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Summary: The physical, chemical, phenolic constituents, fatty acids and mineral contents of the breads produced from wheat flour and turpentine paste at different concentrations were analysed by chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. L*, a* and b* results of the breads were equal to 49.28–74.51, 0.90–6.55 and 13.45–20.19, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid quantities of the breads prepared by adding turpentine fruit paste at different concentrations were depicted to be between 26.15 (control) and 222.66 mg GAE/100 g (20%) to 74.52 (control) and 389.29 mg/100 g (20% turpentine fruit paste), respectively. Also, antioxidant activities of breads with turpentine paste were assigned to be between 2.44 (control) and 7.29 mmol kg−1 (20% turpentine paste). Gallic acid amounts of the breads were specified to be between 3.51 (control) and 16.98 mg/100 g (20% turpentine paste). Oleic and linoleic acid values of the bread oils were depicted to be between 45.34 (control) and 53.66% (3%) to 23.66 (3%) and 26.35% (control), respectively. K, P, S, Ca and Mg were the most abundant elements of bread samples. The changes in physical, chemical, phenolic components, fatty acids and mineral contents and sensory properties of the breads produced with turpentine paste added to wheat flour at different concentrations were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rubber Industry is the property of Editorial Office of China Rubber Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two methylene blue (MB) dye adsorbents were synthesized from mangosteen peels modified by magnesium oxide and titanium dioxide called mangosteen peel doped magnesium oxide beads (MMB) and mangosteen peel doped titanium dioxide beads (MTB) to examine which material could greater adsorb MB dye. In addition, several techniques of BET, XRD, FESEM-FIB, EDX, and FT-IR were used for their characterizations. Their MB dye removal efficiencies were investigated by batch experiments, desorption experiments, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. MTB had a higher specific surface area (15.24 m2/g) and smaller pore size (1.69 nm) than MMB. The results of XRD, FESEM-FIB, EDX, and FT-IR demonstrated the successful additions of magnesium oxide and titanium dioxide into MMB and MTB because they found the specific peaks, characteristic structures, elements, and functional groups of magnesium oxide and titanium dioxide in MMB and MTB. Batch experiments showed they had high MB dye removal efficiencies of more than 97 %, and they could reuse more than three cycles. Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were good explanations for their adsorption patterns correlated to chemisorption and their mechanisms to be a chemisorption process. In addition, they were an endothermic process since their MB dye adsorptions increased with increasing temperature.

In this study, fabrication of mesoporous nanocellulose-hectorite-alginate bead (B-NcH) composites and their application for adsorption of MB from water was carried out. The synthesis of nanocellulose (NC) was conducted from mangosteen waste peel (Garcinia mangostana L.). Garcinia mangostana L. peel had 58.9 ± 0,41 % content of cellulose. NCs was successfully isolated using the acid hydrolysis method. NC from Garcinia mangostana L. peel had a diameter of 24.5 ± 0.2 nm and a length of 381.2 ± 10.4 nm. The superabsorbent was composed of nanocrystalline cellulose, mesoporous hectorite, and alginate. The functional group, phase, and morphology of composite was investigated. The composite with 5 % NC had excellent mechanical strength. The B-NcH5 showed a high adsorption capacity of methylene blue (MB), reaching 98.64 % at an adsorbent dose of 30 mg for 90 min. The presence of hectorite can increase the adsorption ability compared to NCs-alginate. The equilibrium adsorption data followed the Freundlich isotherm; however, the kinetics of adsorption showed the usefulness of adopting the PSO kinetic model. The highest adsorption capacity of B-NcH5 for MB was determined to be 57.59 mg/g. For thermodynamic studies, it was revealed that the adsorption of MB on BNcH-5 is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The removal efficiency was observed in six consecutive cycles, indicating at the favorable reusability of this adsorbent. These results validate the potential use of this B-NcH5 adsorbent for water treatment applications.

The importance of protecting valuable phenolic compounds causes the need for coatings with greater resistance, for which chemical modification is used. Encapsulation of jujube extract in sodium alginate/whey protein isolate (WPI) and modified sodium alginate/whey protein isolate beads (modified with Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA)) was studied. Total phenolic compounds of the jujube extract, some physical and structural properties of the beads were measured. The highest content of total phenol in modified beads at ambient temperature was 91.2 mg/l (first day). The highest efficiency was observed in the alginate/WPI beads stored at ambient temperature on the 14th day which was 14.91%. The hardness of the beads was also affected by the modification (from 0.99 to 1.26 N). The higher Tg which ensures higher stability in thermal procedure was revealed in the modified beads (77.23°C). FTIR revealed hydroxyl groups related to the jujube extract, gum and whey protein-induced intramolecular beta-sheets. These results are very important in the construction of protective systems and delivery of biological compounds of jujube extract for use in the production of novel functional foods and beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable, green, and safe natural biopolymer-derived materials are highly desired for the purification of pollutants, but significantly improving their performance without the introduction of additional harmful chemicals remains a huge challenge. Based on the concept of "structure optimization design", environment-friendly composite beads (named SA/PASP/RE) with excellent adsorption performance and recyclability were rationally constructed through a green ionic crosslinking route, using the completely green biopolymer sodium alginate (SA), sodium salt of polyaspartic acid (PASP), and the natural nanoclay rectorite (RE) as starting materials. The nano-layered RE was embedded in the polymer matrix to prevent the polymer chain from becoming over-entangled so that more adsorption sites inside the polymer network were exposed, which effectively improved the mass transfer efficiency of the adsorbent and the removal rate of contaminants. The composite beads embedded with 0.6% RE showed high adsorption capacities of 211.78, 197.13, and 195.69 mg/g for Pb(II) and 643.00, 577.80, and 567.10 mg/g for methylene blue (MB) in Yellow River water, Yangtze River water, and tap water, respectively. And the beads embedded with 43% RE could efficiently adsorb Pb(II) and MB with high capacities of 187.78 mg/g and 586.46 mg/g, respectively. This study provides a new route to design and develop a green, cost-effective, and efficient adsorbent for the decontamination of wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The pomelo-doped zinc oxide beads (PZB), pomelo-doped titanium dioxide beads (PTB), and pomelo-doped zinc oxide and titanium dioxide beads (PZTB) were synthesized for sorbing methylene blue (MB) dye. Their characterizations were explored by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Focus Ion Beam (FESEM-FIB), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). In addition, their sorbent efficiencies for sorbing MB dye were investigated through batch experiments, sorbent reusability studies, sorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. They were crystalline phases presenting the specific peaks of zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2). Their surfaces had lamella structures with coarse surfaces, and they also found specific structures of ZnO or TiO2 on the surfaces. Zn–O or Ti–O–Ti was also detected in PZB or PTB or, PZTB depending upon metal oxide types added into pomelo beaded sorbents. For batch experiments, they could adsorb MB dye of more than 86%, and PZTB showed the highest MB dye removal efficiency. In addition, they could be reused for more than three cycles with high MB dye sorptions of more than 72%. They corresponded to Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Moreover, the increasing temperature affected their decreasing MB dye sorptions which were exothermic processes.

The pomelo-doped zinc oxide beads (PZB), pomelo-doped titanium dioxide beads (PTB), and pomelo-doped zinc oxide and titanium dioxide beads (PZTB) were synthesized for sorbing methylene blue (MB) dye. Their characterizations were explored by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Focus Ion Beam (FESEM-FIB), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). In addition, their sorbent efficiencies for sorbing MB dye were investigated through batch experiments, sorbent reusability studies, sorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. They were crystalline phases presenting the specific peaks of zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2). Their surfaces had lamella structures with coarse surfaces, and they also found specific structures of ZnO or TiO2 on the surfaces. Zn–O or Ti–O–Ti was also detected in PZB or PTB or, PZTB depending upon metal oxide types added into pomelo beaded sorbents. For batch experiments, they could adsorb MB dye of more than 86%, and PZTB showed the highest MB dye removal efficiency. In addition, they could be reused for more than three cycles with high MB dye sorptions of more than 72%. They corresponded to Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Moreover, the increasing temperature affected their decreasing MB dye sorptions which were exothermic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on developing a new method to fabricate water super-absorbent polymer (SAP) beads via spherification and radiation-assisted polymerization. The effects of parameters such as pH, concentration of monomer, presence of cassava starch as well as radiation dose on gel fraction and swelling ratio were investigated to determine an optimum condition. Chemical and physical properties of the prepared SAP beads were characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM and UTM. Results showed that SAP beads can be successfully formulated in uniform size and shape. Swelling ratio of the fabricated SAP beads was approximately 360 g/g of their original dry weight. The formed SAP beads can undergo re-swelling for more than 5 cycles, while simultaneously being capable of maintaining their swelling ratio.

Indus Valley Civilization flourished in India and Pakistan owing to its technological advancements dating back to the 3rd millennium BC. The present paper aims to trace the emergence of pyrotechnology through documenting the industrial settlements that have been excavated in recent years, as well as locating the potential trading network for the craft items being produced at these small settlements on the outskirts of major Harappan cities such as Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and others. The paper focuses on the excavated Harappan sites with special reference to the site of Binjor - 4MSR in India's Ghaggar riverbed region. The reconstruction of kilns and furnaces based on the excavated remains was considered through the experimental study, such as wheel motion and the quantification of fuel consumption in the production of pottery, including terracotta figurines, bead and metal objects. During the research, the author has documented more than 50 furnaces, attempting to find parallels between Harappan heat treatment and modern potters and smiths located on ancient mounds. The ethnographic similarities between Harappans and the contemporary villagers who continue to inhabit the archaeological mound have been emphasised. The research also examines whether the technology utilised by the Harappans has changed or not, ranging from pottery manufacture to metal smelting, and what can be deduced from these experimental approaches to comprehend the technological prowess of their artisans.

Background and purpose: Topical antibiotic medication is an alternative method in treatment of local infections, especially osteomyelitis. Currently several biomaterials are used for this purpose. The present study focused on the fabrication and characterization of chitosan and Vancomycin (VCM)-loaded chitosan (CS)-hydroxyapatite (HA)-gelatin (G) bead in treatment of osteomyelitis. Materials and methods: CS/G/HA/VCM scaffold was prepared by cross-linking using ionotropic gelling. The morphological and mechanical properties, loading efficiency and antibacterial properties were investigated and toxicity assay of fabricated structure was also analyzed. Results: The lyophilization reduced the area, environment, and sphericity of beads. CS/G/HA/VCM structure showed smaller area (4.5 mm2) and perimeter (180 µm) compared to other structures. Suitable morphology and porosity in fabricated beads were confirmed by SEM images in CS/G/HA and CS/G structures. Reduction of strength was observed after adding VCM into fabricated structure, but this happened less in CS/G/HA/VCM structure. Release on day 14 was 58% for CS/G/HA/VCM structure. AddingVCM into CS/VCM (1.88 Mpa) and CS/G/VCM (10.46 Mpa) structures decreased the mechanical strength while it increased the mechanical strength in CS/G/HA/VCM (83.21 Mpa) structure. No toxic activity of fabricated structures was seen against NIH 3T3 cells. The results of the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus showed that chitosan beads containing VCM (CS/VCM, CS/G/VCM, CS/G/HA/VCM) could significantly inhibit the growth of S. aureus compared to the positive control (VCM 5%)(P

This article studies the discoid Didacna sp. shell beads discovered at Kaylu, a Middle Holocene burial site located in Southern Turkmenistan. Microscopic, morphometric, spectrometric, and SEM analyses were carried out on the material to identify how the beads were manufactured and used. New radiocarbon dating and bioanthropological data to age and sex the two skeletons discovered in the burials are provided. A regional synthesis shows that personal ornaments from the Caspian region were diversified through time and that a stylistic shift between the last foragers and the first farmers occurred. We also observed strong correspondences between the personal ornaments documented in the northern, eastern, and western Caspian Sea during the Neolithic, with no evidence of similar symbolic production in Northern Iran. We propose that a northern route may have allowed the diffusion of common ornamental traditions in the Caspian region to the exclusion of the southern Caspian. Alternatively, discontinuities in material culture diffusion in coastal areas could be evidence of maritime voyaging. Seafaring may have granted the fast and spatially erratic diffusion of specific bead types, people, information, knowledge, and symbols from both sides of the Caspian Sea, by long maritime voyages or by leapfrog diffusion during the Neolithic.

Renewable, green, and safe natural biopolymer-derived materials are highly desired for the purification of pollutants, but significantly improving their performance without the introduction of additional harmful chemicals remains a huge challenge. Based on the concept of “structure optimization design”, environment-friendly composite beads (named SA/PASP/RE) with excellent adsorption performance and recyclability were rationally constructed through a green ionic crosslinking route, using the completely green biopolymer sodium alginate (SA), sodium salt of polyaspartic acid (PASP), and the natural nanoclay rectorite (RE) as starting materials. The nano-layered RE was embedded in the polymer matrix to prevent the polymer chain from becoming over-entangled so that more adsorption sites inside the polymer network were exposed, which effectively improved the mass transfer efficiency of the adsorbent and the removal rate of contaminants. The composite beads embedded with 0.6% RE showed high adsorption capacities of 211.78, 197.13, and 195.69 mg/g for Pb(II) and 643.00, 577.80, and 567.10 mg/g for methylene blue (MB) in Yellow River water, Yangtze River water, and tap water, respectively. And the beads embedded with 43% RE could efficiently adsorb Pb(II) and MB with high capacities of 187.78 mg/g and 586.46 mg/g, respectively. This study provides a new route to design and develop a green, cost-effective, and efficient adsorbent for the decontamination of wastewater.

Glass made during the Romano British period was recycled throughout the Late Roman and Early Medieval periods. Studies have shown that British beadmakers of the fifth and early sixth centuries AD made a large proportion of their beads using Roman period glass (Peake, 2013). To study fully the techniques of glass workers in early Anglo-Saxon times, it is important to be sure the modern glass used to recreate ancient beads and other glass objects is similar in properties to the ancient glass used to make the originals. Glass with very different working properties could affect the techniques used. This study explains the importance of glass properties such as viscosity, temperature working range and softening point when studying ancient techniques of glass working. A quantity of Roman glass cullet, supplied by the Museum of London Archaeology, has been put to a range of tests, including beadmaking, to investigate the behaviour of the glass in the flame. The results show that the thermal expansion and viscosity of the ancient glass samples place them well within the range of modern artisan glasses used for beadmaking and glass fusing. The tests also revealed a wide variety of working properties in the samples, but the glass was all easily workable with more favourable properties than some modern glasses (See Figure 1).

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai University of Engineering Science / Shanghai Gongcheng Jishu Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Shanghai University of Engineering Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Twin tungsten electrode – wire electrode indirect arc welding (TTW IAW) was a novel welding method. In this paper, the wettability and spreading of weld bead of TTW IAW were investigated by comparing with single tungsten electrode – wire electrode indirect arc welding (STW IAW). Results showed that compared to STW IAW, TTW IAW possessed larger arc width and greater arc heat distribution range with smaller variation gradient, due to the lower velocity of charged particles toward the arc center, caused by the smaller electromagnetic force acting on the arc plasma. So did the temperature distribution of weld pool of TTW IAW. Moreover, the process stability of TTW IAW was better. Besides, at the molten pool front, the transverse convection of the melted metal of TTW IAW was adequate, because of the superior wettability and long flow duration of the melted metal; at the molten pool rear, the inward convection of the melted metal of TTW IAW was weak mainly owing to the low Marangoni force. Therefore, the weld bead width of TTW IAW increased by about 25.0% and the wetting angle of the weld bead decreased by about 25.7% compared to STW IAW, which indicated that the weld bead spreading of TTW IAW was better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothesis: Among the various pollutants found in natural water, the heavy metal arsenic is more important due to its high toxicity. One of the most efficient methods to remove this pollution from water streams is the surface adsorption method. Zeolite nanocomposites can be considered powerful among arsenic adsorbers. Powder adsorbents are not very effective in industrial systems due to the problems such as clogging of filters, high pressure drop and also the problem of separation from water.Methods: To solve this problem, zeolite nanocomposite powder was transformed into beads using the chitosan gel method in three different types of cross-linking solutions including sodium hydroxide, sodium tripolyphosphate and joint sodium hydroxide/sodium tripolyphosphate. The effect of various parameters such as the type and initial ratio of the materials on the formation of beads was investigated.Findings: The results showed that the beads formed in the sodium hydroxide+sodium tripolyphosphate cross-linking solution and the optimal initial ratio of 1:3 from chitosan to the nanocomposite have a more suitable appearance and strength and better performance in arsenic absorption. In order to confirm and justify the mentioned Findings, SEM, BET and AAS analyses were performed. Operational parameters of initial arsenic concentration and adsorbent dose which are effective on the beads’ adsorption efficiency were investigated and the optimal amount of adsorbent dose was determined as 1 g/L with an efficiency of 92.9%. In order to obtain more information about the method of adsorption and determining the maximum capacity of adsorbents, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for granular adsorbents were investigated. The highest adsorption capacity of 7450.7 mg/g was obtained and Freundlich isotherm was in better agreement with the results.

Glass beads from two maritime sites were analyzed: the Dutch East India Company vessel Rooswijk, wrecked in 1740 on Goodwin Sands off the Kent coast, UK, and an unidentified vessel known as the Bead Wreck, located off Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, in the Channel Islands. Both vessels were carrying drawn, lead glass beads, which are found mainly in 17th- and 18th-century contexts. The study demonstrates the value of analysing glass beads from wreck sites because the information has the potential to help characterize unidentified vessels and further refine bead chronologies at post-medieval archaeological sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Topical antibiotic medication is an alternative method in treatment of local infections, especially osteomyelitis. Currently several biomaterials are used for this purpose. The present study focused on the fabrication and characterization of chitosan and Vancomycin (VCM)-loaded chitosan (CS)-hydroxyapatite (HA)-gelatin (G) bead in treatment of osteomyelitis. Materials and methods: CS/G/HA/VCM scaffold was prepared by cross-linking using ionotropic gelling. The morphological and mechanical properties, loading efficiency and antibacterial properties were investigated and toxicity assay of fabricated structure was also analyzed. Results: The lyophilization reduced the area, environment, and sphericity of beads. CS/G/HA/VCM structure showed smaller area (4.5 mm2) and perimeter (180 µm) compared to other structures. Suitable morphology and porosity in fabricated beads were confirmed by SEM images in CS/G/HA and CS/G structures. Reduction of strength was observed after adding VCM into fabricated structure, but this happened less in CS/G/HA/VCM structure. Release on day 14 was 58% for CS/G/HA/VCM structure. AddingVCM into CS/VCM (1.88 Mpa) and CS/G/VCM (10.46 Mpa) structures decreased the mechanical strength while it increased the mechanical strength in CS/G/HA/VCM (83.21 Mpa) structure. No toxic activity of fabricated structures was seen against NIH 3T3 cells. The results of the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus showed that chitosan beads containing VCM (CS/VCM, CS/G/VCM, CS/G/HA/VCM) could significantly inhibit the growth of S. aureus compared to the positive control (VCM 5%)(P<0.001). onclusion: According to current study, the CS/G/HA/VCM structure can be introduced as a promising candidate in treatment of osteomyelitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This research was aimed at the fabrication of jujube extract (JE)‐loaded beads by extrusion, using whey protein isolate (WPI), chickpea protein concentrate (PPC) and a combination of two types of hydrocolloid insoluble fraction of Persian gum (IFPG) and sodium alginate (Al). RESULTS: JE‐loaded beads with the highest encapsulation efficiency (10.87%) and polyphenol content (120.8 mg L−1 gallic acid) were obtained using Al‐IFPG/PPC at 4 °C. The Al‐IFPG, Al‐IFPG/WPI and Al‐IFPG/PPC beads revealed 5.66, 6.85 and 5.76 mm bead size, respectively, and almost all of them demonstrated a homogeneous and spherical structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data proved that the stable structure of the Al‐IFPG beads was due to hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The thermostability of beads loaded with JE based on Al‐IFPG/WPI was significantly enhanced compared to pure Al‐IFPG. Texture evaluation of JE‐loaded beads based on Al‐IFPG incorporation with WPI revealed an increment in the hardness of beads. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the potential of Al‐IFPG complex beads for the effective delivery of jujube extract via incorporation into pea and whey proteins and for the expansion of its use in products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity generation using nuclear power has various advantages, such as carbon reduction, but the treatment of nuclear waste is emerging as a big issue in many countries. The development of technology that can selectively remove radionuclides from liquid radioactive waste is one of the ways to reduce nuclear waste. Here, we assessed a new way of removing radioactive cobalt from a liquid using an aptamer. Aptamers specifically binding cobalt ions were selected through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Their binding strength and stability of their complexes with cobalt were analyzed through surface plasmon resonance assay and 2D program Mfold, respectively. The optimal aptamer/bead conjugate conditions for binding cobalt were established using an FA-C1 aptamer with the strongest binding to cobalt. Under these conditions, more than 80% of radioactive cobalt was removed, and more than 99.95% of removed cobalt was recovered. These results proved that radioactive cobalt removal using this aptamer can effectively reduce liquid radioactive waste. This means that the aptamer/bead complex can be utilized to remove various radioactive metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel and eco-friendly biosorbent, regenerated silk fibroin bead (rSFB) was successfully produced and used as a low-cost adsorbent to remove silver ion from wastewater. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that rSFB could effectively remove silver ion in particular. Factors influencing the adsorption of silver ion, e.g. contact time, solution pH, and adsorbent dosage were systematically investigated. Isotherm equilibrium studies demonstrated that the silver ion adsorption process followed the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity for silver ion was estimated to be 62.50 mg/g and the removal efficiency could reach up to 98.82%. The kinetics study showed that the adsorption process followed the second-order kinetic model. The adsorbent was stable and active for up to four successive cycles. The batch experimental results suggested that rSFB could be used as an efficient adsorbent to remove silver from wastewater.

A unique methodology has been developed with the compilation of two magnets to produce the double axial magnetic field, and the effect on the arc shape and the bead characteristics in the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process have been investigated. The load-carrying capacity of the joint depends upon the bead geometry. The developed methodology is capable of altering the arc shape and consequently the bead geometry of weld as per the requirement. Experimental results show that the double axial magnetic field changes the arc shape from a conical to constricted conical. It is further observed that magnetic configurations North-South-South-North (N-S-S-N) and Zero-Zero-South-North (0-0-S-N) provided better results than other configurations. The North-South-South-North (N-S-S-N) configuration produced a minimum penetration (0.98 mm) and a maximum shape factor (7.81), along with good appearance of weld beads. This configuration is suitable for cladding and hardfacing applications. The increased penetration (3.03 mm) was achieved with the Zero-Zero-South-North (0-0-S-N) configuration compared with conventional welding (2.20 mm). Similarly, this configuration yielded a higher bead width (8.13 mm) than conventional welding (5.90 mm). This configuration is suggested for the single-pass welding operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is an evolutionary technique for conducting life science research, providing the highest genome-sale throughput and single-cell resolution and unprecedented capabilities in addressing mechanistic and operational questions. Unfortunately, the current SCS pipeline cannot be directly applied to algal research as algal cells have cell walls, which makes RNA extraction hard for the current SCS platforms. Fortunately, effective methods are available for producing algal protoplasts (cells without cell walls), which can be directly fed into current SCS pipelines. In this review, we first summarize the cell wall structure and chemical composition of algal cell walls, particularly in Chlorophyta, then summarize the advances made in preparing algal protoplasts using physical, chemical, and biological methods, followed by specific cases of algal protoplast production in some commonly used eukaryotic algae. This review provides a timely primer to those interested in applying SCS in eukaryotic algal research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stabilizer link, also known as the anti-roll bar link or anti-roll bar link, is an important component of a vehicle's suspension. It plays a major role in keeping the vehicle stable during cornering and reducing unwanted vehicle movement. The main function of the anti-roll bar is to reduce body roll during cornering, i.e. when the vehicle turns, the weight is transferred from one wheel to the other on the same axle and this can lead to body roll. The stabiliser linkage provides an inertial link between the two suspension axles and prevents lateral roll. Stopping the roll phenomenon contributes to better vehicle handling and to maintaining optimal contact of the wheels with the road surface. This paper presents studies on a stabilizer bar linkage made of a polymer often used in the automotive industry, namely acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). This research will show by finite element method the limit values supported in tension for each end with ball joints and identify the areas where concentrated loads are found. The study also uses the application of reverse engineering by scanning a stabilizer bar linkage in the vehicle suspension subassembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the demographic characteristics, foreign body (FB) types, treatment approaches and complications of pediatric patients with FB detected in the external ear canal. Methods: The files of pediatric patients who were found to have FBs in the external auditory canal by ENT specialists between December 2020 and February 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The age, gender, type of FBs, treatment methods and complications of the patients were recorded. Results: A total of 108 patients (66 male (61.1%) and 42 female (38.9%) patients) with FB detected in the external ear canal were included in the study. The patients' ages ranged from 1 to 17 years and the median age was 5.0 (4.0) years. FBs were detected in the right ear in 64 (59.3%) patients, in the left ear in 41 (38.0%) patients, and in both ears in 3 (2.8%) patients. The most common FBs were beads (31.5%), insects (9.3%), pencil tips (8.3%) and cotton (8.3%). Complications were observed in 9.3% of the cases. FBs were removed under outpatient conditions in 100 (92.6%) patients, while they were removed under general anesthesia in 8 (7.4%) patients. Conclusion: FBs in the external ear canal were frequently seen in children aged 5 years and younger. Most of the FBs consisted of inorganic materials such as beads. In order to avoid complications, especially in the presence of a round and hard FB that cannot be removed with simple applications, consultation from an ENT specialist should be requested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archaeologia Baltica is the property of Archaeologia Baltica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Structural fires globally have a catastrophic impact on loss of life, property damage, and socioeconomic factors. Forensic scientists, engineers, and/or fire investigators — often working together as fire investigation practitioners — are commonly tasked with determining both the area of fire origin and its cause. During the course of a fire investigation, a fire investigation practitioner may implement an origin determination methodology termed “arc mapping” or an “arc survey.” The correct application of an arc survey as a fire origin determination method is dependent on the fire investigation practitioner’s ability to distinguish and characterize features observed on post-fire damage electrical wiring and equipment. Experiments were conducted to generate a dataset of post-fire damaged electrical conductor artifacts. Generated artifacts were visually examined, compared, and characterized by X-ray examination. The research results produced a validated, novel, non-destructive methodology for utilizing X-ray imagery to reliably distinguish and characterize electrical conductor damage features for forensic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Early, specific, and sensitive detection methods of COVID-19 are essential for force stopping its worldwide infection. Although CT images of the lung and/or viral RNA extraction followed by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) are widely used; they have some limitations. Here, we developed a highly sensitive magnetic bead-based viral RNA extraction assay followed by rRT-PCR. Materials and Methods: Case group included oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal and blood samples from 30 patients diagnosed positive by PCR test for COVID-19 and control group included 30 same samples from COVID-19 negative PCR test individuals. RNA was extracted, using viral RNA extraction kit as well as using our hand-made capture bead-based technique. A one-step cDNA synthesis and Real Time PCR was conducted. A two-step comparison of the different viral RNA extraction methods for oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal and blood samples was performed. Student t-test was applied with a P

This study presents an innovative approach to develop and characterize an alginate sponge containing κ-carrageenan (κ-CRG) beads loaded with curcumin. The beads were fabricated using varying concentrations of κ-CRG, and their properties were extensively evaluated using inverted phase-contrast microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FTIR, swelling behavior, mass distribution, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release and kinetics of drug release. Beads formulated with specific concentrations of κ-CRG that exhibited optimal performance were then integrated into an alginate sponge matrix, which underwent similar comprehensive testing procedures as the individual beads. The characterized beads displayed a spherical morphology, a notable swelling degree of approximately 146 %, excellent mass uniformity, encapsulation efficiencies higher than 90 % and drug release rate exceeding 70 %. Moreover, the alginate sponge formulation demonstrated a satisfactory drug release profile of 67.9 ± 0.6 %. In terms of drug release kinetics, the Higuchi model was the most effective in explaining the release of curcumin from beads and sponge. These findings underscore the potential of both the beads and the sponge as effective vehicles for the controlled delivery of curcumin, positioning them as promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications across various fields. • Beads and sponge facilitate controlled curcumin delivery. • A higher concentration of κ-carrageenan exhibits better swelling properties. • High curcumin encapsulation efficiency of 90 % to 92 % was achieved. • The best release kinetics for all formulations was the Higuchi model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of modification of sodium alginate on the beads properties was investigated and compared with unmodified alginate beads. The effect of storage conditions on the shelf life of the beads was determined. The modification of sodium alginate was achieved with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of the jujube extract was evaluated. Some physical and structural properties yield and encapsulation efficiency of the beads were measured. The encapsulation yield of the beads was significantly affected by modification of sodium alginate. The highest yield was observed in the alginate stored at ambient temperature on the day 14th which was 35.21%. The average beads size of alginate was 5.10 and 4.68 mm in modified and unmodified alginate beads, respectively. Modification also had a significant effect on the hardness of the beads. Higher Tg which ensures good product stability in thermal process was clearly seen in the modified beads maintained at ambient temperature. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed the existence of OH groups in the extract-loaded beads. These findings have important implications on designing preservation and delivery systems of soluble bioactive compounds of jujube extract to apply in development of new functional foods and drinks.

This technique report describes an alternative method to stabilize surgical templates throughout full‐arch static computer‐assisted implant surgery (FA s‐CAIS). In FA s‐CAIS, remaining teeth, mucosa, existing implants, custom occlusal device, bone, or any combination thereof, could be used as an initial positioning mechanism to position surgical templates. Different anchoring mechanisms are then used to stabilize the surgical templates during surgery. In this report, a novel design of surgical templates using remaining dentition and opposing occlusal surfaces as initial positioning mechanism followed by the combination of bone block fixation screw and stainless‐steel beads as secondary anchoring mechanisms is described. The advantages, limitations, and comparisons with surgical templates using other anchoring mechanisms are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many thousands of glass beads have been excavated from Early British cemeteries of the fifth and sixth centuries AD. Amongst these beads is a type that was particularly common: decorated polychrome beads in red, yellow, and green glass in a variety of styles and combinations. Birte Brugmann, in her 2004 analysis of Saxon-period glass beads (Brugmann, 2004), named these beads “Traffic Light” (TL) beads because of the colours and drew attention to the fact that they were probably made in England as they do not appear on the continent.

In this work, a novel and eco-friendly biosorbent, regenerated silk fibroin bead (rSFB) was successfully produced and used as a low-cost adsorbent to remove silver ion from wastewater. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that rSFB could effectively remove silver ion in particular. Factors influencing the adsorption of silver ion, e.g. contact time, solution pH, and adsorbent dosage were systematically investigated. Isotherm equilibrium studies demonstrated that the silver ion adsorption process followed the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity for silver ion was estimated to be 62.50 mg/g and the removal efficiency could reach up to 98.82%. The kinetics study showed that the adsorption process followed the second-order kinetic model. The adsorbent was stable and active for up to four successive cycles. The batch experimental results suggested that rSFB could be used as an efficient adsorbent to remove silver from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human beings have created culture and civilization through the items produced by themselves in virtue of art and craft notion as well as the pre-existing substances on the earth. Bead is a small but highly active object that sheds light on the relationship between humans and matters in the prehistoric period. The earliest beads are dated to about 100.000 BCE & 75.000 BCE. It generally helps to analyze the perception of human history particularly in the interpreting of cultural development, socialization, economy and mental fields. The aim of the study is to interpret the role of materials in the construction of human identity through the beads. In our study, at first, the role of the bead in the fields of religion, language, tradition, status, gender, economy, trade, art, technology and socialization in the prehistoric period was explained, then, the contribution of the bead in the process of identity-building of the human being has been expressed. Bead is one of the oldest objects that have an influence on human identity. Beads are thought to be one of the earliest examples of jewelry. However, in addition to being a jewelry item, it has turned into an object that reveals the individual and social identities of people by carrying many abstract meanings. In this study, the literature review on the beads is examined by using a qualitative / historical approach. In addition to the literature review, the findings obtained from archaeological excavations and the different results received by the anthropologists and the archaeologists on the beads are scanned.

Lead contamination in the industrial wastewater is a major concern because of human health effects, so wastewater treatment is required before uses. Adsorption is an effective method with a reasonable cost, and natural wastes are an interesting choice as low-cost adsorbent. Lemon peels were chosen with their proper chemical properties for lead removal. This study is aimed at synthesizing lemon peel adsorbents; analyzing adsorbent characterizations; investigating affecting factors on dose, contact time, pH, and concentration; examining adsorption isotherms and kinetics; and exploring desorption experiments and fixed-bed column experiments. This study was successful synthesized adsorbents of lemon peel powder (LP) and beads (LPB) and was characterized through XRD, FESEM-FIB, EDS, BET, and FTIR. The optimum conditions of LP and LPB of 50 mg L−1 lead concentration were 4 g, 6 h, and pH 5 and 3 g, 5 h, and pH 5, respectively. Both adsorbents were corresponded to Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Fixed-bed column experiments which represented LPB had high lead removal efficiency with the adsorption capacity of 1.67 mg g−1, and it was also a good reusability more than 2 cycles. Therefore, LPB is a potential adsorbent to possibly apply for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Early, specific, and sensitive detection methods of COVID-19 are essential for force stopping its worldwide infection. Although CT images of the lung and/or viral RNA extraction followed by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) are widely used; they have some limitations. Here, we developed a highly sensitive magnetic bead-based viral RNA extraction assay followed by rRT-PCR. Materials and Methods: Case group included oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal and blood samples from 30 patients diagnosed positive by PCR test for COVID-19 and control group included 30 same samples from COVID-19 negative PCR test individuals. RNA was extracted, using viral RNA extraction kit as well as using our hand-made capture bead-based technique. A one-step cDNA synthesis and Real Time PCR was conducted. A two-step comparison of the different viral RNA extraction methods for oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal and blood samples was performed. Student t-test was applied with a P<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: In the case group, all 30 mucosal samples extracted either with viral RNA extraction kit or with beads-based assay were COVID-19 positive although in the latter category, Cqs were much lower. Although 43% of plasma samples extracted by bead-based method were found to be positive but no plasma samples extracted with column-based kit were detected positive by Real Time PCR. Conclusion: Bead-based RNA extraction method can reduce RNA loss by its single-tube performance and enhance the test sensitivity. It is also more sensitive to lower viral loads as shown in the detection of blood samples and the lower Cqs of mucosal samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The settlement of Elephantine in southern Egypt is one of the few places where a local jewellery production made from different materials can be documented. In particular, semiproducts and production waste suggest the manufacture of bracelets and beads from stone and faience from the late Old Kingdom onwards. The production waste also allows for the reconstruction of the way hippopotamus ivory was cut into bracelets. A jewellery workshop can be identified as one of the functions of a large building dating to the Thirteenth Dynasty. Here, raw materials from the surrounding desert regions, i.e., amethyst and ostrich eggshells, were processed into beads, pendants, and scarabs. Various stages of a production line show how the ostrich eggshells were made into beads. The raw material and an unfinished scarab indicate the manufacture of amethyst objects. Semiproducts in the neighbouring houses show that in that area, pendants were also cut from mother of pearl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, stability of weld morphology was investigated in case of electrolytic tough pitch copper (12 mm thickness) processed by Hot Wire Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (HW GTAW) using CuNi filler wire with variations of processing conditions, using different combination of hot wire's parameters such as feed rate and current. The assessment of weld bead geometry was performed using visual examination (during and after welding), and macrographic dimensional measurements of weld bead geometry such as depth of penetration and depth to width ratio. In addition to the stability of weld bead geometries, microstructural variations and weld quality assessments were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and micro-hardness measurements in case of processed sample observed with most uniform weld bead geometry. The results revealed that minimum dimensional variations of weld bead geometry throughout the processed length was obtained with 5.42 mm bead width, 1.2 mm bead height, 1.8 mm penetration, and 0.36 depth to width ratio when hot wire's parameters were 0.6 m/min wire feed rate and 90 amps hot wire current. The bridging mode of metal transfer helps to receive more stable weld bead geometry with minimum dimensional variations. Ni filler wire of HW GTAW improves the hardness in the Heat affected zone (70 HV0.3) and weld zone (80 HV0.3), which were 33% and 17% higher of base material. The weld zone was consisting of mixed mode of grains such as dendrites just above the fusion line and cellular grains further above dendrites in case of processed sample of minimum dimensional variations of weld bead geometry throughout the processed length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is an evolutionary technique for conducting life science research, providing the highest genome-sale throughput and single-cell resolution and unprecedented capabilities in addressing mechanistic and operational questions. Unfortunately, the current SCS pipeline cannot be directly applied to algal research as algal cells have cell walls, which makes RNA extraction hard for the current SCS platforms. Fortunately, effective methods are available for producing algal protoplasts (cells without cell walls), which can be directly fed into current SCS pipelines. In this review, we first summarize the cell wall structure and chemical composition of algal cell walls, particularly in Chlorophyta, then summarize the advances made in preparing algal protoplasts using physical, chemical, and biological methods, followed by specific cases of algal protoplast production in some commonly used eukaryotic algae. This review provides a timely primer to those interested in applying SCS in eukaryotic algal research.

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Functional nanomaterials (NM) of different size, shape, chemical composition, and surface chemistry are of increasing relevance for many key technologies of the twenty-first century. This includes polymer and silica or silica-coated nanoparticles (NP) with covalently bound surface groups, semiconductor quantum dots (QD), metal and metal oxide NP, and lanthanide-based NP with coordinatively or electrostatically bound ligands, as well as surface-coated nanostructures like micellar encapsulated NP. The surface chemistry can significantly affect the physicochemical properties of NM, their charge, their processability and performance, as well as their impact on human health and the environment. Thus, analytical methods for the characterization of NM surface chemistry regarding chemical identification, quantification, and accessibility of functional groups (FG) and surface ligands bearing such FG are of increasing importance for quality control of NM synthesis up to nanosafety. Here, we provide an overview of analytical methods for FG analysis and quantification with special emphasis on bioanalytically relevant FG broadly utilized for the covalent attachment of biomolecules like proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides and address method- and material-related challenges and limitations. Analytical techniques reviewed include electrochemical titration methods, optical assays, nuclear magnetic resonance and vibrational spectroscopy, as well as X-ray based and thermal analysis methods, covering the last 5–10 years. Criteria for method classification and evaluation include the need for a signal-generating label, provision of either the total or derivatizable number of FG, need for expensive instrumentation, and suitability for process and production control during NM synthesis and functionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confined crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was studied in electrospun core-shell nanofibers and beads, respectively, using DSC. The core-shell structure consisted of PEO core and polystyrene (PS) shell. It was observed that the morphology of PEO core changed from continuous to discrete domains when the core spinning solvent was switched from water to chloroform. This significantly influenced the crystallization behavior of PEO such that whereas the crystallization nucleation mechanism was heterogeneous for nanofibers with continuous PEO core, it became fractionated for nanofibers with discontinuous PEO core. The relaxation of the PEO domains, in the nanofibers with discontinuous core, via thermal annealing above the glass transition temperature of PS shell, markedly increased homogenous nucleation contribution in the crystallization. This plausibly was due to relaxation of PEO domains through domain breakup and coalescence process resulting in higher fraction of nanosized PEO domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]