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Copyright of e-Education Research is the property of Northwest Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) significantly impacts young and middle-aged adults, with steroid use implicated in many cases. Traditional treatments have limited efficacy, prompting a shift towards innovative approaches, such as stem cell therapy, offering less invasive regenerative solutions. Methods: Using bibliometric analysis from 1997 to 2023, we identified 392 articles on stem cell therapy for ONFH from the Web of Science Core Collection and analysed them using VOSviewer and CiteSpace to identify key trends and research directions. Results: From 1997 to 2023, stem cell therapy for ONFH research expanded significantly, with 392 articles evidencing global collaboration, particularly from China, the United States and South Korea. The field is characterised by 158 core authors across 26 clusters and contributions from 417 institutions in 104 research clusters, with Shanghai Jiao Tong University as a notable leader. This research is disseminated through 23 journal clusters, emphasising interdisciplinary work, with Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research among the most influential journals. Key findings include the identification of the most influential papers, highlighting advances, such as use of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and innovative delivery mechanisms. High-frequency keyword analysis further mapped the evolution of the field, from basic mechanisms to advanced therapies, underscoring a trend towards more targeted stem cell treatments for ONFH. Conclusion: Stem cell therapy for ONFH has advanced significantly, showcasing a successful transition from basic research to clinical practice, particularly highlighted by developments in use of autologous MSCs and delivery methods. Future research will focus on refining therapies through exosome technology, targeted modulation of stress and inflammation and integration with surgical techniques, with the aim of tailored patient care and improved ONFH outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the over 80 years since androgens were found to play a pivotal role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been a cornerstone in treating advanced PCa. Castration‐resistant PCa persists, however, with some of these tumors evolving to androgen receptor (AR)‐independent forms like neuroendocrine PCa. The development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to PCa is therefore crucial. This review provides an overview of recent basic research in PCa, focusing on two main areas: PCa cells and their tumor microenvironments. The first section describes current knowledge on the intricate mechanisms of AR signaling pathways, emphasizing the roles of coactivators and chromatin state alterations in gene regulation. Genomic analyses have revealed recurrent mutations and copy number alterations critical for precision medicine. Liquid biopsy has become a promising tool for real‐time tumor monitoring, identifying genetic alterations in circulating‐tumor DNA or extracellular vesicles. The second section describes the tumor microenvironment of PCa, highlighting its immunosuppressive landscape and the potential of combining ADT with immunotherapy. Advanced techniques, including single‐cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics offer insights into cellular heterogeneity and interactions within the tumor microenvironment, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies. Integration of these diverse research areas will provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future directions of PCa research, underscoring the importance of personalized medicine and the dynamic nature of cancer treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary translational and clinical research advances in psoriatic disease (PsD) were highlighted at the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) 2023 annual meeting basic science workshop. This year’s workshop focused on key topics, including the significance of the annual GRAPPA meetings as a platform for collaboration and knowledge exchange. Discussions centered around expanding our understanding of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) treatment in PsD and enhancing early detection strategies for PsD comorbidities, specifically for the timely intervention and management of cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities. Insights on the role of the C-C chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6) in PsD and psoriatic arthritis were provided, suggesting that blockade of CCR6 can reduce psoriasis-like dermatitis and joint inflammation in mouse models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1990, China has made considerable progress in resolving the problem of "treatment difficulty" of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The prevalent unhealthy lifestyle among Chinese residents has exposed a massive proportion of the population to CVD risk factors, and this situation is further worsened due to the accelerated aging population in China. CVD remains one of the greatest threats to the health of Chinese residents. In terms of the proportions of disease mortality among urban and rural residents in China, CVD has persistently ranked first. In 2021, CVD accounted for 48.98% and 47.35% of deaths in rural and urban areas, respectively. Two out of every five deaths can be attributed to CVD. To implement a national policy "focusing on the primary health institute and emphasizing prevention" and truly achieve a shift of CVD prevention and treatment from hospitals to communities, the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases has organized experts from relevant fields across China to compile the "Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China" annually since 2005. The 2024 report is established based on representative, published, and high-quality big-data research results from cross-sectional and cohort population epidemiological surveys, randomized controlled clinical trials, large sample registry studies, and typical community prevention and treatment cases, along with data from some projects undertaken by the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases. These firsthand data not only enrich the content of the current report but also provide a more timely and comprehensive reflection of the status of CVD prevention and treatment in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the capability of determining the mixed chemical composition of urinary stones using spectral imaging properties of Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) Gemstone Spectral Imaging (GSI) software. Material and Methods: Twenty-six single and 24 mixed composition ex vivo urinary stones with known chemical composition determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) prior to this project were scanned with DECT imaging and GSI in vitro. The major components of the stones included Uric Acid (UA), Calcium Oxalate (CaOx), Calcium Phosphate (CaP), Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP), and Cystine (Cys). A histogram to display the distribution of the effective atomic number (Z-eff) of each pixel of the tested area, spectral curve (40– 140 keV, with 10 keV interval) and Hounsfield Units (HU) of each stone scanned was provided with analysis of monochromatic images at 140 keV in the axial plane. Results: The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of DECT for identifying major stone composition were 0.802, 0.831, and 0.807, respectively, with a 95% confidence interval. Accuracy was 100% for identifying UA and Cys stones. Conclusion: DECT is a superior imaging modality when compared to low dose computed tomography kidney ureter bladder scans. It allows for improved characterization of major components of urinary stones, in an accurate, non-invasive approach to pre-treatment. This can translate to urologists having greater confidence in determining patient suitability for medical or surgical management of their renal stones, in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThere is little knowledge about the histological organization of facial and costal cartilages in terms of matrix structure and cell morphology. Second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging is a nonlinear imaging technique that capitalizes on signal generation from highly ordered macromolecules such as collagen fibers. The purpose of this study was to use SHG microscopy to image collagen extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, chondrocyte size, and density of these cartilages.Study designExperimental.MethodsSurgical remnants of septal, lower lateral, rib, and auricular cartilages were collected following surgery, sectioned into 0.5-1 mm thick samples and fixed to facilitate batch process imaging. A Leica TCS SP8 MP Microscope and multiphoton laser were used to image the specimens. Images were analyzed for cell size, cell density, and collagen fiber directionality patterns using ImageJ.ResultsSHG images of septal specimens show mesh-like structure of the ECM. There appears to be a superficial layer, characterized by flattened lacunae and middle zone, marked by circular lacunae clusters, similar to what is observed in articular cartilage. The structure of the ECM depicts a visible orientation perpendicular to the surface of the perichondrium. Cell size and density analysis through ImageJ suggests variety across cartilage types. Directionality analysis indicates that the collagen in the ECM displays preferred direction.ConclusionThis study establishes clear extracellular models of facial and costal cartilages. Limitations include heterogeneous cartilage thickness due to processing difficulties. Further studies include automating the cutting process to increase uniformity of tissue thickness and increasing sample size to further validate results.Level of evidence2 Laryngoscope, 133:3370-3377, 2023.

Abstract Background Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) significantly impacts young and middle-aged adults, with steroid use implicated in many cases. Traditional treatments have limited efficacy, prompting a shift towards innovative approaches, such as stem cell therapy, offering less invasive regenerative solutions. Methods Using bibliometric analysis from 1997 to 2023, we identified 392 articles on stem cell therapy for ONFH from the Web of Science Core Collection and analysed them using VOSviewer and CiteSpace to identify key trends and research directions. Results From 1997 to 2023, stem cell therapy for ONFH research expanded significantly, with 392 articles evidencing global collaboration, particularly from China, the United States and South Korea. The field is characterised by 158 core authors across 26 clusters and contributions from 417 institutions in 104 research clusters, with Shanghai Jiao Tong University as a notable leader. This research is disseminated through 23 journal clusters, emphasising interdisciplinary work, with Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research among the most influential journals. Key findings include the identification of the most influential papers, highlighting advances, such as use of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and innovative delivery mechanisms. High-frequency keyword analysis further mapped the evolution of the field, from basic mechanisms to advanced therapies, underscoring a trend towards more targeted stem cell treatments for ONFH. Conclusion Stem cell therapy for ONFH has advanced significantly, showcasing a successful transition from basic research to clinical practice, particularly highlighted by developments in use of autologous MSCs and delivery methods. Future research will focus on refining therapies through exosome technology, targeted modulation of stress and inflammation and integration with surgical techniques, with the aim of tailored patient care and improved ONFH outcomes.

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in China is on the rise. It is estimated that there are 330 million people with CVD, including 13 million cases of stroke, 11.39 million cases of coronary heart disease (CHD), 8.9 million cases of heart failure (HF), 5 million cases of pulmonary heart disease, 4.87 million atrial fibrillation, 2.5 million cases of rheumatic heart disease, 2 million cases of congenital heart disease, 45.3 million cases of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and 245 million cases of hypertension. In 2021, the total number of discharges of patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China was 27 649 800, accounting for 15.36% of the total number of discharges (including all inpatient diseases) in the same period, including 14 872 300 CVDs, accounting for 8.26%, and 12 777 500 cerebrovascular diseases, accounting for 7.10%. The economic burden of CVD on residents and society still increases, and the inflection point of CVD prevention and treatment has not yet arrived.

To formally understand cyclicity in innovation and to tie to Schumpeter's idea about waves of creative destruction, we elaborate upon Thomas Kuhn's (1962) hypothesis that science evolves through a succession of paradigm life cycles by noting that entrepreneurs recognize the profitability of new scientific theories through a delay. The delay from innovation to entrepreneurship may be due to technological inertia, the time taken in recognizing the applications of basic research, or related to how quickly technological change evolves over time and its returns are realized. In our model, a profit-maximizing entrepreneur uses the latest scientific knowledge to create innovative technologies, which generates cycles between science and innovation. The necessary conditions for the existence of cycles are that human capital employed in science creation and high valued innovations is high, and the interest rate is low. The findings also tie to the notion about the variability of innovation over the business cycle and can provide useful inputs into the formulation of more effective technology policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question of how basic research and applied research independently and interdependently affect technology transfer performance. Using the data of 673 universities in mainland China over 2008-2017, we verify that basic and applied research are critical antecedents of university technology transfer. This study further explores whether the interdependent effect of these two types of research on technology transfer performance is synergistic or antagonistic, and finds empirical support for the antagonistic view. Additionally, university-industry connections and the diversity of disciplines are considered as heterogeneity factors that influence the effectiveness of reconciling the two types of research to enhance technology transfer performance. Our empirical results indicate that science parks can alleviate the antagonistic joint influence of basic and applied research on technology transfer performance. Inconsistent with our prediction, no significant disparities exist between comprehensive universities and non-comprehensive ones in this joint influence. This paper contributes to the literature on university technology transfer within the Triple Helix framework by sheding light on the pressures behind reconciling the excellence in basic research and the pursuit of practical application of research outputs during the process of advancing university technology transfer in the context of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of society's most pressing challenges in the twenty-first century is that of climate change. In fact, climate change is seen as the most defining issue of our time as we are witness to an anthropogenic perturbation in geology and earth sciences of global scale. To move forward in this new era, solutions will be sought to both mitigate the effects of climate change (e.g., reduce greenhouse gasses) as well as adapt and build resilience (e.g., improve infrastructure and agriculture to resist damage from extreme weather or floods). The immediacy of the needed solutions dictates that the response must use the full force of society's current knowledge base, science, technology, and innovation. Nanotechnology, an enabling technology that has matured over the past few decades and now considered for general-purpose and mass use, is ideal for addressing climate change and its impacts. To position nanotechnology to address such complex challenges, this Perspective integrates collective insights from a broad range of viewpoints and presents recommendations for how research can be motivated and scoped, organized, and implemented to achieve beneficial outcomes and innovations in the most efficient ways. While this Perspective was created with a focus on the research landscape within the United States, the findings are also relevant in other international contexts. Research that can effectively advance nanotechnology solutions will be use-inspired basic research, incorporate systems-level thinking, apply a convergence research approach, engage stakeholders, and require advanced nanotechnology infrastructure. By illuminating this compelling and complex research topic, this Perspective aims to direct, inform, and accelerate needed actions in the research community to advance nanotechnology solutions for addressing climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

烟雾病是一种病因不明的慢性进展性脑血管疾病，高发于东亚人群的儿童和青壮年。近20年来，烟雾病的基础和临床研究飞速发展，取得了以易感基因研究为代表的一系列突破性进展。然而，在取得进步的同时也面临着诸多问题与挑战：基因检测是否必要？儿童和成人烟雾病的差异在哪里？无症状患者是真的无症状吗？烟雾病和烟雾综合征是否能明确区分？出血型烟雾病患者能否从手术中获益?一系列问题依旧给临床上带来困惑。未来研究者需要通过开展一系列高质量的基础和临床研究来驱散烟雾病诊疗中的“迷雾”。 Abstract: Moyamoya disease is a chronic progressive cerebrovascular disease of unknown etiology, which is most prevalent in children and young adults in East Asia. Over the past two decades, there have been rapid advancements in basic and clinical research on Moyamoya disease, leading to groundbreaking developments, particularly in susceptible gene studies. However, while progress has been made, there are still many problems and challenges. Is genetic testing necessary? What are the differences between Moyamoya disease in children and adults? Are asymptomatic patients truly asymptomatic? Can Moyamoya disease be clearly distinguished from Moyamoya syndrome? Can patients with hemorrhagic Moyamoya disease benefit from surgery? A series of questions continue to perplex clinicians in the field. In the future, researchers need to conduct high-quality basic and clinical research to dispel the “fog” surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of Moyamoya disease.

Background and purpose: In 2016 the National Cancer Institute (NCI) decided stopping to use NCI-60 cell lines for drug screening, suggesting that tumor cell lines were losing their value as a tool for drug discovery and basic research. The reason for NCI-60 cells 'retirement' was that the preclinical studies based on traditional cellular and animal models did not obtain the corresponding expected efficacy in clinical trials. Since the major cancer behaviors, such as proliferation and metastasis, are fundamentally altered with long-term culture, the tumor cell lines are not representative of the characteristics of cancer in patients. Currently, scientists hope to create a new cancer model that are derived from fresh patient samples and tagged with details about their clinical past. Our purpose was to create patient-derived breast cancer primary cell lines as new cancer model for drug screening and basic research. Methods: Breast cancer tissues were collected in the Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University. The collection of tumor tissue samples was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University (approval number: 2022 ethics No. 313), and the collection and use of tumor tissues complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. The primary breast cancer cell lines were isolated from the patient's breast cancer tissues and cultured in BCMI medium. After the cells proliferated, the media were replaced with DEME medium. Cell line STR genotyping was done to determine cell-specific genetic markers and identification. Clone formation assay and transplantation assay were done to analyze the ability of breast cancer primary cell lines to form tumors. Results: We created 6 primary breast cancer cell lines. The 6 primary breast cancer cell lines from the patients were tagged with the definitively clinicopathological features, clinical diagnosis, therapeutic regimens, clinical effectiveness and prognostic outcomes. The STR genotyping assays identified the genetic markers and determined the identities of the 6 primary breast cancer cell lines. Clone formation assays and transplantation assay showed that the proliferative capacities of the patient-derived primary breast cancer cell lines were significantly greater compared with the conventional breast cancer cell lines. Conclusion: We created a panel of 6 patient-derived primary breast cancer cell lines as new cancer model for drug screening and basic research in breast cancer.

Copyright of Clinical Epileptology / Zertifizierte Fortbildung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose of Review: With an aging population, extending healthy life expectancy is a global challenge. Maintaining healthy knee joint function is one of the essential factors to preserve the ability to walk and extend healthy life expectancy. Meniscus centralization was introduced in 2012 as a procedure for meniscus extrusion, one of the causes of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Initially, it was performed only for lateral meniscus (LM) extrusion, and favorable 2-year results were reported in 2016. Gradually, basic studies supporting the effectiveness of meniscus centralization have been reported, and it has also been performed for medial meniscus (MM) extrusion, with some positive results reported. Although the surgical procedures vary among the institutions, the basic concept is to reattach the loosened meniscotibial ligament to the edge of the tibial plateau to re-tension it. This review will discuss the history of development and the current status of meniscus centralization. Recent Findings: Current research shows that meniscus centralization is not performed in isolation but is often used as an augmentation along with the conventional repair of meniscus injuries, particularly posterior root tears. Biomechanical studies demonstrated that MM centralization with a posteromedial anchor can better restore meniscus function. Conclusion: Despite its relatively short publication history of just over ten years, meniscus centralization has shown potential as a treatment to curb the progression of knee OA and extend a healthy life. While more evidence is needed, this conclusion underscores the promising role for meniscus centralization, making it a topic of significant interest for knee surgeons and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is in a critical period of promoting high-quality development and advancing Chinese modernization. This paper attempts to clarify the relationship between innovation and new-quality productivity and provide a potential development direction for China to lead a modernized industrial system by developing new-quality productivity through innovation. The study proposes that the development of new quality productivity through innovation requires serious consideration from three dimensions. First, it is important to figure out where new technologies come from. Second, it is essential to investigate where new industries come from. Third, a feasible solution has to be formulated based on China's reality. The key to cultivating original emerging technologies lies in promoting the trinity of basic scientific research, applied technology, and financial services. In addition, creating an open talent environment, shaping a market of ideas for the exchange and collision of different civilizations, and creating a good business environment to provide the soil for the birth of 0-1 original ideas and technologies are necessary. From the industrial development perspective, both upgrading traditional industries and cultivating new industries are the new versions of industry development. The key to the development of new industries lies in the establishment of the core position of enterprise-led transformation of applied technology. To promote the development of new-quality productivity through innovation, China can stimulate a "three-in-one" innovation model of basic scientific research, applied technology transformation and financial services, adhering to an open environment, promoting integrated regional integration and development, and fostering a cultural middle class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Stroke is the property of Chinese Journal of Stroke Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Stroke is a primary cause of noncommunicable disease-related death and disability worldwide. The most common form, ischemic stroke, is increasing in incidence resulting in a significant burden on patients and society. Urgent action is thus needed to address preventable risk factors and improve treatment methods. This review examines emerging technologies used in the management of ischemic stroke, including neuroimaging, regenerative medicine, biology, and nanomedicine, highlighting their benefits, clinical applications, and limitations. Additionally, we suggest strategies for technological development for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supporting the basic research or using the results of the ones have been carried out in other countries (especially developed ones), as well as the manner and the extent of support in such a way that it has the greatest socio-economic effects, has always been one of the concerns of science policymakers. Although many of the researches conducted in Iran universities are basic ones, there is no independent institution to direct and support this type of researches. Given that the most relevant institution for supporting basic research in Iran is the National Science Foundation of Iran, the study of the issues related to supporting basic research in this institution has been considered to answer the research question. In this research, with the aim of achieving a policy model for the development and support of basic research in Iran, a qualitative research method with an exploratory strategy was used, and a semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. In addition, data triangulation and researcher triangulation have been used to ensure the validity of the research. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 13 experts, scientific policy and a number of university faculty members. Based on the analysis, the policy model for the development of basic research in Iran includes components such as determining the topic, variety of programs, evaluation system, incentive system and applicability of the research results. It is also suggested to consider a competitive grant system to support basic research; both the priorities of the policy maker and the preferences of the researchers should be considered in choosing and supporting the projects; and while enhancing the peer review system, new methods and technologies should be employed to evaluate projects, proposals, and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite progression in advanced treatments for malignant tumors, surgery remains the primary treatment intervention, which removes a large portion of firm tumor tissues; however, the postoperative phase poses a possible risk for provincial tumor recurrence and metastasis. Consequently, the prevention of tumor recurrence and metastasis has attracted research attention. In this review, we summarized the postoperative treatment strategies for various tumors from both basic research and clinical perspectives. We delineated the underlying factors contributing to the recurrence of malignant tumors with a substantial prevalence rate, related molecular mechanisms of tumor recurrence post‐surgery, and related means of monitoring recurrence and metastasis after surgery. Furthermore, we described relevant therapeutic approaches for postoperative tumor recurrence, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and photodynamic therapy. This review focused on the emerging technologies used for postoperative tumor treatment in recent years in terms of functional classification, including the prevention of postoperative tumor recurrence, functional reconstruction, and monitoring of recurrence. Finally, we discussed the future development and deficiencies of postoperative tumor therapy. To understand postoperative treatment strategies for tumors from clinical treatment and basic research and further guide the research directions for postoperative tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three senior figures at the US National Institutes of Health explain why the agency remains committed to supporting basic science and research.

The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding (a main driver for scientific research) and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics, chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.

Objective. Basic and translational research in pediatric cancer are essential to improve patient care. To critically assess the developments achieved in these areas in Latin America, we systematically reviewed information published between 2013 and 2023. Methods. Studies of basic and translational research performed by investigators in Latin America evaluating pediatric malignant solid and central nervous system tumors were retrieved from PubMed. Original articles published in English between 2013 and 2023 were included. Collaborations among Latin American authors or among Latin American authors working with researchers from other continents were also included. Studies were excluded if they focused only on adults or on basic research in tumor biology not specifically related to the tumor types analyzed in this review. Results. A total of 550 articles were retrieved, but after removal of duplicates, 514 articles were included in the analysis, the majority of which were authored by researchers affiliated with institutions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. These countries also had the highest number of collaborations on original articles published with authors from Europe and North America. Argentina had the highest number of collaborations on original publications, with coauthors from Brazil and Uruguay. The median impact factor of the 244 journals in which articles were published was 3.5. The most commonly studied tumors were osteosarcomas, neuroblastomas and medulloblastomas; the most commonly studied areas were molecular analysis, tumor cell biology and biomarkers. Conclusions. In Latin America, research in pediatric oncology is on the agenda, despite a notable disparity in publication rates and frequency of collaboration between countries. There is a need to strengthen scientific collaboration within Latin America and with countries from other continents to promote research and to develop novel treatment strategies that reflect the local needs of children in Latin America who have solid tumors and brain cancer.

Shi-hao Zhao,1 Wen-hui Wang,1 Yu-cong Liang,1 Kai-xin Zhang,1 Kuan Chen,1 Hong-ling Wang,2 Xiang-qi Wang2 1Acupuncture and Moxibustion Massage College, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Oncology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiang-qi Wang, Email wangxiangqi777@163.comAbstract: Baihe Gujin decoction is one of the most commonly used decoction in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of lung cancer. It can nourish yin and moisten the lung as well as prevent phlegm from forming and stop coughing. On the one hand, Baihe Gujin decoction is characterized with extensive application, proven efficacy, a long history, and high safety. On the other hand, Baihe Gujin decoction can induce apoptosis of tumor cells, improve immune function and inhibit inflammation. The main anti-tumor components of this include kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, glycyrrhizin and β-sitosterol. Clinically, Baihe Gujin decoction can improve the adverse reactions caused by radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy for lung cancer, enhance the quality of life of patients, and prolong their survival time. At present, there are a large number of clinical and basic researches on the treatment of lung cancer with Baihe Gujin decoction. In this paper, we mainly discussed the treatment of lung cancer with Baihe Gujin decoction through analyzing basic and clinical researches at home and abroad in the past 20 years. Through the discussion, we aimed to probe deeper into Baihe Gujin decoction for the treatment of lung cancer, thereby providing a broader idea for clinical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.Keywords: Baihe Gujin decoction, lung cancer, traditional Chinese medicine, basic research, clinical study

Neuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biomedical science that emerges from the intersection of studies on the nervous system and the immune system. The complex interplay between the two systems has long been recognized. Research efforts directed at the underlying functional interface and associated pathophysiology, however, have garnered attention only in recent decades. In this narrative review, we highlight significant advances in research on neuroimmune interplay and modulation. A particular focus is on early- and middle-career neuroimmunologists in China and their achievements in frontier areas of ''neuroimmune interface'', ''neuro-endocrine-immune network and modulation'', ''neuroimmune interactions in diseases'', ''meningeal lymphatic and glymphatic systems in health and disease'', and ''tools and methodologies in neuroimmunology research''. Key scientific questions and future directions for potential breakthroughs in neuroimmunology research are proposed.

AbstractEconomic growth continues to be a crucial determinant of the achievement of socioeconomic goals. Therefore, the observed declines in economic growth and productivity levels over the last few decades have been a cause for concern, and this has reignited the discussion on the importance of intangible sources of economic growth and productivity such as intellectual property, research, technology, software and human capital. This study investigates the effect of knowledge creation through basic research (article publications) on economic growth for 130 countries from 1995 to 2020 using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression. The results of the study show that knowledge creation is positively associated with economic growth and these results are robust to various sensitivity tests. However, the impact of publications is larger for developed countries which can be explained by the large number of publications relative to emerging and developing countries. Moreover, publications in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics fields have a larger effect on economic growth. The study recommends increased investments in basic research in order to promote knowledge creation particularly in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics fields in developing and emerging economies.

The scientific work, which was carried out within the framework of the topic of fundamental research "Legal mechanisms of the new research infrastructure" (Research and Development Center of UkrINTEI № 0121U113768), reflects legislative changes in the system of priority areas in the fields of scientific, scientific and technical and innovative activities on the basis of the analyzed current regulatory legal acts in this area (laws of Ukraine "On Scientific and Scientific and Technical Activities", "On Innovative Activities", "On Priority Areas of Development of Science and Technology", "On Priority Areas of Innovative Activities"). The article indicates that given the conditions of martial law and the need to consolidate efforts to maintain an appropriate level of development of scientific activity and high-quality research, to ensure economic reconstruction and its development in an innovative way, it is unacceptable to have legislative inconsistencies and gaps in these areas. In today's realities, attention should be focused on the need and expediency of harmonizing the process of forming priority areas of science and technology and innovation with the key strategic guidelines of the EU in this area. The paper identifies cases of failure to ensure that existing topics of basic research are in line with the legislatively regulated list, due to the lack of clear priority areas that would not have a double interpretation. In particular, in support of the implementation of a unified state policy on the formation of priority areas of scientific, scientific, technical and innovation activities, the procedure for which should be directly approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, prior to the adoption of the draft Law of Ukraine "On the System of Priority Areas of Scientific, Scientific, Technical and Innovation Activities in Ukraine", it is established that it is necessary to agree on: the procedure for approving the list of priority thematic areas of scientific research and scientific and technical development; the need to take into account the integration of the national sector of scientific research and scientific and technical (experimental) developments into the global and European research space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unnatural amino acids (UAAs) have gained significant attention in protein engineering and drug development owing to their ability to introduce new chemical functionalities to proteins. In eukaryotes, genetic code expansion (GCE) enables the incorporation of UAAs and facilitates posttranscriptional modification (PTM), which is not feasible in prokaryotic systems. GCE is also a powerful tool for cell or animal imaging, the monitoring of protein interactions in target cells, drug development, and switch regulation. Therefore, there is keen interest in utilizing GCE in eukaryotic systems. This review provides an overview of the application of GCE in eukaryotic systems and discusses current challenges that need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NTT's laboratories are engaged in a wide range of research and development from basic research to applications, and divided into four laboratory groups. As one of those laboratory groups, NTT Science and Core Technology Laboratory Group carries out research and development with three missions in mind: "Conduct research and development on cutting-edge technologies to expand NTT's business domains," "Create new principles and concepts that will revolutionize society," and "Research and develop technologies that are friendly to the global environment and people." We asked Akira Okada, senior vice president of R&D, head of NTT Science and Core Technology Laboratory Group, about the technology strategy of the laboratory group and his mindset as a top manager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In chronic gout patients, sodium urate is deposited in bone joints and around synovial membranes, eroding and destroying bone, leading to serious complications such as gouty arthritis and deformity. Research on the mechanisms by which sodium urate crystals erode and destroy bone can help early clinical intervention in gouty diseases and prevent and delay the complications caused by bone destruction. OBJECTIVE: To explore the destructive effects of gout crystals on bone through clinical imaging studies and experimental basic research, review the current progress and development prospects of research on the phenomenon and mechanism of bone destruction caused by gout, guide the clinical early intervention of gouty bone destruction, and guide the direction of research on the role of bone destruction. METHODS: The Chinese search terms were “gout, bone destruction, bone erosion” and the English search terms were “tophi, gout, RANKL, bone destruction, bone erosion,” which were used in the computer search of WanFang and PubMed databases. Finally, 64 articles were selected for review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The specific manifestations of clinical studies (imaging, histopathology) to some extent elaborate the osteolytic process of gout, and in basic studies, the mechanism of gout-causing bone destruction can be divided into the five aspects: (1) Sodium acid crystals have an important role in bone destruction, directly affecting osteocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts and proresorptive factors that promote bone destruction; (2) Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and other proresorptive factors are involved in bone destruction; (3) T cell-mediated cellular immunity functions as a bridge in bone destruction, and activated T cells induce osteoclast differentiation; (4) Monocytes/macrophages are not only precursors of osteoclast-like cells, but also induce the expression of proresorptive factors such as Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand; (5) Neutrophils affect the morphology of osteoclast arrangement, and neutrophil extracellular trap networks promote osteolysis by promoting osteoclast differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated whether the sheep constitutes a useful translational model to evaluate anatomical and surgical aspects of cesarean delivery (CD) from a human medical perspective with the aim of both maternal and neonatal well-being. Our hypothesis was that CD in contraction-free ewes is not associated with major complications. Primary endpoint was the transferability of anatomical conditions and surgical techniques of CD from the ewe to the human. Secondary endpoints were maternal and fetal survival, occurrence of retained fetal membranes, metritis, mastitis, or wound infections. Forty-eight Merino ewes were delivered by CD after 95% gestation (142–144 days). Both ewes and newborn lambs were cared for intensively after the delivery. Ovine uterine anatomy during CD appeared slightly different but comparable to the human uterus. Uterine incisions were mostly performed in the uterine horns, not in the uterine corpus. The ovine uterine wall is thinner than in humans. All ewes survived without any major complications. Seventy-seven (88.5%) out of 87 live-born lambs survived without any complications. The contraction-free ewe constitutes an appropriate and safe model to evaluate anatomical and surgical aspects of CD from a human medical perspective. We present a step-by-step manual for successfully planned cesarean delivery for sheep including the perioperative management illustrated with photographs and a five-minute video. With adequate planning and a reasonable number of staff, it is possible to safeguard both maternal and neonatal survival. This sustainable translational medicine model offers additional potential for the offspring to be used for further research studies (e.g., transgenerational inheritance research). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considers the ambitious tasks of China's information policy. The structure of China's research and development and its management and financing issues are considered. It is noted that, in China, enterprises are the main investors in research and innovation activities. The key information resources of China's scientific and industrial sectors are shown, as well as the basic elements of the information infrastructure of the research and industrial sector. Actual and comparative data are provided. Some significant negative factors that may impede the accelerated development of China's economy are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite progression in advanced treatments for malignant tumors, surgery remains the primary treatment intervention, which removes a large portion of firm tumor tissues; however, the postoperative phase poses a possible risk for provincial tumor recurrence and metastasis. Consequently, the prevention of tumor recurrence and metastasis has attracted research attention. In this review, we summarized the postoperative treatment strategies for various tumors from both basic research and clinical perspectives. We delineated the underlying factors contributing to the recurrence of malignant tumors with a substantial prevalence rate, related molecular mechanisms of tumor recurrence post‐surgery, and related means of monitoring recurrence and metastasis after surgery. Furthermore, we described relevant therapeutic approaches for postoperative tumor recurrence, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and photodynamic therapy. This review focused on the emerging technologies used for postoperative tumor treatment in recent years in terms of functional classification, including the prevention of postoperative tumor recurrence, functional reconstruction, and monitoring of recurrence. Finally, we discussed the future development and deficiencies of postoperative tumor therapy. To understand postoperative treatment strategies for tumors from clinical treatment and basic research and further guide the research directions for postoperative tumors.

Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant digestive tract tumor with hidden symptoms, limited treatment options and rapid progression. With an increasing incidence rate year by year, pancreatic cancer has increasingly become a prominent issue endangering public health, causing a huge social burden. Although there was no significant improvement in survival rates for pancreatic cancer patients in the past two decades, recent progress in epidemiology, basic research and clinical research of pancreatic cancer has accelerated significantly compared to the past. Some findings have already enabled a small proportion of pancreatic cancer patients to achieve better survival. This article provided a review of the significant progress made in research, diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer in 2023.

Cardio-oncology has emerged as a new cardiovascular subspecialty in the past 20 years. Older chemotherapies and radiation were known to be cardiotoxic, but the hope was that targeted therapies would reduce these toxicities. However, it was discovered that certain targeted cancer therapies, such as trastuzumab, can cause cardiomyopathy. With the increasing number of oncological therapies being introduced, cardio-oncology has become a new clinical frontier. It also offers a platform for further understanding cardiovascular diseases and developing new treatments. [Extracted from the article]

The article examines the structure and the development dynamics of actors operating within the European Funding Area (EFA), with a focus on basic research funding. Though the overwhelming part of research funding in the EFA is directed to strategic and applied research and “policy-driven”, basic research funding has received more attention during the past couple of decades, which has led to a number of changes in funding instruments, subsidy source structure, and recipient institutions. These changes are of interest in the research. It describes groups of actors involved in basic research funding and analyzes their dynamics to understand the extent to which these groups can overcome the fragmentation of the European funding landscape while continuing to support national funding systems. For a detailed study of the current “actor matrix”, the authors propose to consider them within a model that focuses on the relationship between the national funding agencies, the European Commission, and the European Research Council. The funding system in the European Union is more complex than in most nation states as it entails horizontal and vertical relationships between funding agencies. The challenge is not only to find a “modus vivendi” in order to combine financial flows, but also to overcome considerable transaction costs associated with the process of harmonization and functional division of labor.

Objective: The aim of the study was to characterize artificial stones used for research in endourology in terms of radiological properties and hardness, based on stone fragmentation, and to compare them with real stones. Materials and Methods: We built artificial stones using BegoStone Plus™ powder (BEGO, Lincoln, RI), with powder (g)–water (mL) ratios ranging from 15:03 to 15:12. The CT Gemstone Spectral Imaging Software® (GE Medical Systems, LLC, Waukesha, WI) was used to evaluate the radiological density in HU and spectral properties. Stone fragmentation was assessed in an in vitro experimental setting. These properties of artificial stones were compared with real urinary calculi. Results: Regarding radiological density in terms of HUs, 15:03 artificial calculi showed similar results when compared with real stones comprising calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The 15:03 and 15:04 artificial stones showed similar spectral property results to calcium pyrophosphate stones. The 15:11 artificial stones showed similar stone fragmentation results to real stones comprising uric acid, and 15:03 artificial calculi showed similar results to apatite and cystine stones. Conclusions: Artificial stones are useful for research in endourology. Stones with a powder (g)–water (mL) ratio of 15:03 proved to mimic real hard stones in terms of HUs, atomic number, and stone fragmentation in our study and could be used as artificial hard stones, and 15:11 stones showed similar stone fragmentation to uric acid stones. Our study might suggest that standard Bego stones are useful to investigate different areas in endourology, but not radiological properties because radiological homogeneity is not ensured unless more sophisticated mixing methods are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the major public health challenges in China. Rare cancers collectively account for a considerable proportion of all malignancies. The lack of awareness of rare cancers among healthcare professionals and the general public, the typically complex and delayed diagnosis, and limited access to clinical trials are key challenges. Recent years have witnessed an increase in funding for research related to rare cancers in China. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of rare cancers and summarize the status of research on rare cancers in China and overseas, including the trends of funding and publications. We also highlight the challenges and perspectives regarding rare cancers in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dystonia refers to a heterogeneous group of movement disorders characterized by involuntary, sustained muscle contractions leading to repetitive twisting movements and abnormal postures. Dystonia has a broad clinical spectrum and can affect different body regions, causing significant disability and reduced quality of life. Despite significant progress in understanding the disorder, many challenges in dystonia research remain. This mini-review aims to highlight the major challenges facing basic and translational research in this field, including 1) heterogeneity of the disorder, 2) limited understanding of its pathophysiology, 3) complications of using animal models, 4) lack of a framework linking genes, biochemistry, circuits, and clinical phenomenology, and 5) limited research funding. Identifying and discussing these challenges can help prioritize research efforts and resources, highlight the need for further investigation and funding, and inspire action towards addressing these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the intensity of international competition in science and technology continues to escalate, basic research has taken center stage in the strategic planning of countries worldwide. To address the challenges of the new era, major countries have evaluated the essence of basic research, as well as its positioning within national innovation systems, and are continuously explored innovative funding models. Based on monitoring and analysis of the latest policy developments in foreign basic research in 2022, and on the basis of analysis and data mining, this study comprehensively evaluates the policy trends and future directions of basic research in major countries. The aim of this study is to provide valuable reference and insights for relevant departments and institutions in formulating technology policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant digestive tract tumor with hidden symptoms, limited treatment options and rapid progression. With an increasing incidence rate year by year, pancreatic cancer has increasingly become a prominent issue endangering public health, causing a huge social burden. Although there was no significant improvement in survival rates for pancreatic cancer patients in the past two decades, recent progress in epidemiology, basic research and clinical research of pancreatic cancer has accelerated significantly compared to the past. Some findings have already enabled a small proportion of pancreatic cancer patients to achieve better survival. This article provided a review of the significant progress made in research, diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The German Society for Vascular Surgery and Vascular Medicine (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gefäßchirurgie und Gefäßmedizin, DGG) represents over 3100 members. In addition to continuing education and professional policy positioning, an important area is the promotion of research and science as well as their visibility. The DGG has set up an online-based platform on its official homepage with the primary goal of providing site-specific information on research content, equipment, and contact information of university centers for vascular surgery. With the introduction of this digital research map, the DGG has created a project that is innovative in the German-speaking environment. Initiation and implementation: In 2022, the DGG Board of Directors established the prerequisite with the necessary funding decision and commissioned the DGG Research Commission to implement the content. The commission determined which parameters should be shown on the map and surveyed them by means of standardized questionnaires at the research institutions in vascular surgery in Germany. The commission prepared the feedback for the digital presentation, web editors and web developers programmed the website including search functions, and the DGG head office entered the data. At the outset, 18 locations were mapped. The map is intended to grow to enable more research centers to submit their data. Discussion: The digital research map is the result of a dedicated collaboration between, among others, the research commission, the management, the service providers, and the board of the DGG. The aim was to create a user-friendly platform where information on the various research groups can be accessed quickly and easily. A research map is an important digitally accessible statement that underscores the self-concept of the specialty of vascular surgery with its claim to innovation and academic basis. Visibility of research activity is a relevant element of highly specialized vascular medicine. The need for digital representation of research structures in academic medicine is confirmed by comparable efforts of other scientific institutions such as the German Society for Surgery (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie, DGCH) (1) and the German Rectors' Conference (Hochschul- Rektorenkonferenz, HRK) (2) The research map of the DGG differs from the above-mentioned projects by highlighting the translational aspect. Scientific research groups are not presented as such, but rather the overall constellation of the clinical or academic university institution. Conclusion: The DGG digital research map represents a pioneering initiative to strengthen collaboration and information exchange in vascular research by providing a comprehensive overview of working groups, research topics, and equipment. The outlook for the future is promising, as the digital research map will be continuously expanded and updated to meet the needs of researchers. Likewise, it provides visibility of the research accomplishments of the vascular surgery community to students, researchers from other disciplines, journalists, industry, and interested parties from abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]