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The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 was examined using next-generation sequencing analysis. The complete mitogenome of B. trigonus has 15,336 bp in length and comprises 37 genes, namely, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs. Both the gene order and characteristics are consistent with those of other species within the family Balanidae. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete mitogenomes revealed taxonomic relationships among members of the family Balanidae.

A new species of chionelasmatid sessile vent barnacle, Eochionelasmus coreana sp. nov., is described and illustrated on the basis of specimens collected from the Solitaire hydrothermal vent field in the Central Indian Ridge of the Indian Ocean. This new species is morphologically very similar to E. ohtai, the type species of the genus Eochionelasmus. However, it differs from E. ohtai in its distribution, the status of the notch on the maxillule, and the positions of rl1 and cl1 on whorls of the imbricating plates. In addition, a molecular phylogenetic tree indicated that the chionelasmatid Eochionelasmus was closely related to the waikalasmatid Waikalasma with high supporting values rather than the other chionelasmatid Chionelasmus. The new species is not only the first record of a sessile vent barnacle from outside of the Pacific Ocean, but is also the first sessile barnacle from the Indian Ocean.

Octomerisis a chthamalid intertidal barnacle with eight shell plates. There are currently two species of such barnacles:O. brunneaDarwin, 1854 (type locality in the Philippines), common in the Indo-Pacific region, andO. angulosaSowerby, 1825, only recorded in South Africa.Octomeris intermediaNilsson-Cantell, 1921, identified from the Mergui Archipelago in Myanmar, was considered to be conspecific withO. brunneaby Hiro (1939) based on samples collected in Taiwan. The morphological differences in shell and opercular plates betweenO. brunneaandO. intermediaare believed to be intra-specific variations due to different degrees of shell erosion. In the present study, the genetic and morphological differentiations ofOctomerisin the Indo-Pacific region were examined. This study found two molecular clades (with inter-specific differences) based on the divergence in the COI genes, and the species also have distinct geographical distributions. TheOctomeris brunneaclade covers samples collected from the Philippines and Taiwan waters and the other clade, which we argue isO. intermedia, is distributed in Phuket and Krabi, Thailand and Langkawi, Malaysia. Phuket and Krabi are located approximately 300 km south of the Mergui Archipelago, the type locality ofO. intermedia. The morphology of samples collected from Thailand fits the type description ofO. intermediain Nilsson-Cantell (1921). Our study concludes thatO. intermediais a valid species based on morphological and molecular evidence.

In the past 40 years, the ability to distinguish phenotypically similar species by using molecular methods has rapidly changed the study of taxonomy, biogeography, and community diversity. A cosmopolitan family of acorn barnacles, Chthamalidae Darwin, 1854, can be found on almost every non-boreal coast, with very similar habitat requirements, larval life histories, and external (test) morphologies among its species. Here I review how molecular methods have aided the description of new species as well as the characterization of phylogenetic diversity within species, and also broadened our understanding of the biogeography of this family. Multiple regional analyses have shown that the coastal habitat appears to drive diversity and diversification in generally similar ways regardless of location, while a global perspective allows us to identify regions and questions that merit further study. Variation in the spatial patterning of genomic diversity among species sometimes provides evidence as to how key life history parameters determine responses of species to ocean currents and forcing, thermal environments, and competition.

In the present study, the Indo-Pacific coral associated barnacle Cantellius euspinulosum (Broch, 1931) was found to have cryptic species in Korea, Taiwan and other regions based on molecular studies. However, the original specimens of C. euspinulosum from Broch have not been previously described or illustrated, making it difficult to assign which cryptic species to the original C. euspinulosum. The original specimen of C. euspinulosum was examined and illustrated here, and the species identity of C. cf. euspinulosum collected from Jejudo Island in the present study and other cryptic species (based on literature illustrations) in the Indo-Pacific were evaluated.C. euspinulosum from Singapore, Java, Mergui Archipelago in Andaman Sea and Nha Trang represented the C. euspinulosum identified by Broch (1931). It is a generalist on Acropora, Favia, Favites, Leptoria, Montipora, Pachyseris and Pocillipora corals and distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. Morphological examination and DNA sequencing (COI, 12S DNA sequences) in the present study showed that C. cf. euspinulosum from Jejudo Island, Korea represents a distinct species, herein named C. alveoporae sp. nov. Cantellius alveroporae sp. nov. is a specialist species that only grows on Alveopora and also present in Palau, and Ogasawara Island in Japan. Cantellius cf. euspinuloum in Taiwan, the Moscos Island, and Australia belong to several other distinct species awaiting further morphological and molecular studies. At least five cryptic species of C. euspinulosum were identified in the present study, including both specialist and generalists.

Acorn barnacles are important model species in researches on intertidal ecology, larval development and biofouling. At present, with the development of mitochondrial genomics, it is helpful to understand the phylogenetic relationship from the mitogenomic level. The complete mitochondrial genome of Chthamalus challengeri was presented. The genome is a circular molecule of 15 358 bp. Compared with other species in Balanomorpha, the non-coding region is longer, while the length of the genes is similar to the other species. The overall A+T content of the mitochondrial genome of C. challengeri is 70.5%. There are variations of initiation and stop codons in the known Balanomorpha mitochondrial genomes. The C. challengeri and C. antennatus within the same genus share the identical gene arrangement. However, the gene arrangement of different genera in Chthamalidae is different, as there is a translocation between two tRNA genes and an inversion involving a large gene block. In particular, both srRNA and lrRNA of the two species in Chthamalus are encoded in the heavy strand, differing from the former Balanomorpha species. The topology and gene arrangement in Chthamalidae support each other. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the Chthamalidae is monophyletic, while the Balanidae and Archaeobalanidae are polyphyletic.

������FAMILY PACHYDIADEMATIDAE FAM. NOV. Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: l s i d: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: A16DF979-F1B2-4678-87F3-D3753B05F90B ��� ��� Pa ch y d i a d e m a Wi t h e r s, 1 9 3 5 (T y p e g e n u s) (Cretaceous) (one species), Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 833, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275

��� ORDER BALANOMORPHA PILSBRY, 1916 Diagnosis: Monophyletic in molecular analyses. A peduncle is absent at all stages of development; shell wall made up of four to eight plates, plesiomorphically comprising rostrum, carina, rostromarginals, marginals and carinomarginals.The body is covered by an operculum formed by the paired scuta���terga; the operculum articulates with the wall plates and forms a watertight cover over the mantle cavity. The structure of the wall plates and articulation with the basis is often complex in more derived balanomorphs; the apicobasal (longitudinal) septa are composed of a frond-like array of calcite crystals in cross-section, called an interlaminate figure. Comment: In some forms, the wall is surrounded by one or more whorls of small-sized imbricating scales, as also seen in the Brachylepadomorpha., Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 833, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275

We present a comprehensive revision and synthesis of the higher-level classification of the barnacles (Crustacea: Thecostraca) to the genus level and including both extant and fossils forms. We provide estimates of the number of species in each group. Our classification scheme has been updated based on insights from recent phylogenetic studies and attempts to adjust the higher-level classifications to represent evolutionary lineages better, while documenting the evolutionary diversity of the barnacles. Except where specifically noted, recognized taxa down to family are argued to be monophyletic from molecular analysis and/or morphological data. Our resulting classification divides the Thecostraca into the subclasses Facetotecta, Ascothoracida and Cirripedia. The whole class now contains 14 orders, 65 families and 367 genera. We estimate that barnacles consist of 2116 species. The taxonomy is accompanied by a discussion of major morphological events in barnacle evolution and justifications for the various rearrangements we propose.

A new species of coral associated barnacle (Balanomorpha: Pyrgomatidae) sharing morphological features of Darwiniella (Anderson, 1992) and Galkinius Perreault, 2014 is described. It has a fused shell and opercular plates, characteristic of Darwiniella. However, the morphology of the tergum and somatic body are closer to Galkinius. Sequence divergence of mitochondrial DNA 12S rDNA and COI reveals this new species clusters with the Galkinius clade. Therefore this new form is assigned to the genus Galkinius, as G. maculosus sp. n. Concomitantly the diagnosis of Galkinius is emended to include species with fused or four- plated shells and fused opercular plates. The new species is distinct from all Galkinius species in having a fused shell. It inhabits the corals Lobophyllia spp. and is distributed from the Dongsha Atoll in the South China Sea, Orchid Island of Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean, to Madang in Papua New Guinea waters.

The acorn barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica, Balanomorpha) are a diverse group of crustaceans found in virtually all marine and estuarine habitats. Barnacles are important model species in various biological researches, including evolution, intertidal ecology, larval biology and antifouling. However, there remains a lack of a thorough understanding of the phylogeny for this group of animals, particularly at higher taxonomic levels. In this study, we attempt to determine the phylogenetic relationships among balanomorphan families based on analysis of complete mitochondrial genome from various barnacle families and investigate the evolution of mitogenome in barnacles. Whole mitogenomes of six barnacles were newly sequenced, including Acasta sulcata (Archaeobalanidae), Armatobalanus allium (Archaeobalanidae), Chelonibia testudinaria (Chelonibiidae), Octomeris sp. (Chthamalidae), Savignium biporata (Pyrgomatidae) and Tetraclitella divisa (Tetraclitidae), which exhibit five different gene arrangements. Phylogenetic analysis on 15 complete mitochondrial genome sequences from major barnacle families supported Chthamalidae, Pyrgomatidae and Tetraclitidae formed monophyletic units, but suggested polyphyly of both Archaeobalanidae and Balanidae. Chthamalidae was the earliest diverged lineage in Balanomorpha. Chelonibiidae + Tetraclitidae formed the sister taxon to the monophyletic superfamily Balanoidea (Archaeobalanidae + Balanidae + Pyrgomatidae). The members of Archaeobalanidae and Balanidae intermingled in the inferred topology with the monophyletic Pyrgomatidae deeply nested within. Two Megabalanus species from the family Balanidae and A. sulcata from the family Archaeobalanidae share the same six-gene-cluster inversion as compared to the other ten balanomorphan barnacles, providing further evidence for the non-monophyly for the two families. We showed here that the informativeness of the complete mitogenome sequence and rare genomic events in resolving various questions concerning Balanomorpha relationships. The non-monophyletic status of Archaeobalanidae and Balanidae falsified many previous hypotheses concerning the complex evolution of Balanomorpha and call for further investigations and careful revision on the taxonomy of the group. Future study focusing on the enigmatic and tentatively basal lineages, for example, Chionelasmatoidea Pachylasmatoidea and Catophragmidae, would be most helpful in fully resolving the phylogeny and mitogenome evolutionary history of acorn barnacles.

The acorn barnacle is a sessile crustacean, inhabiting the intertidal areas of tropical and temperate regions worldwide. According to current practices on Cirripedia morphology, shell, opercular valves, and arthropodal characters including cirri and mouthparts are used as a tool for taxonomic classification, and using these characteristics the present study aimed to provide better resolution for the barnacle diversity and geographical distribution within coastlines of Thailand: the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. A total of ten species belonging to three families (Chthamalidae, Tetraclitidae, and Balanidae) were identified in this study. Subsequently, five species were newly recorded for the first time from Thailand’s coasts: Newmanella spinosus Chan & Cheang, 2016, Euraphia hembeli Conrad, 1837, Euraphia depressa (Poli, 1795), Tetraclita kuroshioensis Chan, Tsang & Chu, 2007, and Tetraclita singaporensis Chan, Tsang & Chu, 2007. The others, already mentioned in previous records, include: Tetraclita squamosa (Bruguière, 1789), Chthamalus malayensis Pilsbry, 1916, Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854), Amphibalanus reticulatus (Utinomi, 1967), and Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758). Interestingly, acorn barnacles along the Andaman Sea occur abundantly, and are much higher in number of species (up to 8 species) than those found in the Gulf of Thailand’s coast (up to 6 species). This biased trend of species’ preferences is possibly due to the differences in oceanographic nature between two coastlines and the history of barnacle colonization.

The morphology and ultrastructure of the shells of two balanid species have been examined, paying special attention to the three types of boundaries between plates: (i) radii-parietes, (ii) alae-sheaths, and (iii) parietes-basal plate. At the carinal surfaces of the radii and at the rostral surfaces of the alae, there are series of crenulations with dendritic edges. The crenulations of the radius margins interlock with less prominent features of the opposing paries margins, whereas the surfaces of the longitudinal abutments opposing the ala margins are particularly smooth. The primary septa of the parietes also develop dendritic edges, which abut the internal surfaces of the primary tubes of the base plates. In all cases, there are chitino-proteinaceous organic membranes between the abutting structures. Our observations indicate that the very edges of the crenulations and the primary septa are permanently in contact with the organic membranes. We conclude that, when a new growth increment is going to be produced, the edges of both the crenulations and the primary septa pull the viscoelastic organic membranes locally, with the consequent formation of viscous fingers. For the abutting edges to grow, calcium carbonate must diffuse across the organic membranes, but it is not clear how growth of the organic membranes themselves is accomplished, in the absence of any cellular tissue., This research was funded by projects CGL2017-85118-P (A.G.C., C.S. and C.G.) and CGL2015-64683-P (A.B.R.N.) of the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, the Unidad Científica de Excelencia UCE-PP2016-05 of the University of Granada (A.G.C. and A.B.R.N.) and the Research Group RNM363 of the Junta de Andalucía (A.G.C.). N.A.L. acknowledges support from CONICYT-Chile through grant nos. FONDECYT 1140938, PCI REDES 170106 and PIA ANILLOS ACT172037, for international collaborative research with A.G.C. and A.B.R.N.

Two new species of cirripedes are described from mid Burdigalian (Ottnangian) deposits in Lower Bavaria (Germany) and Upper Austria. A third species, “Arcoscalpellum” sp., is left in open nomenclature. Scillaelepas danningeri sp. nov. is the seventh extinct species belonging to the genus Scillaelepas . It is characterized by: a tergum with the occludent margin much longer than the upper carinal margin and internally with the apical part raised and marked by growth-lines cut by fine radial striae; a scutum externally with the tergal surface marked by a groove, with or without ridges, radiating from the apex. Conopea bacata sp. nov. is the sixth fossil species belonging to the genus Conopea and one of the oldest. This species is characterized by its shell with growth ridges beaded. In addition, Paractinobalanus moronii Carriol, 2008 is assigned to Conopea Say.

Five new species of coral inhabiting barnacles of the genus Trevathana (Balanomorpha: Pyrgomatidae), T. dongshaensis sp. nov., T. conica sp. nov., T. doni sp. nov., T. longidonta sp. nov. and T. taiwanus sp. nov., are described. These species are found in West Pacific waters including Japan, Taiwan (mainland and adjacent outlying islands including Dongsha Atoll) and Papua New Guinea. The species exhibit morphological differences in the scutum, the tergum, and cirri II and III, and form distinct clades in a phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequences of two genes, 12S rDNA and cytochrome C oxidase subunit I. Three of the five species, T. dongshaensis sp. nov., T. conica sp. nov. and T. taiwanus sp. nov., have relatively narrow distribution ranges and were recorded from the Dongsha Atoll (T. dongshaensis sp. nov. and T. conica sp. nov.) and the Taiwanese mainland (T. taiwanus sp. nov.). Trevathana longidonta sp. nov. and T. doni sp. nov. have wider distributions. Trevathana longidonta sp. nov. was collected from Japan, Taiwan and Dongsha Atoll and T. doni sp. nov. was collected from Taiwan, Dongsha Atoll and Papua New Guinea. In the waters of Japan, Taiwan and Dongsha Atoll, all the recorded Trevathana species inhabit corals of the family Merulinidae. However, in Papua New Guinea, T. doni sp. nov. is also recorded in the coral Oxypora, belonging to the family Lobophylliidae, and individuals living on Lobophyllidae and Merulinidae did not exhibit great variation in the divergence of the COI and 12S genes.

The fossil record of drilling predation has been studied in detail for a few major invertebrate groups (bivalves, gastropods, brachiopods, and echinoids), while other prey (e.g., scaphopods, serpulids, decapods, and barnacles) have been largely neglected. Herein, we report on drilling predation using an extensive collection of Cretaceous–Quaternary barnacles (> 50,000 specimens). In total, 312 drill holes of predatory origin were found in Eocene–Holocene wall and opercular plates of balanomorph and scalpellomorph barnacles. The drilled specimens originated from localities in the USA, Jamaica, Panama, The Netherlands, Belgium, Antarctica, South Africa, Chile, and Venezuela, suggesting that drilling predation on barnacles was a worldwide phenomenon during the Cenozoic. Muricid gastropods are the inferred producers of the majority of the drill holes; two drill holes were likely caused by octopods. Drilling frequencies lack major temporal trends and appear low (

Sampling in archaeological caves in northern Spain, within levels dated between ca. 23,000 and 3500 cal BP, revealed the presence of six species of sessile cirripedes. A new genus and a new species are described in the Lower Magdalenian (ca. 18,000 cal BP). Titobustillobalanus tubutubulus gen. nov., sp. nov. is characterised by parietes permeated by a single row of secondary small tubes between primary and secondary inner lamina and a sheath with tubes and cells. For each of the other five species, the current geographic distribution and ecologic data are given. A change of fauna is noticed from the Upper Magdalenian (ca. 14,500 cal BP) indicating global warming.

Coral-inhabiting barnacles (Thoracica: Pyrgomatidae) are obligatory symbionts of scleractinian and fire corals. We attempted to reconstruct the phylogeny of coral-inhabiting barnacles using a multi-locus approach (mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA, and nuclear EF1, H3 and RP gene sequences, total 3532bp), which recovered a paraphyletic pattern. The fire-coral inhabiting barnacle Wanella milleporae occupied a basal position with respect to the other coral inhabiting barnacles. Pyrgomatids along with the coral-inhabiting archaeobalanid Armatobalanus nested within the same clade and this clade was subdivided into two major lineages: Armatobalanus+Cantellius with species proposed to be the ancestral stock of extant coral barnacles, and the other comprising the remaining genera studied. Ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) suggested multiple independent fusions and separations of shell plates and opercular valves in coral barnacle evolution, which counters the traditional hypothesis founded on a scheme of morphological similarities. Most of the coral barnacles are restricted to one or two coral host families only, suggesting a trend toward narrow host range and more specific adaptation. Furthermore, there is a close linkage between coral host usage and phylogenetic relationships with sister taxa usually being found on the same coral host family. This suggests that symbiotic relationships in coral-inhabiting barnacles are phylogenetically conserved and that host associated specialization plays an important role in their diversification.

Pyrgomatid barnacles are a family of balanomorphs uniquely adapted to symbiosis on corals. The evolution of the coral-dwelling barnacles is explored using a multi-gene phylogeny (COI, 16S, 12S, 18S, and H3) and phenotypic trait-mapping. We found that the hydrocoral associate Wanella should be excluded, while some archaeobalanids in the genus Armatobalanus should be included in the Pyrgomatidae. Three well supported clades were recovered: clade I is the largest group and is exclusively Indo-West Pacific, clade II contains two plesiomorphic Indo-West Pacific genera, while clade III is comprised of East and West Atlantic taxa. Some genera did not form reciprocally monophyletic groups, while the genus Trevathana was found to be paraphyletic and to include members of three other apomorphic genera/tribes. The highly unusual coral-parasitic hoekiines appear to be of recent origin and rapidly evolving from Trevathana sensu lato. Pyrgomatids include six-, four-, and one-plated forms, and exhibit convergent evolutionary tendencies towards skeletal reduction and fusion, loss of cirral armature, and increased host specificity. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 162–179.

An extraordinarily diverse assemblage of cirripedes is described from a shallow-water deposit of late Oligocene age from Cosy Dell farm, near Waimumu, Southland, New Zealand. It is unusual not only because it represents a rarely preserved intertidal to shallow subtidal fauna, but also because it contains at least nine species, five of which are new to science. The deposit contains the earliest known representatives of the genera Chamaesipho and Notobalanus and these are associated with abundant Verruca, an association that no longer occurs in present-day New Zealand waters. Although the remains are intimately associated with each other, the deposit is interpreted as a condensed heterogeneous taphocoenosis, with intertidal zone taxa (Verruca, Chamaesipho, Tetraclitella, Austrobalanus, Protelminius) mixing with upper subtidal species (Eolasma, Notobalanus, Tasmanobalanus) and pelagic cirripedes (Lepas).urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:74EECF88-AF4A-4EA7-BF7B-7487D0E35D5Durn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8D81F5AD-3861-48A5-A...

The family Catophragmidae is one of the lower balanomorphs from traditional and recent multiple mitochondrial and nuclear markers molecular analysis. Here, we characterized the first mitogenome of ...

Barnacles of the superfamily Coronuloidea are obligate epibionts of various marine mammals, marine reptiles and large crustaceans. We used five molecular markers: 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and Histone 3 to infer phylogenetic relationships among sixteen coronuloids, representing most of the recent genera of barnacles of this superfamily. Our analyses confirm the monophyly of Coronuloidea and that this superfamily and Tetraclitoidea are sister groups. The six-plated Austrobalanus clusters with these two superfamilies. Based on BEAST and ML trees, Austrobalanus is basal and sister to the Coronuloidea, but the NJ tree places Austrobalanus within the Tetraclitoidae, and in the MP tree it is sister to both Coronuloidea and Tetraclitoidae. Hence the position of Austrobalanus remains unresolved. Within the Coronuloidea we identified four clades. Chelonibia occupies a basal position within the Coronuloidea which is in agreement with previous studies. The grouping of the other clades does not conform to previous studies. Divergence time analyses show that some of the time estimates are congruent with the fossil record while some others are older, suggesting the possibility of gaps in the fossil record.

In an ecologically oriented paper, Maruzzo et al. (2012) illustrate six developmental phases from the freshly settled cyprid larvae to the sessile juvenile in the barnacle, Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854), and in an evolutionarily oriented paper Hoeg et al. (2012) do likewise for Megabalanus rosa (Pilsbry, 1916). Both video-based studies illustrate 5 unadorned increasingly sac-like phases leading up to the sessile juvenile (Phase 6). In both species, Phase 5 is not only illustrated as sac-like, it resides outside the protective canopy of the cyprid shell, and this is reminiscent of the situation described by Bernard and Lane (1962, Fig. 24A). However, it has been long known that not only is the metamorphosing balanoid larva within the cyprid carapace divided into a capitulum and peduncle, but the anlagen of plates can seen with light microscopy through the largely transparent cyprid carapace (Runnstrom, 1925; Walley, 1969; Gusenbauer, 2003), and primordial plates appear in SEMs in Phase 5, after the carapace has been shed (Glenner and Hoeg, 1993; Gusenbauer, 2003). Maruzzo et al. and Hoeg et al. neither recognize such plates nor do they recognize the peduncle in any of the phases. Yet it is largely the peduncle that is involved in the struggle to shed the cyprid carapace in the transition to semi-sessile Phase 5, which they describe and illustrate as a “bag-like body shape.” Maruzzo et al. claim this phase persists for as much as 24 hours before becoming fully sessile (Phase 6), and they call for studies to assess its contribution to differential mortality. But Phase 5 has generally been observed to persist for less than three hours. Thus, the significantly longer duration being reported is either an artifact resulting from in vitro conditions and manipulations and/or failure to determine when the wall plates they illustrate in Phase 6 began to form. On the other hand, SEMs of Glenner and Hoeg, and more recently Gusenbauer, show that semi-sessile Phase 5 is by and large comparable to that illustrated by Runnstrom (1925) and, therefore, an unadorned sac-like form surely does not exist. Thus, Phase 5 of Maruzzo et al. and Hoeg et al., like that of Bernard and Lane (Fig. 14A), is most certainly an artifact.

Due to the extreme scarcity of specimens, little is known about the biodiversity and biogeography of the barnacles of the genus Waikalasma Buckeridge, 1983 (Thoracica: Waikalasmatidae Ross and Newman, 2001), which inhabit the deep sea of the Southwest Pacific. Previous studies reported only a single living species, W. boucheti Buckeridge, 1996, from Vanuatu. In the present study, the collections by French deep-sea expeditions off New Caledonia (NORFOLK 1 & 2, EBISCO, SMIB 2, SMIB 4, SMIB 8, BIOCAL, MUSORSTOM 6, MUSORSTOM 4, MUSORSTOM 5, BATHUS 2), the Solomon Islands (SALOMON 1), Vanuatu (BOA1) and Papua New Guinea (BIOPAPUA) yielded specimens of Waikalasma species from 500 to 800 m depth. From molecular (DNA barcode region cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 12S gene) and morphological analysis, a new species Waikalasma dianajonesae sp. nov., and W. boucheti were identified. From molecular phylogenetic analysis, sequence divergence in the DNA barcode region between W. dianajonesae sp nov. an...

In orden to inventory the species of Cirripedia occuring from the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta to Nenguange Bay in the Tayrona National Park, specimens of this group of crustaceans were periodically collected in 1985 and 1986. To date eight species have been reported in the Colombian Caribbean, wich are distributed from Cartagena to Guajira. Among the 14 species reported in this work a Rhizocephala, Loxothylacus texanus lives as parasite of crabs of the genus Callinectes; a Lepadomorpha Oco/asmis muelleri, lives epibionthic on the gills of C. sapidus, and also 12 free living Balanomorpha, are included. The first two species and seven belonging to the Balanomorpha are new records for the Colombian Caribbean, -then rising the number ot reported species to 17.

This critique concerns the correct name for a species, itself a relatively trivial matter of little immediate consequence to science other than evidently complicating our understanding of diversity and this is contrary to the goal of the Binomial or Linnaean System of Nomenclature [1]. This system is presently governed by the “International Code of Zoological Nomenclature” authored by the ”International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature” and first published in 1961. There are two relatively recent editions of the Code [2,3] and they often differ in subtle and sometimes confusing ways whereby some commissioners as well as practicing taxonomists may read parts of an old rule into its current counterpart, as seems apparent in the present case.

Barnacles of the superfamily Coronuloidea are obligate commensals of motile marine animals (Newman & Ross, 1976). Excepting the coronuloid genusChelonibiaLeach, the species included in this superfamily occur strictly upon marine vertebrates, particularly sea turtles and whales (Fricket al., 2011). Chelonophilic (turtle-associated) and cetophilic (whale-associated) coronuloids produce highly-ornamented shells with elaborations that enable these barnacles to grasp the skin of the host (Fricket al., 2010a). These same ornamentations are also useful characters for elucidating taxonomic affinities within the Coronuloidea (Darwin, 1854; Pilsbry, 1916; Ross & Frick, 2007).

Balanomorph barnacles are conspicuous and numerous animals in marine environments,and play an important role in the marine ecological system.Moreover,they are major components of the fouling community.In China,there are 6 families,25 genera and 110 species of the balanomorpha barnacles in the coastal waters.The major species are Balanus amphitrite amphitrite,B.reticulatus,B.uliginosus,B.albicostatus,B.trigonus,Chirona amaryllis,Megabalanus rosa,M.tintinnabulum tintinnabulum,Euraphia withersi,Tetraclita squamosa squamosa.Among them,B.amphitrite amphitrite is the most dominant species in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea;and B.reticulatus in the tropical and sub-tropical waters(i.e.the East China Sea and the South China Sea).B.uliginosus mainly occurs in the estuarial waters with low salinity,but B.trigonus,Megabalanus rosa and M.tintinnabulum tintinnabulum are found in waters with high salinity.Environmental factors play an important role in their growth,development,reproduction,settlement,distribution,and morphological appearance of acorn barnacles.From the north to the south Chinese coast,the breeding season and settlement period of acorn barnacles extend greatly.Barnacle larvae have six nauplius stages followed by a non-feeding cyprid stage,which is the larval stage to find a suitable place for settlement.For larval culture,microalgae Platymonas helgolandica,Chaetoceros muelleri and Platymonas subcordiformis are commonly used to feed the larvae.Cyprids can be stored at 4—8 ℃ for about one week.Barnacle cements are composed mainly of protein subunits.The primary and secondary cements are similar in components and properties.Acorn barnacles are apparently and appropriate testing organisms used in the antifouling study and ecological science research.Species interactions between acorn barnacles and their roles in the benthic community should be elucidated with more attention.Moreover,further research work should be focused on the aspects of taxonomy,larval recruitment and settlement,barnacle cement and phylogeny at the molecular level to advance knowledge in this research area.

The origin of the mainly sea-turtle fouling balanomorph family Chelonibiidae is still poorly documented. Aside from an Eocene erratic specimen assigned to an extinct subfamily, the extant subfamily Chelonibiinae did not appear in the fossil record before the Late Miocene. Protochelonibiinae Harzhauser & Newman subfam. nov. is here introduced as an extinct sister-group of Chelonibiinae. The subfamily is known so far only from the proto-Mediterranean and the Paratethys seas and ranged from Early Miocene to Late Pliocene. Members of the subfamily are characterized by large walls with tripartite rostra which display distinct sutures on the external surface. The tripartite rostrum, however, has evolved independently several times in the evolution of the balanomorphs and cannot be treated as synapomorphy. The subfamily comprises one new genus and two species. Protochelonibia Harzhauser & Newman gen. nov. is the type genus of Protochelonibiinae and Protochelonibia submersa Harzhauser & Newman sp. nov. is introdu...

We report new distribution and host records of the turtle barnacle Stephanolepas muricata Fischer. Ours is the first study to document this species' occurrence in Mexico and in the Atlantic Ocean (North Carolina, Georgia and Florida: USA). We also present the first record of S. muricata from olive ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz). We discuss the physical and ecological characteristics associated with the specimens collected and present evidence suggesting the likelihood of chemical mediation between embedding coronuloid barnacles like S. muricata and host turtles. We provide the first data on the diet and fecundity of S. muricata.

Uniformitarianism permits understanding of the past on the basis of the present, and modeling the future through consideration of the fossil record. The present paper addresses the impact environmental (climatic) change has had on acorn barnacles and eucalyptus trees. Acorn barnacles (Balanomorpha) are first recorded after the K/T mass-extinction event. In the Paleogene, rapid radiation resulted in their occupying most marine environments. That balanomorphs survived both the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and the Pleistocene glaciation is testament to their ability to adapt to opportunities; they are known from the littoral (Chamaesipho) to depths of 3600 m (Tetrachaelasma) and within this from diverse substrates: rock, wood and miscellaneous flotsam, plus in symbiosis or commensalism with most larger marine organisms. Darwin's (1854) view of the late Tertiary as the age of barnacles is reflected in their diversity, distribution and biomass. Barnacles are contrasted with the Australian Myrtaceae: plants ranging from woody shrubs to tall trees. The most significant is Eucalyptus sensu lato, which typifies Australia's flora, and is characterized by aromatic leaves that produce eucalyptol. Eucalyptus has evolved strategies that result in its domination of Australian open woodlands: these include production of highly flammable eucalyptol oil (with a flashpoint of 49 °C) and an unprecedented ability to regenerate following forest fires. Gum trees and barnacles first appear in the Paleogene, their earliest records are Australasian, and they both demonstrate extraordinary resilience when environmental conditions are optimal.

Sampling carried out in the Ionian Sea off S. Maria di Leuca, Apulian Plateau Bank (Mediterranean Sea) provided disarticulated plates of six cirriped species belonging to the superorder Thoracica. They include the benthic species Scalpellum scalpellum (Scalpellomorpha), Balanus amphitrite (Balanomorpha), Verruca romettensis, Metaverruca imbricata and Metaverruca zanclea (Verrucomorpha). S. scalpellum is the unique bathyal species frequently occurring in the Mediterranean, whereas V. romettensis had been cited only one time previously. M. imbricata and M. zanclea are first reported for the Mediterranean, although the latter one is present only in thanatocenoses. Abundant pelagic Lepas pectinata (Lepadomorpha) apparently falling from floating algae, was also obtained. No living specimens were recovered and cirripeds were exclusively found as disarticulated plates within thanatocenoses. All these taxa are briefly described as well as information about their fossil and present-day distribution.

Excavations at North Storr's Lake (SS-4) on San Salvador, Bahamas have yielded turtle barnacle wall plates (shell compartments) in association with skeletal remains of sea turtle and charcoal dated to ca. A.D. 932–1552. This is one of the few cases in which direct and indirect radiometric dates have been reported for archaeological sea turtle barnacles. The turtle barnacle has been identified as Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758), a widespread, commensal species found on all genera of Cheloniidae in the world's oceans. Chelonibia testudinaria is the most often reported sea turtle barnacle and is commonly found on Caretta caretta (loggerhead) and Chelonia mydas (green turtle) dating as far back as the Miocene epoch. Wall plates of Chelonibia testudinaria occur in stratigraphic association with both loggerhead and green sea turtle remains at North Storr's Lake, appearing in the same archaeological strata as the sea turtle, therefore the association is clear. Sea turtle species were identified...

Two new species of the Pyrgomatid barnacle Trevathana are described: Trevathana synthesysae nov. sp., extracted from Plesiastrea versipora from the Indian Ocean Islands Reunion and Mauritius, and Trevathana isfae nov. sp. from a colony of Favia stelligera from French Polynesia, which, until recently, was terra incognita with regard to coral-inhabiting barnacles. The two new species are distinctive by their relatively broad scutum as compared to Trevathana dentatum, their prominent adductor ridge extending beyond the basal margin of the scutum, and their quadrangular tergum.