (ALB) caused the highest inhibition of embryonation (97.3%) followed by crude methanol extract (CME) (94.5%), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) (81.3%) and butanol fraction (BF) (80.3%). The lowest faecal egg counts (FEC) and highest FEC at 21 days post-treatment were observed in the group treated with albendazole (99.2%) and CME at 800 mg/kg (96.9%). Deparasitization at 200 mg/kg caused by ALB was (93.8%), while at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, CME was (77.5%, 87.5% and 91.86%), BF was (75.51%, 79.61% and 85.73%) and EAF was (73.48%, 75.5% and 81.63%), respectively. At post-mortem, broiler chickens infected with A. galli and treated with CME, BF and EAF at 200 mg/kg had desquamation of the villi while at 400 and 800 mg/kg treatments, the intestines were intact. Conclusion: The extract and fractions of V. amygdalina were found to possess anthelmintic activity against A. galli due to the inhibition of embryonation of eggs and the reduction in faecal egg count; further research is required to fully ascertain their mechanism of action of the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study was to assess the anthelminthic potential of Sterospermum kunthianum leaf extract against Ascaridia galli in experimentally infected broiler chickens. The extract and fractions were evaluated for in vitro inhibition and in vivo anthelmintic effects. Acute toxicity studies of extract revealed no sign of toxicity or death in birds at oral dose range of 1000–5000 and was considered safe. There was a concentration dependent decrease on inhibition of A. galli egg embryonation and deparasitization. At 100 mg/ml, albendazole (ALB) caused the highest inhibition of embryonation (195.3 ± 0.9) which was not significantly different from the decrease caused by crude methanol extract (CME) (188 ± 0.9), hexane fraction (HF) (177 ± 1.2) or ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) (168.3 ± 0.9). The highest inhibition rates (%) were 97, 94, 88 and 85 for ALB, CME, HF and EAF, respectively. The deparasitization obtained at day 21 in ALB (95.62%) treated birds was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the 81.27% and 89.24% obtained from the crude methanol treated birds. The deparasitization caused by CME at 400 mg/kg (89.24%) was significantly higher than the one caused by EAF at the same dose (50.19%). Day 21 post treatment, significantly (P < 0.05) higher deparasitization was recorded for CME and HF at dosage of 400 mg/kg when compared to 200 mg/kg. Histopathology findings revealed necrosis of the mucosal gland and villi in chickens. In conclusion, the leaf extract and fractions S. kunthianum have been shown to possess anthelmintic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study was to know anthelmintic efficacy through determine the concentration, duration, and interaction between concentration and duration of raw kepok banana peel ethanol extract against mortality rate of Ascaridia galli using in vitro method. Present study was used completely randomized design. This method of this study was used a total of 600 samples of Ascaridia galli with length of 7-11 cm without differentiating their sex. The concentration of raw kepok banana peel ethanol extract was divided into 25%, 50% and 75%. Physiological saline solution and piperazine citrate 10 mg/ml were being used as negative and positive control. Each treatment then being replicated six times. The recording of mortality rate was done at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours of observation. Ascaridia galli was confirmed death if there was no movement while triggered by anatomy tweezers and dipped in slightly warm water (50 0C). The data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA factorial and continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test by SPSS 26 for Windows. The results were showed that in 75% concentration and 10 hours of treatment can cause the highest mortality rate against Ascaridia galli. Interaction between concentration and duration of treatment reveals that 75% concentration of raw kepok banana peel ethanol extract in 10 hours of observation was recorded causing the highest mortality rate against Ascaridia galli.

Ascaridia galli (Nematoda: Ascaridiidae) is the most common intestinal roundworm of chickens and other birds with a worldwide distribution. Although A. galli has been extensively studied, knowledge of the genetic variation of this parasite in detail is still insufficient. The present study examined genetic variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene among A. galli isolates (n = 26) from domestic chickens in Hunan Province, China. A portion of the cox1 (pcox1) gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction separately from adult A. galli individuals and the amplicons were subjected to sequencing from both directions. The length of the sequences of pcox1 is 441 bp. Although the intra-specific sequence variation within A. galli is 0–7.7%, the inter-specific sequence differences among other members of the infraorder Ascaridomorpha were 11.4–18.9%. Phylogenetic analyses based on the maximum likelihood method using the sequences of pcox1 confirmed that all of the Ascaridia isolates were A. galli, and also resolved three distinct clades. Taken together, the findings suggest that A. galli may represent a complex of cryptic species. Our results provide an additional genetic marker for the management of A. galli in chickens and other birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise in the rearing of Gallus gallus domesticus (local chicken) in Nigeria, it becomes pertinent to study various aspects of diseases affecting this type of chicken. In this study, five phenotypes (normal, frizzle feathered, wild type, naked and crested neck) of the G. gallus domesticus in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria were screened for helminth parasites. Nodular lesions found in the proventriculus were processed for histopathological examination. An overall prevalence (OP) of 84 % (95 % CI = 0.6473 to 0.9421) was recorded. The helminth fauna of the five phenotypes were Ascaridia galli (OP 32 %), Raillietina sp. (OP 64 %) and Tetrameres sp. (OP 16 %). Single and mixed infections were observed in the study; single infections of Raillietina sp. was the most prevalent (40 %), while a mixed infection of A. galli and Raillietina sp. occurred most (20 %). Crested neck had the highest prevalence (100 %) of helminth infection (95 % CI = 0.5109 to 1.0000), while the other four phenotypes had 80 % prevalence of helminth infections (95 % CI = 0.3596 to 0.9797) each. Microscopically, the proventricular nodules revealed embryonated eggs of the female Tetrameres sp. with ulceration of the proventricular mucosa, necrosis of the proventricular glands with haemorrhage. The high prevalence reported across all the phenotypes may likely be attributed to poor management and feeding habit of G. gallus domesticus. It is recommended that farmers adopt the intensive system of management for the rearing of G. gallus domesticus and regular anthelmintic treatment of their birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raillietina species and Ascaridia galli are two of the significant intestinal parasites that affect chickens in a free-range system production. They destroy the intestinal mucosa layer, leading to several clinical symptoms such as weight loss, a slowed growth rate, and economic value loss. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop an assay for simultaneously detecting Raillietina spp. (R. echinobothrida , R. tetragona , and R. cesticillus) and A. galli in a single reaction using duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (dLAMP) coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) assay. The analytical specificity of the dLAMP-LFD assay showed a high specific amplification of Raillietina spp. and A. galli without non-target amplification. Regarding the analytical sensitivity, this approach was capable of simultaneously detecting concentrations as low as 5 pg/μL of mixed-targets. To evaluate the efficiency of the dLAMP assay, 30 faecal samples of chickens were verified and compared through microscopic examination. The dLAMP-LFD assay and microscopic examination results showed kappa values of Raillietina spp. and A. galli with moderate (K= 0.615) to high (K= 1) agreements, respectively, while the McNemar's test indicated that the efficiency between assays was not significantly different. Therefore, the developed dLAMP-LFD assay can be used as an alternative screening method to the existing classical method for epidemiological investigation, epidemic control, and farm management, as well as for addressing poultry health problems. [Display omitted] • Our study is the first duplex LAMP-LFD assay used for parasitic infections. • The assay can detect Raillietina spp. and A. galli simultaneously in a single tube. • The assay is intuitive, and the results can be interpreted easily by the naked eye. • The assay can be used to detect Raillietina spp. and A. galli in faecal samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study is to know the anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) against Ascaridia galli worm in Vitro, as well as knowing effective concentration 50 (EC50) and lethal time 50 (LT50). Method that used in the research was completely randomized design. There were five treatments of physiological NaCl solution (K-), piperazine sitrate (K+), etanol extract of bitter leaf 0,35% (P1), etanol extract of bitter leaf 1,4% (P2), etanol extract of bitter leaf 4,2% (P3), and each treatment was done in four replications. This research used ten Ascaridia galli in each treatment for all replications. The observation and recording of dead Ascaridia galli was done at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours. Ascaridia galli were declared dead if there was no movement when disturbed by anatomy tweezer and when dipped in slightly warm water (50°C). The obtained data was analyzed using ANAVA and continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test. The result of this research show that etanol extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) has anthelmintic effects against Ascaridia galli worm in Vitro. In the extract with 4,2% concentration, there is anthelmintic property that almost the same as Piperazine sitrate 10 mg/ml. the higher the concentration of extract, the higher the property of anthelmintic. In probit analysis show that EC50 achieved by concentration 2.093% with the low concentration of .002% and the highest concentration of 3.632%. LT50 of ethanol extract of bitter leaf was 0.35% at 10.323 hours, 1.4% at 9.800 hours, 4.2% at 7.864 hours and Piperazine sitrate 10 mg/ml at 9.013 hours.

Ascaridiasis can be happened in either broiler or hens that can caused decrease of meat and egg productions. Ascaridiasis is a parasite that is most often found in poultry and cause high economic losses. This research was conducted to determine the anthelmintic effect of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)â‚‚] on mortality of Ascaridia galli in vitro. In this research used Ascaridia galli with length 7-11 cm without differentiating their sex. The concentrations of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)â‚‚] for immersion the Ascaridia galli were 0,01%, 0,02%, 0,025% and 0,03% as treatment group, respectively. The negative control used aquadest. Observation death A.galli worm and analysis of the data at the 2 hour, 4 hour, 6 hour, 8 hour, 10 hour and 12 hour. The result showed that the increase of concentration increased mortality of Ascaridia galli. Percentage of death worm A.galli at the 12th hour on concentration ,01%, 0,02%, 0,025% and 0,03% was 20%, 55%, 75% and 100%. ANOVA test showed significant difference between control and treatment group (p

The aims of this research are to determine concentration, exposure time, interaction between concentration and exposure time of ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Leaves to cause death toward Ascaridia galli in vitro, and the value of LC50 and LC90 ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Leaves. Research design that has been used in the research was completely randomized design. This research used 200 samples of Ascaridia galli with length 7-11 cm without differentiating their sex. The concentration ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves were 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%. The control was using CMC-Na 0.5%. Each treatment then being replicated four times. The observation and recording of dead worm were done at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Ascaridia galli were declared dead if there was no movement while disturbed by anatomy tweezers and dipped in slightly warm water (50ºC). The obtained data was analyzed using Anova Factorial and continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test by SPSS for Windows 22. The result were 10% concentration and exposure time for 24 hours caused the most mortality toward Ascaridia galli. Interaction between concentration and exposure time resulted 10% concentration ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves in 24 hours caused the most mortality towards Ascaridia galli. Probit analysis was used to calculate the LC50 and LC90 of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves. The results were LC50 ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves at 6 hours was 14.8%, at 12 hours was 4.8% and at 24 hours was 3.0% and the LC90 at 24 hours was 9.1%.

The study aimed at investigating the population, the protein profile and the ultrastructure of adult worms in the intestine of domestic chicken treated using Areca catechu crude aqueous extract. Fifty domestic female chickens of 6 weeks of age were assigned to 5 groups. Group A (negative control) was not given any treatment and any drug. Groups B, C and D were given the treatment at the doses of 26 mg/mL, 53 mg/mL and 79 mg/mL, respectively. Group E (positive control) was given Pyrantel®. Necropsy was conducted to all of the chickens 14 days after the treatment. Adult worms were collected and counted. The worms used in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were those collected from the jejunum of the chickens in the groups A, B and C. The biggest number of the worms was found in the jejunum. The results of electrophoresis showed that the dose 53 mg/mL gave fewer protein bands than the negative control (21:12 ratio), while the results of the SEM showed that there was cuticle damage and anterior labia abrasion at the dose of 53 mg/mL. The Areca catechu crude aqueous extract showed anthelmintic activity potential by reducing the number of the adult worms, lowering their protein profile and damaging the A. galli worms in the intestine.

The study evaluates in vitro effects of Areca catechu crude aqueous extract as anthelmintics on Ascaridia galli adult mortality rate and morphometry. Naturally infected chickens were collected from slaughtered chickens at local slaughterhouses in Yogyakarta. Chicken’s intestines were carefully examined and transported to the Parasitological Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Ascaridia galli were collected from intestines (including duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and put into a petri dish containing 0.62% saline water. There were 60 A. galli in each concentration of Areca catechu crude aqueous extract. Investigation on mortality rate of adult worms at various concentration and observation as well as differences in A. galli morphometry and mortality rate were analyzed using analysis Anova. The figures of the parasites or the parts of the parasites were captured using camera Lucida and then they were measured using both micrometer and curvimeter. The morphology of the parasites was identified to find out their morphometric characteristics.The results of morphometric observation of the A. galli showed that there was a significant difference in the body width and the vulva length of the females and in the body width, the esophageal length and the esophageal width of the males.This research disclosed that Areca catechu crude aqueous extract significantly affected the mortality rate of adult A.galli at various concentration. This research observed that the best concentration to kill the adult worms was 25% Areca catechu crude aqueous extract.

Infectious disease is a major problem for animal husbandry. One of infectious disease is caused by Ascaridia galli (A. galli). Ascaridiasis occurs in either broiler or layer that caused decrease of meat and egg productions. Garlic (Allium sativum) contain alicin that have the ability to kill parasites.This research was conducted to determine the effect of garlic on time of death of A. galli. In this research used A. galli with length 7-11 cm regardless the sex. The treatment used local (Indonesian garlic), kating and single garlic with concentration of 39.50%, 62.40% and 98.60%. The negative control used NaCl physiology (0.9 %). The result showed that all the treatment group can shortened the time of death of A. galli compared to control. The time of death of A. galli on local garlic infusion with 39.50 % concentration was 6.24 hours, on 62.40 % concentration was 4.94 hours and on 98.60 % concentration was 3.97 hours, kating garlic infusion on 39.50 % concentration was 5.08 hours on 62.40 % concentration was 3.81 hours, on 98.60 % concentration was 2.96 hours, single garlic infusion on 39.50 % concentration was 5.4 hours, on 62.40 % concentration was 3.86 hours, on 98.60 % concentration was 3.83 hours. The best treatment was kating garlic on 98.60% concentration because give shortest time of death.

Aim: Intestinal parasites cause severe diseases at poultry farms, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Infections cause significant decreases in productivity at poultry farms. Ascaridia galli is a common nematode found in chickens with a prevalence of up to 92%. This study evaluates the in vitro and in vivo effects of Areca catechu crude aqueous extract (AAE) as an anthelmintic against A. galli. Materials and Methods: In the in vitro study, already-infected slaughtered chickens were collected from local slaughterhouses in Yogyakarta. The chicken intestines were carefully examined and transported to the Parasitological Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. A. galli was collected from the intestines and put into a Petri dish containing 0.62% saline solution. Sixty A. galli individuals were soaked in different concentrations of the AAE for 3-6 h. The number of deceased A. galli was recorded by ascertaining whether they had ceased movement using a stereo microscope. The morphological characteristics of the parasites were studied. The in vivo study used 40 female chickens that were 1.5 months old and infected with the eggs of A. galli. Approximately 3000 infective eggs were found in each chicken. There were four treatment groups; Group A served as the control and was treated with Aquadestilata, Group B was treated with 26 mg/ml of AAE, Group C was treated with 79 mg/ml of AAE, and Group D was treated with 50 mg/ml of pyrantel pamoate. The AAE was applied using a pipette for 14 days. The observed parameters include the effect of the treatments on hematology, body weight (BW), and the number of A. galli eggs within each gram of fecal matter. Results: The AAE damaged the morphology, including the anterior end, posterior end, and vulva, of A. galli in vitro. The tegument of the anterior and posterior ends was slightly rougher, wrinkled, and damaged. The vulva and spicule ducts were irregular and indistinct. The average eggs per gram (EPG) in the untreated control increased in vivo from 1450±355.90 to 1975±325.96. The average EPG decreased from 1485±386.62 to 0±0.00 during 14 days of treatment of 79 mg/ml of AAE. The mean BW gain in the treated chickens was significantly (p

Disease investigation was made in a native chicken farm with 150 numbers of 12 weeks old Aseel chickens kept in Iruvelpattu village, Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu. Clinical signs like dullness, inappetance, brownish diarrhoea in few birds and mortality of 5 birds within a span of 3 days were reported (3.33%). Necropsy examination of dead birds revealed that emaciated carcass, soiling of vent with reddish droppings, swelling of small intestine with haemorrhages and also duodenum with cylindrical worms. Examination of small intestinal contents and mucosal scrapings confirmed numerous unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria sp. and eggs of Ascaridia galli. The adult roundworms were identified as Ascaridia galli. Examination of droppings from live birds also confirmed of Eimeria (23.33%) and Ascaridia galli eggs (26.66%). Based on the lesions produced in mid-small intestine, oocysts morphometry and sporulation time involved, it was identified as Eimeria necatrix. The present study reports for concurrent parasitic infections of Eimeria necatrix and Ascaridia galli and importance of specific treatment and deworming for endoparasites in native chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One major problem of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) farming was various parasitic infections, especially Ascaridia galli that can cause the Ascaridiosis and is commonly found worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological situation of gastrointestinal tract parasitic infections and to develop species-specific primer for A. galli detection. A total of 247 chicken gastrointestinal tract specimens from 5 fresh markets in Bangkok. The species-specific primers of A. galli were manually designed using the mitochondrial genome at the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (MT-ND 4) gene. As a result, PCR assays were optimized for the specific PCR product approximately 198 bp with the optimal temperature of 51 °C. In addition, sensitivity tests provided the detection of adult and egg stages at the minimum concentrations of 156.3 ng and 2.8 ng (70 eggs), respectively. This research can be used as preliminary information regarding the epidemic situation of gastrointestinal tract infections in chickens and detection of A. galli infection in definitive hosts, which plans programs for the effective control and prevention of parasitic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]