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Introduction: Africa faces immense food and health insecurity challenges, a problem partly attributed to food loss and waste during postharvest handling and distribution. In the context of research to meet the sustainable development goals, this project specifically addressed the postharvest loss of the ripe indigenous eggplant (Solanum anguivi lam) fruit called Igba Yinrin by Yoruba in South-West Nigeria, which is usually discarded in farms. The study was carried out on ripe and unripe fruits to better understand their value by comparing their effects in diabetes treatment. Methods: The study sought to assess the effects of a diet including ripe or unripe mature eggplant fruits in the sucrose-induced diabetic-like fruit fly. Bioactive compounds were identified and quantified with HPLC-UV, while the antioxidant vitamin (A, C, E), carotenoid, and mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, and Zn) content was analyzed in the fruits. Extracts were used to investigate their in vitro anti-inflammatory properties on cyclooxygenases (COX 1 and 2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and anti-diabetes enzymes [α-amylase and α-glucosidase], while extract-supplemented diets (0.25-1% concentration) were fed to the fruit flies for 14 days. Results: Interestingly, the results showed that the ripe fruits had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher total phenol and flavonoid content, as well as a higher content of vitamins, carotenoids, and minerals, than the unripe fruits. The in vivo activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione transferase (GST)] and the total thiol level increased, while the blood glucose, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly). An in silico docking analysis showed strong binding affinity of the above-mentioned enzymes under investigation with the ligands hesperidin, naringin, and myricetin, which are bioactive compounds contained in the examined extracts. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the biological effects of the ripe and unripe fruit extracts on inflammatory and anti-diabetes enzyme activities, which means that the ripe fruit, usually discarded, could serve as a sustainable alternative source of food nutrients.

Understanding ionic interactions is essential to promote adequate crop nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) and their effects on strawberries' production and postharvest quality. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions adopting a completely randomized design in a 3 × 5 factorial scheme with four replicates. The treatments consisted of the combination of three rates of S (0, 30, and 60 mg dm−3) in the form of calcium sulfate (CaSO4·2 H2O) and five rates of N (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg dm−3) in the form of urea (pro analysis grade) enriched to 10 atom% 15N. The fruits were harvested weekly when showing ¾ maturation. At the end of the harvest, evaluations of the mineral composition of the plants' shoots, determination of N utilization, and physicochemical analyses of the fruit pulp were performed. The results showed that the interaction between N and S affected the fertilizer use efficiency (FUE), strawberry production, and the physicochemical attributes of the fruit pulp. Applying 120 mg dm−3 N and 30 mg dm−3 S improved both strawberry production and postharvest quality. Therefore, balancing N and S levels can improve both the yield and quality of strawberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum is exploited as a biostimulant in agriculture for its rich bioactive compounds. Extracts from Sargassum promote plant growth, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance in agricultural and horticultural crops. Sargassum is a most abundant seaweed, and it occupies a huge proportion of coastal plants. This review unveils key active constituents present in Sargassum such as proximate and ultimate compounds, antioxidants, phytohormones, glucosinoids, bioactive compounds, and enzymes. As a biostimulant, Sargassum mitigates biotic and abiotic stresses. It has a positive impact on soil health, plant physiology, crop yield, animal antimicrobials, and animal feeding, as well as highlighting some sustainable agricultural practices discussed in the review. Integrating Sargassum-based biostimulants in agriculture holds promise for resilient and productive crops with minimal environmental impact. These characteristics are considered the future of ideal agrochemical properties in all dimensions of plant growth and development. These kinds of organic-based biostimulants will be ideal alternatives to toxic chemical agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a major oil crop that significantly contributes to the Indonesia's and Malaysia's economic growth. However, oil palm processing for oil extraction generates substantial waste, such as palm kernel cake, palm‐pressed fibre, oil palm empty fruit bunches and palm oil mill effluent, which pose noticeable environmental challenges. This review explores green extraction techniques for palm waste processing, which include microwave‐assisted extraction, deep eutectic solvents, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme‐assisted extraction and subcritical water extraction. The potential for industry scaling, mechanisms, applications and challenges of each technique used for oil palm waste are discussed. Microwave‐assisted extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are particularly promising for large‐scale production, while deep eutectic solvents paired with ultrasound‐assisted extraction show the potential to improve extraction efficiency. This review also reveals that green extraction techniques are sustainable alternative to conventional techniques by effectively recovering valuable compounds from waste with reduced environmental impact. Additionally, the diverse applications of bioactive compounds (vitamin E, phytosterols, phenolics, polyphenols and flavonoids) extracted from oil palm waste in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries are also presented. Valuable components such as cellulose, dietary fibres and bioactive peptides derived from the waste can be applied in food coatings, high‐protein products and drug delivery systems. Biosorbents, biofuels and biodegradable products derived from the waste would also provide environmental benefits. Future research should focus on optimising the green extraction techniques for industrial use to promote responsible production and circular waste management to foster health and environmental safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edible plant oils production is associated with the release of different types of by-products. The latter represent cheap and available substrates to produce valuable compounds, such as flavours and fragrances, biologically active compounds and bio-based polymers. Elizabethkingia meningoseptica Oleate hydratases (Em_OhyA) can selectively catalyze the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids, specifically oleic acid, into hydroxy fatty acids, which find different industrial applications. In this study, Design-of-experiment (DoE) strategy was used to screen and identify conditions for reaching high yields in the reaction carried out by Escherichia coli whole-cell carrying the recombinant enzyme Em_OhyA using Waste Cooking Oils (WCO)-derived free fatty acids (FFA) as substrate. The identified reaction conditions for high oleic acid conversion were also tested on untreated triglycerides-containing substrates, such as pomace oil, sunflower oil, olive oil and oil mill wastewater (OMW), combining the triglyceride hydrolysis by the lipase from Candida rugosa and the E. coli whole-cell containing Em_OhyA for the production of hydroxy fatty acids. When WCO, sunflower oil and OMW were used as substrate, the one-pot bioconversion led to an increase of oleic acid conversion compared to the standard reaction. This work highlights the efficiency of the DoE approach to screen and identify conditions for an enzymatic reaction for the production of industrially-relevant products. • Enzymatic production of hydroxy fatty acids for different application, such as flavors. • Screening of biocatalytic hydration of crude free fatty acids from waste cooking oils. • Design-of-experiment used to identify interactions between parameters. • Production of enzymatic cascade reactions. • Reproducibility of results on triglyceride-containing industrial feedstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In swine farming, animals develop diseases that require the use of antibiotics. In-feed antibiotics as growth promoters have been banned due to the increasing concern of antimicrobial resistance. Seaweeds offer bioactive molecules with antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The aim was to estimate the in vitro properties of seaweed extracts: Ascophyllum nodosum (AN), Palmaria palmata (PP), Ulva lactuca (UL), and 1:1 mixes (ANPP, ANUL, PPUL). Escherichia coli strains were used to test for growth inhibitory activity, and chemical-based assays were performed for antioxidant properties. The treatments were 2 (with/without Escherichia coli) × 2 (F4 + and F18 +) × 5 doses (0, 1.44, 2.87, 5.75, 11.50, and 23.0 mg/mL). Bacteria were supplemented with seaweed extracts, and growth was monitored. The antioxidant activity was assessed with 6 doses (0, 1, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 600 mg/mL) × 6 compounds using two chemical assays. Data were evaluated through SAS. The results showed that AN and UL significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) the growth of F4 + and F18 +. PP and mixes did not display an inhibition of the bacteria growth. AN, PP, UL extracts, and mixes exhibited antioxidant activities, with AN showing the strongest dose–response. Thus, AN and UL seaweed extracts reveal promising antibacterial and antioxidant effects and may be candidates for in-feed additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The total carotenoid amounts of the caper young shoot and buds debittered by sonication in brine, NaOH and tap water were reported to be between 19.99 (control) and 37.23 μg g−1 (water) to 4.36 (control) and 20.38 μg g−1 (NaOH), respectively. Total phenolic contents of sonicated caper young shoot and buds in brine, NaOH and tap water were specified to be between 34.96 (NaOH) and 299.84 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (control) to 45.04 (NaOH) and 373.12 mg GAE/100 g (control), respectively. Radical scavenging activity values of sonicated young shoots were measured between 1.26 (NaOH) and 7.58 mmol trolox equivalent (TE) kg−1 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (control). In addition to DPPH, antioxidant activity values of sonicated caper young shoot and buds were measured to be between 2.06 (NaOH) and 17.72 Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), mg g−1 (control) to 1.70 (NaOH) and 13.44 FRAP mg g−1 (control), respectively. Kaempferol quantities of sonicated caper young shoot were identified between 40.08 (control) and 53.83 mg/100 g (Brine). In general, the most reduction in phenolic components was observed in caper young shoot and buds sonicated in NaOH solution. The phenolic components of the caper young shoot and buds sonicated in different solutions showed changes on the solution type when compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate juice (PJ) is rich in various bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins (ATs), ellagic tannins (ETs) and ellagic acid (EA), and has the potential to be utilized as a therapeutic intervention for iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This narrative review offers a comprehensive overview of current research on the efficacy of PJ in the prevention and treatment of IDA, while also delving further into associated mechanisms. It is proposed that PJ may effectively manage IDA through direct or indirect means, including acting as a source for iron supplementation, enhancing iron absorption, exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, modulating gut microbiota and promoting intestinal mucosal repair. Nevertheless, more researches are warranted to validate the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of PJ as a promising therapy for IDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic heterocycles are the most common and critical structural motifs found in a variety of natural products, medicines, fertilizers, and advanced materials. Because of their widespread use in biologically active compounds and material chemistry, functionalised dibenzo heterocyclic compounds, especially dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and carbazole derivatives, garnered much attention over time. Scientists are especially interested in elucidating more efficient techniques for developing these industrially essential compounds. Dibenzo‐fused heterocycles can rapidly be synthesised using highly efficient transition metal‐catalysed strategies as well as by economic metal‐free reaction conditions. This review includes a detailed overview of the most recent significant synthetic techniques, both metal‐catalysed and metal‐free, to produce these industrially significant and medicinally important dibenzo‐fused heterocycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Edible mushrooms have become an important global ingredient due to their rich nutrients and delicious taste. However, their high moisture content, abundant bioactive components and susceptibility to microbial contamination led to a relatively short shelf‐life. Therefore, extensive research on the active ingredients, bioactivity and preservation techniques of mushrooms is crucial for enhancing the rapid development and increasing acceptance of the mushroom industry. Furthermore, the comprehensive utilisation of by‐products from mushroom processing and the diversified development of mushroom products are important means to increase the added value of the mushroom industry. Therefore, through the aforementioned research, the sustainable and healthy development of the mushroom industry can be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a widely grown dietary herb in Asia, and its seeds are traditionally used for several diseases, including diabetes. The seeds and leaves possess a variety of compounds that play an important role in regulating their hypoglycemic effect. However, so far, no extensive systematic review exists on its antidiabetic effect, highlighting the molecular mechanisms and isolated compounds. The purpose of this review is to summarize the preclinical and clinical antidiabetic properties of fenugreek and its isolated compounds by focusing on underlying mechanisms. PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus databases were searched to retrieve articles until June, 2024. Preclinical studies demonstrated that the antidiabetic effect of fenugreek was mostly associated with enhanced glucose transporter type‐4 (GLUT4) translocation and hexokinase activity, decreased glucose‐6‐phosphatase and fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase activities, inhibited α‐amylase and maltase activities, protected β cells, and increased insulin release. Furthermore, few studies have reported its role as a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) modulator, 5′‐AMP‐activated kinase (AMPK) activator, and dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) inhibitor. Further clinical trials showed that fenugreek seeds improved blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles. This study highlights significant evidence of the antidiabetic effect of fenugreek and its isolated compounds; therefore, it could be a potential therapy for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products have been used since ancient times to treat various ailments and have been recognized for many years as a source of therapeutic agents and structural diversity. Plant-derived products have thus served as dietary components but also to maintain a state of wellbeing and health by preventing different diseases both of inflammatory and infective nature. Pentacyclic triterpenoids, particularly ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA), are well-studied natural products endowed with complex biological profiles. In this mini-review, we summarized the most advanced results on extraction methodologies and antimicrobial activity of UA and OA, focusing on their potential role as antimicrobic adjuvants, bacterial biofilm inhibitors and related mechanisms of action. This offers a theoretical basis and inspiration for further studies on their bioactivity mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) technology represents a highly efficient and eco‐friendly process that enhances the texture of food matrices. In this study, oleaster flour (OF) was subjected to DIC treatment at varying pressures (200 and 500 kPa) and processing times (30, 60, and 120 s) for the purpose of analysing its techno‐functional, chemical, concentration of bioactive components, and structural properties. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences between the untreated and DIC‐treated OF samples (P < 0.05). The application of DIC treatment resulted in a notable enhancement in the water activity, fat, ash, SDF, bound phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of the OF (P < 0.05). The mineral content and structural properties were analysed in two samples of OF (DIC‐treated at 200 and 500 kPa for 60 s), which were selected for their superior bioactive components in comparison to the untreated OF. The 200 and 500‐kPa 60‐s DIC treatment also enhanced the mineral (Cu, Na, Mn, Mg, P, Ca, Fe, and K) and structural properties of OF, thereby rendering it a more functional flour. The utilisation of the DIC method enhances the overall quality of the end product, resulting in a visually acceptable appearance, an extended shelf life and heightened nutritional content, thereby rendering the product more practical and convenient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Michelia macclurei Dandy is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, but little is understood about the bioactive compositions and biological potential of its different parts, limiting their applications. This study aims to identify the bioactive compositions and analyze differences in accumulation patterns from different parts of Michelia macclurei (heartwood, sapwood, bark, root, leaf, and fruit) using metabolomics. It also seeks to explore their biological potential and analyze the relationship between the bioactive compositions and biological potential.A total of 63 volatile metabolites (VMs) were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in six parts, and the VMs in each part were dominated by sesquiterpenes and their derivatives (71.40–88.32%). Six parts of Michelia macclurei contained structurally diverse non‐volatile metabolites (NVMs) with a total of 207 bioactive compounds, including 92 alkaloids, 30 flavonoids, 19 lignans, and 18 organic acids, utilizing ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the accumulation patterns of bioactive compositions differed significantly among the different parts, and the 25 VMs and 72 NVMs could be considered potential markers for distinguishing the different parts of Michelia macclurei. The excellent antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capacity of extracts of all six parts was indicated by in vitro bioactivity assays. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the bioactive compositions in the six parts were significantly correlated with antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities.This study offers helpful information on the distribution of bioactive compositions in different parts of Michelia macclurei and confirms the excellent antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory potential of its extracts, which could provide scientific evidence for its potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, and functional foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Results Conclusion Carotenoids have various physiological functions, such as immune regulation and cancer prevention. Germination could further improve the content of carotenoids in maize seeds. In this study, yellow maize seeds (Suyu 29) were soaked and germinated with different concentrations of 24‐epibrassinolide. The changes of germination percentage, sprout length, bioactive components, antioxidant capacity and carotenoid content of the maize seeds were analyzed. Additionally, the relative expression of key genes in the carotenoid synthesis pathway was investigated.The results showed that the sprout length, germination percentage, soluble protein, free amino acids, proline, endogenous abscisic acid, vitamin C, total phenolics and carotenoids displayed a significant increasing trend compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase increased by 55.1% and 58.5% versus the control group, and the antioxidant capacity of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and ferric reducing antioxidant power was 19.8%, 13.4% and 44.1% higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression of genes was significantly up‐regulated (P < 0.05). Under the treatment of 0.1 mg L−1 of 24‐epibrassinolide, carotenoid content reached the highest value. The carotenoids showed a positive correspondence with antioxidant enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and total phenolics content (P < 0.05).This study showed that 0.1 mg L−1 of exogenous 24‐epibrassinolide promoted the accumulation of carotenoids and improved the antioxidant capacity and the quality of germinated maize seeds. It could provide a method for the development of germinated maize products enriched in carotenoids. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing vegetable waste to produce bioactive compounds through microbial consortia represents a holistic solution to waste management challenges. Efficient waste collection systems in major cities ensure proper segregation of vegetable waste and lay the groundwork for resource utilization. Segregating waste at its source enhances waste stream quality and facilitates downstream processing. Research and development efforts investigating tailored microbial consortia seek to optimize waste degradation and bioactive compound yields, thereby unlocking the potential of waste. This approach significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions by diverting vegetable waste from landfills, thereby mitigating climate change effects and improving air quality. Moreover, it conserves natural resources by reducing the need for virgin materials and promoting biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable resource management. Here, the enzymatic activities and phenolic concentrations derived from the biodegradation of vegetable waste were analyzed over 14 days. Protease activity that plays a vital role in breaking down proteins reached a notable level of 300 µg/ml after 14-day incubation. Lipase activity which is essential for lipid breakdown was observed at a concentration of 6.3 µg/ml. Furthermore, phenolic concentration analysis revealed a significant range, with values ranging from 225 µg/ml to 240 µg/ml after 14 days of incubation. Phenolics are phytochemicals possessing antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. These findings provide valuable insight into the efficacy of utilizing vegetable waste as a substrate for enzymatic and phytochemical production. The observed enzymatic activities and phenolic concentrations highlight the potential of vegetable waste as a valuable resource for the sustainable production of industrially relevant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celosia cristata (family Amaranthaceae), has significant medicinal value with rich phytochemical composition and is used traditionally across cultures, it treats various ailments due to its diverse bioactive compounds (sterols, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids). It demonstrates pharmacological capability: anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antiviral effects. The methanolic extracts of C. cristata flower contains alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrate, saponins, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, and steroids. These bioactive phytochemical compounds in methanolic extracts, supports its traditional medicinal use for various ailments. The abundant presence of phytochemicals in C. cristata flowers suggests their potential application in pharmaceutical industries for drug development. These findings provide a scientific basis for the traditional medicinal use of C. cristata in managing ailments and disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chellamanimegalai, P.; Deshmukhe, G.; Balange, A.K., and Layana, P., 2024. Effect of solvents on extraction efficiency and in vitro antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds from Dictyota ceylanica and Dictyota cervicornis. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(5), 929–936. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Seaweeds can fight reactive oxygen species by producing secondary metabolites in adverse environmental conditions. In the present study, bioactive compounds, including chlorophyll a and c1 + c2, carotenoids, fucoxanthin, and total phenols, were extracted from Dictyota ceylanica and Dictyota cervicornis using various solvents to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant activities. Species-specific and solvent-specific differences (p < 0.05) were observed for those compounds. D. ceylanica yielded high chlorophyll a (2.083 mg/g) and carotenoids (0.672 mg/g) in acetone, whereas D. cervicornis showed a maximum of chlorophyll c1 + c2 (1.134 mg/g) and fucoxanthin (0.803 mg/g) in dimethyl sulfoxide. D. cervicornis was found to have a significant amount of total phenols (583.46 mg GAE/100 g), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity (39.85%), ferric reducing antioxidant power activity (472.81 mg TE/100 g), and total antioxidant activity (1037.52 mg AAE/100 g) in the water extract. The Pearson's correlation and R2 value revealed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c1 + c2, carotenoids, fucoxanthin, and total phenols are highly responsible for the remarkable antioxidant activities in D. ceylanica and D. cervicornis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Species of the genus Achillea (from the family Compositae or Asteraceae) are widely used for their numerous pharmacological properties. The present paper reviews pharmacological actions and their possible underlying molecular mechanisms reported for various species of Achillea. Materials and Methods: Various databases including PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus were used. Results: Immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects were shown for these plants. In addition, it was shown that these plants pose wound-healing properties and antimicrobial effects on various bacteria as well as antitumor effects on different cell lines. Achillea species showed anti-arrhythmic, anti-thrombotic, vasorelaxant, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hypertensive, hepatoprotective and gastroprotective effects. In addition, the plants showed different endocrine effects such as anti-diabetic, estrogenic and antispermatogenic properties. Neurological effects of the plants also included anti-nociceptive and anti-anxiety actions. Clinical studies also indicated therapeutic effect of A. millefolium on multiple sclerosis, chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in cancer patients, and dysmenorrhea but did not affect atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Achillea species could be of therapeutic potential for treating of a wide range of diseases but further investigations are needed regarding the other properties of Achillea plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dunaliella functions as a microscopic bioindustry that can capture atmospheric carbon dioxide and amass it into a range of economically viable compounds. Dunaliella‐based biorefineries have emerged as sustainable platforms for fostering a green economy and reducing carbon emissions. Dunaliella‐derived value‐added compounds are commercially important due to their application in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and nutraceutical sectors. The present study highlights the economic application of different Dunaliella species and the available sustainable technologies for the cultivation, harvesting, and extraction of bioactive compounds that have the potential for commercial scaleup. Their incorporation into biorefinery processes can reduce dependency on energy‐intensive and low‐yield processes. This review briefly discusses the technoeconomic analysis (TEA) of Dunaliella‐driven industrial approaches for the optimization of effective yield and determination of final production costs. The major algal biorefineries are operational in countries like Australia, China, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Spain and the USA. The authors have comprehensively deliberated different aspects of Dunaliella from physiological to industrial applications, meanwhile underscoring the existing knowledge gaps that impede the success of Dunaliella biorefineries. The current industrial methods being employed for biorefineries are limited to producing individual bioproducts, which may not be fully cost effective, making them less competitive in the global market. However, the analysis carried out can serve as a starting point and can guide stakeholders towards the future direction of Dunaliella‐based research and the circular bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emilia sonchifolia is used in ethnomedicine to treat various diseases such as diarrhoea, diabetes, inflammation, cuts and wounds. This research focused on analyzing the phytochemical composition, toxicity levels, and wound healing effects of the leaf extract of Emilia sonchifolia (LEES). The phytochemical evaluation of LEES was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). During the acute toxicity test, rats were orally given a single dose of aqueous LEES up to 5 g/kg. In the subacute toxicity assessment, the rats were separated into four groups. Group 1 (normal control), and groups 2, 3, and 4 were given oral doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of ALEES. The GC–MS LEES analysis identified fifty five (55) chemical constituents, with eight bioactive compounds including limonene, D-carvone, hexadecane, tetradecane, 1-docosene, 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, 2-piperidinone, N-[4-bromo-n-butyl]- and oleic acid. No signs of toxicity or death were observed following a single dose administration of 5 g/kg. Oral administration of ALEES led to significant reductions (p < 0.05) in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerol levels compared to the control group. Rats administered with ALEES exhibited dose-dependent elevations (p < 0.05) in the levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. No significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in the haematological indices, serum liver and renal biomarkers between the test and control groups. In wound healing studies, ALEES demonstrated higher wound contraction percentage and tensile strength in comparison to the control group. This study ultimately revealed that ALEES is non-toxic, yet contains bioactive compounds with pharmacological properties. These activities are associated with its ability to lower lipid levels, act as an antioxidant, and promote wound healing. [Display omitted] • Leaf extract of Emilia sonchifolia (LEES) is not toxic at 5 g/kg body weight. • LEES has biologically bioactive compounds with various pharmacological activities. • Aqueous LEES has lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects. • Aqueous LEES has wound healing activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassia mimosoides L. (CM), a member of the family Leguminosae, represents an underexplored component within the Katakakhadiradi Kashayam, an Ayurvedic preparation primarily utilized for the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus. For the first time, the potential of CM to address diabetic complications was scientifically validated using in vitro methods. The significant alpha-glucosidase activity of ethanol-water extract (IC 50 of 1.02 ± 0.12 μg/mL) as against the standard acarbose (IC 50 19.28 ± 1.42 μg/mL) has prompted further column separation to identify the active components. Using bioassay-guided fractionation based on Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity, four compounds were isolated and identified through NMR and HRMS. All the four compounds, orientin, isoorientin, diosmetin and luteolin exhibited marked inhibition over the DPP-IV enzyme. Among them disometin showed significantly higher activity with an IC 50 of 2.80 ± 0.38 μM. At non-cytotoxic concentrations these compounds effectively stimulated 2-NBDG [2-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol- 4-yl) amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose] uptake in L6 myotubes. Notably, this investigation represents the first report elucidating the glucose uptake-enhancing potential of the flavonoid isoorientin in L6 myoblast cell lines. Moreover, isoorientin also exhibited significant antiglycation activity in assay using bovine serum albumin and methylglyoxal. IC 50 values for isoorientin and positive control aminoguanidine were found to be 51.45 ± 0.03 µg/mL and 45.18 ± 0.03 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, virtual docking studies of the four compounds against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-IV demonstrated strong affinity, thus providing further evidence to substantiate the observed activity. Consequently, this study revealed the hypoglycemic efficacy of the plant CM and proposed the exploration of its compounds in ameliorating type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Display omitted] • Cassia mimosoides L. (CM) exhibits promising multi-modal anti-diabetic efficacy. • The proanthocyanidin-rich fraction demonstrated superior inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. • Isoorientin exhibits enhanced glucose uptake potential for the first time in L6 cell lines. • All the compounds showed significant potential against DPP-IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Metabolite screening was achieved by using standard qualitative tests. • Bioactive metabolites were separated and identified by De-replication approach, coupling HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS with MZmine 3, global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS) and METLIN Gen2. • Microwave digestion was used to extract metals for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. • Health risk assessment was achieved by determining estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotients (HQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR). The bark of Entandrophragma delevoyi De Wild (E. delevoyi) is widely used in the Zambian traditional health care system as a very effective medicinal plant. Nevertheless, little is known about the phytochemicals affiliated with the ethno-pharmacological uses of the plant. Further, the heavy metals safety of consuming the plant for medicinal purposes remains unknown. In this study, metabolite profiling of the methanolic stem bark extract of E. delevoyi was performed using a de-replication approach by coupling HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS with MZmine 3 based two molecular networking approaches, that is, GNPS (global natural products social molecular networking) and METLIN Gen2. Varieties of metabolites were tentatively identified for the first time in E. delevoyi. Health risk assessment was achieved by analysing the presence and concentration of heavy metals such as Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, U and Zn using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Further, estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotients (HQ), and carcinogenic risk were determined. The utilization of qualitative tests to screen metabolite classes and the molecular networking tools revealed a detailed phytochemical profile of this medicinal plant species. Qualitative metabolite screening tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, anthocyanins, and tannins in the methanol extract. LCMS2 coupled to mzmine3.6 revealed the presence of thirty-five metabolites from MoNA database. In addition, LCMS2-GNPS revealed the presence of twenty-six metabolites, and LCMS-METLIN Gen2 revealed a further sixteen compounds. Furthermore, total polyphenolic content and antioxidant (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazylhydrate - DPPH) capacities were assayed. Total phenolic content was 169.46 ± 0.71 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content was 53.14 ± 1.78 mg QE/g. The crude extract had significant total polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential (IC 50 = 48.91 µg/mL) compared to the standard, ascorbic acid (IC 50 = 74.47 µg/mL). This plant, full of bioactive compounds and significant antioxidant properties, offers unique health solutions and robust possibilities for future drug development and pharmacology research. Although the bark of E. delevoyi possesses many health-promoting bioactive metabolites, the heavy metals evaluated in the bark of E. delevoyi in this study have carcinogenic risk (Al, 0.096; Cd, 0.002; Cr, 1.271; Ni, 0.024). Based on the non-carcinogenic health risk evaluation, E. delevoyi bark may be safe. However, its safety can only be determined if the plant's health risks are fully described in extensive chronic toxicity tests. E. delevoyi should therefore be used with caution in medicinal preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids play a significant role in mitigating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the cytoprotective and antioxidant defense mechanism of flavonoid fraction from Carica papaya L. (FFCP) leaf in human PBMC. For this investigation, the human PBMCs were lotted into three groups viz., negative control, positive control (treated with H 2 O 2), and experiment group (pretreated with FFCP and challenged with H 2 O 2). The cytoprotective mechanism was evaluated by assessing the intracellular ROS and Ca2+ mobilization, membrane and DNA damages, antioxidant enzymes, and Nrf2 activation. In-silico analysis was employed for assessing the interactions of flavonoids in FFCP with the Nrf2 binding pocket of Keap 1 protein. The results of the experiment unveiled that FFCP protected the human PBMCs from H 2 O 2 induced oxidative damages such as lipid peroxidation, LDH leakage, DNA breakage, reduced the intracellular ROS and Ca2+ mobilization as compared to positive control. FFCP pretreatment effectively improved the activity of key antioxidant enzyme markers, such as SOD (1.66 ± 0.032-fold increase), CAT (2.24 ± 0.09-fold increase), GPx (1.94 ± 0.05-fold increase), and GR (1.81 ± 0.14-fold increase). Furthermore, the FFCP modulated the Nrf2 gene expression (a 2.38 ± 0.25 -fold) and its translocation into the nucleus as compared to the positive control. In-silico analysis enunciated that all flavonoids exhibited strong affinity with the Nrf2 binding pocket of Keap1 protein via stable hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. These observations suggest that FFCP is a natural source of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical benefits for combating oxidative stress-associated diseases by protecting the cells from oxidative stress induced damages as well as by instigating antioxidant defense mechanisms. [Display omitted] • Flavonoid fraction of Carica papaya L. (FFCP) protected the human PBMCs from oxidative damages- Lipid peroxidation, LDH leakage and DNA damage. • FFCP pretreatment effectively reduced the intracellular calcium mobilization and ROS production induced by oxidative stress. • FFCP pretreatment enhanced the activity of key antioxidant enzymes under oxidative stress. • FFCP upregulated the expression and translocation of Nrf2 transcription factor into nucleus. • Flavonoids in FFCP exhibited good binding affinity with the Nrf2 binding pocket of Keap 1 • All flavonoids exhibited good ADME properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• nSi-DA6, showed a notable increase in shoot and root dry weight, the number of leaves and the chlorophyll content. • nSi-DA6 and nSi-Atonik increased the phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity in the leaves. • Sodium silicate and nSi-DA6 treatments increased the essential oil content in Z. multiflora. • The highest content of carvacrol and thymol was observed with Atonik and Si nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can drastically improve the growth, yield and quality of medicinal plants. In this study, silicon (Si) nanocomplexes were green synthesized from the growth regulators DA-6 and Atonik, and their effects on the growth, bioactive compounds, essential oil yield and composition in Zataria multiflora medicinal plant were compared with sodium silicate, a regular Si nanoparticle, DA-6 and Atonik. The Si-containing treatments such as sodium silicate and nanoparticles significantly increased shoot and root dry weight and the number of leaves, but not the inflorescence dry weight; however, the growth improvement effects of the Si-nanocomplexes were more evident. The nSi-DA6 and nSi-Atonik treatments did not affect the carotenoids and protein contents but increased the chlorophyll content in the leaves. The Si-nanocomplexes by increasing total phenols and total flavonoids enhanced antioxidant activity in the plant. Accumulation of epicatechin, naringenin and rosmarinic in response to the application of the Si-nanocomplexes promotes cardiovascular health effects and antioxidant activity of the plant. The essential oil (EO) content of the plants (2.75 %) increased to about 3.2 % after the application of Si-nanocomplexes. The main compounds of EO were carvacrol, thymol and linalool. The Si-nanocomplexes increased carvacrol and thymol content in the EO, however, linalool content remained unchanged after the treatments. Therefore, the application of silicon nanocomplexes increased the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of EO without reducing the important factor in the fragrance of the EO. In conclusion, the application of 6 mM of nSi-DA6 and nSi-atonik nanoparticles was suggested to improve the growth and quality of Z. multiflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha, a fermented tea beverage, has seen a significant rise in global popularity. This increase is attributed to its reported health benefits and extensive cultural heritage. The comprehensive review examines kombucha through microbiology, biochemistry, and health sciences, highlighting its therapeutic potential and commercial viability. Central to kombucha production is the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY), which regulates a complex fermentation process, resulting in a bioactive-rich elixir. The study examines the microbial dynamics of SCOBY, emphasizing the roles of various microorganisms. It focuses the contributions of acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and osmophilic yeasts, including genera such as Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces/Dekkera, and Pichia. These microorganisms play crucial roles in producing bioactive compounds, including organic acids, polyphenols, and vitamins. These bioactive compounds confer therapeutic properties to kombucha. These properties include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, cancer prevention, hepatoprotective, and detoxifying effects. The review also explores the growing market for kombucha, driven by consumer demand for functional beverages and opportunities for innovative product development. It emphasizes the necessity of standardized production to ensure safety and validate health claims. Identifying research gaps, the review highlights the importance of clinical trials to verify therapeutic benefits. Ultimately, this study integrates traditional knowledge with scientific research, providing directions for future studies and commercial expansion, emphasizing the role of kombucha in health and wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding chemical preservatives increases the shelf life of food products, but long - term and indiscriminate use of chemical preservatives increases the resistance of microorganisms and health risks associated with their absorption. Medicinal plants have a great diversity both in the world and in Iran and have the potential to be used as alternatives to chemical compounds. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of Pterocarya fraxinifolia essential oil against Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Salmonella typhi was investigated by disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration. The total phenol and flavonoid content of the essential oil was determined using Folin Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using two methods of inhibiting free radicals DPPH and ABTS. The total phenol and flavonoid content of the essential oil was 38.63 mg of gallic acid/g and the flavonoid content was 19.20 mg of quercetin/g. The essential oil of P. fraxinifolia was able to inhibit free radicals DPPH (58.60%) and ABTS (59.80%). The results of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil by the disk diffusion agar and well diffusion agar methods showed that B. subtilis and E. aerogenes are the most sensitive and resistant microbial strains to the essential oil, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for these bacteria was 2 and 64 mg/mL, respectively, and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 32 and > 512 mg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In current investigation, the effect of the breads enriched with red pepper powder at different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) on colour parameters, antioxidant activity, total phenolics, flavonoids, phenolic components, minerals and sensory properties was revealed. While the brightness results of the breads L* decreased, there was a significant increase in the a* and b* values. As the concentration of the pepper powder added to bread dough increased, a significant increase was observed in bioactive compounds such as total phenol, antioxidant activity and flavonoids in the bread. It was determined that bread enriched with 1% red pepper powder received the highest sensory scores compared to other breads. The phenolic compound amounts of the breads showed some changes based on the pepper concentrations. Protein amounts of the wheat bread fortified with red pepper powder were specified to be between 9.32 (0.5%) and 9.79% (control). Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) quantities of the breads were assessed to be between 745.27 mg kg−1 (0.5%) and 846.69 mg kg−1 (2.0%) to 2266.63 mg kg−1 (control) and 2907.38 mg kg−1 (2.0%), respectively. The flavour, smell, colour and texture values of the pepper bread samples varied depending on the added pepper concentration. As a result, the most liked formulation by the consumers was the pepper bread with 1.0% added, followed by 1.5%, 2.0%, 0.5% in decreasing order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cooking is an essential aspect of everyday life. Cooking oils and methods exert enormous effects on the nutritional, physicochemical, microbial qualities, and bioactive compounds of vegetables. Most of them are either directly or indirectly related to human health. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to find out the effect of two cooking methods (traditional and steam cooking) and four selected culinary oils (soybean oil, mustard oil, extra virgin olive oil, and extra virgin coconut oil) on the cooked vegetables. The results indicated that steam‐cooked mixed vegetables retained more nutrients than traditional ones. The traditional cooking method of preparing mixed vegetables with soybean oil revealed higher amounts of crude fat, 26.90 ± 0.10%, whereas steam cooking and traditionally cooked vegetables without oils showed lower amounts of crude fat, 1.21 ± 0.04%, and 1.94 ± 0.04%, respectively. The highest crude fibre from 5.68 ± 0.20 to 6.48 ± 0.02% was recorded by the steam‐cooked vegetables in comparison with traditionally prepared mixed vegetables. Traditionally cooked vegetables with mustard oil showed a higher crude protein (13.30 ± 0.10%). The mixed vegetables that were steam‐cooked using extra virgin olive oil revealed a decreased percent of carbohydrates, 49.42 ± 0.03%. Most of the essential minerals especially for the human body like Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn were found notable in both traditional and steam‐cooking processes using extra virgin olive oil, and mustard oil. The leading bioactive compound ß‐carotene 67.04 ± 0.04 mg/100 g was noted by the steam‐cooked vegetables with mustard oil. The highest anthocyanin 32.69 ± 0.02 mg/100 g and ascorbic acid 42.31 ± 0.01 mg/100 g were recorded in the steam‐cooked vegetables without culinary oils. Steam‐cooking with extra virgin coconut and olive oil resulted in high total carotenoid and phenolic content (31.60 ± 0.05 and 3.11 ± 0.04 mg/100 g, respectively). However, the findings suggest that culinary oils used in the present study retained more essential minerals and bioactive compounds than soybean oil. Only sufficient amount of edible oil may be used for vegetables cooking and proper functioning of fat‐soluble vitamins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Boiling, centrifuging and various drying techniques (vacuum freeze‐drying (VFD), vacuum drying (VD), hot‐air drying (HAD) and microwave drying (MWD)) were assessed for their impact on bioactive compounds in Antarctic krill meal. A comparison between the raw and boiling groups revealed a significant degradation and isomerisation of astaxanthin, accompanied by a 1.25‐fold and 1.32‐fold increase in saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Drying was the primary factor responsible for the reduction in phospholipids, α‐tocopherol and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs), in combination with the increase in thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances. For different drying methods, it was found that HAD induced severe lipid oxidation. In contrast, the VFD, VD and MWD improved lipid quality, reducing thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) by 13–22% and increasing phospholipids by 1.08–1.11 times compared to HAD. VD preserved higher levels of bioactive compounds. PLS‐DA analysis identified 13‐cis‐astaxanthin, α‐tocopherol and eleven fatty acids as key indicators for Antarctic krill meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Empty carob pods, a by‐product of carob seed production, are abundant in D‐pinitol, dietary fibre and phenolics, offering diverse potential health benefits. However, they also contain high levels of sugars. This study evaluated the capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in submerged fermentation of empty carob pods to enhance D‐pinitol to total carbohydrate ratio, and contents of dietary fibre, and phenolics. Empty carob pods were fermented at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 at 30 °C for 10, 20, 30 and 50 h. After 20 h of fermentation, the total carbohydrates decreased by 70% (P < 0.001); the ratio of D‐pinitol to total carbohydrates increased by nearly fivefold (P < 0.05); total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas condensed tannin content and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity remained stable. Fermented carob pods may be potentially used as a functional food ingredient to help control blood glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum), native to the Andes and a PANC in Brazil, contains bioactive compounds with potential anticancer properties in vitro. This study aimed to assess the influence of tamarillo extracts for their antioxidant activity, chemical composition and antiproliferative effects on human prostate cells. Aqueous (AE) and ethanolic extracts (EE) were tested, revealing higher phenolic content and superior antioxidant activity in EE (TPC: 1191.78 ± 28.16 mg GAE/100 g, DPPH: 514.90 μmol TE g−1; FRAP: 150.35 ± 4.42 μmol Fe2SO4 g−1). UPLC‐MS analysis identified twenty‐two compound classes, mainly flavonoids (eleven), carboxylic acids and derivatives (eight), organooxygen compounds (eight) and fatty acyls (seven). Tamarillo extracts significantly reduced cell viability in DU‐145 and PC‐3 cells by almost 60% in 48 h, with PC‐3 cells showing greater resilience and a 30% reduction with EE. Additionally, tamarillo extracts induced cell cycle arrest (G2/M phase) and apoptosis, suggesting their potential as natural antioxidants with protective effects against prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Nutritional benefits of legumes make them an important part of sustainable diets. They are rich not only in dietary fibres, proteins, and micronutrients but also in the bioactive compounds that can exhibit various biological activities. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the nutritional analysis, phytochemical composition, and in vitro anti‐obesity activity of two varieties of legumes indigenous to India namely, adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) and mung beans (Vigna radiata). GC–MS, UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS, ICP‐MS analyses were done for bioactive compounds, fatty acids, macro‐elements, micro‐elements, protein, and non‐proteinogenic amino acids. GC–MS analysis showed that the major constituents identified were hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and terpenes, while the presence of various secondary metabolites, macro‐ and micro‐nutrients were detected using UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS and ICP‐MS, respectively. FAME analysis revealed a higher concentration of linoleic acid in adzuki beans, which is nutritionally beneficial for human consumption. Amino acid profiling revealed the presence of essential, non‐essential, and non‐proteinogenic amino acids. Further, adzuki beans and mung beans were screened for cytotoxicity on 3T3‐cell line and it was observed that adzuki beans were less cytotoxic as compared to mung beans. Adzuki beans showed higher HMG‐Co‐A reductase enzyme inhibition activity (60%) as compared to mung beans (2.79%). The results indicate that these two legumes are a very good source of bioactive metabolites and can be developed into novel cholesterol‐lowering and anti‐obesity functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plum protein isolate obtained from plum cake after oil extraction had protein content over 90% and amino acid composition of 36% which about 13% were essential amino acids. Evaluation of functional properties of conjugates obtained by interaction between plum protein isolate and caffeic acid, in three different concentrations, was carried out in this study. The conjugation of proteins with phenols forms complexes of higher molecular weights as a result of cross‐linking. The solubility of obtained conjugates was increased with the increase a concentration of caffeic acid at alkaline pH (8–10) for about 50%. Moreover, emulsion properties also were improved by conjugation with caffeic acid. In vitro digestion is considered to characterise and understand 'fate' of food components after passing gastrointestinal conditions. The obtained conjugates were digestible and have a good bioavailability of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfenyl indole moieties, in particular, 2 or 3-substituted Sulfenyl indoles are prevalent in diverse natural products, biologically active compounds, and pharmaceuticals, which are required for curing many diseases, such as virology, cancers, HIV, allergies, respiratory disorders, etc. Owing to their prevalence in natural and synthesized functional organic molecules, indoles keep receiving tremendous attention in the research and application of many disciplines such as chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals. In this context, our main objective is to synthesize derivatives of 3-Substituted Sulfenyl Indole as Anti-Viral compounds (primarily against DENV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed electrical field (PEF) treatment with 1 kJ/kg and 3 kJ/kg of energies was applied to yellow- and purple-fleshed potatoes before frying (180 °C for 2 min). The effects of PEF on oil content, colour and bioactive compounds were investigated. Significant oil reductions were observed for PEF-treated potatoes, ≥ 20% for yellow- and ≥ 24% for purple-fleshed potatoes, and this was also confirmed in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) graph. PEF-treated potatoes had significantly higher phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity than those of untreated samples. Moreover, although the frying reduced total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) contents of the purple-fleshed potato samples compared to raw potato samples (not PEF-treated and not fried), PEF-treated samples had significantly higher TMA than the untreated (not PEF-treated but fried) samples. Raw samples and fried samples were separated according to PC1 (principal component 1) in chemometric analysis, and fried samples with and without PEF treatment were also separated according to PC2 (principal component 2). When PLS (partial least squares) regression graphs were examined, it was revealed that there was a very good correlation between the oil content and redness (a*) values calculated and estimated by FTIR spectroscopy. Our study showed that PEF treatment could be succesfully used for different varieties of potato before frying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the impact of ethanol pretreatment and drying time on various aspects, including drying characteristics, modeling using thin-layer and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches, color changes during the drying process, shrinkage ratio, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AA) analysis, as well as ATR-FTIR analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) of the potato slices. Ethanol concentration and pretreatment time had an incredible effect on drying rate and drying time. Higher ethanol concentration and longer pretreatments time provided shorter drying time and a more rapid drying rate. On the other hand, ANN modeling of the potato slices showed better prediction than thin-layer modeling. According to the total color difference (ΔE) values of the samples, ethanol pretreatments had a negative contribution to color properties. Furthermore, the shrinkage ratio of potato samples was affected by drying and ethanol pretreatment time. Diameter shrinkage increased with the increment in ethanol concentration and pretreatment time. TPC and AA of the potato slices showed to decreasing tendency during the drying process. The highest loss of TPC and AA was observed from the samples coded 60 °C + 100 ET 15 and 60 °C + 100 ET 30. Additionally, ATR-FTIR and PCA analysis well exhibited the effect of the ethanol pretreatment and drying process on the composition of the potato slices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amberboa ramosa Roxb. (Asteraceae), commonly known as "Badaward", has been used for the treatment of tumors from ancient times. In this study, we aimed to scientifically authenticate the use of A. ramosa for breast cancer treatment. The whole plant fractions of A. ramosa were evaluated for their cytotoxic properties against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Among these fractions, Pet. ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic fractions exhibited considerable levels of cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells with IC 5 0 values of 78.55, 90.60, and 92.92 μ g/mL, respectively. The cell migration significantly decreased in ethyl acetate and ethanolic fractions. GC–MS was used to analyze the phytochemical profile of bioactive fractions, which revealed the presence of long-chain hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, esters, alcohols, and terpenoids. Subsequently, the 96 compounds present in bioactive fractions were efficiently docked with EGFR and microtubule protein to evaluate affinity towards the targets. Eight common compounds were achieved using a docking-based approach against both target proteins, which showed similar interaction patterns as the reference inhibitors (colchicine and erlotinib). The key interactions revealed the potential of screened compounds as promising hits. 2-[1,2-Dihydroxyethyl]-9-[ α -d-ribofuranosyl]hypoxanthine showed the best dock score of −9.337 and −8.548 kcal/mol against EGFR and microtubule, respectively. 5-Oxo-cystofuranoquinol exhibited better dock score as well as binding energy against both targets. Chemical features present in the 08 dual inhibitors were also matched from the present EGFR and microtubule inhibitors for comparing the anticancer potential. Thus, this research revealed many new directions for developing natural lead compounds from Amberboa ramosa as dual inhibitors for treating breast cancer. GCMS-based phytochemical profiling and in-vitro anticancer activity were performed on the fractions of A. ramosa whole plant extract. Further, in silico assessment of the phytoconstituents from the top fraction highlighted their potential as EGFR and microtubule inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Protein hydrolysates (PHs) can enhance plant nitrogen nutrition and improve the quality of vegetables, depending on their bioactive compounds. A tomato greenhouse experiment was conducted under both optimal (14 mM) and suboptimal (2 mM) nitrogen (N‐NO3) conditions. Tomatoes were treated with a new Malvaceae‐derived PH (MDPH) and its molecular fractions (MDPH1, >10 kDa; MDPH2, 1–10 kDa and MDPH3, <1 kDa). RESULTS: Under optimal N conditions, the plants increased biomass and fruit yield, and showed a higher photosynthetic pigment content in leaves in comparison with suboptimal N, whereas under N‐limiting conditions, an increase in dry matter, soluble solid content (SSC) and lycopene, a reduction in firmness, and changes in organic acid and phenolic compounds were observed. With 14 mM N‐NO3, MDPH3 stimulated an increase in dry weight and increased yield components and lycopene in the fruit. The MDPH2 fraction also resulted in increased lycopene accumulation in fruit under 14 mM N‐NO3. At a low N level, the PH fractions showed distinct effects compared with the whole MDPH and the control, with an increase in biomass for MDPH1 and MDPH2 and a higher pigment content for MDPH3. Regardless of N availability, all the fractions affected fruit quality by increasing SSC, whereas MDPH2 and MDPH3 modified organic acid content and showed a higher concentration of flavonols, lignans, and stilbenes. CONCLUSION: The molecular weight of the peptides modifies the effect of PHs on plant performance, with different behavior depending on the level of N fertilization, confirming the effectiveness of fractioning processes. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food nanoemulsions are known as very effective and excellent carriers for both lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds (BCs) and have been successfully used for controlled delivery and protection of BCs during gastrointestinal digestion (GID). However, due to sensitive and fragile morphology, BCs-loaded nanoemulsions have different digestion pathways depending on their properties, food matrix properties, and applied models for testing their digestibility and BCs bioaccessibility. Thus, this review gives a critical review of the behavior of encapsulated BCs into food nanoemulsions during each phase of GID in different static and dynamic in vitro digestion models, as well as of the influence of nanoemulsion and food matrix properties on BCs bioaccessibility. In the last section, the toxicity and safety of BCs-loaded nanoemulsions evaluated on in vitro and in vivo GID models have also been discussed. Better knowledge of food nanoemulsions' behavior in different models of simulated GI conditions and within different nanoemulsion and food matrix types can help to standardize the protocol for their testing aiming for researchers to compare results and design BCs-loaded nanoemulsions with better performance and higher targeted BCs bioaccessibility. HIGHLIGHTS: Food nanoemulsions are effective and excellent carriers for bioactive compounds (BCs). Nanoemulsions are often subject to morphological and structural changes during digestion. BC-s loaded nanoemulsions have different digestion pathways in different digestion models. BC-s have different bioaccessibility in different nanoemulsion models. Food matrix can affect the bioaccessibility of BCs entrapped in nanoemulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine pomace (WP) is a major byproduct generated during winemaking, and skin pomace (SKP) comprises one of the most valuable components of WP. Since SKP differs in composition and properties from seed pomace (SDP), precise knowledge of SKP will aid the wine industry in the development of novel, high-value products. The current review summarizes recent advances in research relating to SKP presents a comprehensive description of the generation, composition, and bioactive components, primarily focusing on the biological activities of SKP, including antioxidant, gastrointestinal health promotion, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and metabolic disease alleviation properties. Currently, the separation and recovery of skins and seeds is an important trend in the wine industry for the disposal of winemaking byproducts. In comparison to SDP, SKP is rich in polyphenols including anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and some proanthocyanidins, as well as dietary fiber (DF). These distinctive benefits afford SKP the opportunity for further development and application. Accordingly, the health-promoting mechanism and appropriate application of SKP will be further elucidated in terms of physiological activity, with the progress of biochemical technology and the deepening of related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow tea (YT), a slightly-fermented tea originated from Ming Dynasty with distinctive "Three yellows," mild-sweet smell, and mellow taste attributed to the unique yellowing process. Based on current literature and our previous work, we aim to comprehensively illustrate the key processing procedures, characteristic chemical compounds, health benefits and applications, as well as the interlocking relationships among them. Yellowing is the most vital procedure anchored on the organoleptic quality, characteristic chemical components, and bioactivities of YT, which is influenced by temperature, moisture content, duration, and ventilation conditions. Pheophorbides, carotenoids, thearubigins and theabrownins are the major pigments contributing to the "three yellows" appearance. Alcohols, such as terpinol and nerol, are attributed to the refreshing and sweet aroma of bud and small-leaf YT, while heterocyclics and aromatics forming during roasting result in the crispy rice-like large-leaf YT. Hygrothermal effects and enzymatic reactions during yellowing result in the decline of astringent substances. Meanwhile, multiple bioactive compounds such as catechins, ellagitannins, and vitexin, endow YT with antioxidant, anti-metabolic syndrome, anti-cancer, gut microbiota regulation, and organ injury protection effects. Future studies focusing on the standard yellowing process technology, quality evaluation system, and functional factors and mechanisms, possible orientations, and perspectives are guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the use of lipid-based nanocarriers for the targeted and controlled delivery of a variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive-compounds and drugs has increased significantly. However, challenges such as thermodynamic instability, oxidation, and degradation of lipid membranes, as well as the unintended release of loaded compounds, have limited the use of these systems in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, the present study reviews the latest achievements in evaluating the characteristics, production methods, challenges, functional, and biological stabilization strategies of lipid-based carriers (including changes in formulation composition, structural modification, membrane-rigidity, and finally monolayer or multilayer coating with biopolymers) in different conditions, as well as molecular dynamics simulations. The scientists' findings indicate the effect of natural biopolymers (such as chitosan, calcium alginate, pectin, dextran, xanthan, caseins, gelatin, whey-proteins, zein, and etc.) in modifying the external structure of lipid-based carriers, improving thermodynamic stability and resistance of membranes to physicochemical and mechanical tensions. However, depending on the type of bioactive compound as well as the design and production goals of the delivery-system, selecting the appropriate biopolymer has a significant impact on the stability of vesicles and maintaining the bioaccessibility of the loaded-compounds due to the stresses caused by the storage-conditions, formulation, processing and gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Aspartyl compounds, such as β-aspartyl hydroxamate (serine racemase inhibitor), β-aspartyl- l -lysine (moisture retention), and β-aspartyl- l -tryptophan (immunomodulator) are physiologically active compounds. There is limited literature on the development of effective methods of production of β-aspartyl compounds. In this study, we describe the biochemical characterization of asparagine synthetase (AS) from Streptococcus thermophilus NBRC 13957 (StAS) and the enzymatic synthesis of β-aspartyl compounds using StAS. Recombinant StAS was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and it displayed activity towards hydroxylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, and ammonia, as acceptors of the β-aspartyl moiety. StAS exhibited higher activity toward hydroxylamine and ethylamine as acceptor substrates compared with the enzymes from Lactobacillus delbrueckii NBRC 13953, Lactobacillus reuteri NBRC 15892, and E. coli. The coupling of the synthesis of β-aspartyl compounds by StAS with an ATP-regeneration system using polyphosphate kinase from Deinococcus proteoliticus NBRC 101906 displayed an approximately 2.5-fold increase in the production of β-aspartylhydroxamate from 1.06 mM to 2.53 mM after a 76-h reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raspberry ketone (RK) is a high-value bioactive component in the growing demand for natural compounds in food and flavour industries. However, limited production persists due to low-yield microorganisms and complex biosynthetic pathway. Here, an Nidula niveo-tomentosa fungi-based fermentation system was developed to investigate and optimize the cultivation parameters for natural RK production. While optimizing glucose and phenylalanine concentrations ensured sufficient substrate supply, it unexpectedly induced stress on the substrates. Despite having minimal impact on biomass growth, UV-A radiation effectively boosted RK biosynthesis, but also reaching a ceiling with extended exposure times. Younger precultures exhibited higher specific productivity, older cultures ultimately yielded more RK due to their higher inoculum concentration. Mycelial fungi, compared to fungal pellets, outperformed in RK production, likely facilitated by enhanced nutrient uptake and bioproduct transport. Ultimately, the combination of optimized parameters unlocked a peak RK yield of 154.4 mg/L, underscoring the remarkable potential for natural RK production. [Display omitted] • Raspberry ketone (RK) was biosynthezed by fungus of Nidula niveo tomentosa. • Cultication parameters were systematically investigated and optimized. • UV radiation had little effects on fungal biomass but stimulated RK production. • Mycelial fungi enhanced nutrient intake and RK external transportation. • A highest RK yield of 154.4 mg/L was achieved by submerged fungal fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles offers a non-toxic, eco-friendly, economical, and efficient solution against various microorganisms. The study aimed to investigate the utilization of cocoa bean shells for the production of silver nanoparticles through green synthesis, besides its characterization and evaluation against foodborne pathogens. To this end, total phenolic compounds, individual bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity were evaluated in the aqueous extract of the cocoa bean shell. In addition, the size and stability of the silver nanoparticles were investigated (zeta potential and dynamic light scattering), morphology (scanning electron microscopy), chemical composition (mid-infrared spectroscopy), and their effectiveness against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19117), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 22923), Salmonella enteritidis (S64), Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC 29004), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 18883). The extract was rich in reducing agents and efficiently produced AgNPs with high surface area (74.51 ± 0.38 nm) and stability (− 17.97 ± 0.12 mV). The nanoparticles were also found to be effective against all tested pathogens, demonstrating the potential of agro-industrial waste to produce AgNPs for various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peel of muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia Michx.) fruit is thick and is often discarded by consumers due to difficulty in chewing and swallowing. However, the peel contains valuable phytochemicals that are discarded. Freeze-drying halved, deseeded muscadines create an entirely crispy product that allows the peel and flesh to be conveniently consumed year-round. However, it is unclear whether this product retains the same level of nutritional value as frozen muscadines or if there is nutrient degradation during processing. We evaluated the total anthocyanin concentration (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of six popular muscadine cultivars ("Noble," "Supreme," "Paulk," "Carlos," "Granny Val," "Triumph") to assess the impacts of the freeze-drying process on these compounds. The results showed that unpeeled, deseeded purple cultivars ('Noble', 'Supreme', 'Paulk') had higher levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity compared to bronze cultivars ('Carlos', 'Granny Val', 'Triumph'). Among the purple cultivars, 'Noble' had the highest TAC, TPC, and TAA, followed by 'Supreme' and 'Paulk', which also exhibited greater bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. In contrast, 'Granny Val' had the lowest levels of bioactive compounds among all cultivars. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that no compounds (TAC, TPC, and TAA) were affected by the freeze-drying process, as both frozen and freeze-dried fruit were located in the same cluster. This demonstrates that the freeze-drying process did not impact the total bioactive compounds or antioxidant activity of muscadine cultivars, making it a promising preservation process for the production of an appealing and healthy product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]