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Today, economic consumption of biodegradable polymers is significant in many applications. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polylactic acid (PLA) are two bio-based and biodegradable polymers that are increasingly being used to replace the petrochemical-based polymers. Adding TPS into a PLA matrix can also decrease material cost and increase its biodegradation rate. This work tested the printability of TPS/PLA films. For this purpose, TPS was first prepared by the addition of sorbitol and glycerol as softeners using an internal mixer at 140°C. Then, it was added to the PLA in internal mixer at 180°C. To analyse the data, design of the experiment was done according to Box–Behnken design (BBD) method for three variables in three levels by using Design-Expert software, which led to the preparation of 15 samples. Individual and interactive effects of wt% of PLA in TPS/PLA mixture, the wt% of starch in TPS, and the ratio of sorbitol to glycerol on the tensile properties, thermal properties and printing properties (optical density) were investigated. Solvent-based flexographic ink was applied to test printability of the films. It has been found that the PLA can be successfully printed with flexographic solvent inks to achieve a quality comparable to that of common packaging films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste and wastewater are indeed significant environmental issues that have wide‐ranging impacts on ecosystems, human health, and the economy. This study outlines the synthesis of biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–starch polymeric films incorporating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) derived from plastic waste and unzipped carbon nanotubes oxides (UMCNOs) as co‐filled nanomaterials. These films were formulated based on data generated using a mixture design method in Design Expert 13 software, resulting in the synthesis of 19 films utilizing five types of PVA–starch polymer solutions (Types A–E). The synthesized films underwent characterization to study their surface morphology via scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Subsequently, the films were individually subjected to vacuum filtration, through which cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye Congo red (CR) were passed in batches. The highest removal efficiency of 96.43% for MB dye was achieved, accompanied by an exceptionally high flux of 3146.78 LMH. Similarly, the maximum removal of 88.08% for CR was observed with a flux of 1512.66 LMH. The renewable active sites mechanism resulted in increased dye removal with every cycle. Results indicated efficient reusability, particularly when washed with ethanol–water solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits and vegetable waste‐based starch has numerous applications for use as a biodegradable film in food packaging materials. This study reviews fruit and vegetable waste‐based non‐commercial starches that can be utilized as an alternatives for commercial starches in biodegradable film growth. Circular economy, sustainable manufacturing goals, recycling waste and by‐products, and new basic concepts drive the hunt for alternative starch sources. Starches from unusual and abandoned fruits and vegetables offer stronger research potential. The characteristics of starch extracted from these sources and their use as a biodegradable film are emerging trends in the field of packaging technology. Further, millet starch, for example, is made from the waste of underused crops or other fruits and vegetables and presents a wealth of new avenues for biodegradable film study. In order to cease throwing away valuable carbohydrates, especially starch, these sources must incorporate into the concept of "circularity" and work toward more sustainable manufacturing practices. Besides, optimizing the biodegradable film composition to improve barrier and shelf life is also crucial. Thus, an additional study may apply response surface‐based hybrid optimization, neural networks, or deep learning‐oriented models to optimize biodegradable film composition and intelligent monitoring of the materials under the packing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Practical Application Olive pomace (OP) waste, produced in large quantities, contains significant amounts of cellulose and fibers, making it a valuable resource for developing reinforcing ingredients in biodegradable packaging materials. This study aimed to produce nanofibers from OP using enzymatic hydrolysis with hemicellulases and cellulases, and to incorporate these nanofibers into starch films as a reinforcing agent. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared by alkaline pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis (with hemicellulases and cellulases) from olive pomace and applied as reinforcement in starch films in concentrations of 0.5%–5% (w/v). The nanofibers were analyzed according to composition, structural, and thermal properties. The nanofibers' suspension presented a cloudy and white color in aqueous suspension, the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the increase of crystallinity, and the fibers’ range was no wider than 100 nm (according to Scherer equation). The composition analysis showed the decrease of carbonyl groups of hemicellulose and lignin. The starch films presented a homogenous surface. The solubility from these biodegradable films significantly reduced after the incorporation of CNF, and the nanomaterial's presence improved the degradation temperature (from 310°C to 322°C) and the mechanical resistance because the tension of rupture increased from 3.79 to 6.21 MPa.The utilization of waste from the olive pomace for cellulose nanofiber production holds promise, given the nanofibers’ ability to readily integrate into various materials, including starches used in biodegradable film production. Within these matrices, nanofibers act as structure reinforcers and significantly reduce the solubility of films. Although biodegradable films ensure the shelf life, safety, and quality of food, their properties currently do not match those of traditional petroleum‐based materials at an industrial scale, indicating a need for further enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As living standards improve, there is a growing demand for fresher, healthier and more sustainable food options, with a concomitant challenge to develop new biodegradable packaging. This investigation centres around the synthesis of quaternary phosphonium salt (triphenyl octylphosphonium bromide P8) and use it to modify vermiculite (VMT). The structure of P8 was determined using both NMR and FTIR. The structural investigation and performance analysis of P8‐modified vermiculite (P8@VMT) were carried out by particle size, XRD, FTIR and microstructure. In addition, P8@VMT/PBAT composite films were prepared by solution method using PBAT as matrix material and P8@VMT as filler. The properties of P8@VMT/PBAT composite films were compared to those of pure PBAT films using TGA, DSC, SEM, and antibacterial tests. Results showed that the melting and crystallization temperatures of P8@VMT/PBAT composite films were higher than those of pure PBAT films. However, increasing the content of P8@VMT led to a decrease in thermal stability as well as melting enthalpy, crystallization enthalpy, and crystallinity. On the other hand, loss modulus, storage modulus, and complex viscosity significantly increased with the addition of P8@VMT. Compared to pure PBAT film, P8@VMT/PBAT‐20% composites exhibited a 19.6% reduction in tensile strength and a 94.7% decrease in elongation at break due to the presence of quaternary phosphonium salt (P8) used as a modifier for VMT during melt blending method preparation. Highlights: Quaternary phosphonium salt P8 was successfully synthesized.PBAT/P8@VMT composite films with different P8@VMT were prepared.P8@VMT improves compatibility between VMT and PBAT.PBAT/P8@VMT composite films have antimicrobial effects.The PBAT/P8@VMT composite films are biodegradable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the potential of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fibers, isolated from Teff straw (TS) using a chemical treatment with metal catalysts, as reinforcement for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. The effects of MCC type (derived from different metal catalysts) and loading (0, 2, 5, and 8 wt%) on the physico-mechanical properties (including thermal stability) of PVA films, were investigated. The incorporation of MCCs significantly improved the films' mechanical strength. Compared to neat PVA, the tensile strength increased by up to 49%, 71%, and 67% when incorporating Cr(III)-MCC, Fe(III)Cl-MCC, and Fe(III)-MCC, respectively, at a 5% loading level. The thermal stability of the PVA/MCC composites also improved, with a higher onset degradation temperature compared to neat PVA. For instance, The Tonset for the neat PVA, Cr(III)-MCC, Fe(III)Cl-MCC, and Fe(III)-MCC-based PVA films were 295, 305, 308, and 303 0C at a level of 5% MCC content, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed good dispersion of MCC fibers within the PVA matrix, indicating strong interaction between the materials. Overall, TS MCCs show promise as low-cost, bio-based reinforcement for producing biodegradable films with enhanced mechanical properties and thermal stability, making them suitable for various applications like food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat bran, a principal byproduct of flour milling, stands as an abundant source of dietary fiber, yet its economic potential remains under-exploited in current forage applications. Arabinoxylan (AX), constituting the core of dietary fiber, emerges as a versatile compound with multifaceted functionalities. Its nutritional significance, coupled with its role in cereal food processing, has prompted a surge of studies focusing on the valorization of wheat bran AX. Moreover, the hydrolyzed derivative, arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS), demonstrates prebiotic and antioxidant properties, offering potential avenues to mitigate the risk of chronic diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge on the valorization of wheat bran AX in terms of the processing and nutritional properties of AX. Moreover, multiple novel applications of AX in the materials area, including biodegradable food packaging films, delivery of bioactive substances as nanoparticles, and the manufacture of food emulsifiers, are also highlighted to extend the utilization of AX. This review underscores the immense potential of wheat bran AX, advocating for its exploitation not only as a nutritional asset but also as a primary ingredient in advanced materials. The synthesis of nutritional and materials perspectives accentuates the multifaceted utility of wheat bran AX, thereby paving the way for sustainable valorization pathways. By unraveling the latent potential within AX, this paper advocates for the holistic and sustainable utilization of wheat bran in diverse, value-added applications.

Purpose: Sawdust, a by-product of wood workplaces, poses environmental contamination and reduces workspace efficiency. This research aimed at recycling sawdust from rain tree by incorporating its extracts into gelatin films to create active films with antifungal properties against Aspergillus flavus. Research method: Sawdust was extracted by microwave with various solvents and electrical powers. The extract (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2%) were then tested for A. flavus inhibition. The extract was also incorporated with gelatin for making wrapped films and tested for inhibition potential on garlic inoculated with A. flavus. Findings: The optimal microwave extraction condition utilized a solvent mixture comprising distilled water and 95% ethanol in a 1:1 v/v ratio, applying 100 watts of electrical power for 30 seconds, repeated 5 times. This method yielded 23.26 mg/g of tannin. Furthermore, the 2% concentration of the extract significantly inhibited both mycelium growth and spore germination of A. flavus (P

The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of food‐grade organic acids incorporation in buckwheat starch films obtained by casting. Buckwheat starch is extracted via the alkaline methodology, and the impact of different acids and concentrations on film properties is evaluated. The films are submitted to the following characterizations: mechanical and moisture resistance properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), thermogravimetry (TG), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG‐SEM), and ATR‐FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance‐Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy. Incorporating organic acids show film moisture reduction, WVP, and increased thermal stability. Among the organic acids tested, the films with tartaric and citric acids provide the most positive impact on the films’ mechanical and water resistance. In contrast, malic acid is demonstrated to have a less efficient crosslinking capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for sustainable packaging materials has driven the exploration of biodegradable alternatives to synthetic plastics. This study investigates the thermal and mechanical properties of starch-based films plasticized with varying concentrations of glycerol and sorbitol. Cornstarch films were prepared with glycerol and sorbitol plasticizers in different ratios, and their physical characteristics, including swelling index, water solubility, and thermal stability, were assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile testing. The results indicate that the incorporation of plasticizers significantly influenced the films' properties. Films with higher glycerol content exhibited greater flexibility and solubility, while sorbitol-plasticized films showed enhanced thermal stability. The combination of both plasticizers yielded films with balanced properties suitable for food packaging applications. This study demonstrates the potential of glycerol and sorbitol as effective plasticizers in developing biodegradable starch-based films, offering a promising alternative to conventional plastic packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sawdust, a by-product of wood workplaces, poses environmental contamination and reduces workspace efficiency. This research aimed at recycling sawdust from rain tree by incorporating its extracts into gelatin films to create active films with antifungal properties against Aspergillus flavus. Research method: Sawdust was extracted by microwave with various solvents and electrical powers. The extract (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2%) were then tested for A. flavus inhibition. The extract was also incorporated with gelatin for making wrapped films and tested for inhibition potential on garlic inoculated with A. flavus. Findings: The optimal microwave extraction condition utilized a solvent mixture comprising distilled water and 95% ethanol in a 1:1 v/v ratio, applying 100 watts of electrical power for 30 seconds, repeated 5 times. This method yielded 23.26 mg/g of tannin. Furthermore, the 2% concentration of the extract significantly inhibited both mycelium growth and spore germination of A. flavus (P<0.05) when tested on a petri dish. Additionally, incorporating 2% of the crude extract into gelatin film resulted in the most favorable outcome. This treatment demonstrated the capability to prolong the shelf life of wounded-inoculated garlic for more than 12 days. Research limitations: No limitations were found. Originality/Value: Sawdust originating from a rain tree can be recycled biodegrable actine gelatin films against A. flavus, a field-bomepathogen in garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) flour seeds produce films with good barrier properties against water vapor and could be used as food packaging; however, their mechanical properties are poor, which limits their application. The incorporation of nanoparticles into natural polymers is a strategy used to improve the properties of films to increase their applications. Furthermore, nanoparticles can encapsulate antioxidant agents and generate active films. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of chia flour (4%-7%), glycerol (15%-25%), and chia extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ChCNp) (0%-0.75%) on the physical, mechanical, barrier, structural and antioxidant properties of chia flour nanocomposite films. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with antioxidant chia extract were synthesized by ionic gelation and incorporated into the films. The thickness, water vapor permeability, tensile strength, and antioxidant properties of the films were evaluated using a Box-Behnken experimental design. Structural analysis was conducted using the FTIR technique. The results of the ANOVA of the responses were adjusted to second and third order polynomial models obtaining determination coefficients of 0.96-0.99. The water vapor permeability of the films was 3.89 × 10-8-1.68 × 10-7 g mm/Pa s m2, tensile strength was 0.67-3.59 MPa and antioxidant activity was 57.12%- 67.84%. The variables presented different effects on the films. Increasing the chia seed flour concentration negatively affected the water vapor permeability but improved the tensile strength and the antioxidant capacity of the films. The increase in glycerol concentration caused the films to become brittle. The nanoparticles had a significant effect on the thickness of the films and improved their mechanical and antioxidant properties. However, they did not show an effect on barrier properties. The results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain nanocomposite films with antioxidant capacity from chia seed flour and with the incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch-based biodegradable films are a type of packaging material that can naturally decompose in the environment. Current challenges regarding starch-based film applications are their high solubility and low hydrophobicity. Prior studies have shown that plasma application improves the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of these films. This work evaluates the plasma application strategy regarding the process stage in which plasma should be applied (starch granule, film-forming solution, or film). Three groups of films were produced: a film produced with the plasma-treated starch, a film produced by subjecting the film-forming solution to plasma treatment, and a plasma-treated film produced with the untreated starch. A 22 face-centered experimental design was applied to each group of films to attain the optimal film of each group. The design consisted of applying plasma at 100, 200, and 300 Hz for 0, 10, and 20 min to each group. The results showed significant differences regarding their physical-chemical and morphological properties. Most chemical changes occurred in the starch subjected to plasma prior to film formation, while the films produced with the untreated starch presented physical changes. Plasma-treated films presented reduced solubility and higher hydrophobicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chuño starch films were elaborated using acid hydrolysis, which was incorporated with different concentrations of eucalyptus essential oil (EEO). The reinforcement of the films was made by adding microfibers of Stipa obtusa (MFSO), a native Peruvian natural fiber rich in cellulose. The films were produced through the tape casting technique. The barrier properties presented swelling and solubility values of 1.478 and 0.439 g/g, respectively, at an optimal ratio of 7 % starch on a dry basis. An improvement in the modulus of elasticity of the films obtained was observed by incorporating concentrations of MFSO, starting at 0.55 %, in the polymeric matrix during the synthesis process. The FTIR spectra of the control film and the films reinforced with MFSO exhibited the same bands, due to the chemical similarities between starch and cellulose; micrographs of the reinforced films showed less homogeneous and compact structures compared to the control film, this effect became more pronounced as higher concentrations of MFSO and EEO were incorporated.

Biodegradable films, featuring eco-friendly attributes, offer a promising solution to environmental pollution and ecological challenges, serving as a viable alternative to synthetic polymer packaging films. This study investigates the washing process with various solvents (ethanol and water) and washing cycles (1 and 3 times) on the properties of gelatin capsule waste films (GCWF). The washing process could improve properties such as tensile strength, thermal properties, transparency value, and solubility by eliminating oil droplets from the raw materials. The GCWF washed by ethanol (GCWF Alc) exhibited higher tensile strength (TS), thermal properties, and transparency value compared with GCWF washed by water (GCWF W). Increasing the number of washing cycles could also enhance the efficiency of eliminating oil droplets from the raw materials. The complete degradation of GCWF in soil was observed on day 15 after burial. FTIR spectroscopy revealed differences in bands and patterns between control film (GCWF) and washed films (GCWF Alc and GCWF W). These findings highlight the potential of the washing process in enhancing film properties, and the utilization of gelatin capsule waste as biodegradable films could be further developed for food packaging applications, contributing to environmentally friendly technologies

Arabinoxylan (AX)-based films can improve the mechanical characteristics of biodegradable materials when utilized for food packaging. However, the mechanical properties of AX films for food packaging applications require thorough investigation to establish their viability. In this study, AX was extracted from corn bran coproducts of dry-milling (DCB), wet-milling (WCB), and dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) using an acid–alkali method. Packaging materials were produced using these AX extracts, each combined with laccase and sorbitol, forming the basis for three different films. These films were then modified by immersing the surface in a lipase–acetate solution. We evaluated their mechanical characteristics, including thickness, tensile properties, tear resistance, and puncture resistance. The thickness and tensile properties of the modified AX films derived from DCB and DDGS showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) compared to the unmodified AX films. In contrast, the modified AX films from WCB showed no significant changes (p > 0.05) in thickness and tensile properties compared to the unmodified WCB AX films. A significant increase in tear resistance (p < 0.05) was observed in all modified AX films after immersion in the lipase–acetate mixture. While puncture resistance was enhanced in the modified AX films, the improvement was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) compared to the unmodified films. The presence of hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (CO) groups on the surfaces of AX films from DCB and DDGS, modified by the lipase–acetate solution, suggests excellent biodegradability properties. The modification process positively affected the AX films, rendering them more bendable, flexible, and resistant to deformation when stretched, compared to the unmodified AX films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable packaging plastics combining good mechanical properties and low gas permeability is required to avoid environmental and food safety concerns. This study explores the impact of montmorillonite (MMT) and halloysite nanotubes (HNT), on the mechanical, optical, and oxygen permeability of blown film poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) composites. The morphology of the films was evaluated by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Good distribution/dispersion of clays is found in the PBAT‐MMT films. Besides, there is an increase in the crystallinity of PBAT due to the nucleating effect of HNT. Improvement in the tensile strength and elongation at break in the machine direction is obtained up to a clay content of 1.5 vol%. The incorporation of 1.5 vol% of MMT and 1 vol% of HNT leads to a reduction in the oxygen permeability of the PBAT film by 29% and 38% respectively. Furthermore, the films remain transparent regardless of clay content. Finally, the feasibility of the films for food storage is tested in grapes, obtaining extended shelf life. The favorable mechanical, barrier and optical properties of the biodegradable films, along with the scalable production process, make them attractive for application in the storage and preservation of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Films based on bitter potato starch (BPS) and its blends with chitosan (BPS‐Ch) or soy protein isolate (BPS‐SPI) loaded with copaiba leaf extract (E) are prepared via the casting method. The physical–mechanical and antioxidant properties of the as‐prepared films are compared with those of a control. Moreover, the half‐maximal degradation (t50) of the prepared films is calculated by fitting the Hill model to disintegrability kinetic data. Among the analyzed films, BPS‐Ch‐E exhibits the lowest (p < 0.05) solubility in water and opacity, strongest water vapor‐barrier (3.58 × 10−11 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1), and highest tensile strength and elongation at break. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of BPS‐Ch‐E and BPS‐SPI‐E demonstrate new peaks at 1550, 1239, and 1070 cm−1 corresponding to NH and CO stretching. The BPS‐E and BPS‐Ch‐E surfaces are devoid of scratches and phase separation. The incorporation of E significantly increases the antioxidant activity of the films. BPS‐SPI‐E and BPS‐Ch‐E demonstrate the lowest (t50 ≈ 1.4 days) and highest (t50 ≈ 3.5 days) disintegration rates, respectively, among the prepared films. E loading facilitates the development of films possessing beneficial physical–mechanical and antioxidant properties as well as rapid disintegrability, enabling their potential application as a eco‐friendly packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red propolis is an active ingredient of great nutritional interest which offers numerous benefits as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the application of an edible and antimicrobial gelatine coating containing red propolis to increase the shelf life of grapes. Gelatine films with an addition of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of red propolis extract were produced to evaluate their antimicrobial activity using the disk diffusion test in solid media. The films with 25% red propolis extract showed antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The grapes were coated with pure gelatine, without a plasticizer and with gelatine with 25% red propolis and then stored for 1, 4, 10, 19 and 25 days at temperatures of 25 °C and 5 °C. The results showed that the gelatine coating with propolis reduced the mass loss of grapes stored at 25 °C for 19 days by 7.82% and by 21.20% for those kept at 5 °C for 25 days. The pH, total titratable acidity, soluble solids and color of the grapes increased due to the ripening process. Furthermore, the sensory acceptability indexes of the refrigerated grapes with coatings were superior (>78%) to those of the control samples (38%), proving the effectiveness of the coatings in maintaining the quality of grapes during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional polyethylene (PE) agricultural mulching film is difficult to degrade, which is harmful to the environment and irreversible. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(adipic acid-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) can be blended to prepare high strength and high flexibility degradable composites, which can effectively improve environmental pollution when used as agricultural mulching film. In this paper, the preparation technology of PLA/PBAT mulching film was summarized, and the modification of materials by inorganic fillers and organic fillers was summarized. Finally, the application and development prospect of PLA/PBAT mulching film in current agricultural production were introduced. The research shows that the preparation technology of PLA/PBAT mulching film has entered a new development stage from excellent to excellent. The addition of organic fillers or inorganic fillers can reduce the cost of PLA/PBAT mulching film, improve the compatibility of materials, and enhance many key indexes such as mechanical properties, crystallization properties and barrier properties. In practical application, PLA/PBAT plastic film can promote crop growth and increase crop yield, but its uncontrollable degradation cycle affects its development. In the future, PLA/PBAT degradable plastic film with adjustable degradation cycle can be developed according to different crop growth factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluates the use of cassava bagasse starch and oregano essential oil (OEO) in an active film. For comparison, films of cassava starch (CS) and cassava bagasse starch (BS) were prepared with OEO at 1, 2, and 3 %. Physical, thermal, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties were determined. BS films presented higher thickness, WVP, ΔE, modulus of elasticity, and maximum stress, but lower strain at break compared to CS films. Adding OEO into the films increased their thickness, moisture, solubility, WVP and strain at break. However, maximum stress, modulus of elasticity, and Tdmax decreased. The CS films added with 3 % of OEO showed higher WVP (6.32 × 10−14 kg m/m2.s.Pa), intermediate solubility of 39 % and low maximum stress (0.19 MPa) while the BS film with 3 % of OEO presented 5.73 × 10−14 kg m/m2.s.Pa, 30 % and 0.39 MPa, respectively. The increase from 1 % to 3 % of OEO increased the total phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of the films by 1.3-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively. The incorporation of 3 % OEO in the films inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Therefore, BS and OEO films offer a promising solution as biodegradable active food packaging, providing a more sustainable alternative to traditional non-biodegradable plastic packaging.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) flour seeds produce films with good barrier properties against water vapor and could be used as food packaging; however, their mechanical properties are poor, which limits their application. The incorporation of nanoparticles into natural polymers is a strategy used to improve the properties of films to increase their applications. Furthermore, nanoparticles can encapsulate antioxidant agents and generate active films. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of chia flour (4%–7%), glycerol (15%–25%), and chia extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ChCNp) (0%–0.75%) on the physical, mechanical, barrier, structural and antioxidant properties of chia flour nanocomposite films. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with antioxidant chia extract were synthesized by ionic gelation and incorporated into the films. The thickness, water vapor permeability, tensile strength, and antioxidant properties of the films were evaluated using a Box-Behnken experimental design. Structural analysis was conducted using the FTIR technique. The results of the ANOVA of the responses were adjusted to second and third order polynomial models obtaining determination coefficients of 0.96–0.99. The water vapor permeability of the films was 3.89 × 10-8–1.68 × 10−7 g mm/Pa s m2, tensile strength was 0.67–3.59 MPa and antioxidant activity was 57.12%–67.84%. The variables presented different effects on the films. Increasing the chia seed flour concentration negatively affected the water vapor permeability but improved the tensile strength and the antioxidant capacity of the films. The increase in glycerol concentration caused the films to become brittle. The nanoparticles had a significant effect on the thickness of the films and improved their mechanical and antioxidant properties. However, they did not show an effect on barrier properties. The results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain nanocomposite films with antioxidant capacity from chia seed flour and with the incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with antioxidants.

Salmon backbones make up about 10 % of the total fish weight and contain valuable proteins, collagen and lipids that can be used for marine ingredients production. Gelatine is derived from the collagen fraction and this study evaluated how different fractionation and extraction procedures can affect the yield and composition of extracted gelatine. Fractionation by mild thermal treatment of backbones (10 min in 40–42 °C) leads to structural changes of muscle, which improves separation of meat from bones and gives better yield of de-muscled backbone fractionation compared to mechanical meat removal. The highest yield of the gelatine (9.3 ± 0.3g dry gelatine from 100g de-muscled backbone dry material) was obtained from mechanically de-muscled backbones. De-muscled backbones were pre-treated with alkaline (0.04 N NaOH) followed by EDTA and 10 % ethanol for de-calcification and lipid extraction, respectively. Gelatine from pretreated backbones was extracted with 60 °C water. The amount of gelatine amino acids (sum of hydroxyproline, proline and glycine) was 43.4 ± 0.2 % of all amino acids in the gelatine. Extracted backbone gelatines showed film-forming ability. Gelatine films were obtained by casting procedure. Resulted salmon backbone 6 % gelatine and 30 % sorbitol films showed properties (e.g. water vapour permeability, colour difference, transparency value) similar to films obtained with commercial gelatine, indicating the capability of the extracted gelatines for its valorisation as edible coatings or bio-based film layers in packaging.

Abstract In this study, the biodegradability of cellulose films was evaluated in controlled-moisture soil environments. The films were prepared from low-quality cotton fibers through dissolution in DMAc/LiCl, casting, regeneration, glycerol plasticization, and hot-pressing. Two soil burial degradation experiments were conducted in August 2020 (11th August to 13th October) and March 2021 (24th March to 24th July) under controlled moisture conditions to assess the biodegradation behavior of cellulose films. The films were retrieved from soil beds at seven-day intervals, and morphological and physicochemical changes in the films were investigated. The results indicated that the cellulose films exhibited gradual changes starting on Day 7 and major changes after Day 35. Stereomicroscopy images showed the growth and development of fungal mycelia on the surface of the films, and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of biomolecules originating from microorganisms. The tensile strength and elongation of cellulose films were significantly reduced by 64% and 96% in the first experiment and by 40% and 94% in the second experiment, respectively, during the degradation period. Degradation also significantly impacted the thermal stability (14% and 16.5% reduction, respectively, in the first and second studies) of the films. The cellulose-based films completely degraded within 63 days in late summer and 112 days in spring. This study demonstrates that, unlike synthetic plastics, films prepared from low-quality cotton fibers can easily degrade in the natural environment.

Active antioxidant and aromatic films based on persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) cultivated according to agroecological precepts with orange peel flour (Citrus sinensis) and glycerol addition were developed by casting technique and characterized. The films were largely red and yellow appearance color, indicating a natural tendency to maintain the color of the persimmon pulp ripe. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous and compact structure of the films, which obtained a rougher texture with the addition of glycerol. The addition of orange peel flour to the film‐forming solution proportionally increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the persimmon puree films. Volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes were identified, including limonene, β‐ionone, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and vaccenic acid, which influence the overall aroma, as they were detected above their odor thresholds, and the functional properties of these films. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis showed two important degradation steps related to glycerol and pectin (130–230°C) and decomposition of the polymer structure (above 300°C), guaranteeing the processability of the raw materials under conditions of higher temperatures than those normally used in industrial food packaging products in a circular economy context. This study indicates the potential for formation of persimmon‐based films incorporated into orange peel flour as active antioxidant films for use in drinks and tea bags as a flavoring or as intermediate layers used between slices of cheese, avoiding direct contact with food, facilitating its separation, as some application examples. Highlights: Persimmon and orange peel flour films were developed by casting.Antioxidant and sensorial properties of blended films were evaluated.Volatile compounds were identified, including limonene and vaccenic acid.Circular economy principles were used to avoid postharvest fruit losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starches plasticized with glycerol/citric acid/stearic acid and tributyl 2-acetylcitrate (ATBC), respectively, were processed with poly (butylene adipate-Co-terephthalate (PBAT) via extrusion and a film-blown process. All the composite films were determined for morphology, mechanical, thermal stability, crystalline, and optical properties. Results show that the most improved morphology was in the 30% glycerol plasticized PBAT/thermoplastic starch (TPS) composite films, characterized by the smallest and narrowest distribution of TPS particle sizes and a more uniform dispersion of TPS particles. However, the water absorption of PBAT/TPS composite films plasticized with glycerol surpassed that observed with ATBC as a plasticizer. Mechanical properties indicated insufficient plasticization of the starch crystal structure when using 10% ATBC, 20% ATBC, and 20% glycerol as plasticizers, leading to poor compatibility between PBAT and TPS. This resulted in stress concentration points under external forces, adversely affecting the mechanical properties of the composites. All PBAT/TPS composite films exhibited a negative impact on the initial thermal decomposition temperature compared to PBAT. Additionally, the haze value of PBAT/TPS composite films exceeded 96%, while pure PBAT had a haze value of 47.42%. Films plasticized with 10% ATBC, 20% ATBC, and 20% glycerol displayed lower transmittance values in the visible light region. The increased transmittance of films plasticized with 30% glycerol further demonstrated their superior plasticizing effect compared to other PBAT/TPS composite films. This study provides a simple and feasible method for preparing low-cost PBAT composites, and their extensions are expected to further replace general-purpose plastics in daily applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a by‐product of the brewery and represents a sustainable alternative for application in starch‐based active materials. This study aimed to develop starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) films containing BSG extract, with focus on the influence of BSG on the mechanical, structural, and barrier properties of the films. The antioxidant potentials of the extract and the films were proved by ABTS●+ (IC50 = 2.0 ± 0.6 μg mL−1) and DPPH● (IC50 = 196.05 ± 018.66 μg mL−1) assays. The addition of BSG extract did not have a significant impact on the mechanical performance and weight loss in water of the materials. The incorporation of the extract resulted in a rough surface, without pores and/or cracks. Controlled release of phenolic compounds was observed for BSG3 (3 g.100 g−1 of BSG extract) (163.3 ± 20.9 mgGAE.mL−1) and BSG5 (5 g.100 g−1 of BSG extract) (165.7 ± 23.6 mgGAE.mL−1) over a 4 h period. Therefore, this study shows the potential of BSG as an organic source of antioxidants for active biopolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution of the environment caused by conventional packing materials such as plastic has driven the need for biodegradable alternatives. Although starch is an important component in the development of such materials, starch is not suited for use as a biodegradable packaging material due to global hunger challenges. The current study successfully utilized the major industrial waste of the cassava starch processing industry to develop biodegradable films. Three packaging materials were developed using the casting procedure, which involved combining various quantities of cassava pomace (CP) and plasticizer combinations. The developed films were analyzed to evaluate their characteristics, such as color, thickness, density, moisture content, solubility, swelling index, mechanical properties, microscopic, and FT-IR characteristics. In contrast, concerning multiple aspects, each of the films demonstrated unique characteristics. The film with the lowest CP (C1) appeared to be thinner and lighter in color; however, it tended to contain a greater amount of moisture. The C1 film exhibited an adhesive property that was wellsuited for use as cling film. The intermediate CP film (C2) stands out because of its excellent mechanical characteristics, including high tensile strength and elongation at break. These attributes make it particularly well-suited for packaging applications, such as the production of biodegradable bags. Conversely, the swelling index and thickness of the highest CP film (C3) outperform both other films, suggesting that it may have the capacity to absorb higher moisture content. The scanning electron microscopic images revealed a uniform surface for all three samples. However, the cross-sectional images of C3 indicated internal cracks that were consistent with the lowest mechanical characteristics and flexibility. Therefore, the C3 film is more suitable for packaging items like plates. These films can serve as a viable, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable alternative to conventional packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Almaty Technological University is the property of Almaty Technological University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This article reports on the preparation of native/waxy corn starch (NCS/WCS)‐based films with the addition of pullulan (PUL). Our study investigated the effects of varying amounts of PUL and amylose contents on the structure, mechanical and physicochemical properties of corn starch films. Notably, it was observed that WCS films with low amylose content exhibited superior transparency, while NCS films with high amylose content demonstrated enhanced tensile strength (up to 7.35 ± 0.18 MPa). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that the addition of PUL did not change the molecular interactions within the corn starch films. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results supported that the WCS films were amorphous, while the NCS film exhibited B‐type and V‐type crystals. Moreover, an increase in PUL content led to a gradual reduction in the crystallinity of both WCS films and NCS films. The addition of PUL improved the mechanical properties and oxygen barrier characteristics of these films but had an adverse impact on their water vapor barrier properties. These findings offer valuable insights for the selection of additives for corn starch film, which can further enhance the practical application potential of corn starch films in food and other industries.

This research investigates the physical and optical properties of single-layer and layer-by-layer biodegradable films composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and nanochitosan. Initially, HPMC and nanochitosan were formulated as single layers at various concentrations, and subsequently, the selected formulas were utilized to produce a layer-by-layer film. The results indicate that the concentrations of 0.4% w/v HPMC and 0.5% w/v of nanochitosan were successfully assembled into a layer-by-layer biodegradable film. Assessment based on multiple parameters (thickness, moisture content, water vapor transmission rate, color, transparency, and biodegradability) reveals that the deposition of nanochitosan onto HPMC in a layer-by-layer configuration enhances most characteristics of single-layer HPMC films, with the exception of optical properties. Moreover, all samples were degraded within a seven-day observation period.

This study reviews the importance of resistant starch (RS) as the polymer of choice for biodegradable food packaging and highlights the RS types and modification methods for developing RS from native starch (NS). NS is used in packaging because of its vast availability, low cost and film forming capacity. However, application of starch is restricted due to its high moisture sensitivity and hydrophilic nature. The modification of NS into RS improves the film forming characteristics and extends the applications of starch into the formulation of packaging. The starch is blended with other bio-based polymers such as guar, konjac glucomannan, carrageenan, chitosan, xanthan gum and gelatin as well as active ingredients such as nanoparticles (NPs), plant extracts and essential oils to develop hybrid biodegradable packaging with reduced water vapor permeability (WVP), low gas transmission, enhanced antimicrobial activity and mechanical properties. Hybrid RS based active packaging is well known for its better film forming properties, crystalline structures, enhanced tensile strength, water resistance and thermal properties. This review concludes that RS, due to its better film forming ability and stability, can be utilized as polymer of choice in the formulation of biodegradable packaging.

In this study, we investigated the impact of physical modification by annealing and chemical modification by oxidation on native wheat starch, for later application in biodegradable films. The starches obtained were evaluated for amylose content, carboxyl content, paste properties, swelling power, and solubility. Sequentially, films were made with both modified starches in comparison with native starch (control) and evaluated for morphology, color, mechanical, and solubility properties. As for the modification of starches, oxidation caused more intense changes when compared to annealing, especially in the amylose content, with oxidized starch increasing by 40% and annealing by 25% about native starch. While annealed caused a reorganization of the molecules of the starch chains, increasing the stability of the starch to heating, resulting in higher paste temperature, lower viscosity, and lower breakage rate. In addition, when evaluating the properties of the films, annealing allowed for obtaining more homogeneous films, without cracks in their structure, with few changes in their mechanical properties and water solubility. The change in starch properties caused by oxidation resulted in undesirable changes in the films as a heterogeneous structure, with the presence of cracks, and less elongation. It is concluded that the annealing treatment allowed obtaining films with properties similar to native starch films and proved to be a promising alternative for the development of biodegradable packaging with properties superior to those of chemically modified starch films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the preparation of native/waxy corn starch (NCS/WCS)‐based films with the addition of pullulan (PUL). Our study investigated the effects of varying amounts of PUL and amylose contents on the structure, mechanical and physicochemical properties of corn starch films. Notably, it was observed that WCS films with low amylose content exhibited superior transparency, while NCS films with high amylose content demonstrated enhanced tensile strength (up to 7.35 ± 0.18 MPa). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that the addition of PUL did not change the molecular interactions within the corn starch films. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results supported that the WCS films were amorphous, while the NCS film exhibited B‐type and V‐type crystals. Moreover, an increase in PUL content led to a gradual reduction in the crystallinity of both WCS films and NCS films. The addition of PUL improved the mechanical properties and oxygen barrier characteristics of these films but had an adverse impact on their water vapor barrier properties. These findings offer valuable insights for the selection of additives for corn starch film, which can further enhance the practical application potential of corn starch films in food and other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum-based plastics were widely used as packaging materials. However, plastic materials were not reusable and biodegradable, causing a severe negative impact on the environment. Edible films can be a suitable alternative to plastic films, particularly in food packaging. This research work prepared edible films containing blends of cornstarch, arrowroot powder, refined wheat flour, vinegar, and glycerol. Arrowroot powder added strength and nutritional value to the films. Glycerol, as a plasticiser, improved the flexibility of films. The combination of vinegar and glycerol increased the film's strength. The characteristic properties of prepared films, like thickness, bursting strength, moisture content, transparency, water-solubility, water vapour permeability, tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus, were analysed. The thermal stability of the films was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The films were characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, and their surface morphology was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The prepared films exhibited excellent properties suitable for food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing consumer awareness of the impact of nutrition on health and the growing popularity of vegan diets are causing a need to look for new plant-based formulations of standard confectionery products with high energy density and low nutritional value, containing gelatin. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop vegan and sugar-free gummy jellies based on an algae-derived polysaccharide—furcellaran (FUR). Until now, FUR has not been used as a gel-forming agent despite the fact that its structure-forming properties show high potential in the production of vegan confectionery. The basic formulation of gummy jellies included the addition of soy protein isolate and/or inulin. The final product was characterized regarding its rheological, antioxidant, mechanical and physicochemical properties. Eco-friendly packaging for the jellies composed of a three-layer polymer film has also been developed. It was observed that the highest values of textural parameters were obtained in jellies containing the addition of soy protein isolate, whose positive effect was also found on antioxidant activity. Before drying, all furcellaran-based gel systems showed G' and G" values characteristic of strong elastic hydrogels. Storing jellies for a week under refrigeration resulted in an increase in hardness, a decrease in moisture content and reduced water activity values. Overall, our study indicates the high potential of furcellaran both as a gelling agent in confectionery products and as a base polymer for their packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous infections involve microbial invasion of pathogens into the skin layers and can lead to mild cases and severe life-threatening conditions. Biopolymeric films could be used to treat cutaneous infections and also meet the demand of the consumers for new biological-based products obtained from renewable sources. Sophorolipids are antimicrobial biosurfactants produced by the yeast Starmerella bombicola with great potential for application by pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The aim of this study was to produce and to characterize biodegradable films based on cassava starch, pullulan and sophorolipids for the control of skin pathogens, with and without the presence of citric acid as a crosslinking agent. Films were obtained by the casting method, and eight formulations were prepared using different concentrations of sophorolipids (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0%-g/100 g polymer), with and without citric acid. The results showed that the addition of sophorolipids resulted in more opaque surfaces, forming homogeneous structures observed by scanning electron microscopy. Addition of citric acid resulted in films with higher flexibility, lower solubility and water vapor permeability values. The films containing sophorolipids in all concentrations were able to inhibit 100% of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These findings lead to the possibility of developing new, sustainable, and natural antimicrobial sophorolipid films to treat bacterial skin infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an eco-friendly method to create biodegradable packaging films using physical modification i.e., ultrasound (US) and autoclave (AC) for 15 and 30 min. Five treatments were performed: NC (native casein), AC 15, AC 30, US 15, US 30, and films were prepared by incorporating glycerol. The functional characteristics of native and modified casein, in addition to the properties of developed casein films, were examined. The films developed from native and modified casein were characterized by thickness, solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical properties, sealability, and thermal stability. As per the results, US 30 modified casein showed higher protein solubility (76.43%), emulsion stability (52.42%), emulsification activity (57.84%), water holding capacity (120.51%), oil holding capacity (108.43%) and lower bulk density (0.62 g cc−1) and particle density (1.324 g cc−1) values. The films produced from US 30 treated casein had reduced solubility (14.95%), WVP (0.357 g mm m−2 h−1 kPa−1), with increased mechanical characteristics (9.37 MPa tensile strength, 9.87% elongation, and seal strength of 4.23 MPa) in contrast to autoclave treatment and native casein films. Thermo-gravimetric analysis outputs of the film samples showed stronger thermal stability upon modification. Further, AC 30 casein films offered increased elongation (8.89%) with lower WVP (0.384 g mm m−2 h−1 kPa−1) and lower solubility (17.65%). Thus, the positive impacts of ultrasonic modification duration upon functional and physicochemical characteristics of casein along with developed films could be a good option for packaging of fresh-cut and ready-to-eat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista ION is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arabinoxylan (AX)-based films can improve the mechanical characteristics of biodegradable materials when utilized for food packaging. However, the mechanical properties of AX films for food packaging applications require thorough investigation to establish their viability. In this study, AX was extracted from corn bran coproducts of dry-milling (DCB), wet-milling (WCB), and dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) using an acid–alkali method. Packaging materials were produced using these AX extracts, each combined with laccase and sorbitol, forming the basis for three different films. These films were then modified by immersing the surface in a lipase–acetate solution. We evaluated their mechanical characteristics, including thickness, tensile properties, tear resistance, and puncture resistance. The thickness and tensile properties of the modified AX films derived from DCB and DDGS showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) compared to the unmodified AX films. In contrast, the modified AX films from WCB showed no significant changes (p > 0.05) in thickness and tensile properties compared to the unmodified WCB AX films. A significant increase in tear resistance (p < 0.05) was observed in all modified AX films after immersion in the lipase–acetate mixture. While puncture resistance was enhanced in the modified AX films, the improvement was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) compared to the unmodified films. The presence of hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (CO) groups on the surfaces of AX films from DCB and DDGS, modified by the lipase–acetate solution, suggests excellent biodegradability properties. The modification process positively affected the AX films, rendering them more bendable, flexible, and resistant to deformation when stretched, compared to the unmodified AX films.

In the present study, the properties of biodegradable gelatin‐based films were modified by UV treatment and the incorporation of 1% (w/w) of bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers. UVC light was applied at different exposure times (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 h) into the film‐forming solutions. In order to evaluate the synergistic effects of these two treatments, the optimal UV condition was also applied to BC‐reinforced solutions. Films were characterized by their physicochemical, mechanical, barrier, optical, thermal, and morphological properties. Results showed that the UV treatment applied for 2 h significantly reduced the water solubility (WS) but did not affect the water vapor permeability (WVP). On the other hand, the incorporation of BC reduced WS and WVP values by 15% and 43%, respectively. Regarding mechanical properties, both treatments significantly reduced film elongation at break. However, the tensile strength (TS) and Young's modulus (YM) were only affected by UV treatment. For the film exposed to the longest treatment time, TS increased from 1.56 MPa (control) to 2.85 MPa, and YM increased from 4.36 MPa (control) to 9.23 MPa. Overall, SEM results showed that all samples had a uniform surface and a cohesive matrix. However, BC‐reinforced films showed some additional clusters, which significantly increased opacity values. Regardless of their composition, all gelatin‐based films lost their integrity after a 12‐day soil burial experiment. Film thickness, moisture content, and color parameters were not affected by any treatment. Furthermore, no synergistic effects were detected. Practical applications: Biopolymer films and coatings are promising systems to ensure shelf life, quality, and food safety, representing a sustainable alternative to replace traditional petroleum‐based materials. Although these films have advantages, mainly due to their biodegradability, their properties are not competitive at an industrial level and need to be improved. Therefore, several studies have investigated the application of physical treatments and new process methodologies to overcome these limitations. The present study evaluated the potential use of UV radiation and bacterial cellulose nanofibers in the development of gelatin‐based films. Overall, the results showed that these methods are capable of modifying the properties and structure of films, thus offering an alternative to conventional methods of film production. Mastering the use of advanced technologies for film development could be the key to tailoring biopolymer films and coatings for specific industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose was extracted from coconut shell powder (CSP) as a renewable biomass resource and utilized as a reinforcing material in poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) (PLA/PBS) solvent casting films. The extraction process involved delignification and mercerization of CSP. Microscopic investigation of the extracted microfibers demonstrated a reduction in diameter and a rougher surface characteristic compared to the raw CSP. The cellulose prepared in this study exhibited improved thermal stability and higher crystallinity (54.3%) compared to CSP. The morphology of the cycrofractured surface, thermal analysis, mechanical property, and UV transmittance of films were measured and compared. Agglomeration of 3 wt.% of cellulose was observed in PLA/PBS films. The presence of cellulose higher than 1 wt.% in the PLA/PBS decreased the onset decomposition temperature and maximum decomposition temperature of films. However, the films loading 3 wt.% of cellulose had a higher char formation (5.47%) compared to neat PLA/PBS films. The presence of cellulose promoted the formation of non-uniform crystals, while cellulose had a slightly negative impact on crystallinity due to the disruption of polymer chains at lower cellulose content (0.3, 0.5 wt.%). The mechanical strength of PLA/PBS films decreased as the cellulose content increased. Moreover, PLA/PBS film with 3 wt.% of cellulose appeared to show a 3% and 7.5% decrease in transmittance in UVC (275 nm) and UVA (335 nm) regions compared to neat PLA/PBS films while maintaining a certain transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphiphilic copolymers were synthesized by grafting poly(lactic-coglycolic) acid with two lignin types: alkaline lignin and lignosulfonate. An interphase formation technique was used to produce films based on the copolymers. Films presented one side as being more hydrophobic (Oside) and smoother, and the second side more polar and with an uneven surface (W-side). Contact angle of water on the W-side was lower than the O-side corresponding to a higher lignin content and influenced by the lignin type (alkaline < lignosulfonate) and lignin: PLGA ratio. X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy analysis showed higher percentages of sulfur on the W-side, which supports a preferential partitioning of the lignin. Tensile testing demonstrated the significant impact of lignin type on the mechanical properties of the films. Alkaline films showed a higher maximum strength, a higher stiffness, and a higher tensile strength at the elastic limit compared to lignosulfonate films. However, for lignosulfonate films, ductility at break point was 4-fold higher than that of alkaline films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food packaging industry is projected to reach a worth of USD 423.27 billion by 2025. Due to the hazardous impact of synthetic polymers on the environment and human and animal health, there is an increasing focus on biopolymer-based edible and biodegradable food packaging films. This study aimed to develop composite films made from polysaccharide (pectin) and protein (gluten) with castor oil as a hydrophobic agent to enhance moisture barrier properties. A statistical 22 factorial design of experiments was employed, with gluten and castor oil percentage chosen as the two factors. All films were evaluated for sensory, moisture barrier, mechanical, surface hydrophobicity, morphological, and biodegradability properties. Films made from 10% w/w gluten and 15% w/w castor oil demonstrated the best moisture barrier and tensile properties. Addition of castor oil enhanced the hydrophobicity and reduced moisture permeability by two times compared to control pectin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]