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Plants that bloom in early spring often face constraints on reproduction, which are influenced by low temperatures and unpredictable weather conditions that affect pollinator activity. We aimed to elucidate the pollination ecology and the mating system of Ranzania japonica (Berberidaceae), a perennial plant of a monotypic genus endemic to deep‐snow regions in Japan. We documented the flowering phenology and visiting insects in the field, and conducted pollination experiments by using artificial treatments. R. japonica was suggested to be self‐incompatible but not pollen‐limited. Fruit set varied between years, and florivory seemed to have a negative influence on fruit set. Insects from various taxa were observed to visit the flowers of R. japonica, with Eusphalerum sp. (rove beetle) being the most abundant, followed by Bombylius major and hymenopteran species. The stamen movement in response to insect visits was observed. The results of the observation and the pollination treatments suggested that small‐ and medium‐sized Hymenoptera were the main pollinators and rove beetles may also contribute to pollination in R. japonica. Because early spring weather can be unsuitable for activity of bees, rove beetles may act as supplementary pollinators of R. japonica. The role of the supplementary pollinators may be an overlooked but important aspect for understanding the pollination biology of early‐spring blooming plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild edible fruits can play a significant role in providing nutrition to the rural inhabitants. The present study was carried out in outer Seraj region of district Kullu, Himachal Pradesh. The data were collected through interviews, group discussions, participatory observations and semi-structured questionnaire. This survey documented total of 24 wild edible fruit plants which belonged to different categories viz 16 trees, 7 shrubs and 1 herb. These documented plants were used by the rural people of the study area as wild fruits and vegetables. It was found that the highest number (6) of wild edible plants belonged to Rosaceae family followed by Polygonaceae (4) and Berberidaceae (2) families. These wild plants were easily available from the surrounding without any cost. These plants have been reported to be of high nutritional values. Due to unscientific and ruthless exploitation coupled with habitat degradation, these species have been declining very fast. Biodiversity of all these species needs to be conserved by adopting different management practices so as to save them from extinction in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new 12-crown 4-ether, 2-nonyl-1,4,7,10-tetraoxacyclododecane (1) was isolated from the leaves of Mahonia fortunei (Berberidaceae). The structure of the new crown ether was elucidated by chemical and physical evidences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Premise: Glacial/interglacial cycles and topographic complexity are both considered to have shaped today's diverse phylogeographic patterns of taxa from unglaciated eastern North America (ENA). However, few studies have focused on the phylogeography and population dynamics of wide‐ranging ENA herbaceous species occurring in forest understory habitat. We examined the phylogeographic pattern and evolutionary history of Podophyllum peltatum L., a widely distributed herb inhabiting deciduous forests of ENA. Methods: Using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci, we investigated the population structure and genetic diversity of the species. Molecular dating, demographic history analyses, and ecological niche modeling were also performed to illustrate the phylogeographic patterns. Results: Our cpDNA results identified three main groups that are largely congruent with boundaries along the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, two major geographic barriers in ENA. Populations located to the east of the Appalachians and along the central Appalachians exhibited relatively higher levels of genetic diversity. Extant lineages may have diverged during the late Miocene, and range expansions of different groups may have happened during the Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that geographic barriers may have started to facilitate the population divergence in P. peltatum before the Pleistocene. Persistence in multiple refugia, including areas around the central Appalachians during the Quaternary glacial period, and subsequent expansions under hospitable climatic condition, especially westward expansion, are likely responsible for the species' contemporary genetic structure and phylogeographic pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium and Plagiorhegma are the representatives of two early-diverging clades in Podophylloideae of Berberidaceae. Flowers are dimerous and trimerous respectively, but their floral development is little known. Here, we used scanning electron microscopy to clarify the structure and development of flower and inflorescence in E pimedium pubescens and P lagiorhegma dubium and compared these with other Berberidaceae to better understand floral evolution within the family. Our results show that the two genera share some significant features. The petal and stamen primordia emerge independently. The carpel is ascidiate from the earliest stages of development. The ovule is anatropous and bitegmic. However, E. pubescens has a paniculate inflorescence, while a lateral floral bud is initiated but aborted in P. dubium. In E. pubescens , both inner sepals and petals are delayed compared with other organs (vs. delay in petal development only for P. dubium). Petals of E. pubescens have a nectariferous spur (vs. no nectariferous tissue for P. dubium). The style of E. pubescens is long with a flat stigma (vs. short with trumpet-shaped stigma for P. dubium). These differences suggest that Epimedium and Plagiorhegma may not be closely related and support placing them separately in two clades of Podophylloideae, complementing results from molecular studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine the actual state of the photosynthetic apparatus and exhibit distinguishable differences in the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) components in different seedling ages of M. oiwakensis plants subjected to different light intensity (LI). Potted 6-month-old greenhouse seedlings and field collected 2.4-year-old seedlings with 5 cm heights were selected and randomly separated into seven groups for photosynthesis measurements illuminated with 50, 100 (assigned as low LI), 300, 500, 1,000 (as moderate LI), 1,500 and 2,000 (as high LI) μmol m–2 s–1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) treatments. Results n 6-month-old seedlings, as LI increased from 50 to 2,000 PPFD, the values of non-photochemical quenching and photo-inhibitory quenching (qI) increased but potential quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) values decreased. High electron transport rate and percentage of actual PSII efficiency by Fv/Fm values were observed in 2.4-year-old seedlings at high LI conditions. Furthermore, higher ΦPSII was detected under low LI conditions, with lower energy-dependent quenching (qE) and qI values and photo-inhibition % decreased as well. However, qE and qI increased as ΦPSII decreased and photo-inhibition% increased under high LI treatments. Conclusions These results could be useful for predicting the changes in growth and distribution of Mahonia species grown in controlled environments and open fields with various combinations of varying light illuminations, and ecological monitoring of their restoration and habitat creation is important for provenance conservation and helps to formulate better conservation strategies for the seedlings.

Abstract Background Elucidating the phylogenetic relationships within species-rich genera is essential but challenging, especially when lineages are assumed to have been going through radiation events. Mahonia Nutt. (Berberidaceae) is a genus with cosmopolitan distribution, comprising approximately 100 species, two of which are known as Caulis Mahoniae (M. bealei and M. fortunei) with crucial pharmacological significance in Chinese herbal medicine. Mahonia is a taxonomically challenging genus, and intrageneric phylogenetic relationships still need to be explored using genome data. Universal DNA barcodes and floral morphological attributes have limited discriminatory power in Mahonia. Results We sequenced 17 representative plastomes and integrated three published plastome data together to conduct comparative and phylogenetic analyses. We found that Mahonia and Berberis share a large IR expansion (~ 12 kb), which is recognized as a typical character of Berberideae. Repeated sequences are revealed in the species of Mahonia, which are valuable for further population genetic studies. Using a comparative plastome analysis, we determined eight hypervariable regions whose discriminative power is comparable to that of the whole plastid genomes. The incongruence of the ITS and the plastome tree topologies may be ascribed to ancestral hybridization events and/or to incomplete lineage sorting. In addition, we suggest that leaf epidermal characters could help to distinguish closely related species in Mahonia. Conclusions We propose an integrative approach combining special barcodes and micromorphological traits to circumscribe Mahonia species. The results cast a new light on the development of an integrative method for accurate species circumscription and provide abundant genetic resources for further research on Mahonia.

Though Berberis (Berberidaceae) is widely distributed across the Eurasian landmass it is most diverse in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountain (HHM) region. There are more than 200 species in China where it is one of the most common mountain shrubs. The study on the taxonomy and evolution of Berberis in this region can thus provide an important insight into the origin and diversification of its flora. A prerequisite to this is mapping and describing the various species of Berberis in the region – a task that despite recent progress is by no means complete. It is clear that in China there may be a significant number of species still to be described and that even with published species much about their distribution remains to be discovered. As a contribution to the first of these tasks seven new species from the northern Hengduan Mountain of N. Sichuan and S. Qinghai: Berberis chinduensis, Berberis degexianensis, Berberis jiajinshanensis, Berberis jinwu, Berberis litangensis, Berberis longquensis and Berberis riparia, are described here. Differences in overall morphology and especially in floral structures with each other and with similar species of Berberis in the same region are presented. The report is the result of phylogenetic analyses based on plastome and partial nrDNA sequences of both the seven proposed new species and a significant number of similar species already published. Provisional conclusions as to the insights provides on the history of the genetic divergence are discussed.

In search of novel potential drug candidates that could be used as treatments or prophylactics for memory impairment, an aporphine alkaloid magnoflorine (MAG) isolated from the root of Berberis vulgaris was proven to exhibit beneficial anti-amnestic properties. Its effects on immunoreactivity to parvalbumin in the mouse hippocampus were assessed together with a study on its safety and concentration in the brain and plasma. For this purpose, four experimental groups were created: the MAG10 group—treated with 10 mg MAG/kg b.w. i.p., the MAG20 group—treated with 20 mg MAG/kg b.w. i.p., the MAG50 group—treated with 50 mg MAG/kg b.w. i.p., and a control group—injected with saline i.p. at a volume corresponding to their weight. Our results indicated that the hippocampal fields CA1–CA3 were characterized by an elevated number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons (PV-IR) and nerve fibers in mice at the doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w. (i.p.). No significant changes to the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α were observed for the above two doses; however, the administration of 50 mg/kg b.w. i.p. caused a statistically significant elevation of IL-6, IL-1beta plasma levels and an insignificant raise in the TNF-alpha value. The HPLC–MS analysis showed that the alkaloid's content in the brain structures in the group treated with 50 mg/kg b.w. did not increase proportionally with the administered dose. The obtained results show that MAG is able to influence the immunoreactivity to PV-IR in hippocampal neurons and might act as a neuroprotective compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the actual state of the photosynthetic apparatus and exhibit distinguishable differences in the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) components in different seedling ages of M. oiwakensis plants subjected to different light intensity (LI). Potted 6-month-old greenhouse seedlings and field collected 2.4-year-old seedlings with 5 cm heights were selected and randomly separated into seven groups for photosynthesis measurements illuminated with 50, 100 (assigned as low LI), 300, 500, 1,000 (as moderate LI), 1,500 and 2,000 (as high LI) μmol m–2 s–1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) treatments. Results: n 6-month-old seedlings, as LI increased from 50 to 2,000 PPFD, the values of non-photochemical quenching and photo-inhibitory quenching (qI) increased but potential quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) values decreased. High electron transport rate and percentage of actual PSII efficiency by Fv/Fm values were observed in 2.4-year-old seedlings at high LI conditions. Furthermore, higher ΦPSII was detected under low LI conditions, with lower energy-dependent quenching (qE) and qI values and photo-inhibition % decreased as well. However, qE and qI increased as ΦPSII decreased and photo-inhibition% increased under high LI treatments. Conclusions: These results could be useful for predicting the changes in growth and distribution of Mahonia species grown in controlled environments and open fields with various combinations of varying light illuminations, and ecological monitoring of their restoration and habitat creation is important for provenance conservation and helps to formulate better conservation strategies for the seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberis thunbergii L. (Japanese barberry) holds significant market share in the commercial ornamental horticulture industry. Japanese barberry is grown by production nurseries and used in landscaping across the northern half of the United States. In 2009, the barberry crop was worth nearly $30.5 million in annual sales in the United States, making it one of the top two ornamental shrubs, roses excluded. [U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2009]. Dirr (2009) lists close to 70 cultivars of B. thunbergii or B. thunbergii hybrids, and new cultivars continue to be introduced at a rapid rate. Hardiness, ease of culture, resistance to deer browse, compact habit, and general attractiveness have made Japanese barberry one of the most popular landscape shrubs in the United States (Steffey, 1985). Japanese barberry cultivars offer ornamental interest in all four seasons, featuring yellow flowers in spring; attractive red, yellow, green, or variegated foliage in summer; leaves that turn orange, yellow, and red in fall; and bright red berries that persist through the winter (Steffey, 1985). Its thorny stems make it useful as an impenetrable hedge in home landscapes (Steffey, 1985), and other uses include foundation plantings, groupings and even as a specimen for difficult growing conditions (Dirr, 2009). Japanese barberry’s popularity as a commercial horticulture staple crop has also resulted from its ease of culture under production nursery conditions (Mark Sellew, Prides Corner Farms, Lebanon, CT, personal communication). Barberry roots easily from cuttings; thus large numbers of genetically uniform plants may be raised (Dirr and Heuser, 2006), and it only requires one to two growing seasons to reach saleable size in a container.

Prenylated flavonoids are the chemotaxonomic markers of genus Epimedium. Icariin, epimedin A, B and C are the main bioactive principles found in Epimedium spp. The chemical and pharmacological studies of a good number of prenylated flavonoids isolated from Epimedium species are reported in literature but their biosynthetic pathways have been explored to a limited extent only and remained ambiguous for a long time. In this review, an in‐depth and extensive coverage of Epimedium prenylated flavonoids is reported from 2012 to 2022 using SciFinder database for literature retreival. The review covers occurrence, synthesis, biosynthesis and quantification of prenylated flavonoids of genus Epimedium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry) is an invasive shrub that escaped cultivation and spread in the northeastern United States. The impact of varying degrees of Japanese barberry invasion on the abundances of a Lyme disease bacterium vector, Ixodes scapularis (blacklegged tick), and reservoir, Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) was investigated. Blacklegged ticks and white-footed mice in three habitats with different levels of Japanese barberry invasion (fully invaded, partially invaded, non-invaded) were surveyed. The efficacy of three tick collection techniques (flagging, dry ice traps, walking) within these habitats were evaluated. Blacklegged ticks and white-footed mice were more abundant in the fully invaded habitat than the non-invaded and partially invaded habitats. The walking method was most effective for collecting blacklegged ticks. Habitat management that prevents full invasion by Japanese barberry may limit the abundance of Lyme disease bacterium vectors and reservoirs, thus contributing to disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium L. is an important genus in the family Berberidaceae. Epimedium trifoliolatobinatum (Koidz.) Koidz. 1939 is inhabited on the west side of the Shikoku, Japan. In this study, the first complete chloroplast genome of E. trifoliolatobinatum was assembled with Illumina paired-end sequencing data, which was 157,272 bp in length with a total GC content of 38.70%. A total of 112 unique genes were annotated, comprising 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that E. trifoliolatobinatum was sister to E. koreanum. The current results provided fundamental information for further conducting molecular systematics and phylogenetic research of Epimedium genus.

Phylogenetic and morphological analyses have been conducted on powdery mildew specimens on different Berberis and Mahonia spp. from Asia, Europe and North America. The present study showed that collections of Erysiphe berberidis exhibit a high degree of morphological plasticity of the sexual morph, in contrast to their morphologically, rather uniform, asexual morph. In phylogenetic tree, all sequences cluster in a large strongly supported clade, without any indication and support for further differentiation into cryptic species. There are three morphological types within E. berberidis s. lat. that contain consistent differences. Until future multi-locus analyses will be available, we prefer to treat these 'morphological types' as varieties. These include Erysiphe berberidis var. berberidis, E. berberidis var. asiatica, and E. berberidis var. dimorpha comb. nov. (≡ Microsphaera berberidis var. dimorpha, M. berberidicola, and M. multappendicis). To fix the application of species name E. berberidis, an appropriate epitype was designated, with an ITS sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium muhuangense S. Z. He & Y. Y. Wang 2017, one of the rare unifoliolate species in the Epimedium genus of Berberidaceae, is distributed in the Guizhou province of China. In present research, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of E. muhuangense with Illumina sequencing technology. The whole genome was 157,264 bp in length, which consisted of a large single-copy region (LSC, 88,588 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,036 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb, 25,820 bp). A total of 112 unique genes were successfully annotated, consisting of 78 protein-encoding genes, 30 rRNA, and four tRNA. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that E. muhuangense is closely related to E. elachyphyllum.

Both Epimedium sutchuenense Franch. 1894 and E. fargesii Franch. 1894 are perennial herbs with excellent ornamental values due to their showy flowers. However, little molecular research has been done on these species. Here, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of E. sutchuenense and E. fargesii was analyzed and reported. The cp genome sizes of E. sutchuenense and E. fargesii were 157, 263 and 157, 133 bp, respectively. Both the two cp genomes contained a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) (25,782 and 25,796 bp), separated by the small single-copy (SSC) region (17,106 and 17,071 bp) and a large single-copy (LSC) region (88,593 and 88,470 bp). A total of 113 unique genes were annotated in each of the two cp genomes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis supported a close relationship between E. sutchuenense and E. wushanense, while E. fargesii had no clear clustering branch.

Epimedium L. is an important medicinal herbaceous genus that belongs to the family Berberidaceae. Epimedium campanulatum Ogisu is a plant species only inhabited in the northwestern part of Sichuan province, China. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome sequence, assembly, and characterization of E. campanulatum. The chloroplast genome of E. campanulatum was 157,343 bp in length, and a total of 112 unique genes were identified. Phylogenetic results revealed that E. campanulatum formed a sister relationship with the cluster of Epimedium ecalcaratum, Epimedium davidii, and Epimedium chlorandrum. Our findings provided valuable data for future taxonomic and phylogenetic research within the genus Epimedium.

Epimedium jinchengshanense Y. J. Zhang & J. Q. Li 2014 is an important ornamental and medicinal herb, but of unclear taxonomy. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of E. jinchengshanense was sequenced. The genome was 157,169 bp in length, with a large single-copy region of 88, 520 bp, a small single-copy region of 17,075 bp and 2 inverted repeat regions of 25, 787 bp. The genome consisted of 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. The GC contents were 38.78%. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship between E. jinchengshanense and E. ilicifolium, which was explained by the morphological similarity of flowers and leaves of the two species.

A new 12-crown 4-ether, 1-(1′,4′,7′,10′-tetraoxacyclododecan-2-yl)nonan-1-one (1) was isolated from the leaves of Mahonia fortunei (Berberidaceae). The structure of the new crown ether was elucidated by chemical and physical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium L. is a medicinally important herbaceous genus in the family Berberidaceae. Epimedium fargesii Franch. is only narrowly inhabited in the Daba Mountains in China. Here, we sequenced and assembled the first complete chloroplast genome of Epimedium fargesii Franch. The chloroplast genome of E. fargesii was 157,208 bp in length, with a total GC content of 38.77%. A total of 112 unique genes were identified, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that E. fargesii formed a sister relationship with E. wushanense T. S. Ying. Our results provided fundamental data for further taxonomic and phylogenetic research of the genus Epimedium.

Epimedium L. is the largest herbaceous genus in the family Berberidaceae which comprises more than 60 species. Epimedium sutchuenense Franch. is narrowly inhabited in the Daba Mountains of China. In the current study, we assembled the first complete chloroplast genome of E. sutchuenense through Illumina paired-end sequencing. The complete chloroplast genome of E. sutchuenense was 157,218 bp in length and the total GC content was 38.78%. A total of 112 unique genes were identified, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that E. sutchuenense was sister to Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying. Our results provided valuable information for further phylogenetic research and germplasm exploration of Epimedium genus.

Epimedium L. is an important medicinal herbaceous genus in the family Berberidaceae. Epimedium platypetalum K. Mey. is a plant species only narrowly distributed in the western part of China. Here, the complete chloroplast genome of Epimedium platypetalum was assembled. The chloroplast genome of E. platypetalum was 159,088 bp in length, with a total GC content of 38.79%. A total of 112 unique genes were identified, among which 78 are protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Phylogenetic results revealed that E. platypetalum formed a sister relationship with E. membranaceum K. Mey. Our findings provided valuable data for future research on phylogenetic relationship and germplasm exploration within the genus Epimedium.

A novel 2,3-dioxygenated flavanone, dysosmaflavanone (2), along with five known phenolic compounds including podophyllotoxin (1), podoverin A (3), kaempferol (4), 8,2'-diprenyl quercetin 3-methyl ether (5), and ethyl β-D-glucoside (6) were isolated from the roots of the plant Dysosma difformis. Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis. Besides podophyllotoxin and kaempferol, the rest of the compounds were isolated from the genus Dysosma for the first time. Dysosmaflavanone, which possesses a rare 2,3-dioxygenated skeleton, could be regarded as an important chemotaxonomic marker. The antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberis weiningensis is a frequently-used traditional Chinese medicinal herb that included various active alkaloids. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of B. weiningensis. The complete cp genome of B. weiningensis is 166,275 bp in length, and has a typical structure with large single-copy (LSC 73,624 bp) and small single-copy (SSC 18,608 bp) regions separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs 37,019 bp) of large size. The B. weiningensis cp genome contains 147 genes, of which 101 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 38 tRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Berberis species closely clustered with Mahonia species, which obviously support that Mahonia and Berberis are not monophyletic.

Berberis amurensis (Berberidaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine, which is often used to treat hypertension, inflammation, dysentery and enteritis. It contains alkaloids, mainly including berberine, berbamine, magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine and palmatine. Berberis amurensis extracts (BAEs) is often orally taken. Oral herbs might be metabolized by intestinal bacteria in the small intestine. However, the interaction between the herb and the gut microbiota is still unknown. In the current study, UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with Metabolitepilot and Peakview software was used to identify the metabolites of BAEs in anti-biotic cocktail induced pseudo germ-free rats and normal rats. As a result, a total of 46 metabolites in normal rats were detected and its main metabolic pathways include demethylation, dehydrogenation, methylation, hydroxylation, sulfation and glucuronidation. Only 29 metabolites existed in pseudo germ-free rats. Dehydrogenated metabolites (M29, M30, M34 and M36), methylated metabolites (M33, M41 and M46) and other metabolites were not detected in pseudo germ-free rats. The result implied that the intestinal bacteria have an influence on the metabolism of BAEs. Furthermore, this investigation might contribute to the understanding of the metabolism of BAEs, and further promote its clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium L. is the largest herbaceous genus of Berberidaceae which comprises more than 60 species. Epimedium pudingense is a rare plant species only narrowly inhabited in the Puding County in the Guizhou Province of China. Here, we first report the complete chloroplast genome of E. pudingense assembled from Illumina short-read sequencing data. The chloroplast genome of E. pudingense was 157,325 bp in length, with a total GC content of 36.11%. A total of 112 unique genes were identified, among which are 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that E. pudingense closely related to E. elachyphyllum. Our study will provide useful fundamental data for further phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of the Epimedium genus.

Epimedium simplicifolium Ying is a rare and endangered species endemic to Guizhou, China. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of E. simplicifolium was sequenced. The total cp genomes size was 158,745 bp in length, with 38.7% of GC content, including four distinct regions: the large single-copy region (LSC, 88,413 bp), small single-copy region (SSC, 15,386 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs, each for 27,473 bp). The whole cp genome of E. simplicifolium encoded 131 unique genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis with the previously reported cp genomes showed that all the samples of Epimedium are grouped into one group, which can be easily separated from the other genera of the Berberidaceae, and the E. simplicifolium is a separate species from the rest of the Epimedium. This plastid genome is the first report for the E. simplicifolium and will be useful data for developing markers for further studies on resolving the relationship within the Berberidaceae.

A new β-ionone, episagittatone (1), and eight known compounds were isolated from the stems of Epimedium sagittatum (Berberidaceae). The structure of 1 was determined by interpretation of the spectroscopic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petals are important floral organs that exhibit considerable morphological diversity in terms of colour, shape, and size. The varied morphologies of mature petals can be linked to developmental differences. The petals of Berberidaceae (a core group of Ranunculales) range from flat sheets to complex structures with nectaries, but studies on petal development and structural diversity in this group are lacking. Here, the petal development, structure, and micromorphology of seven Berberidaceae genera are characterized by microscopy to clarify the diversity of petals within this group. The results indicate that no common petal-stamen primordium exists, that petal development proceeds through five stages, and that the differentiation responsible for the diversity of the mature petals occurs during stage 4. Processes contributing to the morphological diversity of mature petals include edge thickening, gland formation, and spur formation. Nandina and Diphylleia lack nectaries. Gymnospermium has saccate nectaries, Caulophyllum has nectaries on the petal margin, Epimedium has spur nectaries, and Berberis and Mahonia have glands at the base of petals. Petal nectaries usually consist of a secretory epidermis, two to twenty layers of secretory parenchyma cells, and vascular tissues. Eleven distinct cell types were observed in the petal epidermis, three of which are secretory; papillose cells appear to be absent in Diphylleia, which shows relatively little micromorphological variation. The ancestors of Berberidaceae may have nectaries in thickened areas of their petals. The micromorphology and nectary structures of the petals in Ranunculales are also compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberidaceae contains 17 genera and nearly 650 species, in which the genus Berberis and the genus Mahonia are sisters with a very close relationship and share many similar characteristics. In the past, the two genera were merged into the genus Berberis. At present, the Berberidaceae is at risk and is prioritized for conservation, especially the species of Mahonia and Berberis. In the fact, identification for the Berberidaceae species based on the morphology of parts for sale (such as roots, stems, leaves) without reproductive organs (flowers and fruits) is impossible. In recent years, molecular biology techniques are being applied widely and effectively in research on the evolution, classification and genetic diversity of populations. Study based on DNA has highly accurate and particularly useful for closely related species which morphological observations are not sufficient to distinguish. Results from DNA analysis allow authentic species, populations or individuals from un-intact specimens accurately and especially, it is not affected by objective factors such as the environment or human. In this study, we assessed the taxonomy ability of three commonly DNA barcoding regions used for classification including rbcL, trnH-psbA and ITS2 on 12 samples of the Berberidaceae family, in which 7 samples are genus Mahonia, 4 samples are genus Berberis and one sample of Epimedium was used as the control sample. The results of the study will contribute to the selection of suitable DNA barcode for the identification of Mahonia and Berberis samples. The results demonstrated that the rbcL region showed the most obvious ability to distinguish the 12 Berberidaceae species. The ITS2 sequences of Berberis julianeae and Mahonia bealei of Vietnam were submitted to GenBank with accession numbers MT073031 and MT008067, respectively. The sequence of rbcL of Mahonia bealei was also submitted to GenBank with accession number MT457415.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new 24-crown 8-ether, namely mahoniafortunin (1) was isolated from the leaves of Mahonia fortunei (Lindl.) Fedde (Berberidaceae). The structure of the new crown ether was elucidated by chemical and physical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium L. is an important genus in the family Berberidaceae. Epimedium trifoliolatobinatum (Koidz.) Koidz. 1939 is inhabited on the west side of the Shikoku, Japan. In this study, the first complete chloroplast genome of E. trifoliolatobinatum was assembled with Illumina paired-end sequencing data, which was 157,272 bp in length with a total GC content of 38.70%. A total of 112 unique genes were annotated, comprising 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that E. trifoliolatobinatum was sister to E. koreanum. The current results provided fundamental information for further conducting molecular systematics and phylogenetic research of Epimedium genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mahonia duclouxiana is a member of the genus Mahonia of Berberidaceae and is distributed in South Asia. Here, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of M. duclouxiana was reported. The complete chloroplast genome is 165,384 bp in length, which has a large single-copy (LSC) region of 73,477 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,563 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 36,672 bp. The G/C content in the chloroplast genome is 38.1%. The whole chloroplast genome contains 151 genes, including 38 unique tRNA genes, 105 unique protein-coding genes, and 8 unique rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis supported that this species should be included in Maddenia. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of M. duclouxiana will provide extremely important information in tracing the evolutionary history of the genus Mahonia and the development of the medicinal value.

Epimedium flavum Stearn, which belongs to Berberidaceae, is mainly distributed in the Sichuan province of China. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of E. flavum was reported for the first time. The whole genome of E. flavum was 159,134 bp in length, and revealed a typical quadripartite structure, including two copies of an inverted repeat (IR) region of 27,735 bp separating a large single-copy region (LSC, 86,576 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC, 17, 088 bp). The chloroplast genome contained 112 unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that E. flavum of series Davidianae was firstly clustered with E. brevicornu of ser. Brachyerae.

The study of pollen viability in trees and shrubs under conditions of introduction is one of the determining factors in the adaptation of a plant to new conditions. In 2018-2019, the vitality and germination of pollen was studied in 9 species of Berberis L. in the collection area of the Institute of Dendrology. For this purpose, the phenology of these species was studied and appropriate methods were applied. The results of the study showed that according to the viability, the pollen of the studied species is divided into 3 groups: highly viable pollen, moderately viable pollen, poorly viable pollen. Meridional and equatorial diameter of pollen of Berberis vulgaris and Berberis densifolia species from natural flora, as well as the dimensions of the pollen tubes was large compared to the introduced species.

Mahonia oiwakensis is a frequently-used traditional Chinese medicinal plant with efficient anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory ability. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of M. oiwakensis. The complete cp genome of M. oiwakensis is 165,126 bp in length, and has a typical structure with large (LSC 73,382 bp) and small (SSC 18,644 bp) single-copy regions separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs 36,550 bp) of large size. The M. oiwakensis cp genome contains 148 genes, of which 103 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis shows that M. oiwakensis closely clustered with Mahonia bealei, but were nested among three speices of Berberis, which robustly supports that Mahonia is not monophyletic, thus needs redefinition.

Epimedium xichangense, a critically endangered herb with limited population, mainly distributes in Sichuan province, China. In our study, we obtained the complete chloroplast genome of E. xichangense with a length of 158,955 bp, including a large single copy region of 86,478 bp, small single copy region of 17,027 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions of 27,725 bp. The GC content in the whole chloroplast genome of E. xichangense is 38.81%. Among the 112 unique genes in the circular genome, 30 tRNA, four rRNA and 78 protein-coding genes were successfully annotated. We constructed the Maximum likelihood (ML) tree with 26 species, and came to the conclusion that E. xichangense was phylogenetically closely related to E. acuminatum and E. chlorandrum.

Both Epimedium sutchuenense Franch. 1894 and E. fargesii Franch. 1894 are perennial herbs with excellent ornamental values due to their showy flowers. However, little molecular research has been done on these species. Here, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of E. sutchuenense and E. fargesii was analyzed and reported. The cp genome sizes of E. sutchuenense and E. fargesii were 157, 263 and 157, 133 bp, respectively. Both the two cp genomes contained a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) (25,782 and 25,796 bp), separated by the small single-copy (SSC) region (17,106 and 17,071 bp) and a large single-copy (LSC) region (88,593 and 88,470 bp). A total of 113 unique genes were annotated in each of the two cp genomes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis supported a close relationship between E. sutchuenense and E. wushanense, while E. fargesii had no clear clustering branch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium muhuangense S. Z. He & Y. Y. Wang 2017, one of the rare unifoliolate species in the Epimedium genus of Berberidaceae, is distributed in the Guizhou province of China. In present research, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of E. muhuangense with Illumina sequencing technology. The whole genome was 157,264 bp in length, which consisted of a large single-copy region (LSC, 88,588 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,036 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb, 25,820 bp). A total of 112 unique genes were successfully annotated, consisting of 78 protein-encoding genes, 30 rRNA, and four tRNA. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that E. muhuangense is closely related to E. elachyphyllum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium jinchengshanense Y. J. Zhang & J. Q. Li 2014 is an important ornamental and medicinal herb, but of unclear taxonomy. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of E. jinchengshanense was sequenced. The genome was 157,169 bp in length, with a large single-copy region of 88, 520 bp, a small single-copy region of 17,075 bp and 2 inverted repeat regions of 25, 787 bp. The genome consisted of 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. The GC contents were 38.78%. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship between E. jinchengshanense and E. ilicifolium, which was explained by the morphological similarity of flowers and leaves of the two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium L. is an important medicinal herbaceous genus that belongs to the family Berberidaceae. Epimedium campanulatum Ogisu is a plant species only inhabited in the northwestern part of Sichuan province, China. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome sequence, assembly, and characterization of E. campanulatum. The chloroplast genome of E. campanulatum was 157,343 bp in length, and a total of 112 unique genes were identified. Phylogenetic results revealed that E. campanulatum formed a sister relationship with the cluster of Epimedium ecalcaratum, Epimedium davidii, and Epimedium chlorandrum. Our findings provided valuable data for future taxonomic and phylogenetic research within the genus Epimedium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterochromatin banding patterns and the physical locations of 45S and 5S rDNA loci in mitotic metaphase chromosomes in 22 Epimedium spp. and two Vancouveria spp. species were studied using orcein staining and double-colour fluorescent in situ hybridization, respectively. Four types of chromosomal heterochromatin bands (satellite, centromeric, intercalary and terminal) were detected in all species, and there was clear variation in the number of bands and total length. In all species examined, at least one pair each of 45S and 5S rDNA signals was detected. The position of 5S rDNA is more conserved than that of 45S rDNA. The chromosomal distribution of 45S rDNA loci detected in Epimedium can be divided into three types. The chromosomal distributions of heterochromatin bands and 45S and 5S rDNA loci were closely related to the geographical distribution and may provide important evidence concerning the classification and systematics of Epimedium. Finally, based on results of the present study and pervious research, the centre of origin and formation of modern geographical distribution of Epimedium are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberis lycium (family Berberidaceae) grows in district Sherani, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is used for the treatment of various disorders by the people of Balochistan. The present work was carried out to explore analgesic and neuropharamcological activities of crude methanolic extracts of B. lyceum. The analgesic activity was carried out by acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test. Open field test, cage crossing test, rearing test, traction test and forced swimming test were carried out in neuropharmacological activities. The results reveal that crude methanolic extracts of B. lyceum showed significant (P<0.05) analgesic activity in acetic acid induced pain as well as with formalin test. In neuropharmacological activities, crude methanolic extracts of B. lyceum showed significant (P<0.05) central nervous system depressant activity and in forced swimming test it showed anxiolytic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]