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This work aimed to collect written and electronic literature related to children under 3 years and comparison with the collected data set. Specific topics were: nutrition, vaccination, morbidity and various recommendations for this period. In the first part, a search of available domestic and foreign literature was carried out. Developmental information was collected for the toddler period. Attention was also focused on feeding children with breast milk, artificial nutrition, and the gradual introduction of all foods into the daily menu. The importance of some components of the menu was recalled. Furthermore, all mandatory vaccinations, the most common optional vaccinations, and diseases that young children often encounter were discussed in more detail. The second part was practical. The work was focused on collecting information from children's vaccination records and nutrition from their first year of life. The parents of the children were contacted directly. In some cases, information was given in the written form, more often by phone and video call. The collection was aimed at gathering information on babies born after the 38th week of pregnancy with a weight of 2,700 g or more. The study included 81 children, 44, boys and 37 girls. The age of the children at the time of data collection was between 3 and 7 years. All children completed mandatory vaccinations and a large proportion of them had also been vaccinated with some of the optional vaccines. There were more breastfed babies of both sexes. The average birth weight of breastfed girls was 3,377 g, and non-breastfed girls were 3,296 g. The average birth weight of breastfed boys was 3,488 g and of non-breastfed boys 3,305 g. The average body length at birth for breastfed girls was 50.5 cm and in non-breastfed girls and boys 49.7 cmd in breastfed boys was 50.3 cm. The selected measured data were then compared with data collected through the National Anthropological Research CAV 2001. This set was created from the values of 18,584 children aged up to 6 years.

This bachelor's thesis deals with the subject of infant and toddler nutrition. These stages of child development correspond to the period from birth to age three, and the establishment of healthy nutrition and eating habits is fundamental, because it may have a lifelong impact. The practical part of this thesis aimed to examine the compliance of parents with guidelines on breast-feeding and the introduction of complementary feeding, to determine toddlers' actual intake of calories and macronutrients, and to assess the frequency of consummation and amounts of sweet foods and drinks. Based on this data, it was tested whether the intake of calories, macronutrients and sugar had an influence on the body mass index (BMI) or weight-for-length ratio. The information was collected using a questionnaire filled by parents of 22 children hospitalized in the Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders of the First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague. The results showed that the majority of parents followed the guidelines in the length of exclusive breast-feeding and a period of introduction of complementary feeding. The dietary records revealed that almost all toddlers involved in this study had an excessive intake of proteins and sugars....

In this work, we dealt with the swimming of infants and toddlers from the age of six months within two years, and by practicing their basic swimming skills. The aim of this work was to compile educational swimming programs for three age categories of children. The first program was detailed and designed for infants aged six to nine months. Due to its scope, the second program was briefly written and was intended for infants from nine to twelve months. The third program was designed for toddlers from twelve months to two years, according to its scope is written more briefly than the first program. The main goals and ascents are listed in this swimming program.

The Bachelor thesis deals with the research issue of the possibility of leveraging free time as a part of psychomotor development of children under the age of three. Within the theoretical part the notions of leisure time, such as the importance of the influence of the family environment on the formation of the relationship to free time in the smallest children are characterised. The question of whether and how younger children actually perceive and understand free time is the starting question that has to be asked in the introducing right now. The thesis also includes a description of age periods: newborn, infant and toddler. Bachelor thesis also characterizes their sensory and psychomotor development. At the same time, these three development periods form the target groups of the practical part. Furthermore the work deals with the definition of the game and its development at different stages of the child's life. In the practical part three draft activities suitable for the adequate psychomotor development of the child in free time are processed.

This bachelor thesis deals with the topic of food allergies in infant and toddler age. Theoretical part sums up the newest information about prevelance, which is increasing and food allergies are becoming one of the disease of civilization in 21. century. Next chapter is about the basics of patophysiology and explanation of difference between IgE and non-IgE reactions. Other chapters are focused on diagnostic methods, symptoms and treatment. Next parts deal with the most common food alergens in infant and toddler age, prognosis, risk factors and prevention. The aim of the work was to find out level of parent's knowlodege about the food allergies, what is their main source of the information and incidence of food allergies in children. The select methodology of the work was questionnare survey. The results are that parents don't have enough relevant information about food allergies, they are best informed about recommended lenght of an exclusive breastfeeding and about an appropriate age for an introduction of complementary food. The information are mostly searched on the internet, less from pediatrician. It was also found there is no significant dependency of the quality of information and level of education or allergic load in family. The proportion of children with food allergies was quite high...

In the theoretical part, I concentrated on the characteristics of the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. I followed up with aerobic intestinal flora, which we establish by common cultivation. I described the course of microbiological examination and the characteristics of antibiotics from the mechanisms of their function to their side effects. The aim of my bachelor's thesis was to establish, how the intestinal microbiome is affected after the administration of the antibiotic Klacid. In collaboration with a pediatrician, 76 rectal swabs were performed on 38 toddlers, to whom Klacid was prescribed to cure a respiratory disease. Two swabs were performed; the first performed before the beginning of treatment by Klacid and the second after the conclusion of the antibiotic treatment. Both of the swabs were sent to the laboratory of Stafila k.s. for a microbiological examination of aerobic strains. The samples were inoculated and during the next days also evaluated. Using biochemical examination, further determination of the individual bacteria was performed. I acquired microbiological examination of 76 samples of bacteria. I determined that in 76% only an insignificant change in the opportunistic bacteria occurred after the antibiotic treatment; in the next 24%, there was a recess in the pathogenic flora.

The bachelor thesis focuses on changes in toddlers' intestinal microflora after antibiotics in connection to nutrition. The first aim is to inform public about the importance of healthy gut microbiota. The second aim is to determine to what extent antibiotics influence intestinal microflora. The third aim is to analyze a list of daily meals of selected toddlers with antibiotics and to propose recommendations to support the health of intestinal microflora. In the theoretical part of my bachelor thesis I focus on key information about intestinal microflora, its characteristics, abilities and benefits for human organism. I also mention effects of enviroment on microbiota, benefits of fiber as an important source of energy for bacteria and ongoing trend of antibiotics indications which have major impact on bacteria. According to my stated goals, in the practical part of my bachelor thesis I analyze stool samples from toddlers before and during antibiotic treatment, compare them and determine if the microbes changed. I simultaneously collected some lists of daily meals from toddlers' mothers and I analyze approprietness of the meals for toddlers and changes that should go along with the antibiotic therapy. I also focus on the presence of probiotic foods. This bachelor thesis can serve as an information background about antibiotic treatment. From laboratory examination we can see that the amount of aerobic bacteria in intestinal microflora changed in 15 toddlers. Altogether only 10 toddlers consumed some probiotic food at least once a day. The sufficient amount of fiber according to my estimation fulfilled 13 lists. There were 20 toddlers in total.

In the thesis on the role of special educator in the family of a child with a disability at an early age to deal with the issue of early care. Now through early care are special educator comes into direct contact with the family of a child with a disability at an early age and plays an essential role in the life of a family. The work outlines the normal development of a child at an early age, I deal with family situations in which a child is born with a disability. I clarify the concept of early care and all of what this entails. Then monitors the situation in early care services in the region Kladno, primarily services the two main providers of early intervention in this region, Kolping Family Center Smečno and help vulnerable children Rosa Kladno. The practical part is based on qualitative research methods in the form of an interview with mothers of children with disabilities using the services and facilities listed through dialogues with employees providing these services. The aim of my work is to find out what the situation is in providing early care Kladno, what are its specifics, benefits, advantages, disadvantages.

Keeping the principle rational nutrition provides us with important miconutrients and macronutrients that are essentials for the right function in of the human body. It is therefore desirable that the mother of these principles then drawing up menus for yourself, her child, and ideal for the whole family as a child in the toddler period blind to accept the eating habits of other family members and embraced by the. It is also a right way how to prevent food allergies and civilization diseases. For there to occurrence of these risk it is important that some food stuff would be implemented to the toddler´s diet in the right order from the age of six months. The principles of implementing new kind of food in to the child´s diet should be respected as well in the toddler period.

This thesis deals with the influence of drama education on the creativity of a child attending leisure facilities. The first part focuses on a brief history of drama, its components and genres. The thesis also deals with a comparison of drama and drama education, theatre education and its effects on the child's personality. It describes the personality of the teacher of leisure facilities, parent and child. The practical part is focused on one of the activities practised at the Children and Youth Centre in Jindřichův Hradec - Baby Club. Baby Club focuses on activities for parents and toddlers and preschool children and allows them to productively spend their leisure time together. The thesis further describes some of the activities and their impact on children, parents and teacher. The emphasis is given on the importance of all leisure facilities and activities that support children's creativity and shape their personality

I focuse my dissertation on the differences in the behaviour of the child in a family and nursery. In the theoretical part is devoted to the definition of family, its development, function and the present form of the family. Another important part of the work is the study of peculiarities of children under the age of three from the perspective of ontogenetic psychology and get information about possibilities of day care for children under three years. For practical part is main case study of the observed child, wich was created by long- term observation and interview with mother. To compare was used the observation in nursery. I focused primarily on the self-care, communication and social sphere. Key words: adaptation, observation, institution, nursery, family, separation from mother, toddler

This diploma thesis The analysis of palying interactions of a child at toddler age in a nursery is divided into two parts - the theoretical part and the empirical part. The theoretical part is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter deals with the characteristics of a child at toddler age. The individual stages of child development are described here. The second chapter focuses on the child's play activities and the third characterises nursery care in the Czech Republic and abroad. The fourth chapter contains summary of the theoretical part. The survey presented in the empirical part of the thesis consists of an analysis of play interaction between two and three-year old children and their teacher in a nursery facility. The following actions of children were monitored: vocalisation, eye contact with other people and expression of emotions, motor activity, toy preference and mutual physical contact between the teacher and a child. Video records were analysed using applications V.I.P. (Video Interactive Procesor) and MS Excel. I compared not only the data of all children, but I also focused on a comparison between the boys and girls in terms of different gender. Key words: toddler, play interaction, nursery facility, nursery teacher, child development, parental care.

This thesis deals with defiance in the man´s life. The thesis is divided in three chapters, which are theoretical. First chapter delas with defiance of the general, the second chapter is devoted the defiance in toddlers and third chapter is devoted the defiance in pubescents. In the second and the third chapter is time-limited period, reasons for defiance, emotional development of the individual, development of identity and parenting styles, which can help affect child´s behavior. In the practical part are three case reports. The parents here talk about their family situation. The parents mention examples of child´s defiance, their solution, and together we determined, which of the parenting styles in theoretical part, they use. I find whether theory can be the basis for practice.

Diarrhoeal diseases in infants and toddlers represent a frequent and serious problem. A more severe course of a diarrhoeal disease and its complications lead to hospitalization of a child patient. Clinical manifestations of diarrhoeal diseases are particularly thin, watery and frequent stools. Other usual accompanying symptoms are vomiting and increased or high body temperature. In such little patients dehydration may occur within a short period of time. Severe dehydration can lead to death. Appropriate and quality nursing care is very important. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to answer the research question: What is the level of knowledge of nursing care standards in nurses dealing with infants and toddlers with diarrhoeal diseases in hospitals? The theoretical section of the bachelor thesis deals with causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, treatment and prevention of diarrhoeal disease in infants and toddlers. The most common nursing issues are also mentioned. In the study the nursing care provided through the nursing process is surveyed. The patients´ needs and their proper education are discussed. In conclusion of the study the issue of a nursing standard is analyzed. The survey was carried out using anonymous questionnaires. The respondents of the research study were nurses working on three pediatric departments and one infectious department. The obtained results are summarized in graphs and tables. The results analysis has shown that nurses involved in the survey provide a high quality and good nursing care regardless of their education and the length of experience. Furthermore, the results showed: the respondents working at a department where a nursing care standard was developed know and apply the standard and only propose to supplement this standard by the issue of oral rehydration. According to the responding nurses, the standard was not lacked in departments where it had not been developed. Based on the obtained results, nursing procedures and standards of nursing care in oral rehydration in infants and toddlers with diarrhoeal disease were worked out.