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Training attention and awareness in mindfulness meditation is theorized to be essential for the cultivation of mindfulness and its salutary outcomes. Yet, the empirical foundation for this central premise in mindfulness science is surprisingly small due to a limited methodological capacity to measure attention and awareness during mindfulness meditation. Accordingly, we set out to measure and study these processes in a laboratory study (N = 143, 76.92% female) using a novel behavioral measurement paradigm – the Mindful Awareness Task (MAT). We empirically characterized attention and awareness during mindfulness meditation and found novel behavioral evidence indicating that, as long-theorized, these processes were related to previous mindfulness meditation practice, attitudinal qualities of mindfulness, attention regulation, and mental health. Furthermore, we found that the accuracy of self-reported mindfulness was, paradoxically, dependent on behavioral capacities for mindful awareness; and that sustained visual attention and executive functions, measured via cognitive-experimental tasks, were not meaningfully related to attention and awareness during mindfulness meditation. In contrast, the MAT demonstrated sound psychometric performance as a measure of mindful awareness and may overcome significant limitations of extant mindfulness measurement methods. Collectively, findings challenge conceptual and methodological assumptions in mindfulness science, provide a novel paradigmatic direction for research on mindfulness, and present long-awaited evidence that attention and awareness during mindfulness meditation may indeed be fundamental to its practice, cultivation, and salutary functions.

Registered reports are a publication format that involves peer reviewing studies both before and after carrying out research procedures. Although registered reports were originally developed to combat challenges in quantitative and confirmatory study designs, today registered reports are also available for qualitative and exploratory work. This article provides a brief primer that aims to help researchers in choosing, designing, and evaluating registered reports, which are driven by qualitative methods.

Effective science communication is challenging when scientific messages are informed by a continually updating evidence base and must often compete against misinformation. We argue that we need a new program of science communication as collective intelligence—a collaborative approach, supported by technology. This would have four key advantages over the typical model where scientists communicate as individuals: scientific messages would be informed by (a) a wider base of aggregated knowledge, (b) contributions from a diverse scientific community, (c) participatory input from stakeholders, and (d) better responsiveness to ongoing changes in the state of knowledge.

This study reports an independent replication of the findings presented by Smaldino and McElreath (Smaldino, McElreath 2016 R. Soc. Open Sci. 3 , 160384 ( doi:10.1098/rsos.160384 )). The replication was successful with one exception. We find that selection acting on scientist’s propensity for replication frequency caused a brief period of exuberant replication not observed in the original paper due to a coding error. This difference does not, however, change the authors’ original conclusions. We call for more replication studies for simulations as unique contributions to scientific quality assurance.

The push for open science has produced many initiatives that arguably improve the quality of science, such as preregistration of research methods, more general availability of scientific articles in the form of preprints and open access articles, and the availability of (meta)data and code. Open science can have direct benefits for the career prospects of the individual through higher quality of the work and increased chance of publication (Allen & Mehler, 2019). However, being an outspoken advocate of open science might also have indirect positive effects on individual scientific careers, in the form of status in a scientific community, decisions for tenure, and eligibility for certain kinds of funding. In light of these benefits, it may be profitable for individual labs to appear to engage in open science practices, without actually putting in the associated effort or doing only the bare minimum. In this article, we explore two types of academic behavior through a dynamic computational model (cf. Smaldino & McElreath, 2016) of an academic community that rewards open science: 1) actively practicing open science and/or 2) advocating open science. Crossing these two types of behavior leads to four different kinds of labs and we examine which of them thrive in this academic community. Implications of the model results are discussed.

This study assesses the extent of selective hypothesis reporting in psychological research by comparing the hypotheses found in a set of 459 preregistrations to the hypotheses found in the corresponding papers. We found that more than half of the preregistered studies we assessed contain omitted hypotheses (N = 224; 52.2%) or added hypotheses (N = 227; 56.8%), and about one-fifth of studies contain changed hypotheses (N = 82; 19%). We found only a small number of studies with demoted hypotheses (N = 2; 1%) and no studies with promoted hypotheses. In all, 59% of studies include at least one hypothesis in one or more of these categories, indicating a substantial bias in presenting and selecting hypotheses by researchers and/or reviewers/editors. Contrary to our expectations, we found that added hypotheses and changed hypotheses were not more likely to be statistically significant than non-selectively reported hypotheses. For the other types of selective hypothesis reporting, no powerful test of the relationship with statistical significance could be carried out. Finally, we found that replication studies were less likely to include selectively reported hypotheses than original studies. Thus, selective hypothesis reporting is problematically common in psychological research and may partly be explained by the fact that authors do not specifically and clearly enough formulate hypotheses in preregistrations and papers. We urge researchers, reviewers, and editors to ensure that hypotheses outlined in preregistrations are clearly formulated and accurately presented in the corresponding papers.

A large number of systematic replication attempts in the social sciences have failed to support the claims in the original studies. These surprising results have inspired a body of metascientific research aimed at understanding these failures to replicate and ensuring future research is credible. In this article, we relate these new insights from metascience to empirical legal research. Specifically, a recent effort to replicate three influential empirical legal studies published in law journals found results that diverged from the originals. The replicators suggested their results were caused by the changing social context and did not explicitly consider whether the original effects were overstated or false positives. We re-analysed the data from the replications to attempt to confirm their results (i.e., computational reproducibility) with mixed success. When possible, we combined the data from the replications (i.e., meta-analysis) to leverage the greater precision that comes with large sample sizes. In one case, we found an effect where the replicators did not. Overall, however, our re-analysis and review of the broader social scientific context suggests that empirical legal research suffers from the same challenges plaguing other fields – small sample sizes and undisclosed flexibility have produced untrustworthy results.

ARTICLE PUBLISHED (OPEN ACCESS) IN BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Qualitative data sharing practices in psychology have not developed as rapidly as those in parallel quantitative domains. This is often explained by numerous epistemological, ethical, and pragmatic issues concerning qualitative data types. In this essay, I provide an alternative to the frequently expressed (often reasonable) concerns regarding the sharing of qualitative human data by highlighting three advantages of qualitative data sharing. I argue that sharing qualitative human data is not by default “less ethical,” “riskier,” and “impractical” compared to quantitative data sharing, but in some cases more ethical, less risky, and easier to manage for sharing because 1) informed consent can be discussed, negotiated, and validated, 2) the shared data can be curated by special means, and 3) the privacy risks are mainly local instead of global. I hope the provided alternative perspective further encourages qualitative psychologists to share their data when it is epistemologically, ethically, and pragmatically possible.

Forecasting the reproducibility of research findings is one of the key challenges of Metascience. To date, reliable above-chance predictions have mainly been achieved by pooling the subjective ratings of experts through surveys or via prediction markets. Obtaining such data is laborious, however, and unlikely to increase the theoretical understanding of reproducibility.Here we show that empirical measures of K, a principled metric of knowledge, are correlated with reproducibility forecasts made for the Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative (BRI), an ongoing replication of 60 studies that use three common methodologies in the life sciences. For each study, we calculated the K value by dividing the effect size, measured in bits of Shannon entropy explained, by the descriptive complexity of the study’s methodology, calculated as the optimal Shannon encoding of a conceptual graph representing the replication protocol.K values were statistically associated with subjective predictions about studies’ replication probabilities and relative effect sizes. This relation was robust to controlling for study methodology, and was a stronger predictor than other plausible covariates, including the originally reported effect size, subjective ratings of a study’s methodological difficulty, and raters’ self-reported expertise. The superior fit of K may be due to its particular structure and metrics, which are rooted in information theory and may more accurately reflect the implicit calculations made by raters.This is the first evidence that an objective metric hypothesized to quantify scientific knowledge captures subjective judgments about reproducibility. This finding gives the first independent support of K’s underlying assumption that scientific knowledge is a process of information compression, and it may offer a new tool for metaresearch.

Objectives: Contentless experience involves an absence of mental content such as thoughts and perceptions. It is often described as pure consciousness or complete stillness/silence, and is a goal in Shamatha, Thai Forest, and Stillness Meditation. This study examined the subjective character of the typical experience of stillness/silence reported in each practice, and whether there are differences in reports across traditions. Methods: Eighty-four Shamatha, 80 Thai Forest, and 88 Stillness Meditation participants (M lifetime hours practice = 2,305; median = 671; range = 5–34,021) provided useable responses to an online questionnaire. Participants indicated the extent to which 48 types of mental content described as absent or present in traditional texts were part of their deepest experience of stillness/silence during a specific retreat or during class and home practice. Results: In each tradition participants typically reported a highly positive experience involving low awareness of content such as thoughts and perceptions, and a high degree of abstract content such as calm and mental relaxation. Across the practices there were robust differences with respect to bliss/joy, wakefulness, absorptiveness, and depth. Conclusions: The reported experiences are contentless in the sense that participants reported little awareness of content such as thoughts and perceptions. However, the experiences are not the states devoid of all content (and therefore identical to one another) that have been classically referred to in academic literature. These findings demonstrate the importance of examining contentless experiences in a fine-grained manner that takes into account abstract forms of content and assesses differences as well as similarities. [NOTE: This preprint has not undergone peer review. The peer reviewed version of this article has been published in Mindfulness and is available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-023-02145-0]

Preregistration entails researchers registering their planned research hypotheses, methods, and analyses in a time-stamped document before they undertake their data collection and analyses. This document is then made available with the published research report to allow readers to identify discrepancies between what the researchers originally planned to do and what they actually ended up doing. This historical transparency is supposed to facilitate judgments about the credibility of the research findings. The present article provides a critical review of 17 of the reasons behind this argument. The article covers issues such as HARKing, multiple testing, p-hacking, forking paths, optional stopping, researchers’ biases, selective reporting, test severity, publication bias, and replication rates. It is concluded that preregistration’s historical transparency does not facilitate judgments about the credibility of research findings when researchers provide contemporary transparency in the form of (a) clear rationales for current hypotheses and analytical approaches, (b) public access to research data, materials, and code, and (c) demonstrations of the robustness of research conclusions to alternative interpretations and analytical approaches.

Preregistrations—records made a priori about study designs and analysis plans and placed in open repositories—are thought to strengthen the credibility and transparency of research. Different authors have put forth arguments in favor of introducing this practice in qualitative research and made suggestions for what to include in a qualitative preregistration form. The goal of this study was to gauge and understand what parts of preregistration templates qualitative researchers would find helpful and informative. We used an online Delphi study design consisting of two rounds with feedback reports in between. In total, 48 researchers participated (response rate: 16%). In round 1, panelists considered 14 proposed items relevant to include in the preregistration form, but two items had relevance scores just below our predefined criterion (68%) with mixed argument and were put forth again. We combined items where possible, leading to 11 revised items. In round 2, panelists agreed on including the two remaining items. Panelists also converged on suggested terminology and elaborations, except for two terms for which they provided clear arguments. The result is an agreement-based form for the preregistration of qualitative studies that consists of 13 items. The form will be made available as a registration option on Open Science Framework (osf.io). We believe it is important to assure that the strength of qualitative research, which is its flexibility to adapt, adjust and respond, is not lost in preregistration. The preregistration should provide a systematic starting point.

Objectives: Meta-analyses of meditation studies have revealed mixed modest evidence of benefits across a range of outcomes. However, because this evidence-base is predominantly from brief interventions, it is unclear whether it accurately reflects how contemporary meditators practice or the dose-response relationship between amount of practice and outcome. This study sought to characterize how contemporary meditators practice, examine any possible dose-response relationships between historical practice and measures of psychological wellbeing, and explore which characteristics of practice most strongly predict favorable psychological outcomes.Methods: One thousand six hundred and sixty-eight meditators (M=1,095 hours practice, SD=2,365) responded to advertisements in meditation practice communities and social media. We explored associations between demographics, meditation practice characteristics, and outcomes including positive and negative affect, psychological distress, and life satisfaction in a cross-sectional study design. Results: Historical meditation practice (accumulated lifetime hours) was significantly associated with favorable psychological outcomes (|r| ranging from .18 - .28). Model fit was optimized with a generalized additive model (average increase in R2=2.22), indicating non-linear effects. The strength of association between practice time and outcomes was generally strongest for approximately the first 500 hours, before plateauing. Several practice types, including Vipassana (as taught by S.N. Goenka) and cultivating practices (e.g., compassion, lovingkindness) were more strongly predictive of favorable psychological outcomes.Conclusions: Benefits of meditation accrue over time in a non-linear manner, and show variation based on practice context. These results highlight the importance of understanding how the benefits of meditation accrue over longer time durations than typical standardized programs.

In their meta-analysis on how privacy concerns and perceived privacy risk are related to online disclosure intentionand behavior, Yu et al. (2020) conclude that “the ‘privacy paradox’ phenomenon (...) exists in our research model” (p. 8). In this comment, we contest this conclusion and present evidence and arguments against it. We find five areas of problems: (1) Flawed logic of hypothesis testing; (2) erroneous and implausible results; (3) questionable decision to use only the direct effect of privacy concerns on disclosure behavior as evidence in testing the privacy paradox; (4) overinterpreting results from MASEM; (5) insufficient reporting and lack of transparency. To guide future research, we offer three recommendations: Going beyond mere null hypothesis significance testing, probing alternative theoretical models, and implementing open science practices. While we value this meta-analytic effort, we caution its readers that, contrary to the authors’ claim, it does not offer evidence in support of the privacy paradox.

Contentless experience involves an absence of mental content such as thoughts, perceptions, and mental images. In academic work it has been traditionally treated as including states like those aimed for in Shamatha, Transcendental, and Stillness Meditation. We have used evidence synthesis to select and review 135 expert texts from within the three traditions. In this paper we identify the features of contentless experience referred to in the expert texts and determine whether the experiences are the same or different across the practices with respect to each feature. We identify 65 features reported or implied in one or more practices, with most being reported or implied in all three. While there are broad similarities in the experiences across the traditions, we find that there are differences with respect to four features and possibly many others. The main difference identified is that Shamatha involves substantially greater attentional stability and vividness. Another key finding is that numerous forms of content are present in the experiences, including wakefulness, naturalness, calm, bliss/joy, and freedom. The findings indicate that meditation experiences described as contentless in the academic literature can in fact involve considerable variation, and that in many and perhaps most cases these experiences are not truly contentless. This challenges traditional understandings in academic research that in these so-called contentless experiences all content is absent, and that the experiences are therefore an identical state of pure consciousness or consciousness itself. Implications for neuroscientific and clinical studies and for basic understandings of the practices are discussed. [NOTE: This preprint has not undergone peer review. The peer reviewed version of this article has been published in Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences and is available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11097-022-09811-z]

Changes in statistical practices and reporting have been documented by Giofrè et al. (2017), who investigated ten statistical and open practices in two high ranking journals (Psychological Science [PS] and Journal of Experimental Psychology-General [JEPG]): These included null hypothesis significance testing; confidence or credible intervals; meta-analysis of the results of multiple experiments; confidence intervals interpretation; effect size interpretation; sample size determination; sample size stopping rule; data availability; materials availability; and preregistered design and analysis plan.The investigation was based on an analysis of all papers published in these journals between 2013 and 2015.The aim of the present study is to follow up changes in both PS and JEPG in subsequent years, from 2016 to 2020, adding code availability as further open practice.

Objectives: Mindful breathing meditation (MBM) and loving-kindness meditation (LKM) are common components of effective mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). This pilot study examined the differential effects of MBM and LKM on purported therapeutic process variables and mental health outcomes via component analysis. Methods: The research design was a randomized controlled trial with four conditions: MBM, LKM, combined (MBM+LKM), and a relaxation control. Participants were college undergraduates. Condition effects were analyzed across seven therapeutic process variables and three mental health outcomes. Treatment integrity and treatment acceptability data were also collected.Results: Findings indicated statistically significant and very large main effects of time, regardless of condition. Statistically significant time by condition interactions were only observed for one process variable and one mental health outcome. Follow-up descriptive evaluation of between-group effect sizes indicated patterns of favorable effects for MBM and LKM over the combined and relaxation control conditions. Treatment integrity and treatment acceptability data indicated very favorable social validity across conditions. Conclusion: We conclude that the findings make a modest yet value-added contribution to the MBI component analysis literature, suggesting differentiated performance among isolated MBM and LKM exercises compared to combined and control conditions. Yet further research is warranted to improve upon the limitations of this study.

The goal of positive education is to improve students’ well-being, as well as academic performance. This holistic approach to student development is on the rise, yet most of the academic research on positive education is conducted in Western countries. This is despite the fact that two-thirds of the world’s population live in Asia. The primary aim of this scoping review is to rigorously examine the extent of the current original research work on positive education within public and private higher education institutions across South, East, and Southeast Asia. The descriptive analyses will shed light on the amount, the nature and the characteristics of this work done so far and identify any major gaps in the evidence base. It is anticipated that by presenting the results in an accessible and summarised format, stakeholders will be well placed to make effective use of the findings. To promote transparency, we report our planned methodology for that scoping review. This protocol is published during the literature search stage, before data charting has started.

Using mobile media can be both detrimental and beneficial for well-being. Thus, explaining how and when they elicit such effects is of crucial importance. To explicate boundary conditions and processes for digital well-being, this article introduces the Integrative Model of Mobile Media Use and Need Experiences (IM³UNE). Instead of assuming mobile media to be pathogenic, the IM³UNE offers a salutogenic perspective—it focuses on how we can stay healthy when using mobile media ubiquitously in daily life. More specifically, the model assumes that both the satisfaction and the frustration of basic psychological needs are key underlying mechanisms linking demanding mobile media use to well-being. However, the impact of these mechanisms is contingent on how users perceive, appraise, act on, and make sense of mobile media demands according to their global orientation to life (i.e., their sense of coherence; SOC). Integrating prior work, we theoretically link mindfulness, self-control, and meaningfulness to SOC’s central facets, arguing that they represent crucial personal resources required to cope with mobile media demands. Thus, the IM³UNE offers an integrative framework, guiding further research towards a more nuanced, less technologically deterministic study of mobile media’s well-being effects.

Purpose This paper discusses the dos and don'ts of market segmentation analysis. Market segmentation analysis is younger than the journal Tourism Review, but nevertheless has a rich history in tourism research and continues to be extensively used by both tourism researchers and industry. Design/methodology/approach After a brief overview of the origins of market segmentation analysis and its uptake in tourism, a number of key considerations are discussed, which are critical to ensuring that practically useful and reliable market segments emerge from the analysis. Findings Do accept that market segmentation is exploratory. Do spend a lot of time ensuring you collect high-quality data. Don’t use ordinal data. Don’t use correlated variables. Do ensure your sample size is large enough. Don’t use factor-cluster analysis. Do conduct data structure analysis. Don’t complicate things. Originality/value This is a perspective study; it offers a concise discussion of key issues in market segmentation analysis and directs the interested reader to resources where they can learn more about each of these issues.

There is a burgeoning interest in human–animal relations across the social sciences and humanities, accompanied by an acceptance that nonhuman animals are active participants in countless social relations, worthy of serious and considered empirical exploration. This article, the first of its kind as far as the authors are aware, reports on an ongoing qualitative exploration of an example of contemporary human–animal interaction on the fringes of a British city: volunteer shepherding (‘lookering’). Participants are part of a conservation grazing scheme, a growing phenomenon in recent years that relies on increasingly popular volunteer programmes. The primary volunteer role in such schemes is to spend time outdoors checking the welfare of livestock. The first section of the article summarises developments in more-than-human and multispecies research methodologies, and how the challenges of exploring the non- and more-than-human in particular are being addressed. In the second section, we frame our own approach to a human–animal relation against this emerging literature and detail the practicalities of the methods we used. The third section details some of our findings specifically in terms of what was derived from the peculiarities of our method. A final discussion offers a reflection on some of the methodological and ethical implications of our research, in terms of the question of who benefits and how from this specific instance of human–animal relations, and for the development of methods attuned to human–animal and multispecies relations more generally.

Twenty percent of all global greenhouse emissions are food-related. Tourism and hospitality contribute significantly, with food accounting for nearly half of the waste these sectors produce. One type of food waste – plate waste – could easily be avoided. Plate waste is the food people leave behind uneaten on their plates. It does not increase the enjoyment of the meal, yet costs the hotel money, and harms the environment. We develop and test – in a quasi-experimental field study – a game-based intervention that reduces plate waste by 34 percent, and is available for immediate adoption by hotels globally. Our study contributes to theory by demonstrating the power of increasing pleasure in pleasure-seeking contexts when aiming to change environmentally significant tourist behaviour. Our findings also challenge established behavioural theories, which postulate that people's beliefs are the key drivers of pro-environmental behaviour.

Anasakti and ahamkara, translated as ‘nonattachment’ and ‘ego’ in English, respectively, play a significant role in determining true happiness, according to Indian psychology. A total of 240 educated urban Indian adults (Females = 104, Males = 136) were surveyed to investigate their relationship with well-being variables. Results revealed anasakti as a significant factor for ensuring life satisfaction and experiencing positive emotions. Although ahamkara contributed significantly towards improving cognitive well-being and affective state, negative emotions were also better predicted by ahamkara. Findings of the current study may widen our understanding of ‘what makes us happy?’

Low survey participation from online panel members is a key challenge for market and social researchers. We identify ten key drivers of panel members’ online survey participation from a qualitative study, then determine empirically using a stated choice experiment the relative importance of each of those drivers at aggregate and segment level. We contribute to knowledge on survey participation by (1) eliciting key drivers of survey participation by online panel members, (2) determining the relative importance of each driver, and (3) accounting for heterogeneity across panel members in the importance assigned to drivers. Findings offer immediate practical guidance to market and social researchers on how to increase participation in surveys using online panels.

Research on parasocial interaction (PSI) has a long tradition in non-interactive environments such as watching TV or listening to radio speakers. In the last years, researchers have started to apply PSI on videogame streaming environments, where the audience can interact with the observed media persona and get immediate feedback on their messages and requests. In a 3×2 online experiment (N = 251), we manipulated how a streamer addressed participants (individual vs. collective vs. no addressing) and whether he paid attention to and answered messages in the chat (attention vs. no attention to the chat). Findings show that the more individually participants were addressed and whether the streamer reacted to messages in the chat affected experiences of PSI. Further, alongside their overall enjoyment, PSI predicted viewers’ commitment to social norms. We discuss these findings regarding their implications for the conceptualization of PSI in light of interactive novel technologies.

Das Privacy Paradox besagt, dass Menschen beim Nutzen von Online-Diensten bereit sind, große Mengen personenbezogener Daten zu teilen – selbst dann, wenn ihnen Privatsphäre wichtig ist und sie um diese besorgt sind. In den zwei einführenden Abschnitten dieses Beitrages lege ich zunächst dar, was Privatheit aus psychologischer Perspektive bedeutet und anschließend, wie sich menschliches Verhalten – ganz allgemein betrachtet – erklären lässt. Anschließend übertrage ich diese allgemeinen Aspekte auf den Kontext des Internets. Hierbei stelle ich zuerst personenbezogene Faktoren vor, die Online-Verhalten erklären können, gefolgt von umgebungsbezogenen. Im anschließenden Teil widme ich mich dem Privacy Paradox aus einer spezifischen, primär akademischen Perspektive, indem die bisherige Forschungshistorie zusammengefasst und aktuelle Studienergebnisse analysiert werden. Abschließend folgt eine Diskussion des Privacy Paradox unter Berücksichtigung gesellschaftlicher Implikationen, konkreter Handlungsempfehlungen sowie einem eigenständigen Fazit.

The privacy paradox states that people’s concerns about online privacy are unrelated to their online sharing of personal information. On the basis of a representative sample of the German population, which includes 1,403 respondents interviewed at three waves separated by 6 months, we investigate the privacy paradox from a longitudinal perspective. Using a cross-lagged panel model with random intercepts, we differentiate between-person relations from within-person effects. Results revealed that people who were more concerned about their online privacy than others also shared slightly less personal information and had substantially more negative attitudes toward information sharing (between-person level). People who were more concerned than usual also shared slightly less information than usual (within-person level). We found no long-term effects of privacy concerns on information sharing or attitudes 6 months later. The results provide further evidence against the privacy paradox, but more research is needed to better understand potential causal relations.

En este artículo presento una discusión teórica sobre cómo se pueden entender lo psicológico y la experiencia luego de los desafíos a los que dichas nociones han sido sometidas por los estudios sociales de ciencia y tecnología (CTS). Los CTS han desarrollado una forma de crítica constructivista que se opone a lo que han denominado "bifurcación de la naturaleza", es decir, la división del mundo entre cualidades primarias -lo material, la realidad en sí-, y cualidades secundarias: experiencia, conciencia y asuntos humanos. Tomando como guía interrogantes surgidas durante una investigación empírica sobre la "experiencia de ser paciente" en usuarios policonsultantes de salud pública, planteo que la crítica a la bifurcación de la naturaleza suele asumir nociones de lo psicológico y la experiencia humana que las sitúan como un callejón sin salida. Argumento entonces que la filosofía de procesos presenta argumentos útiles para rebatir esta simplificación, entendiendo lo psicológico como un flujo de constante co-afectación entre lo humano y el mundo, donde la experiencia no resulta separada de la naturaleza. In this article I present a theoretical inquiry into the ways in which we can understand the psychological and experience, considering the challenges posed to these notions by the field of science and technology studies (STS). STS have developed a form of constructivist critique that rejects the 'bifurcation of nature', that is to say, the divide of the world between primary qualities -the material world, reality itself-, and secondary qualities -experience, consciousness and human affairs. Taking as guideline theoretical questions that emerged during an empirical research about public health users' "experience of being a patient", I argue that the critique of the bifurcation of nature often assumes notions of the psychological and human experience that positions them as a dead end. I claim that process philosophy provides useful tools to refute this simplification, articulating the psychological as a constant flux of co-affectation of the human and the world, where experience is not separated from nature.

The social sciences underwent rapid development in postwar America. Problems once framed in social terms gradually became redefined as individual with regards to scope and remedy, with economics and psychology winning influence over the other social sciences. By the 1970s, both economics and psychology had spread their intellectual remits wide: psychology's concepts suffused everyday language, while economists entered a myriad of policy debates. Psychology and economics contributed to, and benefited from, a conception of society that was increasingly skeptical of social explanations and interventions. Sociology, in particular, lost intellectual and policy ground to its peers, even regarding 'social problems' that the discipline long considered its settled domain. This introduction frames the book's ten chapters, each of which explore this shift refracted through a single 'problem': the family, crime, urban concerns, education, discrimination, poverty, addiction, war, and mental health, examining the effects an increasingly individualized lens has had on the way we see these problems.

Biodiversity is a cornerstone of human health and well-being. However, while evidence of the contributions of nature to human health is rapidly building, research into how biodiversity relates to human health remains limited in important respects. In particular, a better mechanistic understanding of the range of pathways through which biodiversity can influence human health is needed. These pathways relate to both psychological and social processes as well as biophysical processes. Building on evidence from across the natural, social and health sciences, we present a conceptual framework organizing the pathways linking biodiversity to human health. Four domains of pathways—both beneficial as well as harmful—link biodiversity with human health: (i) reducing harm (e.g. provision of medicines, decreasing exposure to air and noise pollution); (ii) restoring capacities (e.g. attention restoration, stress reduction); (iii) building capacities (e.g. promoting physical activity, transcendent experiences); and (iv) causing harm (e.g. dangerous wildlife, zoonotic diseases, allergens). We discuss how to test components of the biodiversity-health framework with available analytical approaches and existing datasets. In a world with accelerating declines in biodiversity, profound land-use change, and an increase in non-communicable and zoonotic diseases globally, greater understanding of these pathways can reinforce biodiversity conservation as a strategy for the promotion of health for both people and nature. We conclude by identifying research avenues and recommendations for policy and practice to foster biodiversity-focused public health actions.

Ideas around self and identity are at the core of various reflective traditions in both East and West. In the psychological literature, they have multiple meanings. However, they usually reflect the idea of self-sameness across changing time. The current study aimed to explore various ways in which contemporary Indians define their ‘self’ and if there were any parallel between modern and traditional construal of self. An open-ended Twenty Statements Test (TST) was used along with a quantitative measure Ahamkara Questionnaire (AQ) based on an Indian model of self, known as ‘ahamkara’. A sample of 240 educated, adults (Females=104, Males= 136; Mean age= 38.17 years, SD=11.45 years; range 20-60 years) were purposively selected from an urban area of North India and recruited in this mixed-method, cross-sectional research study. Thematic analysis of TST responses uncovered five broad thematic categories in self-concepts: Individuality, Belongingness, Separation, Agency and Spiritual/Transpersonal. Four of them overlapped with sub-components of ‘ahamkara’. They also differed with age where Spiritual/Transpersonal theme was frequent in self-concepts of older samples. Quantitative results from AQ also indicated that the level of ahamkara significantly differed with age and gender. These findings have implications for mental health and developing interventions utilising Indian conception of self.

According to privacy calculus, both privacy concerns and expected gratifications explain self-disclosure online. So far, most findings were based on self-reports or short-term experiments, and it is still largely unknown how popularity cues such as like and dislike buttons affect privacy calculus. To answer these questions we ran a preregistered one-week field experiment. Participants were randomly distributed to three different websites, on which they discussed a current political topic. The websites featured either (a) like buttons, (b) like and dislike buttons, or (c) no like or dislike buttons, and were otherwise identical. The final sample consisted of 590 participants. Although the originally preregistered model was rejected, the results showed that a considerable share of actual self-disclosure could be explained by privacy concerns, gratifications, privacy deliberation, trust, and self-efficacy. The impact of the popularity cues on self-disclosure and privacy calculus was negligible.

ترمز الصورة الأسطورية لليليت إلى الجزء المحرم من النفس الأنثوية. فليليت تعتز باستقلاليتها وفاعليتها الجنسية، وترفض الأمومة. ليليت هي كل امرأة، ولكن ليس كل امرأة تجرؤ، على خبرة هذا الجانب. الأمر الذي يقود إلى عواقب وخيمة كما يظهر ذلك المحلل النفسي، هانس يوأخيم ماس.

This paper discusses the basic understanding of reality behind yoga practice and the essential core of bhakti, jnana and karma yoga pathways and how it can contribute to modern psychology. It goes on to discuss yoga and cultivation of positive mental health. It also emphasizes the need for the therapists to engage in yoga practice themselves while they include insights from yoga in their clinical work.

Änanda, along with sätvika, räjasika and tämasika sukha are different types of happiness as discussed in the Indian tradition. Further different pathways to these have also been discussed such as niùçreyasa path to änanda, çreyas path to sätvika sukha and preyas path to räjasika - tämasika sukha. While änanda is experienced on liberation, most people in the world experience sukha, although its type differs based on the path taken. In a series of empirical studies on happiness of sukha type, with urban Indian adults, we found that most people at any point of time are happy. Sätvika qualities and çreyas type of activities were associated with happiness, while räjasika and tämasika qualities, along with preyas type of activities were related to more unhappiness. In general people preferred a mix of both çreyas and preyas type of activities, with higher frequency of çreyas type. High preyas focus in terms of alcohol dependence was associated with high tamas, low sattva and more frequent experience of negative emotions. These studies suggest development of sattva by taking a çreyas pathway may be associated with better mental health, on the other hand predominant focus on preyas pathway may be associated with räjasika - tämasika qualities and poor mental health. More studies are required in future to further test this hypothesis by developing sattva based interventions.

Influences of background music on consumer behaviour has economic potential for businesses, however, the precise parameters for manipulating these effects have remained elusive. In this study, the impact of different genres of background music on consumer spending was examined via a pilot field test conducted in three branches each of both a Japanese-themed and a Mexican-themed restaurant chain in Singapore. Three music genre conditions (‘pop’, ‘traditional’, ‘mix’), corresponding to the restaurants’ cultural theme, were played for a week in each restaurant. Data on total spending and spending per customer were collected and analysed. While direct music genre effects were not statistically significant, results indicated certain trends where higher consumer expenditure was observed in conditions utilizing a mixture of pop and traditional music (‘mix’). Specifically, spending per customer for the ‘mix’ condition was 11.4% higher than for ‘pop’ for the Japanese restaurant, whereas it was 6.3% higher for the ‘mix’ condition than for “traditional” for the Mexican restaurant. The results also further suggest that music could be tailored to different days of the week to appeal to different customer profiles and lend additional support for the leveraging of suitable music parameters to induce consumption behaviours.

The mind and consciousness are pretty complex to observe and analyze quantitatively since the complexity of neuron and mystery of consciousness. Recent years, many scientists try to explain our mind from physical viewpoint or elucidate the physics of the mind. In the paper, we reveal a new approach to understand our mind and present a tentative theory to describe how our mind works respect to physics. Two significant concept of time, namely, the internal time of mind and external time of the outside are introduced to measure our mind quantitatively on some degree. The related law of these two types of time is similar to the special relativity proposed by Einstein. Our theory aims to provide a new perspective to understand and know ourselves and lead our life better. At the end of paper, we design an experiment to check the correctness of our results.

For an effective and responsible communication on social network sites (SNSs) users must decide between withholding and disclosing personal information. For this so-called privacy regulation, users need to have the respective skills-in other words, they need to have online privacy literacy. In this study, we discuss factors that potentially contribute to and result from online privacy literacy. In an online questionnaire with 630 Facebook users, we found that people who spend more time on Facebook and who have changed their privacy settings more frequently reported to have more online privacy literacy. People with more online privacy literacy, in turn, felt more secure on Facebook and implemented more social privacy settings. A mediation analysis showed that time spend on Facebook and experience with privacy regulation did not per se increase safety and privacy behavior directly, stressing the importance of online privacy literacy as a mediator to a safe and privacy-enhancing online behavior. We conclude that Internet experience leads to more online privacy literacy, which fosters a more cautious privacy behavior on SNSs. The more people use SNSs, the more privacy literacy they have.The more people change their privacy settings on SNSs, the more privacy literacy they have.People with more privacy literacy restrict access to their SNS profile more strongly.People with more privacy literacy feel safer when using SNSs.

CITE AS: Canellas, Marc and Haga, Rachel and Miller, Matthew and Bhattacharyya, Raunak and Minotra, Dev and Razin, Yosef, Framing Human-Automation Regulation: A New Modus Operandi from Cognitive Engineering (March 23, 2017). We Robot 2017 at Yale School of Law.Human-automated systems are becoming ubiquitous in our society, from the one-on-one interactions of a driver and their automated vehicle to large-scale interactions of managing a world-wide network of commercial aircraft. Realizing the importance of effectively governing these human-automated systems, there been a recent renaissance of legal-ethical analysis of robotics and artificial-intelligence-based systems. As cognitive engineers, we authored this paper to embrace our responsibility to support effective governance of these human-automated systems. We believe that there are unique synergies between the cognitive engineers who shape human-automated systems by designing the technology, training, and operations, and the lawyers who design the rules, laws, and governance structures of these systems. To show how cognitive engineering can provide a foundation for effective governance, we define and address five essential questions regarding human-automated systems: 1) Complexity: What makes human-automation systems complex? 2) Definitions: How should we define and classify different types of human-autonomous systems? 3) Transparency: How do we determine and achieve the right levels of transparency for operators and regulators? 4) Accountability: How should we determine responsibility for the actions of human-automation systems? 5) Safety: How do human-automated systems fail? Our answers, drawn from the diverse domains related to cognitive engineering, show that care should be taken when making assumptions about human-automated systems, that cognitive engineering can provide a strong foundation for legal-ethical regulations of human-automated systems, and that there is still much work to be done by lawyers, ethicists, and technologists together.

CITE AS: M. C. Canellas and R. A. Haga, "Toward meaningful human control of autonomous weapons systems through function allocation," 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS), Dublin, 2015, pp. 1-7. doi: 10.1109/ISTAS.2015.7439432 One of the few convergent themes during the first two United Nations Meeting of Experts on autonomous weapons systems (AWS) in 2014 and 2015 was the requirement that there be meaningful human control (MHC) of AWS. What exactly constitutes MHC, however, is still ill-defined. While multiple sets of definitions and analyses have been published and discussed, this work seeks to address two key issues with the current definitions: (1) they are inconsistent in what authorities and responsibilities of human and automated agents need to be regulated, and (2) they lack the specificity that would be required for designers to systemically integrate these restrictions into AWS designs. Given that MHC centers on the interaction of human and autonomous agents, we leverage the models and metrics of function allocation - the allocation of work between human and autonomous agents - to analyze and compare definitions of MHC and the definitions of AWS proposed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Specifically, we transform the definitions into function allocation form to model and compare the definitions, and then show how a mismatch between authority and responsibility in an exemplar military scenario can still plague the human-AWS interactions. In summary, this paper provides a starting point for future research to investigate the application of function allocation to the questions of MHC and more generally, the development of rules and standards for incorporating AWS into the law of armed conflict.

In response to many miscarriages of justice attributed to forensic science, stakeholders in the justice system have proposed several reforms. One such reform is the broader use of expert witness codes of conduct to control the way in which forensic scientific evidence is reported in legal proceedings. In this article, the authors attempt to continue this discussion in three ways. They (1) review the use of expert witness codes of conduct in Australia and (2) compare that to their use in the civil context in Canada. The authors rely on that analysis to (3) suggest that a consensus-based code of conduct, modeled on reforms going on outside of forensic science, may assist in encouraging fuller and more cautious reporting by forensic scientists in Canadian courts.

THE FINAL VERSION OF THE PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES AND IS FREELY AVAILABLE HERE: https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.66 #### Although the aesthetic appreciation of flowers is a well-known aspect of human behavior, theories explaining its origin are missing. An exception is the evolutionary theory of Heerwagen and Orians, who suggest that humans emotionally respond to flowers because they signal food availability. However, fruits are stronger and more direct signals of food availability than flowers, therefore fruits should elicit stronger emotional responses than flowers. To test the theory, we performed two online studies in Czechia. The participants (n = 3354 and 744 respectively) indicated on a six-point scale their preferences for the photographs of 14 edible Czech plant species (study A) and 20 edible plant species from African savannas (study B), varying in their growth stage (flowering, fruiting). Paired t-tests found no preference for Czech fruiting plants and a strong preference for African flowering plants (p

International audience; Individuals exposed to deprivation tend to show a characteristic behavioural syndrome suggestive of a short time horizon. This pattern has traditionally been attributed to the intrinsically higher unpredictability of deprived environments, which renders waiting for long term rewards more risky (i.e. collection risks are high). In the current paper, based on a simple dynamic life history model, we show that a significant portion of individuals' propensity to discount future rewards might have a completely distinct origin. Upon collecting a resource, individuals have the opportunity to accumulate "capital" (e.g. grow muscular tissue, build a protective shelter, buy a car, etc.), which eventually increases their productivity and/or their chances of survival. As a result, delaying the collection of a resource creates an opportunity cost in the sense that during the waiting time, the benefits otherwise generated by the increment in capital are lost. These forgone benefits are independent of collection risks and constitute waiting costs per se. Using optimal control theory we show that these costs can lead to the evolution of short time horizons even in the complete absence of collection risks. Moreover, assuming diminishing returns to capital, we show that the evolutionarily stable time horizon increases with the amount of capital already owned by individuals. When individuals possess little capital, they have a lot of room to improve their productivity and/or survival, hence they should be impatient to collect resources; that is, their time horizon should be short. On the contrary, when individuals already possess a lot of capital, the benefits of further accumulation are plateauing, hence patience becomes a more profitable strategy and individuals should lengthen their time horizon. This means that individuals get more patient as they age and that people in deprivation, who still have important productive and survival needs that can be satisfied, should have a shorter time horizon. Moreover, beyond time horizon, our model shows that people with little capital should also be more risk averse than the more privileged. Taken together, these results lead us to interpret the behavioral constellation of deprivation in a new way.

Όταν εμφανίστηκε το καλοκαίρι του 2018 στις προθήκες το βιβλίο του Δημήτρη Παπανικολάου, αμέσως τράβηξε την προσοχή μου. Αυτή η έκφραση, «κάτι τρέχει με την οικογένεια», μαζί με τα προσδιοριστικά του τίτλου, «έθνος, πόθος και συγγένεια την εποχή της κρίσης» ήταν σαν ένα κάλεσμα για μένα, το οποίο απευθυνόταν σε διάφορες αμφιβολίες και ελλείψεις που αντιλαμβανόμουν αναφορικά με τη σύγχρονη θεωρία της οικογένειας στην Ελλάδα. «Κάτι τρέχει», που ξεφεύγει από τον αναλυτικό φακό μας. Ξεφυλλίζοντας το στο βιβλιοπωλείο, είδα με πολύ ενδιαφέρον ότι ο συγγραφέας δεν συζητούσε κλινικές περιπτώσεις ή τη βιβλιογραφία για την οικογένεια, αλλά σύγχρονα ‘πολιτισμικά κείμενα’, ταινίες, βιβλία, κλπ, οικεία σε μένα, που με είχαν αναστατώσει τα περισσότερα όταν τα είχα συναντήσει. Δεν μας γράφει από το χώρο των ψυ-επιστημών, αλλά από τις πολιτισμικές σπουδές και τη Νέα Ελληνική Φιλολογία, διδάσκοντας Νεοελληνική Λογοτεχνία στο κολέγιο St.Cross της Οξφόρδης από το 2004. Σε αυτή τη (εκτενή ίσως) δοκιμιακή βιβλιοπαρουσίαση, θα προσπαθήσω να αναδείξω γιατί το βιβλίο αξίζει να τύχει της προσοχής των επαγγελματιών που ασχολούνται με την οικογένεια, εκθέτοντας τις κύριες έννοιες-επιχειρήματα που εισάγει, καθώς και παρουσιάζοντας τη δομή των κεφαλαίων μέσα από τα κείμενα με τα οποία συνδιαλέγεται ο συγγραφέας. Στο τέλος παρατίθεται και μια βιβλιογραφία αυτών των πολιτισμικών κειμένων με σειρά αναφοράς.

We investigated the efficacy of a phenomenological matrix of mindfulness as a framework for examining expectations, formal meditation experiences, and appraisals of first-year college music students (N = 18) who participated in a 5-day mindfulness module offered through an introductory course in music education. Participants expressed hopes that meditation would help them manage stress and anxiety, improve their focus and relationships, and support their personal growth and motivation. With respect to lived experiences of formal meditation, we found that without explicit prompting, approximately 86% percent of coded phrases reflected dimensions of experience that could be mapped within the matrix, suggesting its efficacy for coding. Furthermore, almost all participants attributed mindfulness to improving their general wellness, with dereification, breathing, and non-aversive affect frequently mentioned as key factors leading to these improvements. Additionally, consistent with the neurophenomenological aims of the matrix, we list cognitive outcomes and neurophysiological mechanisms potentially attributable to the nature of selected appraisal statements by participants.

Presumably, network analysis supplies an analytical framework for exploring the empirical properties of ideology. This manuscript incorporates two important, though ignored features in past research by inves- tigating how time shapes the properties of belief networks for different populations of people – those who exhibit high and low levels of political knowledge. Subsequent analysis produces several findings: (1) belief network density increases asymmetrically among people with high relative to low knowledge; (2) symbolic preferences are always more central to belief networks irrespective of survey timing or popula- tion; in contrast, policy beliefs exhibit some increase in centrality over time among the politically knowl- edgeable; and, (3) centrality does not predict variance within standard parametric models. This latter finding, in particular, presents problems for describing belief networks using the vernacular of Conversian belief systems – a disconnect that seems grounded in the mismatch between Converse’s individual-level theory and network analysis’ population-based properties.

Research into the sensuous practices which constitute the phenomenological foundations of sporting experience has been relatively underdeveloped. This paper seeks to address this state of affairs by portraying the sensory activity involved in doing scuba diving. Drawing on the work of Bourdieu and Crossley and using data from interviews with an expert scuba diving instructor, the paper details a spectrum of sensuous activity encompassing moving, touching, listening and hearing in the underwater environment. The paper concludes with a call for the development of sensory studies across the spectrum of sporting activity so as to provide a more adequate foundational link to theorising about sport.

Subjective emptiness is a pervasive transdiagnostic construct. The aim of this series of studies was to use construct validation procedures to better understand the nature and correlates of subjective emptiness. A literature review led to 88 items which were then trimmed to 53 via qualitative interviews with patients and experts. This preliminary scale was administered to 543 university students and 1,067 clinical participants along with measures of depression, meaning in life, borderline personality disorder, and impulsivity. The scale was reduced to 17 items following item analysis, factor and item response theory analyses, extreme groups comparisons, and examinations of criterion validity. This 17-item scale, along with measures of identity disturbance and maladaptive personality traits, was then administered to 1,016 clinical participants. The scale was trimmed to 7 items based on results from these data. Results strongly supported the unidimensionality of subjective emptiness and its transdiagnostic clinical value.

A huge number of hypotheses have been put forward to explain the substantial diversity in economic development. There is growing appreciation that cultural evolutionary processes may have played an important role in this emergence of this diversity. Historical factors such as the length of time societies have had experience with centralized political governance, or how long they have employed agricultural subsistence strategies have been presented as explanatory factors that have contributed to present-day economic performance. However, it is not clear whether duration of agriculture and ancestral statehood have exerted a direct effect on modern productivity, or whether they influence economies indirectly by shaping the evolution of norms or formal institutions. Here we use structural equation modelling and a global nation-level dataset to test between hypotheses involving a range of direct and indirect pathways. We show that the historical timing of agriculture predicts the timing of the emergence of statehood, which in turn affects economic development indirectly through its effect on institutions. Ecological factors appear to affect economic performance indirectly through their historical effects on the development of agriculture and by shaping patterns of European colonization. These results support the idea that cultural evolutionary processes have been important in creating effective institutions that enable large-scale cooperation and economic growth in present-day societies.

The harmful tourist behaviour of taking a lot of food from a buffet, but not eating it all, remains under-researched. This study gains key insights into drivers of plate waste. Observational data show that: dinner buffets are worse than break-fast buffets; the latest breakfast serving time is worse than the earliest; high-end breakfast buffets are worse than budget buffets. The first meal a guest eats at a hotel and the presence of children also lead to more plate waste. Staff offer consistent and plausible explanations for these observations, resulting in a comprehensive model of drivers of plate waste. This model offers a basis for intervention development to reduce plate waste and by so doing minimise environ-mental damage caused by the tourism industry.