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2016 - 2017, In this thesis it is possible to identify at least two levels of comprehension, the first expressive of a flat analysis of the problems treated, since they are connected by the common derivation from the d.l. 3/2015, the second instead of logical-reconstructive order, which starting from the observation that the reform is a compendium of many major issues debated at the doctrinal and jurisprudential level in recent decades, in commercial and administrative law, enucleate a trait that accumulates or rather a minimum common denominator: the presumption of neutrality. With regard to the first reading plan, we discussed of the main problems posed by the reform and tried to demonstrate that the ultimate inspirational reason for this is likely to be found in the need to guarantee a sound and prudent management of the institutions, this has determined, only as an indirect consequence, the sacrifice of the mutualistic purpose and the triumph of the lucrative one. It has been attempted to demonstrate that the legislator, through a logical inversion of the problems, has marginalized credit cooperation precisely to guarantee the sound and prudent management of the institutions, in light of the difficulties encountered by Italian supervision in ensuring compliance with this criterion management especially for larger, popular banks. Hence the centrality of the role that the Bank of Italy has played not only in the implementation of the reform but also with respect to the same inspirational reasons for the change in paradigm. As for the second reading plan, we started from the particular (normative detail) to then abstract the general problem and finally always on the basis of a careful analysis of the norm, extract the reasoning underlying the logic of neutralization to try to unveil the unfounded prejudice. This does not mean that in this study does not refer to other knowledge other than law, the law is in fact "instrument tools" is what confines, delimits the other tools (science, economy, religion ...) hopefully are therefore forgiven , in light of this statement, the incursions that in this thesis are found with respect to other fields starting from the economic and philosophical, according to the teaching of many great masters of the '900. The law, in fact, is the detail of principles, values and trends, as well as the resolution of problems formed in other heads of human knowledge and more generally of human social experience. To be fully understood, the right must therefore be linked to its presuppositions, as the jurist is not allowed to "turn in on himself", through an analysis limited to the simple normative precipitate. The attempt of the thesis (perhaps the result of a sin of ὕβρις) was to try to demonstrate, starting from the analysis of the reform of the popular banks and the role of the Bank of Italy and based on the empirical evidence from the same obtainable, which the myth of neutrality, in the dual declination of the legal institution of the company contract (which will be discussed in the first chapter) and of the powers of the independent authorities (which will be discussed in the third chapter) is more a prejudice than a positive evidence, both in commercial law and in administrative law. In the first chapter, dedicated to a deepening of the historical evolution of the phenomenon of the popular banks, we tried to prove the groundlessness of the thesis of the neutrality of the company contract, also in virtue of the thesis that the form is substance. In the second chapter, dedicated to the analysis of the c.d. popular reform of 2015, we tried to understand the real reasons underlying the same, in order to demonstrate the groundlessness of the thesis that sees this regulatory intervention as the result of purely technical-legal needs. It was therefore proved that the choice to suppress (rectius strongly resize) the cooperative banking activity of the people is purely political and not neutral or technical, not only because our constitutional system imposes the political dimension of the legislative choice, but above all because the recalled technical needs appear to be more presumed than real (think of the lack of mutualistic substance of the same, founded on the basis of an outdated but deeply rooted thesis of Ferri and referred to in the government report to the reform as a central motif). In this context, we also proceeded with the analysis of the main constitutional compatibility problems posed by the reform and we have drawn a line of continuity between the issue of limiting the reimbursement of shares and the thesis of the conformational powers typical of the sectional orders, then more properly addressed in conclusion of the third chapter. Finally, in the third chapter, the problem of the neutrality of the technique in administrative law has been tackled, even in this sector, discipline neutrality is often more a proclaimed fact than an intrinsic quality, as is evident from the analysis of discretionality and more in gender of the non-neutral supervisory functions of the Bank of Italy. All this was also useful in order to understand that the thesis of Massimo Severo Giannini on the sectional ordering of credit (in the revised sense) is no longer capable of describing the functioning of the banking system today and this despite the recognition of non-neutral powers and the emergence of a prudential and conformative regulation. [edited by Author]

Il contributo trae origine dalla sentenza della Corte costituzionale n. 287 del 2016, in occasione della quale la Consulta viene chiamata a pronunciarsi sul decreto legge che, a determinate condizioni e in casi determinati, dispone la trasformazione delle Banche popolari in Società per azioni. Per quanto un intervento del genere si sia reso necessario in forza delle esigenze di rafforzamento del sistema bancario italiano e per superare l'anomalia di quelle Banche popolari che con quella particolare forma giuridica perseguono in realtà finalità di profitto, si segnala nel contributo e si tenta di approfondire la problematica, che l'intervento normativo presenta qualche dubbio di legittimità costituzionale con riferimento all'invasione della competenza regionale e con riferimento all'impatto sulla funzione sociale che quelle banche garantiscono e tutelano. Sotto il primo aspetto, è infatti evidente che il mutamento di natura giuridica determina lo spostamento della competenza, dalle Regioni allo Stato; sotto il secondo profilo, invece, il mutamento di natura impone un mutamento di funzione, facendo venire meno la salvaguardia di quelle istanze sociali alle quali le Banche popolari sarebbero preposte.

La Corte costituzionale, nel giudizio promosso dalla Regione Lombardia con ricorso diretto del maggio 2015, ha sciolto in senso negativo il dubbio di illegittimità costituzionale della recente ri- forma delle banche popolari quanto allo strumento normativo utilizzato. Tale sentenza, mentre ipoteca la soluzione per analoga questione di legittimità costituzionale sollevata dal Consiglio di Stato con ordinanza del dicembre 2016, non affronta le più circoscritte (ma non meno importan- ti) questioni di legittimità costituzionale - (anch’esse) dichiarate rilevanti e non manifestamente infondate dal Consiglio di Stato con la medesima ordinanza - inerenti alla disciplina limitativa del diritto al rimborso del socio recedente prevista dalla medesima riforma. Si deve dunque at- tendere, sul punto, l’esito del nuovo giudizio di costituzionalità. Anche qui tuttavia - come già si è sostenuto in relazione alla parallela questione recentemente decisa dal Tribunale di Napoli cir- ca la pretesa invalidità di clausola statutaria limitativa del recesso introdotta da una banca popo- lare in attuazione di quanto prescritto dall’art. 28, comma 2 ter, T.U.B. - considerazioni di diritto europeo sembrano militare per la piena legittimità, per diritto interno, della disciplina di riforma italiana in coerenza con il principio del primato del diritto europeo.

Premessa; opportunità di un mero rinvio alla dottrina sulla riforma e qualche dato fattuale preliminare; la trasformazione obbligatoria in spa e l'adesione piena (salvo il regime transitorio) al modello ponderale per le popolari maggiori è disciplina proporzionata all'obiettivo di interesse generale perseguito?; il tetto di voto speciale di cui all'art. 1 comma 2 bis della legge 24 marzo 2015 n. 33 alla luce della giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia; il rapporto tra il tetto di voto speciale e la disciplina generale dei tetti di voto di cui all'art. 2351 c.c.

reserved 1 no The reform of popular banks pursuant to the Decree Law January 24, 2015 n. 3, between capitalism and uniform regulatory requirements The duty of transformation for the cooperative banks over the threshold imposed by the recent Italian’s reform pursuant to decree-law 24 January 2015, n. 3 concerning urgent measures for the banking system and investment requires some systematic order reflections in relation to the survival of the «cooperative banking type». In fact, the choice of the Italian legislator, simply based on the increase in asset value capitalized, it seems to argue for a final overcoming of the cooperative bank model for the exercise of banking on the presumption of the supremacy of the spa governance model. The reasons of a choice so radical and difficult to understand for many seems to be able to bring the needs, in fact disvelate by the BCE, to homogenize the governance of the credit institutions in order to better implement the prudential regulations imposed by CRV4 and the transposition of BRRD for the prevention and resolution of banking groups. mixed Ricciardiello E Ricciardiello E

This paper summarizes some criticisms against the recent Italian reform that imposed that the largest cooperative banks must to be transformed in limited companies. The main are: better governance and business model of the mutual ownership, cooperative banks’ positive impact on system stability and their importance/resilience worldwide. It deepens the discussion, by analysing financial data of Italian banks from Mediobanca-R&S dataset and showing that limited company model is not better than cooperative one in terms of performance and risk; therefore, the 2015 reform doesn’t seem to be justified by the past empirical evidence.

Lo scritto analizza le criticita' della corporate governance delle banche popolari

Il lavoro analizza lo “stato dell’arte” della rendicontazione sociale in una particolare categoria di istituti bancari, le banche popolari, alla luce del profondo legame che tali imprese instaurano con il territorio di riferimento e dell’imprescindibile ruolo propulsivo che le stesse rivestono per lo sviluppo economico e sociale a livello locale. A tal fine, sono stati presentati i risultati di un’indagine empirica condotta sull’intero universo delle banche popolari italiane, avente ad oggetto l’analisi del grado di diffusione dei bilanci sociali pubblicati, le caratteristiche degli stessi e la qualità dell’informativa presente, anche con riferimento agli standard nazionali ed internazionali utilizzati.