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T and B cell-deficient rag1−/− mutant zebrafish develop protective immunity mediated by trained immunity. In mammals, trained immune responses can be induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. This study evaluated protective trained immunity in rag1−/− zebrafish through exposure to TLR ligands (beta glucan, R848, poly I:C), RE33® (a live-attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine), or combinations thereof, followed by wild-type E. ictaluri challenge one month later. Survival analyses revealed that all TLR ligands and vaccine treatments provided significantly higher protection than the control, with beta glucan inducing significantly greater protection than RE33®, while R848 and poly I:C were equivalent to the vaccine. Survivals for the treatments were beta glucan 70%, beta glucan + RE33® 60%, R848 + RE33® 54%, poly I:C + RE33® 50%, R848 49%, poly I:C 32%, RE33® 24%, and control 0%. Gene expression analysis of kidney and liver tissues post challenge revealed that beta glucan training elicited early and strong increased expressions of nklb (5536 fold @ 6 hpi), nkld (147 fold @ 12 hpi), and ifng (575 fold @ 12 hpi) in the kidney, and ifng (1369 fold @ 6 hpi), nkla (250 fold @ 6 hpi), nklb (734 fold @ 6 hpi), nklc (2135 fold @ 6 hpi) and nkld (589 fold @ 6 hpi) in the liver. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that early kidney gene expressions at 6–12 h post secondary infection (nkla @ 12 hpi, nklb @ 6 and 12 hpi, nklc @ 6 and 12 hpi, nkld @ 6 and 12 hpi, ifng @ 6 and 12 hpi, t-bet @ 6, 12 and 48 hpi, and nitr9 @24 hpi) in the kidney and liver (nkla, nklb, nklc, nkld, ifng, t-bet and nitr9 @ 6 hpi) were associated with the highest survival. This study highlights that TLR ligand-induced trained immunity boosts innate immunity and survival, with NK cell subpopulations in kidney and liver tissues responding differently to mediate protective responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various types of wheat bread are present in the Serbian market: white, brown, whole-wheat, wheat/rye, buckwheat/wheat, half-white and corn/ /wheat bread. This research included the quantification of the content of total fiber, fiber fractions, and microelements (manganese, copper, iron and zinc) in order to check whether the breads on the market contain the amounts that are proven beneficial for health. The aim was also to determine the contribution of these nutrients through the consumption of bread to the recommended daily intake. The results show that the bread from the Serbian market contains a large amount of arabinoxylan (1.2–2.6 g 100 g-1) and that wheat/rye, brown and whole wheat bread are sources of dietary fiber (4.0–4.6 g 100 g-1). Also, an important result is that all types of bread except white, contain more than 15 % of dietary reference values for copper and manganese. The intake of total fiber (+ 100 %), arabinoxylan (+ 117 %), copper (+ 118 %), and manganese (+ 85 %) increases by replacing white bread with whole wheat bread, therefore it is of great interest to raise awareness among consumers about the beneficial foods that should be included in the diet. Methods applied in this research showed acceptable precision and accuracy and also proved to be quite simple for routine analysis work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley serves as a crucial feed crop and is also utilized for baking, malting, and brewing purposes. In India, the consistent demand for malting-type barley has not been met due to the lack of suitable varieties. This study evaluated 136 barley germplasm accessions for diversity in biochemical and agro-morphological traits. The accessions were grown in Augmented Block Design and biochemical estimations were carried out using official and standard methods. The accessions exhibited substantial biochemical diversity with protein content (PC) ranging from 8.6 to 17.4%, starch content (SC) from 32.4 to 60.3%, amylose content (AC) from 13.3 to 19.3%, β-glucan content (βgC) from 1.31 to 6.06%, and total phenol content (TPC) from 8.6 to 17.4%. The agro-morphological traits also displayed considerable variation, with days to spike emergence (DSE) ranging from 74 to 124 days, days to physiological maturity (DPM) from 119 to 147 days, plant height (PH) from 82 to 165 cm, spike length (SL) from 5 to 11 cm, spikelet triplet groups (STG) per spike from 13 to 35, grain number per spike (GNS) from 15 to 71, hundred-grain weight (HGW) from 2 to 6.7 grams, and grain yield per meter row (GY) from 13.7 to 236.3 grams. Multivariate analyses, including the Mantel test, Pearson’s correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were conducted. No significant correlation was observed between biochemical and agro-morphological traits. However, significant positive correlations were found between SC and AC (r = 0.48) and βgC with PC (r = 0.2). Significant negative correlations were observed between SC and PC (r = −0.41) and AC with PC (r = −0.4). Highly significant positive correlations were observed between DSE and DPM (r = 0.55), GY and PH (r = 0.29), PH and DPM (r = 0.2), and HGW and SL (r = 0.25). The GWL was significantly positively correlated with βgC (r = 0.257) and significantly negatively correlated with TPC (r = −0.235). Apart from Grain Width to Length Ratio (GWL), no other agro-morphological trait was significantly correlated with any biochemical trait. Various accessions suitable for malting, human food, and cattle feed applications were identified.

Background & objectives: Amphotericin B, Allopurinol, Glucantime and Beta-Glucan are the main drugs currently used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In present study, we evaluated the effect of medical leeches on BALB/c mice models infected with Leishmania parasites. Methods: To create animal models of leishmaniasis, BALB/c mice were inoculated with the standard Leishmania major strain MRHO / IR / 75 / ER. Treatment was performed through blood sampling with leeches. We used medical leech (Hirudo medicinalis) species. This leech is a European medicinal leech, one of several species known used as medicinal leech. Twenty-two mice infected with Leishmania major were used for the tests. The studied mice were divided into two groups which were named with letters L and D. The duration of blood sampling was 25 min for initial treatment, 20 min for the 2nd blood sampling and 15 min for the third times and onwards. Meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) is a pentavalent antimony (SbV) that is recommended by the World Health Organization as a golden standard treatment for all kinds of leishmaniasis, but many side effects are still reported. Criteria for anti-leishmania assessment of leech were including: leech saliva has an anti-leishmania effect by acting on the purin pathway. Leech saliva prevents growth and multiplication of Leishmania by a mechanism of action similar to Glucantim (breaking ATP). Results: The duration of leech treatment in BALB/c mice infected with L. major parasites was about 6-8 weeks. Out of the 22 leishmaniasis mice models that underwent treatment, 13 survived until the end of the treatment duration. The recovery rate was about 56%; lesions improved in five out of the 13 surviving mice models. Paired t-test showed a significant difference between the mean wound size at the beginning of treatment and the 8th week of treatment (PV

The immunotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors, as a significant research direction in the field of oncology treatment in recent years, has garnered extensive attention due to its potential therapeutic efficacy and promising clinical application prospects. Recent advances in immunotherapy notwithstanding, challenges persist, such as side effects, the complexity of the tumor immune microenvironment, variable patient responses, and drug resistance. Consequently, there is a pressing need to explore novel adjunctive therapeutic modalities. b-glucan, an immunomodulatory agent, has exhibited promising anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical studies involving colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer, while also mitigating the adverse reactions associated with chemotherapy and enhancing patients' quality of life. However, further clinical and fundamental research is warranted to comprehensively evaluate its therapeutic potential and underlying biological mechanisms. In the future, b-glucan holds promise as an adjunctive treatment for gastrointestinal tumors, potentially bringing significant benefits to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This exploratory case-control study is to evaluate the effects of supplementation of Aureobasidium pullulans-N-163 strain produced 1,3–1,− 6 beta glucan in young patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods: Twenty-seven male subjects aged 5–19 years with DMD were included, nine in the control arm and 18 in the treatment arm to receive N-163 beta glucan along with conventional therapies for 45 days. While performing the analysis, steroid usage was also taken into consideration, those not administered steroids (Steroid -ve) (Control, n = 5; treatment, n = 9), those administered steroids (Steroid +ve) (Control, n = 4; treatment, n = 9). Results: IL-6 showed a significant decrease in the treatment groups, especially the N-163 Steroid -ve group. IL-13 decreased in both treatment groups and TGF-β levels showed a significant decrease in the treatment groups, especially the N-163 Steroid –ve group, (p

Since the Bronze Age, oat (Avena sativa L.) has been used mainly as an animal feed. Currently, it is in high demand for human consumption because of its nutritional properties, which improve health and wellbeing. Oat is a good source of protein, carbohydrates, lipid, minerals, vitamins and phenolic compounds. However, quality traits are usually polygenic and subjected to non-heritable factors, making quality improvement difficult. Several conventional breeding approaches such as pure line selection, pedigree selection, mutagenesis, wide crosses and polyploidy have been extensively used to develop new and improved oat varieties, commonly for forage purposes. Molecular approaches such as use of molecular markers, QTL mapping, genome-wide association studies, genetic engineering, genomic selection and speed breeding are being utilised to identify traits/genes of interest, produce plants carrying the desired agronomic and climatic resilience traits, and accelerate genetic gain. There has been minimal focus on nutrient enrichment and the development of high-quality, enriched oat genetic resources. Herein, we address and compile much-needed, up-to-date information on comparative analysis of oat nutritional and phytochemical properties with those of other cereals. We also consider the importance and involvement of conventional breeding in the modern approaches. This updated information provides guidance for oat breeders to develop nutrient-enriched varieties and points to future prospects towards oat quality improvement. Good health, zero hunger and conservation of diversity are three major goals for sustainability in agriculture agriculture. Oat nutritional profiling, health benefits, and conventional breeding and biotechnological research are discussed in terms of improvement of different nutraceutical traits. This review could guide research into enhancing nutraceutical properties of oat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota has been described as a new 'organ' that interferes with host physiology by its metabolites produced from the utilization and biotransformation of undigested food components. Fu Ling (FL), the sclerotia of fungi Wolfiporia cocos, contains β-glucan, which is a known natural polysaccharide with strong medicinal efficacy. This study endeavors to evaluate the fermentability of FL and polysaccharides extracted from its sclerotia. An in vitro fermentation of structurally characterized FL and its β-glucan by human fecal microbiota was conducted. Total bacterial count, pH change, short-chain fatty acid profile and microbiota profile were assessed post-fermentation. FL containing over 70% of β-(1 → 3) and (1 → 6)-glucans with a low degree of branching of 0.24 could enhance acetic acid (a major microbial metabolite) production. Both FL and its extracted β-glucan had similar modulation on microbial composition. They enriched Phascolarctobacterium faecium, Bacteroides dorei and Parabacteroides distasonis, all of which are shown to possess anti-inflammatory effects. FL polysaccharide can be utilized as a natural whole food for its potential health benefits to human gut bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a nutritional supplement containing a combination of Betox-93® beta-1.3/1.6-glucan 100 mg, ResistAid™ arabinogalactan 166 mg, zinc 7 mg and selenium 50 mcg, in patients 10 years of age and older on the frequency of acute upper respiratory tract infections (AURTIs) and the dynamics of their symptoms (severity). Material and methods. 242 patients with at least 3 AURTIs in the past 6 months were followed up for a period of 8 weeks during which they took the nutritional supplement at a dosage according to the product's prescription. The number of AURTIs episodes during the previous 24 weeks of observation, additionaly for the previous 8 weeks, the observation period of 8 weeks and the same 8 weeks as the observation period but the previous year were recorded. A general practitioner ambulatory assessed the intensity (severity) and dynamics of the symptoms of AURTIs during the observation period. Data are collected between September 15, 2022 and January 31, 2023. Results. Patients reported a median of 4 (IQR 3-4) episodes of AURTIs in the previous 24 weeks, of which 1 (IQR 1-2) in the last 8 weeks. The episodes of AURTIs had a median of 1 (IQR 0-1) during the followup period, which is significantly lower than the previous 8 weeks (p < 0.001). A median of 2 (IQR 2-3) AURTIs episodes were reported for the same 8 week period in the previous year, which was significantly more then the follow-up period (p < 0.001). An episode of AURTI was recorded during the follow-up period in 155 patients (64.0%), and in 13 (5.4%) also a second such episode. As expected, the assessed 10 symptoms of AURTIs showed significant improvement between days 1 and 5 in both reported frequency and severity. When evaluating the dynamics of the symptoms during the second episode of AURTI, a significant improvement was proved only in some of them, due to the small number of cases with infection. Conclusion. The results showed that patients' health is improved after supplementation with Betox-93® beta-1.3/1.6-glucan, ResistAid™ arabinogalactan, zinc and selenium dietary supplement. On one hand, the number of AURTI episodes for the observation period was significantly less than the previous 8 weeks, and on the other hand, they are significantly less than the same time interval in the previous year. In addition, a significant improvement in the presence and intensity of 10 recorded symptoms between days 1 and 5 was found for the first episode of AURTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we reviewed the efficacy of traditional herbal formulas on human immunity. A literature survey was performed in PubMed, UpToDate, Proquest Central Databases of Kırıkkale University, Google and Google Scholar databases from the internet. Search key words were "immune", "immune system", "herbal", "Pelargonium Sidoides", "Echinacea Purpurea", "Sambucus Nigra", "Beta Glucan", "Vitamin C", "Zinc". The immune system is a natural self-defense mechanism made up of cells that assist the body in distinguishing between self and non-self-molecules. All immune system components must be regularly modified in order to keep the body defenses up against the ever-evolving microbes that are constantly looking for new ways to attack the host. A Chinese herbal formulation is a combination of several herbs. The practitioner begins with one or two major substances that are intended to treat the ailment. The reproducibility of the efficacy of herbal medicines is dependent on the consistency of the quality of each unique raw herb. Pelargonium Sidoides, Echinacea Purpurea, Sambucus Nigra, Beta Glucan, Vitamin C, and Zinc are some herbal treatments utilized for their benefits on human immunity. Herbal remedies are undoubtedly valuable in boosting impaired immune function, particularly where damage has occurred due to malnutrition, chronic disease or previous infections. At present, however, an invincible immune system remains firmly in the realm of fantasy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Oyster mushrooms are widely known as having high beta glucan content. Beta glucan is a water insoluble fiber that indicates an immunomodulator with increasing the activity of NK cells in the bloodstream which provides immune effect. Oyster mushroom nuggets are processed oyster mushrooms that can be proven containing the highest beta glucans. This study aims to observe the immunostimulant potential of oyster mushroom nuggets in BALB/c mice by analyzing its white blood cell profile, spleen and liver histopathology. The research method is conducted through orbital sinus of the rat's eye using a microhematocrit to count total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytes with the Delayed Type Hypersensitivity test. The 18mg/kg body weight oyster mushroom nugget can increase lymphocytes cells 7.2 ± 1.22 103/μl. It is significantly different from control group. Immunostimulatory activity alsowas proven with the widening of the white pulp of the spleen with the growth of young lymphocytes after being given oyster mushroom nuggets of 18 mg/kg body weight. Keywords: Beta glucan, Immunostimulant, Oyster Mushroom Nugget

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of beta glucan (BG) on the experimental colitis model created by using trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Material and Methods: Thirty-two Wistar Albino rats were divided equally into four groups as sham control, TNBS, TNBS-BG3, and TNBS-BG10 groups. While saline was administrated to sham group, TNBS was administered intrarectally to the TNBS groups under anesthesia. BG was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg by oral gavage, intragastrically, for 3 days (TNBS+3) to the TNBS-BG3 group and for 10 days (7+TNBS+3) to the TNBS-BG10 group. At the end of the study, macroscopic, histological and biochemical tests were applied to the colon tissues taken. Results: It was determined by histopathological scoring and biochemical results that BG administration caused positive effects on colon damage due to colitis. Malondialdehyde level and myeloperoxidase activity were found to be significantly higher in the TNBS group compared to the other groups (p=0.003 and p

Gut microbiota has been described as a new ‘organ’ that interferes with host physiology by its metabolites produced from the utilization and biotransformation of undigested food components. Fu Ling (FL), the sclerotia of fungi Wolfiporia cocos, contains β-glucan, which is a known natural polysaccharide with strong medicinal efficacy. This study endeavors to evaluate the fermentability of FL and polysaccharides extracted from its sclerotia. An in vitro fermentation of structurally characterized FL and its β-glucan by human fecal microbiota was conducted. Total bacterial count, pH change, short-chain fatty acid profile and microbiota profile were assessed post-fermentation. FL containing over 70% of β-(1 → 3) and (1 → 6)-glucans with a low degree of branching of 0.24 could enhance acetic acid (a major microbial metabolite) production. Both FL and its extracted β-glucan had similar modulation on microbial composition. They enriched Phascolarctobacterium faecium, Bacteroides dorei and Parabacteroides distasonis, all of which are shown to possess anti-inflammatory effects. FL polysaccharide can be utilized as a natural whole food for its potential health benefits to human gut bacteria.

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) is a popular and widely cultivated edible mushroom that can be found worldwide, including in Malaysia. However, its local production is unable to fulfil the market demand, partly due to the limited availability of rubber wood sawdust (RWS) as the conventional cultivation substrate. Furthermore, the palm oil industry in Malaysia generates large volumes of organic by-products that have caused environmental concerns. Therefore, the potential utilisation of oil palm waste-based substrates in order to develop a substitute RWS for Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom production is evaluated in this study, based on their agronomic performance and nutritional properties. Empty fruit bunches (EFBs), oil palm fronds (OPFs), and oil palm trunks (OPTs) were used to formulate the substrates. The control used was 100% RWS. Generally, 100% EFB showed a better agronomic performance, and mushroom growth was 1.9 times faster compared to the control, with a comparable mushroom yield. The crude protein and beta glucan content of mushrooms grown on oil palm by-product-formulated substrates were significantly higher than those grown using the control. Additionally, the number of fruiting bodies, crude protein, and beta glucan content of the mushrooms were positively correlated with potassium in the substrate. Therefore, 100% EFB could be used as a potential substitute for RWS for the cultivation and production of P. ostreatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta glucan exposure induced trained immunity in channel catfish that conferred long-term protection against Edwardsiella ictaluri and Edwardsiella piscicida infections one month post exposure. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that isolated macrophages and neutrophils phagocytosed higher amounts of E. ictaluri and E. piscicida. Beta glucan induced changes in the distribution of histone modifications in the monomethylation and trimethylation of H3K4 and modifications in the acetylation and trimethylation of H3K27. KEGG pathway analyses revealed that these modifications affected expressions of genes controlling phagocytosis, phagosome functions and enhanced immune cell signaling. These analyses correlate the histone modifications with gene functions and to the observed enhanced phagocytosis and to the increased survival following bacterial challenge in channel catfish. These data suggest the chromatin reconfiguration that directs trained immunity as demonstrated in mammals also occurs in channel catfish. Understanding the mechanisms underlying trained immunity can help us design prophylactic and non-antibiotic based therapies and develop broad-based vaccines to limit bacterial disease outbreaks in catfish production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As a supplement, beta–glucan has various therapeutic healing effects generated by the immune cells. It has been scientifically approved and proven to be a biological defense modifier. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of beta–glucan on treatments administered in an acute otitis media model Objectives: This study investigated the effect of beta–glucan on the treatment of acute otitis media in an acute otitis media -induced animal model. Efficacy was evaluated both immunologically and histologically. Methods: The study sample comprised 35 adult rats, randomly separated into 5 groups of 7: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (acute otitis media, no treatment), Group 3 (acute otitis media + antibiotic), Group 4 (acute otitis media + beta–glucan) and Group 5 (acute otitis media + beta–glucan + antibiotic). Analyses were made of the histopathology and immunology examination results in respect of thickening of the tympanic membrane, epithelium damage, inflammation, and sclerosis. In all groups the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-1β were evaluated. Results: All serum cytokine levels were significantly lower in the beta–glucan and antibiotic-treated groups compared to the acute otitis media Group. Significant differences in tympanic membrane thickness, inflammation, epithelium damage, and sclerosis values were observed between the acute otitis media + antibiotic and acute otitis media + beta–glucan Groups. According to these parameters, the values in aute otitis media + antibiotic + beta–glucan Group were markedly lower than those of the other groups. There was a significant difference in the acute otitis media + antibiotic + beta–glucan Groups compared to acute otitis media Group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Both antibiotic and beta–glucan treatment reduced acute otitis media signs of inflammations in an acute otitis media-induced rat model, decreasing histological damage and cytokine levels. Co-administration of antibiotic and beta–glucan led to a significant reduction in tympanic membrane thickness, inflammation, and epithelium damage. Antibiotic + beta–glucan treatment resulted in a greater decrease in tympanic membrane thickness, inflammation, and epithelium damage than in the other groups. From these results, it can be suggested that beta–glucan, in combination with antibiotics may provide an alternative for the treatment of acute otitis media.

The use of functional feeds for farmed fish is now regarded as a key factor in improving fish health and performance against infectious disease. However, the mechanisms by which these nutritional components modulate the immune response are not fully understood. The present study was undertaken to identify the suitability of both primary gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) leucocyte cells and established rainbow trout cell lines as potential alternative methods to test functional feed ingredients prior to full fish feeding trials that can take months to complete. In addition to the primary GALT culture cells, the two rainbow cell lines RTS11 and RTgutGC which are from macrophage and gut epithelial cells, respectively. The cells were stimulated with a variety of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (PHA and Poly I:C) and recombinant rainbow trout IL-1β (rIL-1β), a proinflammatory cytokine, additionally two forms of β-glucan, a prebiotic commonly used aquafeeds were used as stimulants. From this, the suitability of cell models as a health screen for functional feeds was assessed. GALT leucocytes were deemed most effective to act as a health screen over the 4hr time point demonstrating responses to Poly I:C, PHA, and rIL-1β. RTS11 and RTgutGC also responded to the stimulants but did not give a strong T-cell response, most likely reflecting the nature of the cell type as opposed to the mixed cell populations from the primary GALT cell cultures. When stimulated with both forms of β-glucan, GALT leucocytes demonstrated a strong proinflammatory and T-cell response.

Bortezomib, selective inhibitor of the 26S proteasome, is used for treatment of some types of cancer and immunosuppressive therapies. B-1,3- (D)-glucan, a synthetic antioxidant is used complementary medical treatment for human. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the antioxidant Beta-1,3-D glucan on rat pancreas treated with systemic bortezomib. In the study, 36 Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were divided into four groups: control (C), bortezomib (BZ), ß-1, 3-D-glucan (BD) and bortezomib + ß-1,3- (D) -glucan (BZ+BD). Each group was divided into two subgroups (48 or 72 hours), depending on the time of scarification. After experiments, immunohistochemical, stereological and histopathological changes in all rat pancreatic tissues were examined. It was determined increased degenerative, vacuolated serous acini cells and inflammatory cell infiltrations in the groups of BZ and BZ+BG. In immunohistochemical analysis, densities of insulin positive cells were decreased in the groups of BZ and BZ+BG. Furthermore, in stereological mean volume of serous acinus analysis, significantly increases were detected in the groups of BZ and BZ+BG (p<0.05). BZ treatment had the detrimental effects on pancreas tissues. Also, administration of BG was insufficient to prevent injury induced by BZ treatment in the pancreas tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal / İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciene Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Diagnostic tests for fungi provide the mycological evidence to strengthen diagnosis of invasive fungal disease. Conventional microbiology and histopathology have their limitations. Recognizing this, there have been attempts at developing new methods to improve yield of diagnosing invasive fungal disease (IFD). The recent focus has been on non-culture-based antigen detection and molecular methods. The use of antigen detection of IFD through 1,3-β-D-glucan and galactomannan assay have been expanded, followed by development of lateral flow assays, and in combination with other diagnostic modalities to further increase diagnostic yield. The molecular diagnostic front has seen initiatives to standardize polymerase chain reaction methodologies to detect fungi and anti-fungal resistance, new platforms such as the T2Candida Biosystems and foray into fungal metagenomics. As these newer assays undergo stringent validation before incorporation into the diagnostic algorithm, the clinician needs to be mindful of their bedside utility as well as their limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound management is one of the oldest and one of the most frequent therapeutic activities in medicine. Over the centuries there has been described and tested many therapeutic substances for the treatment of wounds with various effects. Due to the discovery of antibiotics, a wound management regime used to be limited only to a local application. Over years, it has been shown, that comprehensive therapy which uses only antibacterial preparations, also may contain some negative points (resistance of aggressive pathogens, toxicity, allergic reactions, etc.). According to studies, the best solution to this problem is a local application, using preparations that ensure the sterility of the affected parts of the skin, and the utilization of agents that are able to accelerate the granulation and lead to the healing process of the wound. Products that contain beta glucan combined with a gentle but effective antiseptics (chlorhexidine digluconate), or natural substance with antiseptic and also nourishment effect (honey), are very beneficial in wound management. A good penetration of active agents, the ability to moisturize defective tissues, and to make a protective film that hinder the intersection of impurities and decrease secondary contamination, are the benefits of a gel formulation, that is the most appropriate external form of application in veterinary practice that can improve and accelerate a successful healing process of wounds in animals.

Beta glucan exposure induced trained immunity in channel catfish that conferred long-term protection against Edwardsiella ictaluri and Edwardsiella piscicida infections one month post exposure. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that isolated macrophages and neutrophils phagocytosed higher amounts of E. ictaluri and E. piscicida. Beta glucan induced changes in the distribution of histone modifications in the monomethylation and trimethylation of H3K4 and modifications in the acetylation and trimethylation of H3K27. KEGG pathway analyses revealed that these modifications affected expressions of genes controlling phagocytosis, phagosome functions and enhanced immune cell signaling. These analyses correlate the histone modifications with gene functions and to the observed enhanced phagocytosis and to the increased survival following bacterial challenge in channel catfish. These data suggest the chromatin reconfiguration that directs trained immunity as demonstrated in mammals also occurs in channel catfish. Understanding the mechanisms underlying trained immunity can help us design prophylactic and non-antibiotic based therapies and develop broad-based vaccines to limit bacterial disease outbreaks in catfish production.

The commonly used term of "clean label" refers to food products that do not contain additives (E numbers). Although there is not always a scientific reason for believing that additive-free products are healthier, clean label products are becoming more popular. The growing market for gluten-free foods represents an important target group of consumers, who could be interested in products meeting clean label standards. However, manufacturing gluten-free baked goods according to the clean label concept is extremely difficult, as gluten-free raw materials demonstrate poor baking properties. Additives are required to simulate the texturing properties of gluten, few of are suitable for clean label products. This paper discusses the possibility of replacing the hydrocolloids most commonly used in gluten-free baked goods with β-glucan, psyllium, or transglutaminase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Aim of this study was the isolation of native probiotic and determine the effect of combination of Beta Glucan and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Heriz I on White Blood Cell Counts and serum levels of IL-4and IL-12 in breast cancer women receiving Chemotherapy., Methods: This study was randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial in 30 women with breast cancer. Women in the intervention group received two 10-mg capsules of soluble 1-3,1-6, D-beta glucan and one capsule of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain Heriz I (2 × 10 7  CFU) daily and placebo group received placebo during 21days, interval between two courses of chemotherapy. White blood cells, neuthrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, serum levels of IL-4 and IL-12 were measured before and after the study., Results: We isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus Heriz I from conventional yogurt of Heriz region and registered in NCBI GeneBank. After administration, in both groups white blood cells counts decreased. At the end of study, serum level of IL-4 was decreased in combination group compared to placebo (P = 0.005). Also, serum level of IL-12 in combination group increased non-significantly (P = 0.066)., Conclusion: The findings suggest that combination of Beta Glucan and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Heriz I may be useful as immunomodulary supplements in chemotherapy patients however further studies were needed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Gastritis or /and gastric ulcers are one of the most common symptoms which occur in a large amount of the population. It results in a very high amount of medication expense. This study investigated the prevention and treatment of gastritis or /and gastric ulcer actions using white log mushroom (Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.). Methods: White wistar rats were induced with 100 % absolute alcohol to be effective for gastritis and /or ulceration within rats. The gastric lesions of white wistar rats were investigated and calculated the lesions of stomach areas under microscopic method. The results were calculated and a comparative study among white wistar rats. Ulcer prevention and ulcer healing properties were administrated though a dose of 250 mg/kg of L. squarrosulus extract and L. squarrosulus compared with 50 mg/kg of Ranetidine. Results: It was found that Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.) consisted of Beta-glucan was the active ingredient creating a healing effect. It showed a result of 100% healing effect in gastritis and/or ulcers in which it had similar healing effects between extracted solutions of white log mushroom (250 mg/kg body wt.) The healing activity also showed the equivalent effect compared to Ranetidine 150mg. Conclusions: Extracted solution of white log mushroom showed prevention and treatment efficacy in gastritis and/or ulcer are equivalent to Ranetidine 150 mg. A similar dose of 250 mg/kg of L. squarrosulus extract and L. squarrosulus snack can prevent and heal ulcers and is more effective than Ranetidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three hundred Oreochromis niloticus were divided into five groups; the control fish (CNT) were fed a basal diet, beta glucan (βG) group was fed 0.5 g/kg−1 βG, atrazine (ATZ) group was exposed to 1/5 96‐hr LC50 (1.39 mg/L) ATZ, the (βG/ATZ) group was fed βG while being exposed to ATZ, and the (βG then ATZ) group was supplemented with βG for fifteen days before exposed to ATZ. ATZ exposure caused a decline in growth that was ameliorated by βG. ATZ reduced the levels of total and different types of leucocytes. Additionally, ATZ exposure caused reductions in total proteins, globulins, α 1‐globulin, α 2‐globulin, ɤ‐globulin, immunoglobulin M, lysozymes, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide and catalase but increases in hepatic transaminases and malondialdehyde without any variations in albumin and β‐globulin. Exposure to ATZ also resulted in a rise in the mRNA level of IL‐8. In contrast, expression of IgM, SOD and CAT were decreased in the tilapias exposed to ATZ. Exposure to ATZ increases the susceptibility response to Aeromonas sobria challenge, as indicated by an increase in cumulative mortality post‐challenge. Supplementation with βG fifteen days before (βG then ATZ group), counteracted the adverse effects of ATZ on the immune, biochemical and antioxidants values, though only slight alleviation was observed with simultaneous treatment (βG/ATZ group). Our results established that ATZ has adverse impacts on immune responses, antioxidant equilibrium and its related genes. While, supplementation with βG before exposure to ATZ may be valuable for counteracting the possible damage caused by ATZ water pollution than its simultaneous treatment with ATZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

c-Maf upregulation drives M2 attributes and enhances immunosuppressive activity Virtually all solid tumors produce inflammatory factors that pathologically mobilize myeloid cells. At advanced stages of malignant progression, immature cells of [...], Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the most abundant hematopoietic cell type in the solid tumor microenvironment. TAMs drive T cell inhibition, promote angiogenesis, and produce tumor growth factors. Although they can paradoxically exert antitumor activity and prime protective immunity, the pathways driving this phenotype remain unclear. In this issue of theJCI, Liu and colleagues identified the c-Maf transcription factor as a master regulator of protumoral TAM polarization. The authors found that c-Maf promoted TAMs' immunosuppressive activity, governed their metabolic programming, and drove expression of the macrophage differentiation protein, CSF1R. Further, inhibiting c-Maf in myeloid progenitors, and consequent myeloid-lineage cells, including TAMs, delayed tumor growth. Importantly, [beta]-glucan treatment reduced c-MAF expression in macrophages and monocytes from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) where c-MAF is overexpressed. These results reveal mechanisms whereby myeloid cells drive human cancer progression by thwarting protective immunity and could lead to immunotherapy for most solid malignancies.

Juvenile common carp Cyprinus carpio L. (5.52 ± 1.66 cm, TL) were fed on four diets containing either beta-glucan (MacroGard, 1 g kg −1), nucleotides (Optimûn, 0.2 g kg - 1), chitosan (deacetylated chitin ≥75% shrimp shells, 10 g kg −1) or a basal control diet for 35 days to test whether these so-called "immunostimulants" could affect eye fluke Diplostomum spp. infection success. The immunostimulants diets reduced the number of eye fluke infecting the eyes of C. carpio , with significantly higher infections in the control diet (4.78 ± 1.27) compared with the chitosan (2.08 ± 0.87), nucleotide (2.98 ± 1.01), and beta-glucan (1.41 ± 0.79) diets. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that beta-glucan, nucleotides, and chitosan diets can aid against a Diplostomum infection and provides valuable preliminary knowledge on the use of immunostimulants to ameliorate parasitic infections. • The effect of dietary immunostimulants on eye fluke infection success was studied. • Nucleotide, beta-glucan, and chitosan can act as an aid against a Diplostomum infection. • Beta -glucan is more efficient at reducing the number of eye fluke in common carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commonly used term of “clean label” refers to food products that do not contain additives (E numbers). Although there is not always a scientific reason for believing that additive-free products are healthier, clean label products are becoming more popular. The growing market for gluten-free foods represents an important target group of consumers, who could be interested in products meeting clean label standards. However, manufacturing gluten-free baked goods according to the clean label concept is extremely difficult, as gluten-free raw materials demonstrate poor baking properties. Additives are required to simulate the texturing properties of gluten, few of are suitable for clean label products. This paper discusses the possibility of replacing the hydrocolloids most commonly used in gluten-free baked goods with β-glucan, psyllium, or transglutaminase.

This 42-day study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with β-1,3-glucan (Aleta™) on the vaccination response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and infectious bursal disease (IBD) in a non-challenged environment. This trial included 600 chicks (all vaccinated with IBD at the hatchery) which were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: vaccination (NDV, IBV), no vaccination, or vaccination combined with feed supplemented with Aleta (100 g/MT of feed). The vaccination with Aleta treatment group showed a trend for improved FCR that was not statistically significant. Control birds that were not vaccinated for IBV had significantly lower IBV titers on day 21 compared to birds that were vaccinated (both with and without Aleta). Surprisingly, there was significant separation among treatment groups for NDV titer levels, especially on day 21, where birds vaccinated and supplemented with Aleta had significantly higher titer levels compared to vaccination alone or no vaccination at all. Critically, only 14% of the birds receiving the vaccine plus Aleta had titer levels below the critical titer threshold for immunity compared to 28% of the birds receiving the vaccine alone and 40% of the unvaccinated birds. This suggests that Aleta supplementation may help to improve the vaccination response by birds, especially for NDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author(s): Samir Jawhara[sup.1,2] The emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes severe respiratory tract infections in humans (COVID-19), has become a global health concern [1-3]. Most coronaviruses cause animal [...], The emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes severe respiratory tract infections in humans (COVID-19), has become a global health concern. One of the most worrying features of COVID-19 is a phenomenon known as the 'cytokine storm', which is a rapid overreaction of the immune system. Additionally, coagulation abnormalities, thrombocytopenia and digestive symptoms, including anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea, are often observed in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Baker's yeast [beta]-glucan, a natural immunomodulatory component derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, primes the immune system to respond better to any microbial infection. Our previous studies have shown that oral administration of yeast [beta]-glucans decreased the diarrhoea, modulated cytokine expression, and reduced the intestinal inflammation. Additionally, we showed that [beta]-glucan fractions decreased coagulation in plasma and reduced the activation of platelets. During the period of home confinement facing individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, our immune defence could be weakened by different factors, including stress, anxiety and poor nutrition, while a healthy diet rich in vitamins C and D can reinforce the immune defence and reduce the risk of microbial infections. Additionally, [beta]-glucan can be used to strengthen the immune defence in healthy individuals prior to any possible viral infections. This short review focuses on the role of baker's yeast [beta]-glucan, with a healthy diet rich in natural vitamins C and D, in addition to a healthy gut microbiota can provide synergistic immune system support, helping the body to naturally defend prior to respiratory virus infections, until stronger options such as vaccines are available.

Background and aims. One of the regenerative therapy modalities in Parkinson is using the beta glucan effect contained in Saccharomyces cerevisae. The purpose of this research is to identify the effect of reduction in alpha synuclein expression on the brain substantia nigra in Parkinson's rat model after given Saccharomyces cerevisae. Methods. This research applied true experimental design by in vivo with draft randomized post test only controlled group design. The sample was divided into five groups, each of them consisted of 5 rats, namely, negative control group, positive control, treatment 1, 2 and 3 (Rotenone + Saccharomyces cerevisae 18 mg/kgBB), 36 mg/kgBB, 72 mg/kgBB which is given for 30 days). Variables measured were the decreasing level of alpha synuclein. Results. There was a significant difference between positive control and negative control group (p = 0000) and treatment group (p = 0.000; 0.000; 0.000); the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisae in treatment 1, 2 and 3 (18mg/kgBB, 36mg/kg/BB, 72mg/kgBB) caused a significant difference compared with positive control group (p = 0.000; 0.000; 0.000); in treatment 1 (18 mg/kgBB) caused insignificant difference in the amount of alpha synuclein expression compared to the treatment 2 (36mg/kgBB) (p = 0.981), but it showed a significant difference in treatment 3 (72mg/kgBB) (p = 0000). Conclusion. The addition of Saccharomyces cerevisae is able to lower the alpha synuclein expression in Parkinson’s Wistar strain rat models significantly with maximum at the dose of 72 mg/kgBB.