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Copyright of General Medicine & Health Sciences / Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu is the property of Witold Chodzki Institute of Rural Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACTPersonal exposure studies suffer from uncertainty issues, largely stemming from individual behaviour uncertainties. Built on spatial-temporal exposure analysis and methods, this study proposed a novel approach to spatial-temporal modelling that incorporated behaviour classifications taking into account uncertainties, to estimate individual livestock exposure potential. The new approach was applied in a community-based research project with a Tribal community in the southwest United States to address questions on potential livestock exposure to abandoned uranium mines (AUMs). The study aimed to 1) classify Global Positioning System (GPS) data from livestock into three behaviour subgroups – grazing, travelling or resting; 2) calculate the daily cumulative exposure potential for livestock; 3) assess the performance of the computational method with and without behaviour classifications. Using Lotek Litetrack GPS collars, we collected data at a 20-min-interval for two flocks of sheep and goats during the spring and summer of 2019. Analysis and modelling of GPS data demonstrated no significant difference in individual cumulative exposure potential within each flock when animal behaviours with probability/uncertainties were considered. However, when daily cumulative exposure potential was calculated without consideration of animal behaviour or probability/uncertainties, significant differences among animals within a herd were observed, which does not match animal grazing behaviours reported by livestock owners. These results suggest that the proposed method including behaviour subgroups with probability/uncertainties more closely resembled the observed grazing behaviours. Results from the research may be used for future intervention and policy-making on remediation efforts in communities where grazing livestock may encounter environmental contaminants.

This paper deals with the issues of the analysis of the behaviour of social media users in the context of security risk reduction in the digital environment. In this respect, the subject of this paper is the behaviour of social media users (mainly millennials, from the population of university students, attending studies in the field of security) depending on the gender. The aim of the research is to identify recommendations for a safer use of social media. To this end, the research was conducted on the basis of an anonymous survey comprising 15 questions (3 of demographic and 12 questions of essential significance). The survey covered 333 university students (undergraduate and graduate students of both genders) attending study programmes in the field of security. With the use of the Mann-Whitney test, contingency tables, the Kruskal-Wallis test, as well as the Spearman's rank correlation test, it has been established that the behaviour patterns of men and women who use social media are very similar, but that there is a substantial statistical difference in certain scenarios. In addition to this, this survey has shown that, irrespective of the gender, risks of being attacked are consciously taken when sharing personal information, along with a reckless use of devices, passwords, and passcodes. By comparing the above-mentioned conclusions with the position of the general hypothesis: "There are similarities and differences between men and women in terms of the behaviour patterns on social media and in the cyberspace in general", so the conclusion is that it is verified. One of the solutions to the identified problems in the behaviour of social media users is to raise their awareness regarding the risks of doing business and/or accessing entertainment content on social media, as well as their continuous training for the purpose of protecting their own data.

Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Personal exposure studies suffer from uncertainty issues, largely stemming from individual behaviour uncertainties. Built on spatial-temporal exposure analysis and methods, this study proposed a novel approach to spatial-temporal modelling that incorporated behaviour classifications taking into account uncertainties, to estimate individual livestock exposure potential. The new approach was applied in a community-based research project with a Tribal community in the southwest United States to address questions on potential livestock exposure to abandoned uranium mines (AUMs). The study aimed to 1) classify Global Positioning System (GPS) data from livestock into three behaviour subgroups – grazing, travelling or resting; 2) calculate the daily cumulative exposure potential for livestock; 3) assess the performance of the computational method with and without behaviour classifications. Using Lotek Litetrack GPS collars, we collected data at a 20-min-interval for two flocks of sheep and goats during the spring and summer of 2019. Analysis and modelling of GPS data demonstrated no significant difference in individual cumulative exposure potential within each flock when animal behaviours with probability/uncertainties were considered. However, when daily cumulative exposure potential was calculated without consideration of animal behaviour or probability/uncertainties, significant differences among animals within a herd were observed, which does not match animal grazing behaviours reported by livestock owners. These results suggest that the proposed method including behaviour subgroups with probability/uncertainties more closely resembled the observed grazing behaviours. Results from the research may be used for future intervention and policy-making on remediation efforts in communities where grazing livestock may encounter environmental contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The laboratory fish model plays an important role in modern scientific research. Ensuring the welfare of laboratory fish is beneficial to the repeatability of experimental results. Laboratory fish will face some stressors in the process of feeding and management, but there are few studies on this part. Our study shows that unpredictable chronic stress for 7 and 14 days can lead to a significant decrease in growth and cortisol levels of laboratory rare minnow. At the same time, the behaviour pattern and neurotransmitter response changed more significantly with the increase of time. Therefore, we should try to reduce the duration and intensity of these stressors to ensure their welfare needs in daily feeding management. Fishes often adjust their behaviour patterns and physiological responses to cope with changing environments, and different life experiences affect them differently. Fishes might adapt to short-term stress, whereas long-term unpredictable stress may lead to various adverse effects. Although some studies have constructed unpredictable stress models of fish, the effect of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) in the laboratory is poorly understood in fishes. In the current study, we exposed adult rare minnow to an unpredictable chronic stress protocol over 7 and 14 days and measured their response in terms of growth performance, cortisol, neurotransmitter levels (DA, 5-HT, and related metabolites), and behaviour patterns to comprehensively assess the effects of UCS on laboratory rare minnow. We discovered that specific growth rates were significantly decreased, and cortisol levels were lowered in both 7-days and 14-days stress groups. In the behaviour test, the activity level of the 14-days stress group increased, but there was no significant difference in the number of crossings to the center areas, time spent in the center areas, or the speed. In addition, the levels of DA and 5-HT did not change in the stress groups, but the DOPAC and 5-HIAA levels in the 14 days stress group were significantly higher than those in the control group. These results suggested that UCS influences rare minnow growth performance, behaviour patterns, and cortisol levels, and similar stress should be minimised in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to discover the positional attack performance indicators of the winning Netherlands women's national handball team during the 2019 World Championship in Japan. An ideographic, follow-up and multidimensional observational design was used to record and analyse positional attacks disputed in equal numbers of players (6v6) excluding attacks with an empty goal. Polar coordinates allowed us to determine behaviour patterns as well as performance indicators related to attack continuity, situations used to destabilise the opponents' defence, and actions involved in completing the attack. Two levels of analysis were used: each match individually and all the team's matches as a whole. Results show that each match had its own specific game dynamics as different behaviour patterns were activated and different performance indicators were observed depending on the match. These findings highlight the variability and dynamic nature of the offensive behaviours and performance indicators of the world champion team, emphasising the need to study performance indicators with research projects that respect that they are specific and changing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design, construction, maintenance and upgrading of civil engineering infrastructure requires fresh thinking to minimize use of materials, energy and labour. This can only be achieved by understanding the performance of the infrastructure, both during its construction and throughout its design life, through innovative monitoring. Advances in sensor systems offer intriguing possibilities to radically alter methods of condition assessment and monitoring of infrastructure. In this paper, it is hypothesized that the future of infrastructure relies on smarter information; the rich information obtained from embedded sensors within infrastructure will act as a catalyst for new design, construction, operation and maintenance processes for integrated infrastructure systems linked directly with user behaviour patterns. Some examples of emerging sensor technologies for infrastructure sensing are given. They include distributed fibre-optics sensors, computer vision, wireless sensor networks, low-power micro-electromechanical systems, energy harvesting and citizens as sensors.

A major point of concern in ecotoxicology is the effects of pesticides on nontarget organisms. This can impact the ecological role played by certain beneficial species in nature. Regarding neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid (IMI), several measures, including limited trade, restrictive use, and ban have been implemented in Europe and the USA but not globally. The goal of our study was to evaluate the potential risk of this still widely used agrochemical on the behaviour of mosquito larvae (Culicidae) and the escape behaviour of earthworms (Lumbricidae). Changes in breathing, swimming and resting were recorded in mosquitoes postexposure to 0, 1 and 2 mg IMI/L for 10 min. Earthworms were topically exposed in water for 2 minutes to 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg IMI/L. The escape behaviour (initial escape distance and speed) of the earthworms were recorded. In culicids, resting particularly was significantly increased by the exposure to imidacloprid (p < 0.05). In earthworms, the initial escape distance was statistically longer (p < 0.05) when fleeing from the 5 mg IMI/L solution than the solutions with the two highest concentrations. The worms exposed to the 5 mg IMI/L reacted faster than those exposed to the higher concentrations, which explained the long distance covered in the same amount of time. These results point to the relatively quick onset of the neurotoxic effects of imidacloprid, crippling earthworms and altering the buoyancy of mosquito larvae. The ecological consequences of these findings on the completion of life cycles and the survival of these species in nature are yet to be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishes often adjust their behaviour patterns and physiological responses to cope with changing environments, and different life experiences affect them differently. Fishes might adapt to short-term stress, whereas long-term unpredictable stress may lead to various adverse effects. Although some studies have constructed unpredictable stress models of fish, the effect of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) in the laboratory is poorly understood in fishes. In the current study, we exposed adult rare minnow to an unpredictable chronic stress protocol over 7 and 14 days and measured their response in terms of growth performance, cortisol, neurotransmitter levels (DA, 5-HT, and related metabolites), and behaviour patterns to comprehensively assess the effects of UCS on laboratory rare minnow. We discovered that specific growth rates were significantly decreased, and cortisol levels were lowered in both 7-days and 14-days stress groups. In the behaviour test, the activity level of the 14-days stress group increased, but there was no significant difference in the number of crossings to the center areas, time spent in the center areas, or the speed. In addition, the levels of DA and 5-HT did not change in the stress groups, but the DOPAC and 5-HIAA levels in the 14 days stress group were significantly higher than those in the control group. These results suggested that UCS influences rare minnow growth performance, behaviour patterns, and cortisol levels, and similar stress should be minimised in the laboratory.

Location-based social networks such as Swarm provide a rich source of information on human behaviour and urban functions. Our analysis of data created by users who voluntarily used check-ins with a mobile application can give insight into a user’s mobility and behaviour patterns. In this study, we used location-sharing data from Swarm to explore spatio-temporal, geo-temporal and behaviour patterns within the city of Melbourne. Moreover, we used several tools for different datasets. We used the MeaningCloud tool for sentiment analysis and the LIWC15 tool for psychometric analysis. Also, we employed SPSS software for the descriptive statistical analysis on check-in data to reveal meaningful trends and attain a deeper understanding of human behaviour patterns in the city. The results show that most people do not express strong negative or positive emotions in relation to the places they visit. Behaviour patterns vary based on gender. Furthermore, mobility patterns are different on different days of the week as well as at different times of a day but are not necessarily influenced by the weather.

Location-based social networks such as Swarm provide a rich source of information on human behaviour and urban functions. Our analysis of data created by users who voluntarily used check-ins with a mobile application can give insight into a user's mobility and behaviour patterns. In this study, we used location-sharing data from Swarm to explore spatiotemporal, geo-temporal and behaviour patterns within the city of Melbourne. Moreover, we used several tools for different datasets. We used the MeaningCloud tool for sentiment analysis and the LIWC15 tool for psychometric analysis. Also, we employed SPSS software for the descriptive statistical analysis on check-in data to reveal meaningful trends and attain a deeper understanding of human behaviour patterns in the city. The results show that most people do not express strong negative or positive emotions in relation to the places they visit. Behaviour patterns vary based on gender. Furthermore, mobility patterns are different on different days of the week as well as at different times of a day but are not necessarily influenced by the weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the complex interplay between emotional intelligence and behaviour patterns among adolescents holds a pivotal role in shaping their developmental trajectories and overall well-being. Adolescence, marked by rapid physical, emotional and cognitive changes, is a critical phase where emotional skills and behavioural tendencies are particularly malleable., Purpose: The study investigates the interplay between emotional intelligence and behaviour patterns among adolescents in Gujarat and Maharashtra, India. The research objectives encompassed assessing emotional intelligence levels, exploring gender differences and examining the relationship between emotional intelligence and behaviour patterns., Methods: The research design employed ex post facto methodology, collecting data from 740 adolescents across CBSE schools. Validated measures for emotional intelligence and criminal propensity were utilized., Results: The results revealed the impact of gender, regions and their interaction on different dimensions of emotional intelligence and criminal propensity. While some dimensions were significantly influenced by these factors, others remained unaffected. The correlation analysis underscored intricate relationships between emotional intelligence dimensions and criminal propensity., Conclusion: The study contributes valuable insights into the dynamics of Emotional Intelligence and Behaviour Patterns among adolescents, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and support systems. These findings hold implications for educators, parents and policymakers in fostering Emotional Intelligence development and curbing potential Behavioural concerns among adolescents., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

The objective of the present study was to validate the accuracy of algorithms, implemented in the currently available RumiWatch Converter (RWC) version V0.7.4.5 of the RumiWatch System (RWS), for the classification of behavioural characteristics from jaw and head movements which are monitored by a noseband halter comprising a pressure sensor and a triaxial accelerometer. The accurate classification of behavioural characteristics in different time resolutions is critical for the usage of the RWS for scientific and practical purposes as chewing behaviour provides essential indicators for the assessment of diet adequacy in dairy cows. To validate the RWC V0.7.4.5 classification accuracy for behavioural characteristics of rumination, eating, drinking, other activity and ruminating chews per bolus by direct observation as reference method, 14 dairy cows participated in the trial. Concordance between the consolidated 1-min and 1-h classification results was assessed. The RWC V0.7.4.5 classified only rumination and ruminating chews per bolus precisely, whereas an algorithm optimisation for the classification of eating, drinking and other activity is required. Additionally, classification results from the 1-min and 1-h time summaries were not in agreement with each other except for rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent development of dairy production is characterised by increasing herd sizes and therefore increasingly complicated visual observation of cow behaviour, which is traditionally the basis for diagnoses of production diseases. The limitation of the direct visual behavioural observation due to the increasing number of individual cows implies a growing need for an automated detection of changes within behavioural patterns to identify cows that show sickness behaviour. Sensor systems can be used to measure behavioural patterns such as activity, resting, feeding and rumination. Behavioural patterns change with the occurrence of sickness but also interact with external factors. Changes such as prolonged lying duration or shortened feeding duration caused by metabolic disorders or infections, respectively, then serve as a detection tool for sick individuals. The aim of the present review is to outline the impact of production diseases on the daily behavioural patterns of dairy cows by referring to sickness behaviour.

The aim of the experiment was to determine how the behaviour of American mink (Neovison vison) females affects their breeding results and maternal behaviour during the perinatal period. A stick test was used to evaluate the behavioural profile of 576 minks. One hundred females with a determined behavioural profile (aggressive, curious, fearful and neutral) were selected and nest building before parturition, maternal behaviour after delivery and reproduction results were examined. The preparation of the nest was assessed before the expected parturition, taking into account the necessity of human intervention in its proper construction. Maternal behaviour was observed during the first week of life of offspring. Significant differences in the fertility rate between the aggressive and neutral females with a significantly higher number of kits present at day 4 in the second type were noted. Medium quality nests were mostly observed (60%), followed by those of very good (37%) and poor quality (3%). The very good quality nests were most often built by females rated as fearful. Regardless of the behaviour profile, the females spent a similar period of time with the young at the time prior to feeding (from 16.8 to 22.3 min). So, significant differences in the number of born and raised pups in differently behaving minks can suggest that knowledge of dam behaviour can be taken into account when predicating reproduction results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the increasing need of assistance services for people with disabilities and elderly, eAssistance focuses on the development of tools to increase their autonomy and self-sufficiency. In this paper, we present a new eAssistance system based on Ambient Intelligence (AmI) designed to monitor the user's activities and to improve the self-sufficiency together with the Quality of Life of dependents. The system can be adapted to a wide range of users and easily integrated into their homes or residences. The remarkable novelties of the proposed system are the inference of user's behaviour patterns with the support of the home automation system, the obtainment of high level conclusions and the possibility of identify derivations and anomalous actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irrational use of antibiotics is increasing in Jordanian refugee camps and consequently so too is bacterial resistance. About one-third of health expenditures at UNRWA health centers in Jordan are attributed to antibiotics. Objective We studied knowledge, attitude and behaviour of Palestine refugees attending UNRWA health centers in Jordan regarding antibiotic use in order to plan public health interventions accordingly. Methods A cross-sectional, interviewer-administered survey among 250 adult Palestine refugees at four different health centers was conducted. Results Irrational antibiotic use was widespread: 63% of patients share antibiotics at home, 38% use left-over antibiotics and 60% purchase antibiotics directly from the pharmacy without prescription (OTC) . 1 At the same time, knowledge about antibiotics side effects, resistance, and target agent was low. 90% of patients trust their doctor, however long waiting hours prevent them from seeking medical advice, which significantly increased self-medication. Conclusions Our findings suggest a strong need for public education about antibiotics. In addition, health institutional level improvements such as shorter waiting hours and strict regulations prohibiting dispensing without prescription are necessary to combat growing bacterial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using air conditioners to cool down the indoor thermal environment is necessary to avoid the elderly exposing themselves to hot conditions in extreme weather. Considering the frequency occurrence of heatwave events, this study investigated air-conditioner operation behaviours and indoor thermal condition features during extremely hot summer periods to understand the elderly's thermal demand and their behaviour patterns of using air conditioners. Fifteen elderly residents from a caring home in Chongqing were recruited, and their air-conditioners' historical operation data and indoor and outdoor temperatures were continuously measured and retrieved from the air-conditioner manufacturing data warehouse. The results indicate that the elderly subjects were active in adjusting their air-conditioner settings with multiple daily actions of turning-on and setpoint-changing behaviours in the extremely hot summer period. The air-conditioner temperature setpoint preferred by the elderly subjects was between 27 °C and 30 °C, resulting in the indoor temperature mainly remaining in the range between 28 °C and 32 °C, which presented a negative relationship with the outdoor temperature. The elderly's daily air-conditioner operation in the extremely hot summer period can be clustered into four groups, including inactive-usage, afternoon-usage, night-usage and all-day-usage groups. The inactive usage group with short-term and discrete air-conditioner operation would prefer a fast-cooling setting, whereas the all-day usage group showed a higher setpoint-change frequency, indicating the dynamic cooling demand may exist in the elderly's long-term air-conditioner daily usage. • Long-term monitoring on the elderly's AC usage in the extremely hot summer. • The elderly were active in using ACs and adjusting AC temperature settings. • Four groups were clustered with different daily AC operation patterns. • 30 °C was the most common AC setpoint for the elderly in each daily period. • Discrete-with-fast-cooling and continuous-with-frequent-adjustment were usual modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the characteristics of an animal’s lying behaviour, such as frequency and duration of lying bouts, has become increasingly relevant for animal welfare research. Triaxial accelerometers have the advantage of being able to continuously monitor an animal’s standing and lying behaviour without relying on live observations or video recordings. Multiple models of accelerometers have been validated for use in monitoring dairy cattle; however, no units have been validated for use in equines. This study tested Onset Pendant G data loggers attached to the hind limb of each of two mature Standardbred horses for a period of 5 days. Data loggers were set to record their position every 20 s. Horses were monitored via live observations during the day and by video recordings during the night to compare activity against accelerometer data. All lying events occurred overnight (three to five lying bouts per horse per night). Data collected from the loggers was converted and edited using a macro program to calculate the number of bouts and the length of time each animal spent lying down by hour and by day. A paired t-test showed no significant difference between the video observations and the output from the data loggers (P=0.301). The data loggers did not distinguish standing hipshot from standing square. Predictability, sensitivity, and specificity were all >99%. This study has validated the use of Onset Pendant G data loggers to determine the frequency and duration of standing and lying bouts in adult horses when set to sample and register readings at 20 s intervals.

The article proposes a new method suitable for advanced analysis of web portal visits. This is part of retrieving information and knowledge from web usage data (web usage mining). Such information is necessary in order to gain better insight into visitor’s needs and generally consumer behaviour. By le­ve­ra­ging this information a company can optimize the organization of its internet presentations and offer a better end-user experience. The proposed approach is using Grammatical evolution which is computational method based on genetic algorithms. Grammatical evolution is using a context-free grammar in order to generate the solution in arbitrary reusable form. This allows us to describe visitors’ behaviour in different manners depending on desired further processing. In this article we use description with a procedural programming language. Web server access log files are used as source data.The extraction of behaviour patterns can currently be solved using statistical analysis – specifically sequential analysis based methods. Our objective is to develop an alternative algorithm.The article further describes the basic algorithms of two-level grammatical evolution; this involves basic Grammatical Evolution and Differential Evolution, which forms the second phase of the computation. Grammatical evolution is used to generate the basic structure of the solution – in form of a part of application code. Differential evolution is used to find optimal parameters for this solution – the specific pages visited by a random visitor. The grammar used to conduct experiments is described along with explanations of the links to the actual implementation of the algorithm. Furthermore the fitness function is described and reasons which yield to its’ current shape. Finally the process of analyzing and filtering the raw input data is described as it is vital part in obtaining reasonable results.

Background: Canadian youth exhibit a number of risky behaviours, some of which are associated with overweight and obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of 15 modifiable risk behaviours in a large sample of Canadian youth, to identify underlying subgroups based on patterns of health behaviours, and to examine the association between identified subgroups and overweight/obesity.Methods: Data from 18,587 grades 9-12 students in Year 1 (2012-13) of the COMPASS study and latent class analysis were used to identify patterns and clustering among 15 health behaviours (e.g., physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, unhealthy eating, substance use). A logistic regression model examined the associations between these clusters and overweight/obesity status.Results: Four distinct classes were identified: traditional school athletes, inactive screenagers, health conscious, and moderately active substance users. Each behavioural cluster demonstrated a distinct pattern of behaviours, some with a greater number of risk factors than others. Traditional school athletes (odds ratio (OR) 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.29), inactive screenagers (OR 1.33; 1.19-1.48), and moderately active substance users (OR 1.27; 1.14-1.43) were all significantly more likely to be overweight/obese compared to the health conscious group.Conclusions: Four distinct subpopulations of youth were identified based on their patterns of health and risk behaviours. The three clusters demonstrating poorer health behaviour were all at an increased risk of being overweight/obese compared to their somewhat healthier peers. Obesity-related public health interventions and health promotion efforts might be more effective if consideration is given to population segments with certain behavioural patterns, targeting subgroups at greatest risk of overweight or obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Easy-to-apply methods, allowing exploration of users’ mental models and behaviour with devices, are scarce. Existing methods can be resource-intensive, or fail to mitigate bias, threatening output validity. This paper describes the development of the Quick Association Check (QuACk) and highlights the methodological improvements following qualitative iterations. QuACk is a semi-structured interview with paper-based activities and templates, constructed with consideration of bias from the outset, offering a quick, resource light method to explore association between householders’ heating mental models and behaviour patterns. Through qualitative iterations of the method, key revisions identified the need to: (1) strongly emphasise positioning, guidance and structure; (2) re-categorise existing ‘shared models’ in the literature as ‘device generic’, rather than ‘thermostat specific’ during data interpretation and (3) consider an association at the system level, rather than the device level. The potential to apply the findings of QuACk to energy-reducing strategies is discussed, and generalisability considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are many research discussions on the benefits of a virtual community, little research has addressed ways or methodologies by which to sustain these virtual communities. This sustainability depends on the behaviour of the community members, in this case, their trusting behaviour as determined by the particular set of activities in the virtual community. In order for communities to be successful and sustainable, there must be mechanisms to promote trustworthy behaviour amongst members. In this research, we propose a simplistic methodology that can be used to proactively monitor members interactions within any virtual community in term of their trusting behaviours. The purpose of this methodology is to protect the community from anyone within it who demonstrates non-compliant behaviour. The signs of non-compliant behaviour can be identified by examining the performance of agents in a certain number of interactions. The proposed methodology provides a mechanism for monitoring community members' behaviour when carrying out an interaction with other agents (i.e., by keeping track of members' performance in term of trusting behaviour). By continuously monitoring their performance, the performance monitoring report can show the agent's behaviour pattern and determine whether an agent is trustworthy or untrustworthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]