Search

Despite the significant progress made in deep learning-based stereo matching, the accuracy of these methods significantly decreases when faced with challenges such as occlusions, reflections, textureless areas, and scale variations. In this paper, we propose MSCANet, a novel stereo matching network that integrates multi-scale inputs and context-aware aggregation ability. MSCANet effectively integrates rich multi-scale feature information and exhibits context-aware capability, thereby enabling it to achieve superior performance. Firstly, a multi-scale aware fusion module is designed to efficiently incorporate more comprehensive global context features at different scales, which allows the model to enhance its ability to generalize across images of varying scales. Secondly, a novel V-shaped encoder/decoder module is developed to effectively exploit the rich feature information. In the encoding stage, a 3D squeeze-and-excitation block is introduced to facilitate adaptively recalibration of learned feature maps. This block effectively suppresses irrelevant features while enhancing useful features, which improved efficiency and accuracy in disparity prediction. Additionally, a 3D context-aware decode block is designed to effectively utilize global context features to restore the original image structure during the decoding stage. Moreover, the high-level feature maps can be employed to augment low-level feature maps by incorporating more detailed information to avoid the side effects caused by the loss of information during the encoding process. Extensive ablation experiments and comparative experiments were conducted on Scene Flow dataset, KITTI2012 and KITTI2015 datasets to validate the effectiveness of each proposed module. The experimental results demonstrate MSCANet achieves competitive performance and offers a more straightforward and efficient model design, as well as faster inference speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusion Fusional reserves differ with the method of measurement. The goal of this study was to compare the subjective and objective responses during the measurement of positive and negative fusional reserves using both step and ramp methods.A haploscopic system was used to measure fusional reserves. Eye movements were recorded using an EyeLink 1000 Plus eye tracker (SR Research). The stimulus disparity was changed to either mimic a prism bar (steps) or a Risley prism (ramp). Subjective responses were obtained by pressing a key on the keyboard, whereas objective break and recovery points were determined offline using a custom algorithm coded in Matlab.Thirty‐three adults participated in this study. For the ramp method, the subjective and objective responses were similar for the negative (break and recovery points (t(32) = −0.82, p = 0.42) and (t(32) = 0.42, p = 0.67), respectively) and positive fusional reserves (break and recovery points (U = −1.34, p = 0.18) and t(19) = −0.25, p = 0.81), respectively). For the step method, no significant differences in positive fusional reserves were observed when measured subjectively and objectively for the break (t(32) = 1.27, p = 0.21) or the recovery point (U = −2.02, Bonferroni‐adjusted p = 0.04). For the negative fusional reserve, differences were not significant for either the break or recovery points (U = −0.10, p = 0.92 and t(19) = 1.17, p = 0.26, respectively).Subjective and objective responses exhibited good agreement when measured with the ramp and step methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Govetto's staging system (stages 1–4) for epiretinal membrane (ERM) based on optical coherence tomography images is a useful predictor of monocular visual function; however, an association between Govetto's stage and binocular vision has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with Govetto's stage among the monocular and binocular parameters. This retrospective study included consecutive patients with treatment-naïve eyes with unilateral ERM without pseudo-hole. We investigated Govetto's stage, degrees of aniseikonia and metamorphopsia, foveal avascular zone area, central retinal and choroidal thickness, vertical ocular deviation, stereopsis, and binocular single vision (BSV). We compared the parameters between the BSV-present and BSV-absent groups and investigated correlations between Govetto's stage and the monocular and binocular parameters. Twenty-eight eyes of 28 patients were examined (age, 66.6 ± 10.2 years). In multivariate correlation analyses, Govetto's stage correlated with BSV (P = 0.04, β = − 0.36) and central retinal thickness (P < 0.001, β = 0.74). Of the eyes, 18 were assigned to the BSV-present group and 10 to the BSV-absent group. Govetto's stage was significantly more advanced in the BSV-absent group than in the BSV-present group (3.2 ± 0.8 vs 2.5 ± 0.7, P = 0.03). Of the 28 patients, 11 (39%) showed small-angle vertical deviations (1–12Δ). In conclusion, our findings showed that Govetto's stage correlated with binocular vision in patients with monocular ERM. Govetto's staging is a useful parameter for predicting not only monocular but also binocular vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusion To assess the visual impact of Diffusion Optics Technology™ 0.2 DOT lenses (SightGlass Vision Inc.) designed for myopia control on primary gaze. DOT spectacle lenses contain light scattering elements that scatter light as it passes through the lens which, in turn, reduces retinal image contrast.Fifty‐one children (12.2 ± 1.3, range 10–14 years; 51% females) were randomly assigned to wear DOT spectacle (n = 27) or single vision lenses (n = 24) across six investigational sites in North America. Binocular high‐ and low‐contrast distant visual acuities, near visual acuity, reading speed, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and glare were assessed in primary gaze after at least 3 years of wear, with the study 95% powered in all metrics to detect significant differences between the groups.Mean binocular distance high‐contrast (−0.09 ± 0.02 vs. −0.08 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.81), low‐contrast (0.05 ± 0.02 vs. 0.07 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.52) and near visual acuity with glare sources (−0.06 ± 0.03 vs. −0.09 ± 0.03 logMAR, p = 0.32) were similar for DOT and single vision lens wearers, respectively. Contrast sensitivity was similar between children wearing DOT or single vision lenses across 11 of the 16 spatial frequencies (p > 0.05). Mean stereopsis was similar (p = 0.30) with the DOT lenses (33.2 ± 12.5″) and single vision lenses (38.1 ± 14.2″). Functional reading speed metrics were similar in both study groups, as was the objectively measured head tilt during reading (p > 0.05). The mean halo radius was 0.56° ± 0.17° with the DOT lenses compared with 0.50° ± 0.12° with single vision lenses (p = 0.02), but the statistically significant difference was smaller than the non‐inferiority bound of 0.4°.Diffusion optics technology lenses provide a clinically equivalent visual experience to a standard single vision lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amblyopia is the most frequent cause of monocular vision loss. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been used to improve several vision parameters of the amblyopic eye in adulthood. This study is relevant in order to evaluate TMS effects and to raise awareness of the need for further research. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a neuromodulation technique capable of changing cortical excitability. In the last decade, it has been used to improve visual parameters in amblyopic patients. The main goal of this systematic review is to evaluate the influence of TMS in the amblyopic eye, in the visual parameters of amblyopic patients. Searches were done in PubMed and Embase databases, and a combined search strategy was performed using the following Mesh, EMBASE, and keywords: 'Amblyopia', 'Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation', and 'theta burst stimulation'. This review included randomised controlled studies, descriptive cases, and clinical case studies with adult amblyopes. All articles that had any of the following characteristics were excluded: children or animal studies, reviews, pathologies other than amblyopia, and other techniques rather than repetitive TMS (rTMS), or Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS). A total of 42 articles were found, of which only four studies (46 amblyopes) meet the criteria above. Three of the articles found significant improvement after one session of continuous TBS (cTBS) in visual parameters like visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, suppressive imbalance, and stereoacuity. One study found a significant visual improvement with 10 Hz rTMS. Only one stimulation-related dropout was reported. The few existing studies found in this review seem to show that through the usage of high-frequency rTMS and cTBS, it is possible to re-balance the eyes of an adult amblyope. However, despite the promising results, further research with larger randomised double-blind studies is needed for a better understanding of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: New digital systems are being developed for evaluating different aspects of the visual function, such as binocularity, and it is important to know their real performance in clinical practice in order to use them appropriately. Background: The aim was to compare binocular vision measures obtained with an online digital platform with conventional measures using prisms and printed tests. Methods: Prospective study enrolling 49 healthy patients (mean age: 35.5 ± 13.6 years). A complete visual examination was performed including measurement of near phoria (cover test), negative fusional vergence (NFV) and positive fusional vergence (PFV) ranges (prism bar), and stereopsis (24 patients Randot Stereo Test and 25 patients TNO Random Dot Test 19th edition). These same parameters were also measured with the Bynocs system (Kanohi Eye Pvt Ltd). Bland – Altman plots were used to analyse the agreement between methods. Results: Digital measurement of near phoria was significantly lower than that obtained with the cover test, with a median difference (MD) of 4.71 (−0.07–20.07) prism dioptres (pd) (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between Bynocs and prism bar methods in NFV break (MD 2.00, range −21–26 pd, p = 0.584) and recovery points (MD 0.00, range −16–24 pd, p =.571). Near PFV were significantly lower with Bynocs (break: MD −9.00, range −38–12 pd; recovery: MD −14.00, range −43–20 pd; p < 0.001). Bynocs stereoacuity threshold was significantly lower than that obtained with TNO (p = 0.004), but significantly higher compared to Randot (p < 0.001). Large and clinically relevant confidence intervals for the comparison between digital and conventional measures were detected in Passing-Bablok analysis. Conclusions: Digital measures of near phoria, NFV, PFV, and stereopsis with the Bynocs platform cannot be used interchangeably with conventional measures. The normal ranges of normality for this new tool are defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: Knowing the agreement and interobserver variability of the 2WIN-S photorefractometer with cycloplegic retinoscopy and prism cover test is important for judging the clinical usefulness of the device. Background: This study aims to determine an agreement and interobserver reliability between 2WIN-S photorefractometer and cycloplegic retinoscopy for estimating refractive errors and between 2WIN-S and prism cover test for measuring horizontal ocular deviation in children. Methods: Two groups of 129 and 64 participants (range, 5 to 16 years) were recruited for the agreement and interobserver reliability studies, respectively. Non-cycloplegic 2WIN-S refraction was compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy for low and moderate myopia and hyperopia. Similarly, corneal reflex-function (CR-function) of 2WIN-S was compared with prism cover test for horizontal ocular deviation. Bland-Altman plots were used to depict agreement, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for determining interobserver reliability of repeated measures. Results: The mean differences in spherical equivalent, J0 (Cartesian astigmatism) and J45 (oblique Jackson cross-cylinder) between cycloplegic retinoscopy and 2WIN-S were 1.10 (95% CI = 0.97 to 1.21, p < 0.001), −0.06 (95% CI = −0.09 to −0.03, p < 0.001) and 0.009 (95% CI = −0.01 to 0.03, p = 0.35), respectively. The overall median difference in the horizontal ocular deviation between prism cover test and 2WIN-S was −4.5 (Interquartile range = −12.0 to 4.0). For constant strabismus, this difference was insignificant (median= −2.0, interquartile range = −11.0 to 6.7, p = 0.19) between prism cover test and 2WIN-S. The ICC was high for the spherical equivalent (0.997; p < 0.001), J0 (0.932; p < 0.001) and J45 (0.901; p < 0.001), whereas it was low-to-moderate for horizontal ocular deviation (0.50; p < 0.001). Conclusion: 2WIN-S refraction was in agreement with cycloplegic retinoscopy for low and moderate myopia and hyperopia, and requires an adjustment for the consistent differences between cycloplegic retinoscopy and 2WIN-S refraction. The measurement of constant strabismus with 2WIN-S is comparable to that of prism cover test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Visual function deficits have been reported in adolescents following concussion. We compared vergence and accommodation deficits in paediatric and adolescent patients at a tertiary medical centre in the sub‐acute (15 days to 12 weeks) and chronic (12 weeks to 1 year) phases of concussion recovery. Methods: The study included patients aged 7 to <18 years seen between 2014 and 2021, who had a binocular vision (BV) examination conducted within 15 days and 1 year of their concussion injury. Included patients had to have 0.10 logMAR monocular best‐corrected vision or better in both eyes and be wearing a habitual refractive correction. BV examinations at near included measurements of near point of convergence, convergence and divergence amplitudes, vergence facility, monocular accommodative amplitude and monocular accommodative facility. Vergence and accommodation deficits were diagnosed using established clinical criteria. Group differences were assessed using nonparametric statistics and ANCOVA modelling. Results: A total of 259 patients were included with 111 in the sub‐acute phase and 148 in the chronic phase of concussion recovery. There was no significant difference in the rates of vergence deficits between the two phases of concussion recovery (sub‐acute = 48.6%; chronic = 49.3%). There was also no significant difference in the rates of accommodation deficits between the two phases of concussion recovery (sub‐acute = 82.0%; chronic = 77.0%). Conclusion: Patients in both the sub‐acute and chronic phases of concussion recovery exhibited a high frequency of vergence and accommodation deficits, with no significant differences between groups. Results indicate that patients exhibiting vision deficits in the sub‐acute phase may not resolve without intervention, though a prospective, longitudinal study is required to test the hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Clinicians measure the near point of convergence (NPC) and the amplitude of accommodation (AA) from the spectacle plane, the bridge of the nose or the lateral canthus when assessing visual function. These values are compared to standard clinical criteria to diagnose vergence and accommodation deficits, despite varying reference points. This prospective study explored measuring relative to the spectacle plane and from the lateral canthus for NPC and monocular AA, and the resulting clinical implications of diagnosing visual deficits. Methods: Participants were seen by a single clinician for an eye examination. NPC was measured from the forehead and the lateral canthus of the right eye. Monocular AA was measured from the brow and the lateral canthus. Differences between measurements were analysed using non‐parametric statistical tests including Wilcoxon Signed Rank, as well as linear regression and a linear mixed effects model to adjust for inter‐eye correlation and repeated measures. Chi‐square tests were used to assess differences in rates of abnormal findings. Results: Data were collected from 70 participants (53% female, median age 13 [11–15] years). On average, measuring NPC from the lateral canthus yielded a value 1.8 cm higher than measuring from the forehead. Measuring AA from the lateral canthus resulted in an average difference of 1.5 cm compared to measuring from the brow. A total of 39% and 76% of subjects failed NPC compared to clinical norms when measured from the forehead or the lateral canthus, respectively, while 7% and 40% failed AA when measured from the brow or the lateral canthus, respectively. Conclusion: With the variable anatomy of the eye, it is imperative to account for the measurement point when assessing visual function. Measuring from the lateral canthus greatly increased the failure rates for NPC and AA compared with measuring from the forehead and brow, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exotropia-hypotropia complex is an uncommon phenomenon associated with high myopia. However, some literature reports cases of the exotropia-hypotropia complex where residual hypotropia is managed through a secondary surgery following the conventional recession-resection of the lateral rectus (LR) and medial rectus (MR). Nasal Loop myopexy as a primary surgical procedure for the management of exotropia-hypotropia complex has been rarely reported in the literature. Methods: A 24-year-old male with unilateral high myopia presented with a large angle exotropia-hypotropia complex with limitation of elevation in abduction in his left eye. His ocular deviation was successfully managed through a nasal loop myopexy of the superior rectus (SR) and MR using a non-absorbable suture, combined with large LR recession and MR resection. Results: Postoperatively, the patient had satisfactory ocular alignment with improved hypotropia and normal elevation in abduction, contributing to enhanced binocular vision and better cosmesis. Discussion: Managing the exotropia-hypotropia complex in the context of high myopia demands a comprehensive approach that addresses both vertical and horizontal deviations. The surgical strategy employed in this case, which included loop myopexy of SR and MR along with LR recession and MR resection, achieved positive outcomes regarding alignment, elevation, and binocular vision. The case supports variations in muscle path and the potential benefits of tailored surgical strategies for complex strabismus cases associated with high myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in cataract surgery have broadened its scope from mere vision restoration to include correction of refractive errors and presbyopia. This evolution has introduced multifocal and extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lenses (IOLs), allowing enhanced vision across multiple distances. However, the influence of these advanced IOLs on stereopsis remains controversial. Factors influencing stereopsis after surgery include visual acuity, interocular differences, residual astigmatism, and the type of IOL, etc. Binocular vision integration and neuroadaptation further affect stereopsis, especially in cases of presbyopia-correcting IOLs. It is widely acknowledged that bilateral implantation of presbyopia-correcting IOLs yield superior stereopsis compared to unilateral implantation. However, there remains no consensus on whether binocular implantation of multifocal or monofocal IOLs provides superior stereopsis. Most studies suggest no significant difference in stereopsis between these two types of implants. Among different types of multifocal IOLs, refractive multifocal IOLs may offer better stereopsis than diffractive multifocal IOLs when implanted bilaterally. Emerging EDOF and hybrid multifocal-EDOF IOLs also demonstrate promising postoperative stereopsis. Additionally, a mix-and-match strategy with different types of IOLs implanted in each eye may result in interocular differences in visual acuity at certain distances, potentially affecting stereopsis. Nevertheless, with appropriate selection, most patients can achieve satisfactory postoperative stereopsis. This review synthesizes current literature on the effects of presbyopia-correcting IOLs on postoperative stereopsis recovery following cataract surgery. Studies on stereopsis outcomes with different IOLs have yielded mixed results, urging further investigation for optimized surgical strategies and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Zhengzhou University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of Zhengzhou University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate distance stereoacuity (DS) in patients with successfully treated accommodative esotropia (AET) and its association with other clinical factors. Methods: The medical records of 176 children with refractive AET with a follow-up period ≥ 1 year were reviewed to identify a cohort of patients who achieved a stable alignment within 4 prism diopters (PD) of orthotropia at both distance and near fixation. Age of onset, duration of misalignment, uncorrected near and distance deviation, accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio, refractive error, presence of anisometropia and amblyopia, near stereopsis were evaluated as predictors of outcome. DS was measured using the Distance Randot Stereo test and near stereoacuity by Randot Stereotest. The patient group was compared with 50 age-matched normal controls for DS. Results: Fifty-six patients were included, and 38 patients had DS at the final visit. All patients with DS attained uncontoured near stereopsis (UCNS). UCNS was present only in 11 patients without DS (p = 0.001). Anisometropia (p = 0.997), uncorrected near deviation (p = 0.224), distance deviation with correction (p = 0.255), and high hypermetropia (p = 0.998) were not associated with DS. The multivariable regression model showed a significant positive correlation between UCNS and DS (OR = 31.14 (95% CI 2.25–430.48); p = 0.01). Contoured near stereopsis outcome was significantly different between the patients with and without DS (p = 0.001 for animals and p = 0.003 for circles). Compared with the control group, the patient group yielded lower DS scores (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Distance Randot Stereotest can be useful in measuring binocular vision recovery after successful realignment in refractive AET patients. Patients attaining normal scores for near stereopsis tests after optical correction revealed subnormal thresholds for DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a framework of obstacle avoidance algorithm applied to power line damage safety distance detection is constructed, and its overall architecture and key processes are described in detail. The system design covers three core modules: visual data acquisition and preliminary processing, accurate target recognition and distance measurement, and system error analysis and correction. In the visual data processing chain, we deeply analyze every step from image acquisition to preprocessing to feature extraction, aiming to enhance the adaptability of applications to complex scenes. The target recognition and distance estimation part integrates advanced technology of deep learning to improve the reliability of recognition accuracy and distance estimation. In addition, many common error sources, such as system bias, parallax discontinuity, fluctuation of illumination conditions, etc., are discussed in depth, and corresponding correction strategies are proposed to ensure the accuracy and stability of the system, which provides powerful technical support for achieving efficient and accurate safety monitoring. Specifically, by carefully adjusting the learning rate, convolution kernel size, batch size, pooling layer type, and number of hidden layer nodes, we succeeded in improving the overall accuracy from the initial average of 92.4–95%, and the error rate decreased accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In jigging sorting, products are elevated by bucket elevators and transported via a shared belt. The product weight of each jig cannot be detected. The output of each product is the key parameter to calculate the jigging separation efficiency and measure the separation effect. At the same time, the bucket elevator overload will cause accidents, resulting in deformation and rupture of the bucket. To solve this problem, an intelligent monitoring scheme of bucket elevators based on binocular vision and deep learning was proposed. The YOLACT algorithm was utilized for coal and gangue image segmentation. Aiming at the problem of multi-layer accumulation of materials in the bucket elevator, a Global Filter Network (GFNet) based on the Pyramid Stereo Matching Network was used for more accurate stereo matching, and statistical filtering was used to denoise the generated 3D point cloud. The volume prediction model was established by integral. The Bootstrap method was used to obtain the best empirical density of coal and gangue. Finally, the volume parameters and density parameters were multiplied to get the mass of coal and gangue. The experimental results showed that the GFNet algorithm can obtain clear 3D point clouds. The average error of the volume calculation model based on these 3D point clouds was 4.19%. In the single-machine test of the coal preparation plant, the proposed system realized the real-time detection of the mass of materials carried by the bucket elevator. Compared with the electronic belt scale, the average error was 10.55%, which meets the industrial demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Anisomyopia is prevalent in myopia and studies have reported it exhibits impaired binocular function. We investigated the binocular balance across spatial frequency in adults with anisomyopia and compared it to in individuals with less differences in refractive error, and examined whether ocular characteristics can predict binocular balance in anisomyopia. Methods: Fifteen anisomyopes, 15 isomyopes and 12 emmetropes were recruited. Binocular balance was quantitatively measured at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 c/d. The first two groups of the observers were tested with and without optical correction with contact lenses. Emmetropes were tested without optical correction. Results: Binocular balance across spatial frequency in optically corrected anisomyopes and isomyopes, as well as emmetropes were found to be similar. Their binocular balance nevertheless still got worse as a function of spatial frequency. However, before optical correction, anisomyopes but not isomyopes showed significant imbalance at higher spatial frequencies. There was a significant correlation between the dependence on spatial frequency of binocular imbalance in uncorrected anisomyopia and interocular difference in visual acuity, and between the dependence and interocular difference in spherical equivalent refraction. Conclusion: Anisomyopes had intact binocular balance following correction across spatial frequency compared to those in isomyopes and emmetropes. Their balance was weakly correlated with their refractive status after optical correction. However, their binocular balance before correction and binocular improvement following optical correction were strongly correlated with differences in ocular characteristics between eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual-spectrum triocular camera system composed of a binocular visible light camera and mid-infrared camera is used for high-precision thermal fault detection and thermal field reconstruction of industrial equipment. The realization of its function depends on the high-precision camera parameter calibration. The difficulty lies in how to realize the infrared camera calibration quickly and improve the parameter accuracy of multi-lens camera. In this paper, according to the characteristics of the dual-spectral triocular camera system, the theoretical model is constructed, and the circular asymmetric calibration plate under infrared supplementary light is selected as the calibration object through experiments. A method for combining infrared image adaptive histogram enhancement and binarization processing based on the Sauvola algorithm is proposed to effectively calibrate the infrared camera. A global parameter optimization method based on traditional passive vision binocular stereo calibration is proposed. The optimization of experimental parameters finds the reprojection error value is 0.16, which meets the demand of high-precision calibration and solves the problem of difficult-to-calibrate weak image texture of infrared camera and the calibration accuracy of the camera under different imaging capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freehand three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) is of great significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment, it is often achieved with the aid of external devices (optical and/or electromagnetic, etc.) that monitor the location and orientation of the US probe. However, this external monitoring is often impacted by imaging environment such as optical occlusions and/or electromagnetic (EM) interference. To address the above issues, we integrated a binocular camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) on a US probe. Subsequently, we built a tight coupling model utilizing the unscented Kalman algorithm based on Lie groups (UKF-LG), combining vision and inertial information to infer the probe's movement, through which the position and orientation of the US image frame are calculated. Finally, the volume data was reconstructed with the voxel-based hole-filling method. The experiments including calibration experiments, tracking performance evaluation, phantom scans, and real scenarios scans have been conducted. The results show that the proposed system achieved the accumulated frame position error of 3.78 mm and the orientation error of 0.36° and reconstructed 3D US images with high quality in both phantom and real scenarios. The proposed method has been demonstrated to enhance the robustness and effectiveness of freehand 3D US. Follow-up research will focus on improving the accuracy and stability of multi-sensor fusion to mak e the system more practical in clinical environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dichoptic training has emerged as a promising rehabilitation approach for improving binocular visual function in patients with strabismus. A prospective observational study design was employed to assess the effectiveness of online video game-based dichoptic training in rehabilitating binocular visual function in patients who had undergone an operation for intermittent exotropia. Methods: A total of 64 patients who had undergone an operation for intermittent exotropia were recruited and divided into the training group and the control group based on whether they would receive the dichoptic training. The dichoptic training was conducted for 3 months in the training group and the control group would not accept any form of orthoptic therapy. Assessments of binocular visual functions and deviation were conducted at baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up. Results: Twenty-nine participants in the training group (mean 9.69 ± 2.66 years old) and 26 participants in the control group (mean 8.41 ± 2.64 years old) completed follow-up. At both 3- and 6-month follow-ups, the training group showed superior distance stereopsis compared to the control group, with near stereopsis only showing significant difference at the 6-month follow-up. Additionally, the training group exhibited significantly less distance exo-deviation drift than the control group at these times, and no significant difference was observed in near exo-deviation drift between the groups. The control group had a significantly higher rate of suboptimal surgical outcomes at both the 3- and 6-month follow-up. However, no significant differences were observed in simultaneous perception and fusion functions between the two groups. Conclusions: Online video game-based dichoptic training has the potential to become a novel postoperative rehabilitation strategy for patients with intermittent exotropia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Convergence Insufficiency (CI) is the most prevalent oculomotor dysfunction of binocular vision that negatively impacts quality of life when performing visual near tasks. Decreased resting‐state functional connectivity (RSFC) is reported in the CI participants compared to binocularly normal control participants. Studies report that therapeutic interventions such as office‐based vergence and accommodative therapy (OBVAT) can improve CI participants' clinical signs, visual symptoms, and task‐related functional activity. However, longitudinal studies investigating the RSFC changes after such treatments in participants with CI have not been conducted. This study aimed to investigate the neural basis of OBVAT using RSFC in CI participants compared to the placebo treatment to understand how OBVAT improves visual function and symptoms. Methods: A total of 51 CI participants between 18 and 35 years of age were included in the study and randomly allocated to receive either 12 one‐hour sessions of OBVAT or placebo treatment for 6 to 8 weeks (1 to 2 sessions per week). Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging and clinical assessments were evaluated at baseline and outcome for each treatment group. Region of interest (ROI) analysis was conducted in nine ROIs of the oculomotor vergence network, including the following: cerebellar vermis (CV), frontal eye fields (FEF), supplementary eye fields (SEF), parietal eye fields (PEF), and primary visual cortices (V1). Paired t‐tests assessed RSFC changes in each group. A linear regression analysis was conducted for significant ROI pairs in the group‐level analysis for correlations with clinical measures. Results: Paired t‐test results showed increased RSFC in 10 ROI pairs after the OBVAT but not placebo treatment (p < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). These ROI pairs included the following: Left (L)‐SEF–Right (R)‐V1, L‐SEF–CV, R‐SEF–R‐PEF, R‐SEF–L‐V1, R‐SEF–R‐V1, R‐SEF–CV, R‐PEF–CV, L‐V1–CV, R‐V1–CV, and L‐V1–R‐V1. Significant correlations were observed between the RSFC strength of the R‐SEF–R‐PEF ROI pair and the following clinical visual function parameters: positive fusional vergence and near point of convergence (p < 0.05). Conclusion: OBVAT, but not placebo treatment, increased the RSFC in the ROIs of the oculomotor vergence network, which was correlated with the improvements in the clinical measures of the CI participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of insufficient positioning accuracy of the ring spinning spun yarn automatic jointing machine using an automated guided vehicle platform after spun yarn breakage, a three-dimensional coordinate detection method of the ring spinning spun yarn spindle position based on binocular vision is proposed. The bottom column of the spindle was selected as the detection target, the contrast of the background of the bottom column of the spindle was physically enhanced, the picture of the bottom of the spindle was collected with a calibrated binocular camera, the two-dimensional coordinates of the midpoint of the bottom edge of the spindle bottom profile were obtained by the processing of the local picture, and the three-dimensional world coordinates of the midpoint of the bottom edge of the spindle bottom profile were calculated based on the method of single-pair feature-point matching. Comparing this paper's single-pair feature-point matching method with the traditional multi-pair feature-point matching detection method (semi-global block matching), the experimental results showed that: the detection errors of both the single-pair feature-point matching method and the traditional semi-global block matching detection method were less than 2 mm; both methods satisfied the requirements of the positional detection accuracy of the spindle joints. The position detection method based on single-pair feature-point matching saved 80% of the program time compared with the traditional semi-global block matching method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myopia is a growing concern worldwide, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of myopia in adolescents aged 12–15 in Shandong Province, China. This cross-sectional study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines and involved stratified random cluster sampling of 128,678 students from 186 middle schools across 17 cities in Shandong Province. Data collection was conducted from March to April 2024. We excluded students with organic eye diseases, abnormal binocular vision functions, or a history of eye injuries or surgeries. Myopia was assessed using the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart and autorefractor without inducing ciliary muscle paralysis. A comprehensive questionnaire survey was conducted to gather demographic characteristics and daily life behaviors. With the chi-squared test for univariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression for identifying significant factors. This study included 126,375 participants, with a gender distribution of 51.02% male and 48.98% female. The overall prevalence of myopia was 71.34%. Higher prevalence was observed in girls (72.26%) compared to boys (70.45%), and the prevalence increased with age, peaking at 73.12% in 15-year-olds. Urban residents had a higher prevalence (71.86%) than rural (70.39%). Factors such as increased frequency of eye usage while lying down or leaning forward, frequent use of eyes while walking or riding in a car, prolonged screen time, and extended homework duration were associated with higher odds of developing myopia. Conversely, higher frequency of outdoor exercise, maintaining proper posture during reading and writing, greater distance from eyes to screen, and longer sleep duration were associated with lower odds. Additionally, female gender, older age, urban residence, and parental history of myopia increased the risk. The high prevalence of myopia among adolescents in Shandong Province was influenced by a combination of demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors. The study highlighted the importance of lifestyle modifications, such as increasing outdoor activities and maintaining proper visual habits, limiting the duration of screen exposure and homework sessions, and extending sleep duration, to mitigate the risk of developing myopia. These findings underscored the need for targeted public health interventions and educational campaigns to address this significant public health issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the integration of polarimetric imaging into robotic perception systems has increased significantly, driven by the accessibility of affordable polarimetric sensors. This technology complements traditional color imaging by capturing and analyzing the polarization characteristics of light. This additional information provides robots with valuable insights into object shape, material composition, and other properties, ultimately enabling more robust manipulation tasks. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the principles behind polarimetric imaging and its diverse applications within the field of robotic perception. By exploiting the polarization state of light, polarimetric imaging offers promising solutions to three key challenges in robot vision: Surface segmentation; depth estimation through polarization patterns; and 3D reconstruction using polarimetric data. This review emphasizes the practical value of polarimetric imaging in robotics by demonstrating its effectiveness in addressing real-world challenges. We then explore potential applications of this technology not only within the core robotics field but also in related areas. Through a comparative analysis, our goal is to elucidate the strengths and limitations of polarimetric imaging techniques. This analysis will contribute to a deeper understanding of its broad applicability across various domains within and beyond robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromorphic devices that parallelize perception, preprocessing, and computation functions are expected to play a significant role in future non‐von Neumann architecture computers. Herein, a new retina‐inspired broadband self‐powered optoelectronic synaptic device based on 2D/3D heterojunction of epitaxial InSe on GaN(0001) is reported. Few‐layer n‐type InSe is grown on p‐type GaN by physical vapor deposition in an ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) environment. The devices are fabricated using a shadow mask assisted UHV electrode deposition technique. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images reveal that an atomically thin amorphous layer, which induces highly efficient charge trapping, is formed at the InSe/GaN interface. The photoresponse spans from visible to near‐infrared, and the response time is prolonged to 103 ms owing to the deep trapping levels. Thus, synaptic functions, including excitatory postsynaptic current, paired‐pulse facilitation with a high index of up to 170%, short‐term plasticity, and high‐pass filtering characteristics, are realized. Additionally, the synapses demonstrated the merit of realizing image sharpening and arithmetic operations on the same device under infrared and visible light illumination. This study provides a new platform of 2D/3D heterostructures for robust optoelectronic synapses that may find applications in post‐Moore era neuromorphic vision systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainty of the environment has brought some difficulties to the path planning of the robot arm. In order to improve the path planning effect of the fruit and vegetable picking robot arm, an optimization algorithm for the path planning of the fruit and vegetable picking robot arm with track translation is proposed. By improving the convolution layer of a convolutional neural network, increasing the number of convolution layers and reducing the calculation parameters, the target fruit and vegetable position detection results are obtained to reduce the computational complexity. TOF camera and binocular vision technology are used to judge whether there are obstacles around fruits and vegetables, and SLAM positioning technology is introduced to obtain the three-dimensional position coordinates of target fruits and vegetables and different kinds of obstacles around them, which provides complete information for path planning. The discrete guiding points are obtained by the semantic label map of the road area, and the road guiding lines are obtained by fitting the discrete guiding points with B-spline curves. Through the evaluation function, the guideline information is introduced into the dynamic window method to develop the path planning of the track translation fruit and vegetable picking manipulator so as to achieve the goal of path optimization. The test results show that the proposed algorithm can quickly and effectively realize the path planning of the track translation fruit and vegetable picking manipulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helmholtz asked whether one could discriminate which eye is the origin of one's perception merely based on the retinal signals. Studies to date showed that participants' ability to tell the eye‐of‐origin most likely depends on contextual cues. Nevertheless, it has been shown that exogenous attention can enhance performance for monocularly presented stimuli. We questioned whether adults can be trained to discriminate the eye‐of‐origin of their perceptions and if this ability depends on the strength of the monocular channels. We used attentional feed‐forward training to improve the subject's eye‐of‐origin discrimination performance with voluntary attention. During training, participants received a binocular cue to inform them of the eye‐of‐origin of an upcoming target. Using continuous flash suppression, we also measured the signal strength of the monocular targets to see any possible modulations related to the cues. We collected confidence ratings from the participants about their eye‐of‐origin judgements to study in further detail whether metacognition has access to this information. Our results show that, even though voluntary attention did not alter the strength of the monocular channels, eye‐of‐origin discrimination performance improved following the training. A similar pattern was observed for confidence. The results from the feedforward attentional training and the increase in subjective confidence point towards a high‐level decisional mechanism being responsible for the eye‐of‐origin judgements. We propose that this high‐level process is informed by subtle sensory cues such as the differences in luminance or contrast in the two monocular channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual ranging technology holds great promise in various fields such as unmanned driving and robot navigation. However, complex dynamic environments pose significant challenges to its accuracy and robustness. Existing monocular visual ranging methods are susceptible to scale uncertainty, while binocular visual ranging is sensitive to changes in lighting and texture. To overcome the limitations of single visual ranging, this paper proposes a fusion method for monocular and binocular visual ranging based on an adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (AUKF). The proposed method first utilizes a monocular camera to estimate the initial distance based on the pixel size, and then employs the triangulation principle with a binocular camera to obtain accurate depth. Building upon this foundation, a probabilistic fusion framework is constructed to dynamically fuse monocular and binocular ranging using the AUKF. The AUKF employs nonlinear recursive filtering to estimate the optimal distance and its uncertainty, and introduces an adaptive noise-adjustment mechanism to dynamically update the observation noise based on fusion residuals, thus suppressing outlier interference. Additionally, an adaptive fusion strategy based on depth hypothesis propagation is designed to autonomously adjust the noise prior of the AUKF by combining current environmental features and historical measurement information, further enhancing the algorithm's adaptability to complex scenes. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, comprehensive evaluations were conducted on large-scale public datasets such as KITTI and complex scene data collected in real-world scenarios. The quantitative results demonstrate that the fusion method significantly improves the overall accuracy and stability of visual ranging, reducing the average relative error within an 8 m range by 43.1% and 40.9% compared to monocular and binocular ranging, respectively. Compared to traditional methods, the proposed method significantly enhances ranging accuracy and exhibits stronger robustness against factors such as lighting changes and dynamic targets. The sensitivity analysis further confirmed the effectiveness of the AUKF framework and adaptive noise strategy. In summary, the proposed fusion method effectively combines the advantages of monocular and binocular vision, significantly expanding the application range of visual ranging technology in intelligent driving, robotics, and other fields while ensuring accuracy, robustness, and real-time performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibration measurements pose specific experimental challenges to be faced. In particular, optical methods can be used to obtain full-field vibration information. In this scenario, stereo-camera systems can be developed to obtain 3D displacement measurements. As vibration frequency increases, the common approach is to reduce camera exposure time to avoid blurred images, which can lead to under-exposed images and data loss, as well as issues with the synchronization of the stereo pair. Both of these problems can be solved by using high-intensity light pulses, which can produce high-quality images and guarantee camera synchronization since data is saved by both cameras only during the short-time light pulse. To this extent, high-power Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) can be used, but even if the LED itself can have a fast response time, specific electronic drivers are needed to ensure the desired timing of the light pulse. In this paper, a circuit is specifically designed to achieve high-intensity short-time light pulses in the range of 1 µs. A prototype of the designed board was assembled and tested to check its capability to respect the specification. Three different measurement methods are proposed and validated to achieve short-time light pulse measurements: shunt voltage measurement, direct photodiode measurement with a low-cost sensor, and indirect pulse measurement through a low-frame-rate digital camera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D digital-image correlation (3D-DIC) is a non-contact optical technique for full-field shape, displacement, and deformation measurement. Given the high experimental hardware costs associated with 3D-DIC, the development of high-fidelity 3D-DIC simulations holds significant value. However, existing research on 3D-DIC simulation was mainly carried out through the generation of random speckle images. This study innovatively proposes a complete 3D-DIC simulation method involving optical simulation and mechanical simulation and integrating 3D-DIC, virtual stereo vision, and image super-resolution reconstruction technology. Virtual stereo vision can reduce hardware costs and eliminate camera-synchronization errors. Image super-resolution reconstruction can compensate for the decrease in precision caused by image-resolution loss. An array of software tools such as ANSYS SPEOS 2024R1, ZEMAX 2024R1, MECHANICAL 2024R1, and MULTIDIC v1.1.0 are used to implement this simulation. Measurement systems based on stereo vision and virtual stereo vision were built and tested for use in 3D-DIC. The results of the simulation experiment show that when the synchronization error of the basic stereo-vision system (BSS) is within 10 − 3  time steps, the reconstruction error is within 0.005 mm and the accuracy of the virtual stereo-vision system is between the BSS's synchronization error of 10 − 7  and 10 − 6  time steps. In addition, after image super-resolution reconstruction technology is applied, the reconstruction error will be reduced to within 0.002 mm. The simulation method proposed in this study can provide a novel research path for existing researchers in the field while also offering the opportunity for researchers without access to costly hardware to participate in related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proton therapy is a form of radiotherapy commonly used to treat various cancers. Due to its high conformality, minor variations in patient anatomy can lead to significant alterations in dose distribution, making adaptation crucial. While cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a well‐established technique for adaptive radiation therapy (ART), it cannot be directly used for adaptive proton therapy (APT) treatments because the stopping power ratio (SPR) cannot be estimated from CBCT images. Purpose: To address this limitation, Deep Learning methods have been suggested for converting pseudo‐CT (pCT) images from CBCT images. In spite of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown consistent improvement in pCT literature, there is still a need for further enhancements to make them suitable for clinical applications. Methods: The authors introduce the 3D vision transformer (ViT) block, studying its performance at various stages of the proposed architectures. Additionally, they conduct a retrospective analysis of a dataset that includes 259 image pairs from 59 patients who underwent treatment for head and neck cancer. The dataset is partitioned into 80% for training, 10% for validation, and 10% for testing purposes. Results: The SPR maps obtained from the pCT using the proposed method present an absolute relative error of less than 5% from those computed from the planning CT, thus improving the results of CBCT. Conclusions: We introduce an enhanced ViT3D architecture for pCT image generation from CBCT images, reducing SPR error within clinical margins for APT workflows. The new method minimizes bias compared to CT‐based SPR estimation and dose calculation, signaling a promising direction for future research in this field. However, further research is needed to assess the robustness and generalizability across different medical imaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct laser deposition (DLD) requires high-energy input and causes poor stability and portability. To improve the deposited layer quality, conducting online measurements and feedback control of the dimensions, temperature, and other melt-pool parameters during deposition is essential. Currently, melt-pool dimension measurement is mainly based on machine vision methods, which can mostly detect only the deposition direction of a single melt pool, limiting their measurement range and applicability. We propose a binocular-vision-based online measurement method to detect the melt-pool width during DLD. The method uses a perspective transformation algorithm to align multicamera measurements into a single-coordinate system and a fuzzy entropy threshold segmentation algorithm to extract the melt-pool true contour. This effectively captures melt-pool width information in various deposition directions. A DLD measurement system was constructed, establishing an online model that maps the melt-pool width to the offline deposited layer width, validating the accuracy of the binocular vision system in measuring melt-pool width at different deposition angles. The method achieved high accuracy for melt-pool measurements within certain deposition angle ranges. Within the 30°–60° measurement range, the average error is 0.056 mm, with <3% error. The proposed method enhances the detectable range of melt-pool widths, improving cladding layers and parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Employing "relative plus" (Add) power to extend the functional vision range is a primary method to correct presbyopia with contact lenses. Simultaneous vision contact lenses are typically associated with visual disturbances at higher Add powers, often resulting in compromised vision and necessitating specialized fitting methods. Among mature individuals suffering from presbyopia, we evaluated the visual performance of a catenary curve-based extended depth of focus (EDOF) optical profile contact lens with a simplified fitting process. Methods: Mature individuals suffering from presbyopia with Add requirements of +2.00 D or more were recruited. Monocular and binocular visual acuities were obtained across optical vergences ranging from − 4.00 D to +2.00 D to generate defocus curves for best spectacle-corrected distance vision (baseline) and center-distance, catenary curve-based contact lenses (catenary). A subjective questionnaire evaluating the lenses was employed. Results: Twenty-four mature individuals suffering from presbyopia, average age 59.2 (range: 51– 68 years) and average Add requirement of +2.24 D (range +2.00 D to +2.50 D) were enrolled. Under high-contrast conditions, the catenary lens provided functional binocular vision (0.30 logMAR or better) at all optical vergences from distance to − 3.50 D (equivalent to 28 cm). Participants demonstrated a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in binocular visual acuity while wearing the catenary lens with an imposed defocus of − 1.50 D to − 4.00 D (equivalent to object distances from 66 cm to 25 cm). Subjective ratings with the catenary lens were equivalent to those documented at baseline. Conclusion: The catenary curve-based lenses provided a full range of functional vision while maintaining clear distance vision for individuals suffering from advanced presbyopia. Comparison with previous results involving this lens indicates that these findings are also generalizable to wearers with lower Add requirements. This EDOF design provides a universal Add which is sufficient for advanced presbyopia. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT05495971. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limitation of conventional visual acuity assessment, which primarily focuses on individual eye performance (monocular visual acuity tests). This study addresses this limitation by emphasizing the importance of binocular vision, where both eyes work together. Binocular vision provides numerous advantages, such as improved depth perception, a wider field of view, reduced visual fatigue, and binocular summation. The article introduces a new mathematical model based on the physics of constructive interference in light waves and the anatomy of visual nerves. This model yields an equation that quantifies how weakness in one eye affects the visual acuity of the other. By analyzing the correlation between the rates of visual weakness in each eye and the corresponding distances, utilizing the Snellen 6-meter test, valuable insights are gained into the complex interplay between eye deficiencies and their collective impact on overall visual acuity. The equations derived from this study can have significant implications for eye care professionals, clinicians, and patients, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of visual impairments and enriching the field of optics and vision science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeing in three dimensions is a major property of the visual system in mammals. The circuit underlying this property begins in the retina, from which retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) extend to the same or opposite side of the brain. RGC axons decussate to form the optic chiasm, then grow to targets in the thalamus and midbrain, where they synapse with neurons that project to the visual cortex. Here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms of RGC axonal growth cone guidance across or away from the midline via receptors to cues in the midline environment. We present new views on the specification of ipsi- and contralateral RGC subpopulations and factors implementing their organization in the optic tract and termination in subregions of their targets. Lastly, we describe the functional and behavioral aspects of binocular vision, focusing on the mouse, and discuss recent discoveries in the evolution of the binocular circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A study to acquire knowledge about the causes, clinical manifestations and management of concomitant exo deviation. Methods This prospective study was conducted in 35 patients at Squint and Neuro ophthalmology department, Institute of Ophthalmology, Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Chennai for a period of 1 year October 2017 to September 2018. Results Maximum number of patients were of age less than 10 years in this study group and majority of patients had exotropia since birth. Constant exotropia was more compared to intermittent exotropia and it was alternating exotropia in majority. Majority of patients presented with an angle of deviation of 20-40 PDs in this study. 80% of patients in this study group required surgery and most among them underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession. Binocular single vision and mean angle of deviation improved after treatment. Conclusions Exodeviations occur less frequently than esodeviations. Majority of exodeviations are present from birth and require surgery . Patients who presented early in age and with less angle of deviation have better chance for restoration of binocular single vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Govetto’s staging system (stages 1–4) for epiretinal membrane (ERM) based on optical coherence tomography images is a useful predictor of monocular visual function; however, an association between Govetto’s stage and binocular vision has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with Govetto’s stage among the monocular and binocular parameters. This retrospective study included consecutive patients with treatment-naïve eyes with unilateral ERM without pseudo-hole. We investigated Govetto’s stage, degrees of aniseikonia and metamorphopsia, foveal avascular zone area, central retinal and choroidal thickness, vertical ocular deviation, stereopsis, and binocular single vision (BSV). We compared the parameters between the BSV-present and BSV-absent groups and investigated correlations between Govetto’s stage and the monocular and binocular parameters. Twenty-eight eyes of 28 patients were examined (age, 66.6 ± 10.2 years). In multivariate correlation analyses, Govetto’s stage correlated with BSV (P = 0.04, β = − 0.36) and central retinal thickness (P

In order to rapidly identify and locate the weld seam initial point in robotic automated welding, we established a binocular vision system and proposed a weld seam initial point localization algorithm named WIPL-Net. Built upon the Fully Convolutional One-Stage object detection network, WIPL-Net introduces a lightweight ResNext as its backbone network and incorporates channel attention and enhanced feature fusion mechanisms to enhance feature detection and extraction capabilities. Subsequently, WIPL-Net is utilized to obtain the weld seam's initial point, and its three-dimensional coordinates are determined through trigonometric measurements. To further estimate the robot's posture at the initial point, we performed sparse three-dimensional reconstruction of the local region centered on the weld seam initial point based on You Only Look At Coefficients of Tensors instance segmentation and feature point matching. Finally, we conducted comparative experiments on WIPL-Net and conducted weld seam initial point localization experiments in real welding scenarios. The results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves a positioning error of less than 1.2 mm for the weld seam's initial point and a pose error of less than 10 degrees for the robot, meeting the requirement for real-time positioning of the weld seam's initial point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oleifera is an oilseed crop with high economic value. The short optimum harvest period and high labour costs of C. oleifera harvesting have prompted research on intelligent robotic harvesting. This study focused on the determination of grabbing points for the robotic harvesting of C. oleifera fruits, providing a basis for the decision making of the fruit-picking robot. A relatively simple 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) and stereoscopic vision replaced the complex 3D CNN to realise the 3D positioning of the fruit. Apple datasets were used for the pretraining of the model and knowledge transfer, which shared a certain degree of similarity to C. oleifera fruit. In addition, a fully automatic coordinate conversion method has been proposed to transform the fruit position information in the image into its 3D position in the robot coordinate system. Results showed that the You Only Look Once (YOLO)v8x model trained using 1012 annotated samples achieved the highest performance for fruit detection, with mAP 50 of 0.96 on the testing dataset. With knowledge transfer based on the apple datasets, YOLOv8x using few-shot learning realised a testing mAP 50 of 0.95, reducing manual annotation. Moreover, the error in the 3D coordinate calculation was lower than 2.1 cm on the three axes. The proposed method provides the 3D coordinates of the grabbing point for the target fruit in the robot coordinate system, which can be transferred directly to the robot control system to execute fruit-picking actions. This dataset was published online to reproduce the results of this study. [Display omitted] • 3D positioning of grabbing points for Camellia oleifera fruit picking is addressed. • 2D CNN and binocular vision replace the complex 3D CNN for 3D positioning of fruit. • Knowledge transfer reduced the manual annotation work for deep learning. • Images with different lighting conditions enhance the robustness of the model. • Automatic coordinate conversion avoids the manual calibration work for robot control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Dichoptic training has emerged as a promising rehabilitation approach for improving binocular visual function in patients with strabismus. A prospective observational study design was employed to assess the effectiveness of online video game-based dichoptic training in rehabilitating binocular visual function in patients who had undergone an operation for intermittent exotropia. Methods A total of 64 patients who had undergone an operation for intermittent exotropia were recruited and divided into the training group and the control group based on whether they would receive the dichoptic training. The dichoptic training was conducted for 3 months in the training group and the control group would not accept any form of orthoptic therapy. Assessments of binocular visual functions and deviation were conducted at baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up. Results Twenty-nine participants in the training group (mean 9.69 ± 2.66 years old) and 26 participants in the control group (mean 8.41 ± 2.64 years old) completed follow-up. At both 3- and 6-month follow-ups, the training group showed superior distance stereopsis compared to the control group, with near stereopsis only showing significant difference at the 6-month follow-up. Additionally, the training group exhibited significantly less distance exo-deviation drift than the control group at these times, and no significant difference was observed in near exo-deviation drift between the groups. The control group had a significantly higher rate of suboptimal surgical outcomes at both the 3- and 6-month follow-up. However, no significant differences were observed in simultaneous perception and fusion functions between the two groups. Conclusions Online video game-based dichoptic training has the potential to become a novel postoperative rehabilitation strategy for patients with intermittent exotropia.

Binocular image stereo matching is a key technology to realize autonomous obstacle avoidance and visual reconnaissance of unmanned auxiliary transport vehicles in coal mines. However, factors such as high dust and unstable lighting conditions in coal mines can lead to Salt-and-pepper noise in the images collected by the visual sensor, resulting in a high stereo matching error rate. Therefore, a Census stereo matching algorithm based on the combination of threshold and weight is proposed to reduce the impact of Salt-and-pepper noise on stereo matching. The main contributions include: ① threshold processing is carried out on the gray values of all pixels in the support window to remove the pixels with maximum and minimum gray values in the support window and solve the impact of outlier on the weighted fusion; ② the four diagonal pixels corresponding to the center point are weighted and fused to replace the center point pixel. Select pixel points along the four diagonal lines intersecting at the center pixel, with step sizes ranging from 1 to 3. According to the corresponding steps, weights of 0.7, 0.2, and 0.1 are assigned. Multiply the valid pixel points among these 12 points by their respective weights, then divide by the sum of the valid weights. This process yields the reference value of the center pixel point after weighted processing, addressing the issue of traditional algorithms' dependency on the center pixel of the Census transform window. Consequently, this approach enhances matching precision. The experimental results show that the average error rate calculated by the proposed algorithm is reduced by 5.64% compared to traditional Census algorithms, and reduced by 1.71% compared to the mean-based Census algorithm. What's more, the average error rate under different noise levels calculated by the proposed algorithm is reduced by 15.93% compared to the traditional Census algorithm, and reduced by 16.62% compared to the mean-based one. In non-occluded areas, the error matching rate of our algorithm is reduced by 17.19% compared to the traditional Census algorithm and 18.11% compared to the mean-based Census algorithm. The proposed Census stereo matching algorithm, which combines threshold and weight, effectively enhances the robustness against noise, reduces the error rate, and improves matching accuracy.

Abstract Based on the principle of light refraction and binocular ranging, the underwater imaging model is obtained. It provides a theoretical basis for underwater camera calibration. In order to meet the requirement of underwater vehicle to identify and distance underwater target, a new underwater vehicle distance measurement system based on semantic segmentation and binocular vision is proposed. The system uses Deeplabv3 + to identify the underwater target captured by the binocular camera and generate the target map, which is then used for binocular ranging. Compared with the binocular ranging using the original drawing, the measurement accuracy of the proposed method has not changed, the measurement speed is increased by 30%, and the error rate is controlled within 5%, which meets the needs of underwater robot operations.

Abstract The design and implementation of virtual museums have evolved over decades, broadening the scope of traditional museum exhibitions and serving as an effective complement to physical museums. However, virtual visual effects have consistently fallen short of replicating the authentic exhibition experience and cannot substitute for physical museums. In this paper, we report a dual-mode mixed visualization system combining computational photography and binocular stereo vision techniques, and introduce an innovative virtual museum for Sanxingdui bronzes. This approach enables visitors to engage with the artifacts in a multifaceted manner-allowing for navigation, interaction, auditory guidance, and the examination of textural details as if handling the artifacts directly. Further analysis of participant responses in terms of visual cognition and aesthetic appreciation across different settings demonstrates that this dual-mode mixed visualization delivers not only a spatiotemporal experience consistent with the real world but also surreal visual effects. This immersive experience allows audiences to experience Sanxingdui art intimately, offering both high-resolution visuals and cost-effectiveness.

To help Latin dancers feel the rhythm of the sports dance, it is necessary to standardize the posture action during basic training. Therefore, it is important to study the method of correcting Latin dance posture action. The traditional Latin dance posture correction methods have some problems, such as the included angle error of head motion, the angle error of spine transformation, the error of fit between foot and ground and so on. In this paper, a Latin dance posture correction method using improved deep reinforcement learning in the Internet of things (IoT) is proposed. First, the Latin dance posture image acquisition architecture is constructed using IoT and binocular stereo vision to acquire Latin dance posture images and extract Latin dance posture features. Second, the channel attention module in the deep learning network is improved, and the Latin dance posture diagnosis model is constructed based on the action feature extraction results using the improved deep robust chemical network. Finally, the action correction coefficients are calculated according to the Latin dance posture diagnosis results to realize the Latin dance posture correction. The results showed that after the application of the proposed correction method, including angle error of head movement, the spine transformation angle error and fit between foot and ground error of the participants’ motions were kept below 1∘, and the frame position offset was 1.3cm. It indicates that the proposed method can effectively improve the degree of Latin dance posture specification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is no established system for quantifying patterns of ocular ductions. This poses challenges in tracking the onset and evolution of ocular motility disorders, as current clinical methodologies rely on subjective observations of individual movements. We propose a protocol that integrates image processing, a statistical framework of summary indices, and criteria for evaluating both cross-sectional and longitudinal differences in ductions to address this methodological gap. We demonstrate that our protocol reliably transforms objective estimates of ocular rotations into normative patterns of total movement area and movement symmetry. This is a critical step towards clinical application in which our protocol could first diagnose and then track the progression and resolution of ocular motility disorders over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRecycling and recovery of domestic waste pose significant challenges in terms of accurate object positioning and ranging, areas where conventional methods, heavily reliant on monocular image processing, often fail due to limited distance data and reduced precision. This study introduces an innovative strategy for the localization and ranging of recyclable waste objects, leveraging the NanoDet-Plus model within a binocular stereo vision context. A dataset, the Binocular Recyclable Domestic Waste Dataset (BRDWD), was constructed, with transfer learning executed via the pretrained MULTI-TRASH monocular dataset. Procedures encompassed stereo camera calibration and rectification to address geometric distortions, while the integration of the Semi-Global Block Matching (SGBM) algorithm supplied disparity details for triangulation-based distance computations. Enhancements to the NanoDet-Plus model led to improved target accuracy, evidenced by a mean average precision at a threshold of 0.5 (mAP@0.5) reaching 91.88% and a detection speed of 15 frames per second (FPS). Assessments verified a ranging error below 5% within the 0.5 to 1.2-meter span, aligning well with the requirements of typical recyclable waste sorting and recycling situations. Additionally, a human-machine interface was developed utilizing Pyside6, enabling image uploads, real-time result visualization, and interactive process control, thereby furnishing pivotal advancements for the automation and intellectualization of waste categorization and recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positioning error of the GPS method at close distances is relatively large, rendering it incapable of accurately guiding unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) back to the mother ship. Therefore, this study proposes a near-distance recovery method for USVs based on monocular vision. By deploying a monocular camera on the USV to identify artificial markers on the mother ship and subsequently leveraging the geometric relationships among these markers, precise distance and angle information can be extracted. This enables effective guidance for the USVs to return to the mother ship. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of this approach, with positioning distance errors of less than 40 mm within a 10 m range and positioning angle errors of less than 5 degrees within a range of ±60 degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]