Search

This study analyzes the ZnO particle size's effect on glass samples' radiation shielding ability. Four glass samples with differing micro and nanoparticle ZnO content were investigated at four energies, 0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV. The investigated glasses are a B2O3–BaO–ZnO glass system and are composed of 30 % micro ZnO (30 M), 20 % micro ZnO and 10 % nano ZnO (20 M−10 N), 10 % micro ZnO and 20 % nano ZnO (10 M−20 N), and lastly 30 % nano ZnO (30 N). The theoretical XCOM software was employed to validate the experimental LAC values of the glasses, revealing that for at all energies, the values obtained from the two methods agreed with each other well. The glasses' HVL, MFP, and RSE were then compared. The HVL values at all energies decreased as more nano ZnO was introduced into the glass system, reaching a minimum of 1.947 cm at 0.662 MeV for the 30 N sample. This sample also had the lowest MFP at all energies, while the 30 M glass had the highest, such as 0.088 and 0.070 for 30 M and 30 N respectively at 0.060 MeV. The RSE of a 1 cm thick sample of each of the glasses was tested and found that the 30 N sample exhibited the greatest RSE. The relative percent deviation between the 30 N and 30 M glasses was also analyzed, which highlighted the difference between 30 N's greater LAC values compared to 30 M at all energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CaO‐Al2O3‐B2O3‐based slag is among the most promising “nonreactive” mold fluxes for continuous casting of high‐aluminum steel. However, CaO‐Al2O3‐B2O3‐based slag system exhibits a stronger crystallization ability compared to traditional mold fluxes. Herein, calcium oxide in CaO‐Al2O3‐10%B2O3 slag is partially replaced by the same mass of barium oxide (5 and 10 mass%) to adjust the crystallization ability. The crystallization of glassy slags is then investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter and their crystallization kinetics are analyzed using the Matusita–Sakka model. The structural evolution of glassy slags from room temperature to 1200 °C is also investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy. The kinetic analysis shows that the crystallization process of CaO‐Al2O3‐B2O3‐BaO glassy slags follows the surface crystallization mechanism. The predominant crystalline products are calcium monoaluminate (CaAl2O4) and calcium borate (Ca3(BO3)2). The partial replacement of calcium oxide by barium oxide inhibits the growth of CaAl2O4 in the slag by increasing the activation energy of crystal growth. The high‐temperature Raman spectroscopy study shows that the band between 700 and 900 cm−1 gets weaker relative to the band between 450 and 650 cm−1 at high temperatures. This indicates the strengthening of bending vibration of Al‐O‐Al, which is consistent with the precipitation of CaAl2O4 with full oxygen bridging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a very high rendering polymer with a great performance of actuation and exceptionally good chemical and thermal resistance. The polymerisation of vinylidene difluoride produces PVDF, which is a highly non-reactive thermoplastic fluoropolymer. Due to its higher flexibility and piezoelectric properties, fabrications of PVDF-based nanocomposites are much in demand today and have found lots of applications in next-generation sensing objects such as promising piezoelectric energy harvesters (nanogenerators), energy storage devices, sensor systems, and biomedical devices. In this work, a brief review of the nature and characteristics of PVDF-based polymers has been discussed. Besides some manufacturing methods for nanocomposites, ways to improve PVDF phase crystallinity (α, β) and nanocomposite qualities are also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium Oxyfluoride plays an important role, as a precursor species, in the nucleation and growth of YBa2Cu3O7− δ (YBCO) via the low fluorine metal organic decomposition (MOD low-fluorine) route. In this contribution, we present a study on the thermodynamics of oxyfluoride by processing experimental data on YBCO growth on LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates. The analysis allows one to determine the standard enthalpy and the standard entropy changes for oxyfluoride formation from barium oxide and barium fluoride. To identify the thermodynamically more favorable route to oxyfluoride formation in the MOD low-fluorine process, the free energy change for the formation of the precursor, through reactions involving gas water, has been determined. The free energy of formation via fluoride and water indicates higher stability of oxygen rich oxyfluoride for P HF 2 P H 2 O < 10 − 6 . In the framework of nucleation theory, the present results are needed to study the effect of precursor composition on film orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of barium oxide on glazes in the SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -CaO-MgO-K 2 O system was investigated. Samples were prepared with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt% of barium oxide added to this system. The glazes were fired at 1240 °C and the structure and surface properties were determined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of phase composition, surface properties, structural mid-infrared analysis, and microstructure were performed. Diopside was detected in all glazes as the MgO content was higher than 2.5 wt%. Hyalophane crystals were observed when the BaO content increased to 5 wt%. Mid-infrared studies showed that the appearance of crystalline phases ordered the structure of the glazes; on the other hand, the amorphous phase increased its disorder related to the higher amount of modifying barium cations. The addition of barium oxide did not significantly affect the color of the surface but caused an increase in roughness due to surface crystallization. The microhardness increased with an increased amount of barium in the amorphous phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations were conducted on the addition of barium's impact on the radiation shielding and physical attributes of five different glasses, designated S1–S5, with varying BaO contents. Using two point sources namely Co60 and Cs137 along with a scintillation detector [NaI(TL)], experimental measurements were made of the shielding parameters of γ-rays, namely the effective atomic number (Zeff), electron density (Nel), half-value layer (HVL), linear attenuation coefficient (μ), mass attenuation coefficient (μm), mean free path (λ), and radiation protection effectiveness at the energies of 0.664, 1.177, and 1.334 MeV, and comparisons made with recently considered glasses as well as frequently employed materials for γ-ray shielding. The results show that the examined glasses' physical and radiation shielding qualities are improved by the addition of BaO. The μ values increased from 0.245 to 0.275 cm−1 (0.662 MeV), from 0.174 to 0.198 cm−1 (1.173 MeV), and from 0.161 to 0.189 (1.332 MeV). The observed values of HVL decreased from 2.83, 3.98, and 4.3 cm to 2.5, 3.5, and 3.62 cm at 0.662, 1.173, and 1.332 MeV, respectively, for the samples S1 and S5. In addition, the S5 glass sample was determined to have the best protection against photon among all the samples that were evaluated, as well as against recently considered glasses and those materials often utilized for gamma-ray shielding purposes.

REBCO (rare-earth barium copper oxide) coated conductor tapes are a highly attractive option for magnet materials in future tokamak fusion power plants. However, the threat of intense neutron and gamma radiation, together with AC losses during magnet coil ramping, has raised concerns around magnet coil lifetimes. Irradiation-induced changes to flux creep rate has been identified as a key performance-limiting factor in REBCO tapes at low temperatures and high fields post-irradiation with gamma rays; spontaneous flux creep contributes to hysteretic AC loss in REBCO cables under applied AC fields. Knowing that multi-filamentary tapes are under consideration for tokamaks as an AC loss mitigation, magnetic measurements and gamma irradiation experiments are presented here on striated and mono-filamentary YBCO tapes to investigate the differences in post-irradiation screening currents and AC losses. Reduction in AC losses improved magnetisation critical current density (Jc) retention after 1 MGy in the multi- relative to the mono-filamentary samples. After the 5 MGy dose, striations then made the multi-filamentary tape more susceptible to Jc degradation because of the thinner individual filament width. Scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis on an analogous GdYBCO mono-filamentary tape did not indicate the introduction of nm-scale amorphisation to the active GdYBCO layer after gamma irradiation. A potential theoretical explanation for the underlying mechanism altering the flux-pinning landscape across the REBCO layer surface in gamma-irradiated tapes is discussed. This work concluded that gamma effects on screening current capability should be considered in future tokamak REBCO tape qualification studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an efficient and easily available transition metal-free catalyst, barium oxide (BaO), for D/H exchange reaction between pyridine and D2. BaO enables selective deuteration at the α-position of pyridine, which is different from the reported base-mediated processes. We propose that the heterolytic dissociation of D2(H2) at the surface of BaO plays a key role in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant research is currently performed on electrochemical water splitting to solve ecological problems and energy issues. Sustainable and eco-friendly energy systems prefer to generate cost-effective electrocatalyst material with higher stability and excellent electrocatalytic activity to speed up the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process. The current study followed a hydrothermal approach to develop a barium cerium oxide nanohybrid with g-CN (BaCeO 3 /g-CN) as an electro-catalyst for an efficient OER process in 1.0 M KOH. Physical characteristics analyses confirmed the enhanced activity of the synthesized BaCeO 3 (BCO) and BCO/g-CN nanohybrid materials. The evaluated increased performance may be ascribed to improved morphological characteristics and substantial surface area (212 m2 g−1). The nanocomposite as mentioned above (BCO/g-CN) exhibits significant potential for effective OER in electrochemical assessments due to its abundant active spots and accelerated charge transfer process. Further, the electro-catalytic activity of the composite is improved, as demonstrated by a reduced overpotential (η = 210 mV) with Tafel value (36 mV dec−1) in comparison to pristine BCO (η = 262 mV and 52 mV dec−1) for OER. The material exhibited a reduced charge transfer impedance (R ct = 0.7 Ω), confirmed by EIS analysis. It also demonstrated a substantial ECSA (electrochemical active surface area) of 237.5 cm2 as compared to the pure BCO (137.5 cm2) material. Moreover, electrocatalyst material durability for 30 h was assessed by a chronoamperometric study. Thus, BCO/g-CN exhibits a notable rise in electrochemical properties, suggesting that it is a viable candidate for prospective OER applications. [Display omitted] • BaCeO 3 /g-CN nanomaterial was synthesized by simple hydrothermal technique. • The conductivity of nanohybrid BaCeO 3 was analyzed under 1.0 M KOH for OER. • BaCeO 3 /g-CN material had higher surface area (70.6 m2 g−1) than pure BaCeO 3. • The cyclic stability of BaCeO 3 /g-CN is remarkable after 5000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium phosphate glass with fixed barium oxide (BaO) at 40 mol% and vanadium oxide (V2O5) at 1 mol% was successfully synthesized by the melt quenching process. Different concentrations of tellurium oxide (TeO2) were introduced at the expense of the phosphate groups (P2O5) to improve and modify the elastic and radiation shielding properties. The elastic parameters were calculated from the Makishima-Mackenzie model. The radiation shielding parameters were simulated and studied using the XCOM database to check the availability of such glass to withstand the X-ray and gamma energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In the present study, the catalyst modified with alkaline oxide can enhance the selectivity to primary amines. However, the addition of alkaline oxide inevitably reduces catalytic activity. In this study, NiCo-NC@BaO-MFC catalyst derived from zeolitic imidazolate framework-67, Ba(CH 3 COO) 2 , and melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin was prepared and used for the hydrogenation of adiponitrile (ADN) to hexamethylene diamine (HDMA). The carbon layer obtained from the MF resin effectively prevents the interaction between barium (Ba) and the active center, thus improving target product selectivity without decreasing catalytic activity. The results of the density functional theory (DFT) calculation and characterization indicated that the effect of synergy between nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) bimetals induces an electron density growth on the Ni surface, bringing the d-band center toward the Fermi surface. Meanwhile, the high electron density of the active center compensates for the electron-deficient state of the carbon atom in –C N, thus improving the catalytic activity. Furthermore, it was found that the introduction of Ba promotes the formation of nucleophilic hydrogen anions, which facilitates the hydrogenation of 6-aminohexylimine (AHIM) to HDMA and inhibits the intramolecular condensation of AHIM, hence improving the selectivity to HDMA. The NiCo-NC@BaO-MFC catalyst gives 98.6 % ADN conversion and 97.2 % selectivity to HDMA in an alkali-free system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconducting magnets based on Rare Earth Barium Copper Oxides (REBCO) offer transformative capabilities in the fields of fusion energy, high energy physics, and space exploration. A challenge shared by these applications is the limited lifetime of REBCO due to radiation damage sustained during operation. Here we present a new ion-beam facility that enables simultaneous cryogenic irradiation and in situ characterization of commercial REBCO tapes. The ion source provides spatially uniform fluxes up to 1018 protons/m2s with kinetic energies up to 3.4 MeV, in addition to helium and higher-Z species. Using this facility, we can induce uniform damage profiles in the first 10–20 µm of REBCO tapes with less than 0.25 appm of hydrogen implanted in REBCO after a dose of 1020 protons/m2. The tape can be held between 20 and 300 K with an accuracy of ±0.1 K and is connected to a four-point probe measuring the critical current, Ic, and critical temperature, Tc, before, during, and after irradiation with transport current ranging from 100 nA to 100 A, and a typical voltage noise less than 0.1 μV. These capabilities are presently used to study the effect of irradiation temperature on REBCO performance change during and after proton bombardment, to assess the possibility of Ic and Tc recovery after irradiation through thermal annealing, and to explore the instantaneous and recoverable suppression of Ic and Tc observed during irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of the Bi 2 O 3 /BaO ratio on the microstructure, optical, ligand field, and radiation shielding features of BSrFeBaBi glass matrix. The Bi 2 O 3 content of the BSrFeBaBi glasses was increased from 0 to 20 mol%. The density increased from 3.77 g / cm 3 to 5.00 g / cm 3 and the molar volume increased from 24.74 cm 3 / mol to 31.17 cm 3 / mol with increasing Bi 2 O 3 /BaO ratio. The optical analysis confirmed that the transparency of BSrFeBaBi glasses in the visible region is high. Moreover, the presence of Fe cations in the octahedral coordination (FeO 6 units) was confirmed. Furthermore, the fundamental absorption edge of BSrFeBaBi glasses shifts towards lower energies with additional Bi 2 O 3 /BaO concentrations, confirming the reduced behavior of the optical band gap. Also, ligand field splitting values decreased while Racah parameters increased. The obtained results demonstrate a tendency of the bonds between the Fe ions and their surroundings towards higher degree of ionic nature. Furthermore, the Bi 2 O 3 /BaO ratio demonstrated an enhanced radiation shielding behavior. Finally, BSrFeBaBi glasses exhibit favorable attributes for use in the radiation shielding domain due to their efficient radiation shielding features and transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica-aluminum borates (SiO 2 -R 2 O 3 -R 2 O-RO-ZrO 2 system) with La 2 O 3 replacing BaO were preparing using the conventional melt quenching process. The impact of substituting BaO with La 2 O 3 on the glass structure was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman. The density, thermal properties, alkali resistance and dielectric properties of the glasses were measured and compared using Archimedes, Differential Scanning Circuit (DSC), Thermal Expansion Calorimetry (TEC), Weight Reduction and Impedance Spectroscopy. The viscosity of the glass system was calculated from the thermal properties and discussed in comparison with the wetting angle at 1000 °C. The results showed that the glass does not undergo precipitation. With the increase of La 2 O 3 to BaO substitution, the Q4 in the glass network structure transforms to Q0+Q1 and Q2, causing depolymeriation of the glass structure. This results in an increase in the density of the glass, as well as an increase and subsequent decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient. Additionally, the glass transition temperature and glass softening temperature decrease and then increase, which was due to the high field strength of La3+. When substituting 5 wt% of BaO with La 2 O 3 , The glass displayed the lowest dielectric constant and dielectric loss, along with the best alkali resistance. Viscosity calculations showed that the viscosity gradually increases at 1000 °C with the increase of La 2 O 3 substitution, which was consistent with the wettability results. The glass components in the 0-5 wt% weight range all satisfy the iron-sealed glass wetting angle requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising thin film electrode material of barium oxide (BaO) for supercapacitors had been prepared by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. Several analytical tools such as X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the barium oxide. The electrochemical properties of created thin films were elucidated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CP) measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This material showed excellent cycling capability; it retains 91.1% capacitance retention after 7500 cycles. The maximum value of a specific capacitance (Cs) was 405.72 F/g at a 5 mV/s scan rate in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The obtained maximum values of energy density and power density were 53.57 Wh/kg and 2390 W/kg at 4 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH, respectively. The internal resistance of the BaO thin film was ~ 0.83 Ω. These outcomes designate the high-rate capability performances of BaO electrodes, and it can be accepted as high-performance thin film electrode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soldering stacks of high temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes results in a current carrying matrix with high electrical, thermal, and mechanical stability. In some applications, these tape stacks may be exposed to elevated temperatures during thermal heat cycles. Previous research on thermal degradation of high temperature superconductors has been performed with isolated crystals or individual HTS tapes, showing that oxygen-out diffusion from the rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) results in a reduction of the superconducting performance. In this work, the performance of Pb 37 Sn 63 soldered HTS tape stacks with thermal cycling to 170 ∘ C is quantified through determination of the critical current Ic, the n -value, the linear resistance R in the pre-transition region of the tape stack current–voltage (I–V) traces, and the diffusion coefficient D associated with oxygen-out diffusion. The effect of tape manufacturer and nickel electroplating were considered; three soldered stacks each of unplated Faraday, nickel electroplated Faraday, unplated SuperPower, and nickel electroplated SuperPower tapes were fabricated. Across 20–30 one hour thermal cycles, there are no significant differences in degradation profiles observed between the unplated and nickel electroplated tape stacks for a given manufacturer. There is however a marked difference in degradation profiles observed between the SuperPower and Faraday tape stacks. For the unplated and plated SuperPower tape stacks, the degradation in Ic generally follows the model to describe oxygen-out diffusion from the superconducting REBCO layer. Significantly less degradation is observed in the unplated and plated Faraday tape stacks, and in some sections Ic even increases slightly across cycles. Further, cases of increasing Ic accompanied with decreasing n are observed, a decoupling between the two parameters. Across all samples, the linear resistance was highest in current-redistribution regions near the leads. Consistent with the model of oxygen-out diffusion and the formation of an increasingly wide oxygen deficient layer in the REBCO, the linear resistance increased with cycle number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature superconductor Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) was successfully prepared by modified thermal decomposition and thermal treatment method. Both samples in that methods sintered at 980 °C and were investigate by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and R-T measurement. From XRD analysis, it was confirmed that Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide, YBa2Cu3O7-ẟ (Y-123) acts as primary phase with orthorhombic crystal structure and Pmmm space group while Diyttrium Barium Copper Oxide, Y2BaCuO5 (Y-211) and Barium Copper Oxide (BaCuO2) belong to the secondary phases. The microstructure analysis showed that the average grain size of modified thermal decomposition (TD) method (3.6559 μm) was bigger compared with thermal treatment (TT) method (1.7766 μm). The sample exhibited metallic behavior and the critical temperature, Tc-onset was increased as modified thermal decomposition (TD) method was applied. Based on the results obtained, the modified thermal decomposition (TD) method exhibited superior performance compared to the thermal treatment (TT) in terms of the physical properties which includes microstructure, phase formation and critical temperature Tc of Y-123. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the phase transformation, thermal behavior, microstructure evaluation and surface feature of the barium aluminosilicate (BAS) glass-ceramic glaze by changing barium oxide (BaO) and aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3) amounts. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) analysis showed that the first crystallization occurred at 800 °C and referred to the celsian formation, and crystallization temperature increased as Al 2 O 3 content increased. Characteristic temperature and high thermal viscosity behavior was examined by hot-stage microscope analysis and the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) equation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that replacing Al 2 O 3 with BaO resulted in an enhanced celsian (Ba 0.8 Al 1.6 Si 2.4 O 8) phase. On the other hand, increasing Al 2 O 3 content promoted the corundum (α-Al 2 O 3) phase. The glassy and crystalline phase amount was determined by using Rietveld method. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) observations showed rectangular, strip-like celsian crystals, unshaped corundum crystals and porous microstructure. Surface roughness and the height distribution of surfaces were supported by 3D topographic mapping and determined according to ISO 4287. The highest BaO-contained R1 exhibits lower peaks with 190 µm and valleys with 80 µm, on the contrary, the highest Al 2 O 3 -contained R5 has high peaks with 252.7 µm, and deep valleys with 150 µm. Finer celsian crystals and lowest surface roughness ensured the cleanability of the surface and resulted in Class 5 according to ISO 10545-14. When Al 2 O 3 content increased by 30 wt% and above, cleanability began to weaken, resulting in Class 1 and Class 2. The surface has become opaque with an increase in the Al 2 O 3 content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The current work deals with the synthesis of a new glass series with a chemical formula of 5Al2O3–25PbO–10SiO2–(60-x) B2O3–xBaO; x was represented as 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%. The FT-IR spectroscopy was used to present the structural modification by rising the BaO concentration within the synthesized glasses. Furthermore, the impacts of BaO substitution for B2O3 on the fabricated borosilicate glasses were investigated using the Makishima-Mackenzie model. Besides, the role of BaO in enhancing the gamma-ray shielding properties of the fabricated boro-silicate glasses was examined utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation. The mechanical properties evaluation depicts a reduction in the mechanical moduli (Young, bulk, shear, and longitudinal) by the rising of the Ba/B ratio in the fabricated glasses. Simultaneously, the micro-hardness boro-silicate glasses was reduced from 4.49 to 4.12 GPa by increasing the Ba2+/B3+ ratio from 0.58 to 3.18, respectively. In contrast, the increase in the Ba/B ratio increases the linear attenuation coefficient, where it is enhanced between 0.409 and 0.448 cm−1 by rising the Ba2+/B3+ ratio from 0.58 to 3.18, respectively. The enhancement in linear attenuation coefficient decreases the half-value thickness from 1.69 to 1.55 cm and the equivalent thickness of lead is also reduced from 3.04 to 2.78 cm, at a gamma-ray energy of 0.662 MeV. The study shows that the increase in the Ba2+/B3+ ratio enhances the radiation shielding capacity of the fabricated glasses however, it slightly degrades the mechanical properties of the fabricated glasses. Therefore, glasses with high ratios of Ba2+/B3+ have high gamma-ray shielding ability to be used in hospitals as a shielding material.

Barium oxide was made in this work using an easy and affordable chemical technique. FTIR, AFM UV-visible, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to describe the produced samples. The tetragonal phase of BaO nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 46.5 nm was verified by X-ray diffraction experiments. The particle size was determined to be between 40 and 201 nm using the AFM micrograph. It was discovered that the BaO nanoparticles optical band gap was 4.6 eV. The sample's presence of Ba-O vibration was detected by FTIR spectra. Regarding the Operation of (Ag/BaO/Si/Ag), photodetector studied the effect of changing the molar concentration (M) for barium oxide (1M, 0.5M and 0.25M). The properties of the applied photodetector were studied, by the responsivity (Rλ) of all photodetectors. The higher responsivity was about 0.18A/W, the Specific Detectivity (D*) was 2.5 x 1012 and Quantum Efficiency (η) 49% at 0.5M for wavelength 450nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of barium borotellurite glass networks (BT-Ba) were produced to study their effectiveness in attenuating gamma rays at different energies and fast neutrons. A host borotellurite glass network of the composition 25TeO2-25B2O3-10CaO-10ZnO-30Na2O (BT) was proposed and reinforced with 10, 20, and 30 mol% of BaO (BTBa1, BTBa2, and BTBa3) at the expense of Na2O. The proposed BT-Ba glasses were produced using the melting/annealing method. The structural properties of the studied BT-Ba glass network were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), density and density-based parameters, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. These studies revealed the ability of BaO to enhance the amorphous phase of the studied borotellurite glass network and enrich it with non-bridging oxygen units (NBOs) through the conversion of the bridging ones (BOs). The visible light transparency of the produced BT-Ba glass series was examined by recording the optical transmittance spectra in the UV–visible light regions. Using EpiXS software, the gamma ray attenuation ability of the studied BT-Ba glasses was examined at different gamma ray energies of 302.851, 383.849, 661.657, 1173.228, 1332.492, 1408.013, and 1528.1 keV. While the fast neutron removal cross section was estimated according to the standard mixture rule. The dependence of the behavior of the mass and linear attenuation coefficients, half-value layer, effective atomic number, and effective electron density on BaO concentrations was extensively investigated to explore the attenuation ability of the studied glasses. Among the studied glasses, BT, BTBa1, BTBa2, and BTBa3, the fabricated glass BTBa3 had high transparency (more than 82%) and reduced the required half-value layer from 1.552 to 3.688 cm of BT to 1.041–2.965 cm for the studied gamma ray energies. On the other hand, a slight improvement in fast neutron attenuation with increasing BaO concentrations was observed. The BTBa3 glass had the highest fast neutron cross-section of 0.104 cm−1. Hence, the BTBa3 glass is considered effective as a protective glass for gamma rays and fast neutrons, opening horizons for it in nuclear applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work deals with the synthesis of a new glass series with a chemical formula of 5Al2O3–25PbO–10SiO2–(60-x) B2O3–xBaO; x was represented as 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%. The FT-IR spectroscopy was used to present the structural modification by rising the BaO concentration within the synthesized glasses. Furthermore, the impacts of BaO substitution for B2O3 on the fabricated borosilicate glasses were investigated using the Makishima-Mackenzie model. Besides, the role of BaO in enhancing the gamma-ray shielding properties of the fabricated boro-silicate glasses was examined utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation. The mechanical properties evaluation depicts a reduction in the mechanical moduli (Young, bulk, shear, and longitudinal) by the rising of the Ba/B ratio in the fabricated glasses. Simultaneously, the micro-hardness boro-silicate glasses was reduced from 4.49 to 4.12 GPa by increasing the Ba2+/B3+ ratio from 0.58 to 3.18, respectively. In contrast, the increase in the Ba/B ratio increases the linear attenuation coefficient, where it is enhanced between 0.409 and 0.448 cm−1 by rising the Ba2+/B3+ ratio from 0.58 to 3.18, respectively. The enhancement in linear attenuation coefficient decreases the half-value thickness from 1.69 to 1.55 cm and the equivalent thickness of lead is also reduced from 3.04 to 2.78 cm, at a gamma-ray energy of 0.662 MeV. The study shows that the increase in the Ba2+/B3+ ratio enhances the radiation shielding capacity of the fabricated glasses however, it slightly degrades the mechanical properties of the fabricated glasses. Therefore, glasses with high ratios of Ba2+/B3+ have high gamma-ray shielding ability to be used in hospitals as a shielding material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the modification of glass in the strontium-aluminum-boron-silicate system (SABS) on technological and physicochemical properties was investigated. Introducing two alkalis into the glass makeup significantly lowered the melting temperature, from 1500 to 1450°C, which effected changes in the properties of the glass. On introducing alkalis in amounts up to 5 mol.% the thermal linear expansion coefficient (LTEC) decreased from 58 to 50 (α × 10 – 7 K– 1) and the refractive index nD from 1.551 to 1.528. However, alkaline components adversely affect the hydrolytic resistance of the glass, transferring it from hydrolytic class I to II. The solution to this problem was to: (1) employ the polyalkaline effect, (2) maintain high radiopacity of the glass by introducing a small amount of highly effective radiopaque barium oxide into the makeup and significant strontium oxide reduction, and (3) increase the aluminum oxide content, which ordinarily increases the chemical resistance of the glass. The result was improved melting properties on lower melting temperatures and glass with high values of x-ray contrast (about 550%), light transmission (T = 90%), refractive index values nD = 1.530 and LTEC = 56 (α × 10 – 7 K– 1) were obtained while maintaining chemical stability with respect to water the corresponding hydrolytic class I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pink colour development was investigated by changing systemically alkaline and alkaline earth ratios of the developed glaze. Group-1 (Na 2 O/CaO, Na 2 O/MgO, Na 2 O/BaO) and Group-2 (CaO/MgO, CaO/BaO) represent compositional variations. Group-1 has alkaline oxides with changing ratios of 0.2 mol Na 2 O and 0.6 mol CaO and 0.2 mol Na 2 O and 0.2 mol BaO, respectively. These ratios vary as 0.2 mol CaO and 0.1 mol BaO in Group-2. According to the results, the pink colour intensity was improved in the compositions with cassiterite (SnO 2) and malayaite CaSn(SiO 5) phases. In addition, bar-shaped BaO–CaO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 crystals were observed in structures with high barium oxide content. It could be concluded that the pink colour development regarding the a* (redness) value may also be related to the presence of BaO–CaO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various types of materials that have different levels of electrical conductivity, and one category is known as superconductors or superconducting materials. Superconducting materials are characterized by their complete lack of electrical resistivity. These materials are highly important due to their wide range of applications in electricity transmission, although they do have certain limitations. The Bardeen–Cooper–Schryver theory and the Ginzburg–Landau theory are two significant theories used to explain the nature of superconducting materials. Of particular interest in this study is the Ginzburg–Landau differential equation, which is considered a vital equation in this field. This equation belongs to a class of nonlinear differential equations. Our research focuses on simulating solutions to the Ginzburg–Landau equation under steady-state conditions. We conducted simulations for several superconducting materials, including aluminum, niobium, lead, tin, niobium germanide, niobium tin, vanadium silicate, lead hexa-molybdenum octa-sulfur, magnesium diboride, uranium triplatinum, potassium, barium copper oxide, yttrium, calcium copper oxide, and barium mercury. We define a new parameter of the superconductor conduction materials, which is the periodic parameter of the superconductor. By analyzing the periodic solutions obtained from the Ginzburg–Landau differential equation, we were able to determine the values of the periodic penetration parameters for each material. Notably, monatomic superconducting materials exhibited periodic penetration parameters in the range of tens of micrometers, while tetra- and penta-elements materials had values in the tens of nanometers. Superconducting materials of two or three different elements showed average values for these parameters. These findings provide valuable insights into the characteristics and behavior of various superconducting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the rare earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) coated conductor makes it possible to manufacture ultra-high field (UHF) superconducting magnets. However, the thermal field inside REBCO high-temperature superconducting (HTS) insert during the charging process is not well understood because the temperature measurement inside magnet is complicated and generally not feasible. In this paper, the H-A formulation with a homogeneous strategy is employed to establish the simulation model. The designed 30-T magnet is computed to understand the distribution and variation of the thermal field inside HTS insert. The results demonstrate that the H-A formulation rapidly computes the temperature of large-scale magnets, and carry out complex thermal field and magnetic field analysis when considering the screening current. When the thermal field is under consideration, the electromagnetic characteristics change significantly compared to the computation without thermal field and the results are more accurate. Furthermore, the influence of the thermal field is distinct at different charging rates. This suggests that the thermal field should be taken into account especially at high charging rates to obtain a more realistic result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of barium-boro-tellurite glass hosts with varying concentration of Dy2O3 doping (0 to 1.25 mol%) were made by melt-quenching method. A study was conducted to investigate how Dy2O3 dopants affect the physical and spectroscopic traits of glasses. Raw materials including barium oxide (BaO), tellurium dioxide (TeO2), boron oxide (B2O3), and dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) were used to produce these glasses. XRD patterns of the samples showed a broad hump and absence of long-range periodic lattice arrangements, indicating their amorphous nature. The Raman spectral analyses displayed the various vibration modes where the most intense band caused by BaO vibrations at 300 cm-1 and 450 cm-1 corresponding to the symmetric stretching vibration mode of Te–O–Te intra-chain bridges. The peak at 750 cm-1 was due to TeO4 and Te-O-Te vibration modes. The value of optical band gap energy was decreased from 3.155 to 2.1894 eV and then increase at higher Dy2O3 level (0.75 to 1.25 mol%). At Dy3+ contents between 0.25 to 1.25 mol% seven absorption bands were observed at 390, 424, 452, 750, 797, 895 and 1092 nm due to the electronic transitions in Dy3+. The glass refractive indices were raised from 2.3563 to 2.6584 and then decreased at higher Dy2O3 contents which was mainly because of the generation of more bridging oxygen (BO) in the glass matrix. The value of glass electronic polarizability and oxide ions polarizability calculated using LorentzLorenz equation showed a decrease with the rise of Dy2O3 contents, which was ascribed to the presence of fewer non-bridging oxygen (NBO). The optical basicity of the proposed glass hosts was calculated using Duffy and Ingram equation which was decreased with the increase of doping contents. In addition, the optical transmission was increased and reflection loss was reduced with increasing Dy+3 levels. The value of metallization parameter below 1 proved the true amorphous nature of the prepared samples. All the glasses revealed blue and yellow photoluminescence emission peaks due to 4F9/2→ 6H15/2, and 4F9/2 →6H13/2 transitions in Dy3+, respectively. The proposed glass compositions may be beneficial for the advancement of solid-state lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Internal doping of Cu2+ at the B-site reduces the sintering temperature by 300 °C. • The Cu doping in BCZD creates oxygen vacancies, which significantly enhances the conductivity up to two-fold. • The formation of oxygen vacancies disrupts the charge balance, leading to the exsolution of Ba from the lattice. • BCZD with a 2 mol% Cu-doping demonstrates excellent stability for up to 420 h in the H 2 /3H 2 O atmosphere. • A highly stable Cu-doped BCZD electrolyte, with a low sintering temperature (1200 °C) is promising for SOFC applications. Proton-conducting electrolytes with high conductivity and long-term stability, achievable at low sintering temperatures, are of paramount importance. In this study, we investigate the impact of Cu doping on the sintering mechanism, electrical performance, and stability of BaCe 0.7 Zr 0.1 Dy 0.2-x O 3-δ (BCZD) electrolyte. The morphology, composition, structure, and chemical state of BCZD electrolytes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Remarkably, the sintering temperature of BCZD is reduced to 1200 °C through Cu doping Furthermore, the introduction of Cu as a dopant induces Ba exsolution from the BCZD crystal lattice alongside the generation of oxygen vacancies. XPS measurements confirmed that vacancy concentrations increase with increasing Cu doping concentrations. However, as the Cu content surpasses 2 mol%, the exsoluted Cu reacts with Ba, leading to the formation of BaCuO 2. Accumulation of BaCuO 2 at the grain boundaries adversely affects the conductivity and stability of Cu-doped BCZD, in a humidified atmosphere where it exhibits significant instability. Notably, BCZD with 2 mol% Cu content demonstrates a conductivity of 2.7 × 10-2 S cm−1 and maintains stability for up to 420 h in the H 2 /3%H 2 O atmosphere at 600 °C. In contrast, BCZD with 5 mol% Cu content exhibits a conductivity of 1.9 × 10-2 S cm−1 at 600 °C but experiences continuous degradation in a humidified atmosphere, ultimately leading to failure within 30 h. The 2 % Cu-doped BCZD exhibits high conductivity and stability at intermediate temperatures, rendering it highly suitable for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the unique thermoelectric properties along with structural, electronic, and photoluminescence properties of divanadate oxides XV2O6 (X = Mg, Ca, and Ba) have been investigated using DFT and experimental routes for waste heat recovery applications. For the synthesis process, the solid-state reaction technique was employed and the monoclinic structure of the synthesized oxides was confirmed by the XRD results. The formation of well-shaped particles was demonstrated by SEM images and the presence of Mg, Ca, Ba, V, and O with the proper compositions was confirmed by EDS mapping. The calculated bandgap values for MgV2O6, CaV2O6, and BaV2O6 were 3.20 eV, 2.14 eV, and 1.76 eV, respectively. To see how atomic orbitals affect the creation of bands, total and partial density of states calculations were also made. The BoltzTraP algorithm within Wien2k was used to study transport properties. Photoluminescence (PL) was done to analyze the optical behavior of synthesized oxides. For all the divanadate oxides XV2O6 (X = Mg, Ca, Ba), productive values for the Seebeck coefficient (S), electrical conductivity (σ), power factor (PF), and figure of merit (ZT) have been observed. The semi-metallic nature, low synthesis cost, and thermoelectric results demonstrate that the studied oxides have exceptional potential for waste heat recovery applications and can be very efficient in energy harvesting devices, especially in thermoelectric generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste solutions from the electrolytic production of copper contain significant amounts of copper and nickel sulfates, sulfuric acid, arsenic and other components of the copper electrolyte. The processing of such solutions is considered in this work not only from the point of view of environmental protection, but also in terms of extracting various valuable components from the electrolyte into commercial products. A thermodynamic analysis of the interactions between barium and arsenic, as well as their compounds in the Ba(AsO2)2-Ba3(AsO4)2-H2O system was carried out based on the E-pH diagram. The possibility of using barium compounds as a precipitant for arsenic from copper electrorefining solutions has been demonstrated. The efficiency of removing arsenic (more than 84%) from the electrolyte using barium oxide in the form of sparingly soluble barium arsenate has been established. By adding calculated amounts of zinc oxide into the working solution, it is possible to form solutions containing certain concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn. By further adding zinc oxide into the solution, its deep dehydration was achieved. The resulting copper-nickel-zinc and nickel-zinc solutions are the raw material for producing non-ferrous metal alloys using the electromembrane method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium oxide is a conventional promoter for various transition‐metal (TM) catalysts in ammonia synthesis. Ba‐promoted Ru catalysts are widely used for ammonia synthesis under mild reaction conditions. However, the promotion mechanism, including the active factor, remains unclear. In this study, the excellent promotion effect of barium oxynitride is reported, which creates anionic electrons in the lattice, forming an electride (BaOxNy:e−z) with the same rocksalt structure as BaO. The BaOxNy:e−z enhances the ammonia synthesis activity of the supported Ru catalyst by 40–100 fold compared with the BaO promotor. This study reveals that a low‐work‐function electron formed in the BaO lattice plays a pivotal role in the electronic promotion effect in catalytic ammonia synthesis, suggesting that BaOxNy:e−z formed near the surface during the ammonia synthesis reaction is an active species for the promotion effect of conventional BaO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A barium titanium oxide/silver (BaTiO3/Ag) nanocomposite powder was synthesized using a sonochemical process. By irradiating an ethanol solution of BaTiO3 and silver oxide (Ag2O), Ag2O thermally decomposed at 40°C and Ag-loaded BaTiO3 nanocomposites powder was obtained. Nanocomposites containing 30 vol% Ag sintered at 1000°C showed near densities and higher dielectric constants compared to those of BaTiO3 sintered at 1300°C. Moreover, percolation did not occur because the Ag nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed and loaded onto the surface of BaTiO3. This sonochemical method is expected to be a new process for obtaining uniformly dispersed and loaded nanocomposite powders without percolation, even in large amounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ex situ chemical etching method was developed to achieve a SnO2-terminated surface in BaSnO3 films. An SnO2-terminated surface is crucial for the formation of a (LaO)+/(SnO2)0 interface structure to form the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) state at the LaInO3 (LIO)/BaSnO3 (BSO) interface. By employing a 9:1 mixture of acetone and water, the etching rate of the surface barium oxide (BaO) layer could be effectively controlled, taking advantage of the solubility of BaO in water. To determine the optimal etching conditions, we investigated the relationship between the etching time and the resulting 2DEG conductance. The optimum times for maximizing the conductance of the 2DEG state were found to be 90 s on SrTiO3 substrates and 40 s on MgO substrates, generating a higher conductance than the in situ SnO2 dusting method reported earlier. The surface properties before and after the chemical etching were analyzed by angle reserved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) bears great hope for the catalytic community as well as environmentalists for its potential to convert two greenhouse gases, CH4 and CO2, together into synthetic feedstock "syngas". The stable tetragonal zirconium yttrium oxide phase over the "Yttria‐zirconia supported Ni" catalyst (Ni/YZr) brings >70% CH4 conversion against 50% CH4 conversion over zirconia supported Ni catalyst) in 7 h time‐on‐stream (TOS). The use of the second metal oxide (MOx; M = Ho, Ga, Gd, Ba, Cs) in a small amount (4 wt%) over Ni/YZ catalyst is found to promote the catalytic activity further. Herein, we have prepared such metal‐promoted yttria‐zirconia supported Ni catalyst, employed them for DRM and characterized them with surface area porosity, X‐ray diffraction, spectroscopic techniques, temperature programmed techniques and transmission electron microscopy. A fine correlation of characterization results with catalytic activity brings out various useful information that would be useful for establishing yttria‐zirconia supported Ni catalyst for DRM. Ni stabilized over cubic zirconium holmium oxide phase in 5Ni4Ho/YZr catalyst, cubic zirconium gadolinium oxide phase in 5Ni4Gd/YZr catalyst and cubic zirconium barium oxide phase in 5Ni4Ba/YZr catalyst perform excellent toward DRM. Catalytically, 5Ni4Ho/YZr catalyst achieves CH4 conversion as high as ~85% whereas 5Ni4Ba/YZr and 5Ni4Gd/YZr show CH4 conversions of about ~80%. Even in 30 h TOS study, 5Ni4Ho/YZr catalyst showed >81% CH4 conversion with retaining highest H2/CO (0.97). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, transition metal doped superlattice has shown an anomalous optical band gap of 1.6 eV, about 1 eV lower than either parent element (Barium) majorly, making it appropriate for several applications including magnetism and superconducting materials. In the current study, the structural, electronic, phonon, thermodynamic, and the magnetic ordering of BaXO3 (X = Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni) has been examined using density functional theory (DFT). From the results, the investigated materials show a ferromagnetic behavior with the band gap of range 0.95–1.04 eV, and average absolute magnetization are 2.64, 3.67, 3.19, and 0.01 Bohr magneton/cell for BaCrO3, BaMnO3, BaCoO3, and BaNiO3, respectively. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the Compton profiles of BaXO3(X= Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni) are magnetic due to the substantial exchange-correlation dependence of their Compton profiles, which is shown from the phonon and X-ray distributions, thermodynamic calculation, and mechanically portrayed features of BaXO3. It was further discovered that doping could increase each TM (Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni) atom's magnetic moment. This study demonstrates a novel method for utilizing this revolutionary kind of cubic ferrites for spintronic applications in solid-state electronics.

The present work elucidates the fabrication of Barium Lanthanum Oxide nanosheets (BaLa2O4 NSs) via a simple one-pot precipitation method. The acquired results show an orthorhombic crystal system with an average crystallite size of 27 nm. The morphological studies revealed irregular-shaped sheets stacked together in a layered structure, with the confirmation of the precursor elements. The diffused reflectance studies revealed a strong absorption between 200 nm and 350 nm, from which the band-gap energy was evaluated to be 4.03 eV. Furthermore, the fluorescence spectrum was recorded for the prepared samples; the excitation spectrum shows a strong peak at 397 nm, attributed to the 4F7/2→4G11/2 transition, while the emission shows two prominent peaks at 420 nm (4G7/2→4F7/2) and 440 nm (4G5/2→4F7/2). The acquired emission results were utilized to confirm the color emission using a chromaticity plot, which found the coordinates to be at (0.1529 0.1040), and the calculated temperature was 3171 K. The as-prepared nanosheets were utilized in detecting latent fingerprints (LFPs) on various non-porous surfaces. The powder-dusting method was used to develop latent fingerprints on various non-porous surfaces, which resulted in detecting all the three ridge patterns. Furthermore, the as-synthesized nanosheets were used to degrade methyl red (MR) dye, the results of which show more than 60% degradation at the 70th minute. It was also found that there was no further degradation after 70 min. All the acquired results suggest the clear potential of the prepared BaLa2O4 NSs for use in advanced forensic and photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superior electromechanical properties of second-generation high-temperature superconducting rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) coated conductor tapes make them viable candidates for high magnetic field applications. To characterize their electromechanical properties (EMPs) under operating conditions, the critical current degradation behavior of the REBCO tapes should be evaluated. Conventional evaluation methods for EMPs usually rely on a strain-based test method that utilizes an extensometer to measure the deformation induced on the coated conductor tape. This study aims to establish a practical stress-based test method that determines the reversible stress limit for critical current (Ic) degradation in REBCO tapes without using extensometers under uniaxial tension. For an efficient test procedure, Ic measurements were initially performed with broad stress intervals and then changed to narrow stress intervals before the critical current degraded irreversibly. Four commercially available REBCO tape samples were used to validate the reliability of the proposed stress-based test method. It was then assessed by comparing them with those obtained using the conventional strain-based test method. Statistical estimations were used to determine the reproducibility of the results. These results provide a basis for an international round-robin test guideline to establish a test method for measuring the electromechanical properties of high-temperature superconducting tapes at cryogenic temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium oxide have wide attention towards electronic device applications because of their exceptional structural, optical, electrical properties. Sol-gel process was used to prepare the nanocrystalline barium oxide. XRD investigation confirms that that the synthesized Barium oxide nanoparticles highly crystalline nature and have tetragonal structure. The crystal size measured by Scherrer formula and obtained values lies in the range (2.3-6.7nm). The SEM micrographs revealed a reducing agglomeration and porosity with the enrichment in the doping content. IR analysis revealed that prepared samples have high purity while Raman spectra exhibited that the bands intensity of the synthesized nanoparticles was enhanced due to enhancement in force constant with the addition of doping content. UV-vis spectra analysis, performed to study the optical properties, revealed that optical band gap was decrease with increase of the doping content and obtained band gap results lies in the range (1.99-1.85 eV). Moreover, the conductivity of the prepared sample was observed increased from 7.28 × 10-5 Ʊ cm-1 to 1.79 × 10-3 Ʊ cm-1, while the resistivity was decreased from 1.1 ×104 Ω cm to 5.58 ×10² Ω cm with the increasing of the doping content. The explored results exhibited that the doping iron content, enhanced the characteristics of prepared oxides. Such characteristics of BaO make a potential candidate for electronic device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of barium oxide-graphene oxide nanocomposite (BaO@GO) to catalyze the thermal degradation of double base propellant (DBP). The BaO@GO nanocomposite was synthetized by co-precipitation method and confirmed through FTIR, Raman, and SEM analysis. The catalytic properties were estimated through DSC tool combined with well-known iso-conversional kinetics methods, namely, Vyazovkin's nonlinear integral with compensatory effect (VYA/CE), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO). The findings of the study pointed that the presence of BaO@GO had a pronounced effect on DBP's thermal degradation. This resulted in a decrease of 22% in the activation energy leading to an increase in the rate constant, and an enhancement in the heat release by 730 J/g. Nevertheless, a slight influence of the addition of BaO@GO nanocomposite on the critical ignition temperature was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse applications of metal oxide-biopolymer matrix as a nanocomposite heterogenous catalyst have caused many researches to scrutinize the potential of this framework. In this study, a novel hybrid barium oxide-chitosan nanocomposite was synthesized through a facile and cost-effective co-precipitation method by doping barium oxide nanoparticles within the chitosan matrix at a weight percentage of 20 wt.% BaO-chitosan. A thin film of the novel hybrid material was produced by casting the nanocomposite solution in a petri dish. Several instrumental methods, including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were used to analyze and characterize the structure of the BaO-CS nanocomposite. The chemical interaction with barium oxide molecules resulted in a noticeable displacement of the most significant chitosan-specific peaks in the FTIR spectra. When the surface morphology of SEM graphs was analyzed, a dramatic morphological change in the chitosan surface was also discovered; this morphological change can be attributed to the surface adsorption of BaO molecules. Additionally, the patterns of the XRD demonstrated that the crystallinity of the material, chitosan, appears to be enhanced upon interaction with barium oxide molecules with the active sites, OH and NH2 groups, along the chitosan backbone. The prepared BaO-CS nanocomposite can be used successfully as an effective heterogenous recyclable catalyst for the reaction of N,N′-(alkane-diyl)bis(2-chloroacetamide) with 2-(arylidinehydrazine)-1-carbothioamide as a novel synthetic approach to prepare 2-hydrazonothiazol-4(5H)-ones. This new method provides a number of benefits, including quick and permissive reaction conditions, better reaction yields, and sustainable catalysts for multiple uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to biosynthesize Barium oxide nanoparticles (BaONPs) for biomedical applications, using Spirogyra hyalina as a stabilizing and reducing agent. UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to physiochemically characterize the barium oxide nanoparticles, while antibacterial, minimum inhibitory concentration, antifungal, free radicle scavenging, and anti-inflammatory assay were performed to assess the therapeutic potential of the synthesized BaONPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed bands at 615 and 692 cm−1 that corresponded to the formation of BaONPs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the spherical and flower-shaped morphology of BaONPs having an average diameter of 64.01 ± 2.0 nm. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial growth was halted by the barium nanoparticles, demonstrating their efficacy up to 19.12 ± 0.31 mm against E. coli, 18.83 ± 0.44 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, 17.31 ± 0.59 mm against P. aeruginosa, 16.56 ± 0.37 mm against S. aureus, and 15.75 ± 0.38 mm against S. epidermidis, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 9.0, 6.3, 5.5, 4.5, and 2.0 µg/mL for S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli, respectively. BaONPs were not that effective against fungal strains such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium proliferatum. The BaONPs exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity through inhibiting cyclooxygenases type 1 (43.12 ± 1.21%) and 2 (41.23 ± 1.56%), and DPPH free radicles up to 43.52 ± 0.29% at 400 µg/mL. In conclusion, the biomolecules derived from Spirogyra hyalina have demonstrated remarkable ability to generate stable nanoparticles, offering promising prospects for their utilization as therapeutic agents and coating materials in various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing glass with excellent acid resistance is a prerequisite for developing high-performance terminal electrode pastes. Herein, we fabricated Y 2 O 3 doped BaO–B 2 O 3 –SiO 2 glass with excellent anti-sulfuric acid corrosion properties. The anti-corrosion mechanism of glass in acid environment was investigated by spectra and microstructure analysis. The passivating gel layer with a porous structure was formed on the glass surface during the corrosion process. The average pore diameter of the porous gel could be reduced by increasing the content of Y 2 O 3. The smaller pore size of the porous gel would considerably increase the collision frequency between solvent molecules and the pore wall, which could effectively inhibit the ion migration in the gel layer, reduce the corrosion rate, and improve the acid resistance of the glass. This study contributes to the understanding of the corrosion mechanism of the glass and provides theoretical guidance for rationally designing anti-acid corrosion glass for terminal electrode pastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical recycling is a method to close the recycling loop for polymers. This is particularly applicable for polystyrene (PS), where the monomer styrene is directly formed by depolymerization and subsequently utilized for the production of new PS. However, some waste sources contain critical additives as legacies, such as brominated flame retardants. There is a profound need to remove these substances from the material, as current thresholds do not allow such additives above certain limits in new products. In this work we present the beneficial use of basic oxides during the thermal depolymerization of a mixture of PS and 1,2,5,6,9,10‐hexabromocyclododecane. It was demonstrated that especially barium oxide and calcium oxide allowed the reduction of bromine up to 96 % in the crude styrene oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although barium(II) ions play an important role in the natural weathering of the mineral uraninite (UO2+x) and are expected to therefore do the same for spent nuclear fuel in geological disposal, the detailed structural understanding of this role is rather limited. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterisation of two new uranium oxide hydrate (UOH) phases with barium(II) ions, a layer-structured UOH-Ba1 constructed with undulating uranyl oxide hydroxide layers incorporating hydrated interlayer barium(II) ions; and UOH-Ba2 forming a complex three-dimensional structure by linking six different types of uranium polyhedrons with barium(II) ions located in the narrow channels. Both crystal structures were revealed using synchrotron single crystal X-ray diffraction and confirmed with powder X-ray or electron diffractions. While vibrational modes were elucidated by Raman, electronic structures and the presence of pentavalent uranium were investigated using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. This work has provided insights into the complexity of uranium crystal chemistry in the presence of barium(II) ions and has implications to both uranium geochemistry in terms of the natural weathering of uraninite and the disposal of spent nuclear fuel in the underground repository. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the impact of micro- and nano-sized barium oxide addition on the radiation-shielding properties of red clay tiles mixed with waste marble and different sizes of BaO (micro- or nanoparticles) for comparative analysis. The linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) of the prepared samples were measured using an HPGe detector between 0.060 and 1.333 MeV. Moreover, a comparison was made between the experimental micro-composites and values obtained by Phy-X software. The results revealed that the red clay/waste marble tile composites doped with nano-sized BaO demonstrated superior radiation-shielding properties compared to those doped with micro-sized BaO. At 1.33 MeV, WR-20mBaO (containing 20 wt % micro-sized BaO) and WR-20nBaO (containing 20 wt % nano-sized BaO) exhibited HVL values of 4.75 cm and 4.25 cm, respectively. The lower HVL value of WR-20nBaO indicates superior radiation-shielding performance, highlighting the potential benefits of using nano-sized BaO as a radiation-shielding additive. Our findings also demonstrated that increasing the amount of BaO deposited onto red clay mixed-waste marble resulted in improved radiation-shielding properties. Our study demonstrates that adjusting the concentration of BaO is a viable strategy for enhancing the radiation attenuation properties of red clay tiles. In addition, the addition of waste marble to the tiles enhances its mechanical properties, and it is also positively recycled in community service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]