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In this paper, the problem of external sensors within bilateral teleoperation is addressed. We propose a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) αβ-tracker that presents an improved approach for position and velocity estimation. The proposed approach offers some advantages over the method presented in our previous research that was introduced to enable pseudo-sensorless teleoperation. Such approach applies PMLSM actuators with analog Hall sensors built in a motor housing. They allow obtaining sufficient position, velocity, and force information for teleoperation by a haptic interface. However, main advantage of the method presented in this paper is attributed to enhanced robustness to signal noise and consequently improved haptic fidelity. Furthermore, FPGA has been utilized for the implementation in order to achieve high control rate that was already introduced as a necessity in cutting edge performance systems. Thus, high-performance bilateral control can be achieved. Such bilateral teleoperation with a dedicated haptic interface can significantly improve surgical robotics. The proposed approach was experimentally validated by the simple 1-DoF laboratory bilateral teleoperation system., Glavni predmet ovog rada je problematika korištenja eksternih senzora u procesu bilateralne teleoperacije. U radu je predložen αβ-estimator temeljen na principu fazno zatvorene petlje (eng. Phase Locked Loop, PLL) koji se učinkovito koristi za problem istovremene estimacije pozicije i brzine. Predloženi pristup pruža određene prednosti u odnosu na metode koje smo prethodno razvili za ostvarenje pseudo-bezsenzorne teleoperacije. Pristup primjenjuje PMLSM aktuatore s analognim Hallovim sondama ugrađenih u metalno kućište. Oni se koriste za dobivanje dovoljno informacija o poziciji, brzini i sili, za teleoperaciju s haptičkim sučeljem. Nadalje, za omogućavanje izvođenja upravljačkog algoritma s vrlo visokom frekvencijom u svrhu implementacije korišten je FPGA sklop, koji se već pokazao kao nužnost u primjeni na sustavima s visokom razinom performansi. Unatoč tome, glavna prednost metode koja je predložena u ovom radu odnosi se na poboljšanje performansi sustava zbog boljeg omjera signala i šuma te povećanu fleksibilnost potrošnje sklopovskih resursa. Prema tome, moguće je ostvariti bilateralno upravljanje s visokim performansama. Takva bilateralna teleoperacija s prilagođenim haptičnim sučeljem može utjecati na značajna poboljšanja u kirurškoj robotici. Predloženi pristup je eksperimentalno validiran na jednostavnom bilateralnom teleoperacijskom sustavu s jednim stupnjem slobode

This paper presents the FPGA implementation of sliding mode control algorithm for bilateral teleoperation, such that, the problem of haptic teleoperation is addressed. The presented study improves haptic fidelity by widening the control bandwidth. For wide control bandwidth, short control periods as well as short sampling periods are required that was achieved by the FPGA. The presented FPGA design methodology applies basic optimization methods in order to meet the required control period as well as the required hardware resource consumption. The circuit specification was performed by the high-level programing language LabVIEW using the fixed-point data type. Hence, short design times for producing the FPGA logic circuit can be achieved. The proposed FPGA-based bilateral teleoperation was validated by master-slave experimental device., Ovaj rad opisuje FPGA implementaciju algoritama upravljanja kliznim režimima za bilateralnu teleoperaciju, pri čemu je opisan problem haptičke teleoperacije. Prikazano istraživanje poboljšava dodirnu pouzdanost proširenjem upravljačkog propusnog pojasa. Za široki propusni pojas, potrebni su kratki upravljački periodi i brzo vrijeme uzorkovanja, što je postignuto primjenom FPGA sklopovlja. Prikazana metodologija za projektiranje FPGA sklopovlja koristi osnovne optimizacijske metode s ciljem postizanja potrebnih upravljačkih perioda i zahtijevane fizičke iskorištenosti sklopovlja. Specifikacije sklopovlja su provedene programskim jezikom visoke razine LabVIEW uz korištenje podataka s nepomičnim decimalnim zarezom. Stoga je moguće implementirati traženu logiku na FPGA sklopovlje u kratkom vremenu. Opisana bilateralna teleoperacija temeljena na FPGA slopovlju je testirana na eksperimentalnom postavu s nadre.enim i podre.enim čvorom.

Sliding mode control has been used extensively in robotics to cope with parameters uncertainty, model perturbations and system disturbance. Bilateral robotic teleoperators are often required to provide a haptic interaction in telerobotic applications in which human kinesthetic sense is stimulated locally by remote environment. The paper deals with bilateral control for a force-reflection master-slave telerobotic architecture. It involves a short overview of basic bilateral modes. Chattering-free SMC design procedure for force-reflecting master-slave teleoperator is presented. The proposed bilateral control scheme was experimentally validated for a 1DOF master-slave teleoperator.

V diplomski nalogi je opisano bilateralno teleoperianje kolesnega mobilnega robota z uporabo aktivne krmilne palice. Krmilna palica služi za daljinsko vodenje mobilnega robota po hitrosti in kot haptični vmesnik. Krmilna palica reproducira silo dotika mobilnega robota z objektom iz okolice. Pri tem ne gre za fizični dotik mobilnega robota z okoljem. Na robotu merimo razdaljo od robota do objekta v okolici. Razdaljo nato transformiramo v virtualno silo dotika. To informacijo krmilna palica posreduje do operaterja. V nalogi je izpeljava robustnega impedančnega vodenja, ki je uporabljena za vodenje mobilnega robota in krmilne palice. Opisan sistem smo tudi preizkusili. V prilogo je dodan eksperiment . The thesis describes a bilateral teleoperated wheeled mobile robot using an active joystick. The joystick is used to remote control the speed of the mobile robot and as the haptic interface. When the mobile robot has contact with an object from his environment, then the joystick reproduces the force of the contact. This is not a physical contact of the mobile robot with an environment. On the robot we measure a distance from the robot to the object in the surrounding area. This distance is then transformed into a virtual contact force. This information is applied to the operator by the joystick. The thesis also describes a robust impedance control scheme, which is used to control the mobile robot and joystick. The described system has also been realized and tested. The experiment was added to the annex.