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Value-added bioproducts are linked to the expansion of lignocellulosic biorefineries based on agro-industrial waste and local economic growth. Thus, the aim of this study was to pretreat rice hull (RH), a highly recalcitrant biomass, with saturated steam and convert it to lactic acid (LA). Strategically, the individual fractions and the blend of detoxified liquor and water-insoluble solids were used as substrate in the simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) by wild-type bacteria. The microbial consortium between Pediococcus acidilactici and Acetobacter cerevisiae enabled the metabolization of all the xylose contained in the liquor, as well as the consumption of all minor sugars when using the blend. Assays resulted in the production of 106.2 g L− 1 of LA. Furthermore, A. cerevisiae promoted complete degradation of 5-HMF/furfural in a short period of time. This study demonstrates the benefits provided by processes integration (SSCF/blend) employing high solids load (22% w/v), representing an innovative and economically interesting approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient utilization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates in bioprocesses is impeded by their complex composition and the presence of toxic compounds, such as furan aldehydes, formed during lignocellulose pretreatment. Biological detoxification of these furan aldehydes offers a promising solution to enhance the utilization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 is known to metabolize furan aldehydes, yet the complete spectrum of reaction products and dynamics remains unclear. Here, we determined the detoxification metabolites of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in A. baylyi ADP1 and studied the kinetics of detoxification. The results indicate that detoxification in A. baylyi ADP1 follows a typical alcohol-aldehyde-acid scheme, with furoic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid as the final products for furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, respectively. Both end products were found to be less toxic for cells than their unmodified forms. These findings underscore the potential of A. baylyi ADP1 in detoxifying lignocellulosic hydrolysates for bioprocess applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) poisoning is a widespread issue in both developed and developing countries that poses a significant public health challenge. Our study aimed to explore the impact of Levilactobacillus brevis strains on inflammatory and antioxidant gene expression in the liver and brain of mice exposed to oxidative stress caused by Pb. We began by evaluating Pb absorption by Levilactobacillus brevis strains (ARKA-CH-1 (A1) and ARKA-CH-6 (A6)) using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in vitro to identify the most effective strain. We then divided four groups of BALB/c mice into control and experimental groups and treated them for 30 days. The control group received a normal diet, while the experimental groups consumed lead-containing water (0.6 g/L) with or without Levilactobacillus brevis strains. Following the experiments, we collected blood samples to test liver markers, antioxidant enzymes, and immunoglobulins. We also used real-time PCR to examine the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes. The results showed that the A1 strain was the most effective in absorbing Pb. The Pb exposure led to an increase in liver enzyme values and a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity and immunoglobulin factors. However, the combination of A1 and A6 strains had a greater effect in reducing inflammatory enzymes and increasing antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in iNOS gene expression and a notable decrease in SOD gene expression with Pb consumption. However, the combination of A1 and A6 strains had a synergistic effect in reducing iNOS and increasing SOD gene expression. In conclusion, Levilactobacillus brevis A1 strain alone or in combination with the A6 strain could be a promising strategy to mitigate the oxidative stress symptoms in mice challenged by lead-induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The efficient utilization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates in bioprocesses is impeded by their complex composition and the presence of toxic compounds, such as furan aldehydes, formed during lignocellulose pretreatment. Biological detoxification of these furan aldehydes offers a promising solution to enhance the utilization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 is known to metabolize furan aldehydes, yet the complete spectrum of reaction products and dynamics remains unclear. Here, we determined the detoxification metabolites of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in A. baylyi ADP1 and studied the kinetics of detoxification. The results indicate that detoxification in A. baylyi ADP1 follows a typical alcohol-aldehyde-acid scheme, with furoic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid as the final products for furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, respectively. Both end products were found to be less toxic for cells than their unmodified forms. These findings underscore the potential of A. baylyi ADP1 in detoxifying lignocellulosic hydrolysates for bioprocess applications.

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Metal ion (Mn+ ${{{\rm M}}^{{\rm n}+}}$ /oxidant) and UV light catalyzed (UV/oxidant) mineralization and biodetoxification of Ponceau Xylidine (PX) was undertaken in this study. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) and ammonium persulphate (APS) were employed as oxidants and Fe2+ ${{{\rm F}{\rm e}}^{2+}}$ and Ag+ ${{{\rm A}{\rm g}}^{+}}$ as metal ion catalysts. Although highest mineralization in Fe2+ ${{{\rm F}{\rm e}}^{2+}}$ /APS and UV/HP systems was exhibited at pH 1 (63.09 %) and 3 (64.83 %), respectively, lowest was shown by Ag+ ${{{\rm A}{\rm g}}^{+}}$ /oxidant systems at any pH. The Fenton process achieved mineralization of ≈48.50 % within the pH range of 3 to 6.15. The study established Fe2+ ${{{\rm F}{\rm e}}^{2+}}$ as a better catalyst than Ag+ ${{{\rm A}{\rm g}}^{+}}$ , and HP, a better oxidant (2.5 times more effective) than APS. Mineralization with UV/HP at 120 min is highest at pH 3 (92.0 %) and 6.15 (86.17 %). Various inorganic anions were found to inhibit mineralization. The maximum and minimum inhibition was shown by Cl- ${{{\rm \ }{\rm C}{\rm l}}^{-}}$ in UV/HP and UV/APS systems respectively. The inhibition effect of NO3- ${{{\rm N}{\rm O}}_{3}^{-}}$ decreases with concentration till 0.01 mM, beyond which an increasing trend was observed. This study also demonstrates that the biodetoxification efficiency of various systems is in the order: UV/HP>UV/APS>Fe2+ ${{{\rm F}{\rm e}}^{2+}}$ /HP. Thus, UV/HP is the most suitable system for the treatment of PX, displaying a biodetoxification efficiency of 83.0 % and mineralization of 92.0 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Biodetoxification fungus selectively degrades toxic inhibitors generated from pretreatment of lignocellulose without consuming fermentable sugars. However, one barrier for practical application is the sustained cell viability in the consequent fermentation step to compete the fermentable sugars with fermenting strains, resulting in sugar loss and reduced target product yield. This study investigated the competitive growth property between the biodetoxification fungus Paecilomyces variotii FN89 and the L-lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici ZY271 under varying temperature and lactic acid osmatic stress. The results show that the L-lactic acid bacterium Ped. acidilactici ZY271 showed less thermotolerance to Pae. variotii FN89 at high temperature of 45 °C to 50 °C in both synthetic medium and wheat straw hydrolysate. In the higher temperature environment, the growth of the biodetoxification strian failed to compete with the lactic acid fermentation strain and was quickly eliminated from the fermentation system. The high temperature fermentation facilitated a fast transition from the detoxification stage to the fermentation stage for higher production of L-lactic acid.

Biodetoxification fungus selectively degrades toxic inhibitors generated from pretreatment of lignocellulose without consuming fermentable sugars. However, one barrier for practical application is the sustained cell viability in the consequent fermentation step to compete the fermentable sugars with fermenting strains, resulting in sugar loss and reduced target product yield. This study investigated the competitive growth property between the biodetoxification fungus Paecilomyces variotii FN89 and the L-lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici ZY271 under varying temperature and lactic acid osmatic stress. The results show that the L-lactic acid bacterium Ped. acidilactici ZY271 showed less thermotolerance to Pae. variotii FN89 at high temperature of 45 °C to 50 °C in both synthetic medium and wheat straw hydrolysate. In the higher temperature environment, the growth of the biodetoxification strian failed to compete with the lactic acid fermentation strain and was quickly eliminated from the fermentation system. The high temperature fermentation facilitated a fast transition from the detoxification stage to the fermentation stage for higher production of L-lactic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gossypol is a terpene-polyphenolic compound specific to cotton plants. Considered as an anti-nutritional factor, monogastric livestock show greater sensitivity to this metabolite than ruminants. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological effects of gossypol-containing and biodetoxified cottonseed-cake on hepatic function in rats. Biodetoxification of cottonseed cake was performed by the macrofungi Fistulina hepatica BRM 047114 and Pleurotus ostreatus BRM 055505 in a solid-state cultivation process. A toxicological study was performed using albino Wistar rat males (Rattus norvergicus). A feed assay was conducted using the macrofungi cultivated on cottonseed cake (5%, 15%, and 25%). Animal growth, feed conversion, hemogram, serum biochemical analyses and histopathology were evaluated. For biodetoxified cottonseed cake treatments with both macrofungi, concentrations of feed up to 15% resulted in animal development similar to that of the untreated group. Histopathological analysis after feeding with biodetoxified cottonseed cake presented an unaltered cordonal arrangement. Nevertheless, the group fed with cottonseed cake biodetoxified using F. hepatica BRM 047114 showed discrete inflammatory infiltrate, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei in hepatocytes. P. ostreatus BRM 055505 resulted in efficient reduction in toxic effects of free gossypol, with regular animal growth, maintenance of normal liver activities, and a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels. In conclusion, P. ostreatus and F. hepatica were able to minimize the toxic effects of free gossypol in rat diets, representing an important contribution for feed-formulation development for non-ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in cereals and cereal products has the potential to pose a threat to human health. The biodetoxification technique, which uses biological enzymes to transform mycotoxins into less toxic product, is an environmentally friendly and highly effective approach to detoxifying mycotoxins. In this study, a gene designated adh2, encoding DON detoxifying enzyme, was identified by homology search from the genome sequence of DON-detoxifying strain Devosia sp. FJ2-5-3. Subsequently. The adh2 gene was cloned and expressed. Then, the enzymatic properties of its encoding enzyme was further characterized. The results showed that the length of the adh2 gene in Devosia sp. FJ2-5-3 was 1770 bp and the encoded ADH2 enzyme consisted of 589 amino acids, with a signal peptide of 24 amino acids length present at the N-terminus and belonging to type I of the PQQ-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase family (Type I PQQ-ADH). The enzyme exhibited the optimal activity at pH 9 and a temperature of 35 °C, and it retained over 50% of enzyme activity after incubation at 65 ℃ for 4 hours, indicating its good thermal stability. In addition, Ca2+ was found to be an essential cofactor for ADH2, while both 1% of ethanol and isopropanol showed significant inhibitory effects on its activity. The Km and Kcat values of ADH2 for DON were 708.00±47.01 μg/mL and 3.37±0.11 S–1, respectively. These results could provide reference information for the subsequent industrial application of DON detoxification enzymes.

Gossypol is a terpene-polyphenolic compound specific to cotton plants. Considered as an anti-nutritional factor, monogastric livestock show greater sensitivity to this metabolite than ruminants. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological effects of gossypol-containing and biodetoxified cottonseed-cake on hepatic function in rats. Biodetoxification of cottonseed cake was performed by the macrofungi Fistulina hepatica BRM 047114 and Pleurotus ostreatus BRM 055505 in a solid-state cultivation process. A toxicological study was performed using albino Wistar rat males (Rattus norvergicus). A feed assay was conducted using the macrofungi cultivated on cottonseed cake (5%, 15%, and 25%). Animal growth, feed conversion, hemogram, serum biochemical analyses and histopathology were evaluated. For biodetoxified cottonseed cake treatments with both macrofungi, concentrations of feed up to 15% resulted in animal development similar to that of the untreated group. Histopathological analysis after feeding with biodetoxified cottonseed cake presented an unaltered cordonal arrangement. Nevertheless, the group fed with cottonseed cake biodetoxified using F. hepatica BRM 047114 showed discrete inflammatory infiltrate, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei in hepatocytes. P. ostreatus BRM 055505 resulted in efficient reduction in toxic effects of free gossypol, with regular animal growth, maintenance of normal liver activities, and a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels. In conclusion, P. ostreatus and F. hepatica were able to minimize the toxic effects of free gossypol in rat diets, representing an important contribution for feed-formulation development for non-ruminants.

One of the most widespread and risky pollutants in the environment is phenol. It is a by-product of many industrial, agricultural, and other anthropogenic activities. Microbial-assisted transformation, known as bioremediation, is an effective and cheap method for treating groundwater, soil, and sediments contaminated with phenol and its derivates. This study aims to assess the effect of the addition of a selected, pre-adapted bacterial strain Pseudomonas aureofaciens AP-9 on key kinetic, microbiological, and enzymological parameters of simulated bioremediation processes for the removal of phenol (250 mg/kg). The early effect of adding this microbial biodegradant in contaminated sediments is insignificant. The effect of added bacteria is manifested at the 48th hour by a restructuring of the microbial sediment communities and an increase in the number of cultivated microorganisms. This preparation of the sediment communities for a prolonged detoxification process is also confirmed by the repeated induction and very high increase in the activity of the enzymes directly involved in the cleavage of the benzene ring. The effectiveness of phenol removal at the 48th hour is increased by 15%, too. Considering this stimulation of a sustainable long-term bioremediation process, we can conclude that microbiological pre-adapted inoculants are an important mechanism for the management of bioremediation detoxification processes and can increase their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Market demand for safe feed and food supply and consumer preferences for safe and healthy products are increasing. Control measures to counter threats to the feed supply need to be implemented as early as possible to prevent economic losses. Mycotoxins produced by certain groups of fungi are a problem that can disrupt the feed supply or pose a threat to the health of animals and humans. Biological control to detoxify contaminated feed ingredients can be carried out on a large scale economically. For example, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can act as biological agents for eliminating mycotoxins. This study aimed to clarify the value of screening LAB to inhibit Aspergillus flavus> growth and detoxify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Materials and Methods: In this study, using a completely randomized design with three replications, five isolates of LAB (LA.1, LA.6, LA.8, LA.12, and LA.22) along with their supernatants were tested qualitatively and quantitatively for their ability to counter mycotoxins using A. flavus and corn kernels. The isolates with the best activity were identified by sequencing 16S rDNA. Results: The results showed that the five LAB isolates can inhibit the growth of A. flavus and detoxify AFB1. Among these isolates, LA.12 showed the best performance, followed by LA.22, LA.8, LA.6, and then LA.1. The sequencing results confirmed that LA.12 was Lactobacillus harbinensis strain 487. Conclusion: All of the isolates in this study have the potential as biological agents for detoxifying AFB1, with isolate LA.12 appearing to be the most promising biodetoxification agent for feed (AFB1 in corn) based on its ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Aim: Market demand for safe feed and food supply and consumer preferences for safe and healthy products are increasing. Control measures to counter threats to the feed supply need to be implemented as early as possible to prevent economic losses. Mycotoxins produced by certain groups of fungi are a problem that can disrupt the feed supply or pose a threat to the health of animals and humans. Biological control to detoxify contaminated feed ingredients can be carried out on a large scale economically. For example, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can act as biological agents for eliminating mycotoxins. This study aimed to clarify the value of screening LAB to inhibit Aspergillus flavus growth and detoxify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Materials and Methods: In this study, using a completely randomized design with three replications, five isolates of LAB (LA.1, LA.6, LA.8, LA.12, and LA.22) along with their supernatants were tested qualitatively and quantitatively for their ability to counter mycotoxins using A. flavus and corn kernels. The isolates with the best activity were identified by sequencing 16S rDNA. Results: The results showed that the five LAB isolates can inhibit the growth of A. flavus and detoxify AFB1. Among these isolates, LA.12 showed the best performance, followed by LA.22, LA.8, LA.6, and then LA.1. The sequencing results confirmed that LA.12 was Lactobacillus harbinensis strain 487. Conclusion: All of the isolates in this study have the potential as biological agents for detoxifying AFB1, with isolate LA.12 appearing to be the most promising biodetoxification agent for feed (AFB1 in corn) based on its ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant biomass colonized by macrofungi can contain molecules with bioactive properties with applications to human/animal health. This work aimed to verify antibacterial activities from aqueous extracts from oil seed cakes of Jatropha curcas (JSC) and cottonseed (CSC), fermented by macrofungi for probiotic bacteria cultivation. Coriolopsis sp., Tyromyces sp., Panus lecomtei, and Pleurotus pulmonarius were cultivated in solid and submerged media. The aqueous extract of unfermented JSC was more efficient than glucose for the growth of all probiotic bacteria. Extracts from four macrofungi fermented in CSC favored Lactobacillus acidophilus growth. In solid fermentation, macrofungi extracts cultivated in JSC favored Bifidobacterium lactis growth. All fungi extracts showed more significant growth than carbohydrates among the four probiotic bacteria evaluated. Regarding antimicrobial activities, no fungal extract or bacterial supernatant showed a more significant inhibition halo for enteropathogenic bacteria than ampicillin (control). Extracts from P. lecomtei and Coriolopsis sp. in CSC showed inhibition halos for Salmonella enterica. Supernatants from L. acidophilus, B. lactis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus resulted in more significant inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus than the control, which indicates possible antimicrobial activity. Unfermented JSC supernatant showed better results for bacterial growth, while supernatants and aqueous extracts from CSC fermentation can be used for probiotic bacteria culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Arthrospira platensis (AP) on the growth performance, serum enzyme activity, liver oxidative stress markers as well as antioxidant parameters, intestinal microbiota, and humoral immune response of broilers fed aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated diet. A total of 200 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned to four treatments, control (basal diet), aflatoxin (AF) contaminated diet (basal diet + 2.5 mg AFB1 kg−1), AP diet (basal diet + 1000 mg AP kg−1), and AFAP diet (basal diet + 2.5 mg AFB1 and 1000 mg AP kg−1) with five replicate pens and 10 broiler chicks per pen. Arthrospira platensis was able to neutralize the effect of AFB1, increase the body weight gain and feed intake, while reducing the feed conversion ratio. Liver damage marker enzymes in the serum sharply increased by AFB1 in feed (AF group), while supplementation of aflatoxin-contaminated diet with AP reduced the level of these enzymes (p < 0.05). Liver oxidative stress markers and liver antioxidant parameters increased and decreased with AFB1, respectively, and vice versa with AP (p < 0.05). Adding AP to aflatoxin-contaminated diet increased lactic acid bacteria and reduced coliform bacteria in the intestine (p < 0.05). Broilers of AFAP group showed a stronger immune response than AF group (p < 0.05). The results of this research revealed that the use of AP in the diet of broiler chickens, in addition to improving the antioxidant status of the liver, intestinal microbial population, and humoral immune response, as a green and sustainable product, can also efficiently be used for biodetoxification of AFB1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial degradation is considered as an attractive method to eliminate exposure to mycotoxin that cause a serious threat in agriculture global industry and severe human health problems. Compared with other more prominent mycotoxin compounds, fusaric acid (FA) biodegradation has not been widely investigated. In this study, a fusaric acid-degrading bacterium Burkholderia sp. IMCC1007 was identified by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and its detoxification characteristics were evaluated. This strain able to utilize FA as sole energy and carbon source with growth rate (µ) of 0.18 h− 1. Approximately 93% from the initial substrate FA concentration was almost degraded to the residual about 4.87 mg L− 1 after 12 h of incubation. The optimal degradation conditions for pH and temperature were recorded at 6.0 with 30 °C respectively. An efficient FA degradation of strain IMCC1007 suggested its potential significance to detoxification development. Accroding to LC-MS/Q-TOF analysis, FA was bio-transformed to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (C7H6O3) and other possible metabolites. Plant treated with detoxified FA products exhibited reduction of wilting index, mitigating against FA phytoxicity effect on plant growth and photosynthesis activity. Phytotoxicity bioassay suggested that degradation product of IMCC1007 was not a potent harmful compound towards plants as compared to the parent compound, FA. As a conslusion, our study provides a new insight into the practical application of biodetoxifcation agent in controlling mycotoxin contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered one of the main mycotoxins responsible for health problems and considerable economic losses in the feed industry. The aim was to study OTA's detoxifying potential of commercial protease enzymes: (i) Ananas comosus bromelain cysteine-protease, (ii) bovine trypsin serine-protease and (iii) Bacillus subtilis neutral metalloendopeptidase. In silico studies were performed with reference ligands and T-2 toxin as control, and in vitro experiments. In silico study results showed that tested toxins interacted near the catalytic triad, similar to how the reference ligands behave in all tested proteases. Likewise, based on the proximity of the amino acids in the most stable poses, the chemical reaction mechanisms for the transformation of OTA were proposed. In vitro experiments showed that while bromelain reduced OTA's concentration in 7.64% at pH 4.6; trypsin at 10.69% and the neutral metalloendopeptidase in 8.2%, 14.44%, 45.26% at pH 4.6, 5 and 7, respectively (p < 0.05). The less harmful α-ochratoxin was confirmed with trypsin and the metalloendopeptidase. This study is the first attempt to demonstrate that: (i) bromelain and trypsin can hydrolyse OTA in acidic pH conditions with low efficiency and (ii) the metalloendopeptidase was an effective OTA bio-detoxifier. This study confirmed α-ochratoxin as a final product of the enzymatic reactions in real-time practical information on OTA degradation rate, since in vitro experiments simulated the time that food spends in poultry intestines, as well as their natural pH and temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of ochratoxin A (OTA) in cheeses is mainly due to mould growth during the ripening process, and to a lesser extent, to the use of OTA-contaminated milk in cheese production. Bacterial smear-ripened cheeses developed a smear microbiota on their rind during ripening that greatly contributes to its typical aroma and texture. Bacteria from the Brevibacterium genus belong to the typical smear microbiota of cheeses. Type strains from Brevibacterium species frequently isolated from cheese and milk products were able to transform OTA into much less toxic ochratoxin α (OTα) and L -phenylalanine. Protein searches allowed the identification of a protein annotated as amidohydrolase in these OTA-degrader Brevibacterium strains. The OTA-hydrolytic activity of the identified amidohydrolase was demonstrated by the heterologous production of this protein from B. linens DSM 20425T (Bl OTA). In vitro assays revealed that Bl OTA transformed OTA into less toxic OTα, as well as ochratoxin B. When compared with other previously described OTA-degrading amidohydrolases, Bl OTA exhibited optimal activity at a higher pH (8.0), while showing similar high temperature for optimal activity (55 °C) and thermostability; in addition, a clear preference for substrates with Phe, Tyr or Leu amino acid residues at the C-terminal position was clearly observed. Bl OTA efficiently detoxifies OTA-contaminated bovine milk, without provoking changes on its free amino acid composition. Moreover, in silico predictions revealed that Bl OTA is a non-allergenic, non-antigenic, and poorly immunogenic protein. Therefore, the QPS status possessed by cheese- Brevibacterium species, as well as the characteristics exhibited by Bl OTA, make them suitable tools for the biological detoxification of OTA in dairy and food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effects of different strains of lactic acid bacteria, namely LeviLactobacillus brevis (AC10), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (AC11), and Pediococcus acidilactici (AC15), on mice exposed to cadmium-induced oxidative stress. The study assessed weight gain, liver enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, immunoglobulin factors, lipid peroxidation, and gene expression in liver and brain of mice. The findings revealed that the AC10 and AC11 strains had a higher ability to absorb Cd as compared to AC15. The in vivo analysis demonstrated that the dietary dual supplementation of AC10 and AC11 resulted in significant (p < 0.05) improvements, including increased body weight and food intake, reduced cadmium tissue deposition, decreased lipid peroxidation, enhanced cellular antioxidant redox potential, suppressed inflammation genes in the liver and brain tissues, and improved morpho-characteristics of the jejunum in mice challenged by cadmium-induced toxicity. The multiple mechanisms of action, including heavy metal sequestration, antioxidant enhancement, and maintenance of intestinal integrity, highlight the potential of these probiotics' intervention as a viable approach to counteract the deleterious effects of cadmium exposure. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two ALE methods were designed to boost the biodetoxification of P. variotii. • The evolved strain showed stronger degradation on high titers inhibitors. • The evolved strains showed upregulation of adh , acs , ach1 , and ackA. • Furfural residues were successfully bioconverted to lactic acid. High inhibitor concentrations in lignocellulose feedstock negatively affect the degradation rate of biodetoxification strains. This study designed two adaptive laboratory evolutions in solid substrate and liquid medium to boost the biodetoxification capacity of P. variotii to high titers of lignocellulose-derived inhibitors, resulting in two evolved strains AC70 and ZW70. The results showed that the evolutionary adaptation in liquid medium could better boost the acetic acid assimilation compared to that on solid substrate. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the evolved strains exhibited a significant upregulation of adh , acs , ach1 , and ackA directly related to the initial steps of acetate and furan aldehydes metabolisms. ZW70 strain can effectively remove the high concentration inhibitors cocktail from the hydrolysates derived from pretreated wheat straw and furfural residues. The biodetoxified hydrolysates by ZW70 were successfully used for cellulose chiral L-lactic acid production with the titers of ∼110 g/L, which were over 20 % higher than that detoxified by parental strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the properties and ochratoxin A (OTA) degradation capacity of the dietary probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus BalaMMB-P3, isolated from a milk coagulant. The acidic tolerance of the isolate at pH 2–3 was checked with bile salts. No hemolytic activity was noted, which confirmed the nonpathogenicity of the strain. The isolate was tested in vitro for antibiotic susceptibility, enzymatic activity, bile salts hydrolase activity and antifungal activity against Penicillium verrucosum, Fusarium graminearum and Aspergillus ochraceus. A molecular docking-based OTA toxicity assessment was carried out for multitargeted proteins. The 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic assessment identified the strain as P. pentosaceus, and was authenticated in GenBank. The carboxylesterase and glutathione s-transferase enzymes showed active and strong interactions with esters and amide bonds, respectively. The compound exhibited carcinogenic and cytotoxicity effects at an LD50 value of 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, the strain showed a potent ability to reduce OTA and suggested the prospects for utilization in nutritional aspects of food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant biomass colonized by macrofungi can contain molecules with bioactive properties with applications to human/animal health. This work aimed to verify antibacterial activities from aqueous extracts from oil seed cakes of Jatropha curcas (JSC) and cottonseed (CSC), fermented by macrofungi for probiotic bacteria cultivation. Coriolopsis sp., Tyromyces sp., Panus lecomtei, and Pleurotus pulmonarius were cultivated in solid and submerged media. The aqueous extract of unfermented JSC was more efficient than glucose for the growth of all probiotic bacteria. Extracts from four macrofungi fermented in CSC favored Lactobacillus acidophilus growth. In solid fermentation, macrofungi extracts cultivated in JSC favored Bifidobacterium lactis growth. All fungi extracts showed more significant growth than carbohydrates among the four probiotic bacteria evaluated. Regarding antimicrobial activities, no fungal extract or bacterial supernatant showed a more significant inhibition halo for enteropathogenic bacteria than ampicillin (control). Extracts from P. lecomtei and Coriolopsis sp. in CSC showed inhibition halos for Salmonella enterica. Supernatants from L. acidophilus, B. lactis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus resulted in more significant inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus than the control, which indicates possible antimicrobial activity. Unfermented JSC supernatant showed better results for bacterial growth, while supernatants and aqueous extracts from CSC fermentation can be used for probiotic bacteria culture.

Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulose biomass had been used for production of cellulosic ethanol since 1940 s. The major technical barrier is the acid catalyzed dehydration of monosaccharides to furan aldehydes (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), resulting in the high loss of fermentable sugars and significant inhibition on the fermentability of ethanologenic strains. This study re-examined the dilute acid hydrolysis of corn stover and cellulosic ethanol fermentation after a novel biodetoxification approach was introduced to de-bottleneck the inhibitor barrier. The cocktail of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and oxalic acid hydrolyzed corn stover to the 51.1 g/L of glucose (0.50 g/g cellulose) and 18.1 g/L of xylose (0.22 g/g xylan). The furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acetic acid in the corn stover hydrolysate were completely removed by Paecilomyces variotii FN89, leading to the successful ethanol fermentation of 24.2 g/L, corresponding to 72.6 kg per metric ton of dry corn stover. No wastewater streams, solid wastes and toxic compounds were generated in hydrolysis, biodetoxification and fermentation. The techno-economic evaluations suggest that the cost reduction of replacing cellulase enzyme with cheap acid catalysts compensated the partial ethanol loss of sugar conversion to inhibitors (21.5–89.1%). The re-examination of acid hydrolysis process reveals that a substantial breakthrough in highly active and selective acid catalyst is required for acid hydrolysis to compete with enzymic hydrolysis for cellulosic ethanol fermentation. • Biodetoxification was introduced to de-bottleneck the inhibitor barrier in acid hydrolysis. • The ethanol titer of direct acid hydrolysis processing increased to 24.2 g/L. • No wastewater, solids waste and toxic compounds were generated before distillation step. • The full-scale process evaluation of acid hydrolysis was conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic chiral lactide is the monomer chemical for polymerization of high molecular weight polylactic acid (PLA). The synthesis of cyclic l‐lactide starts from poly‐condensation of l‐lactic acid to a low molecular weight prepolymer and then depolymerized to cyclic l‐lactide. Lignocellulose biomass is the most promising carbohydrate feedstock for lactic acid production, but the synthesis of cyclic l‐lactide from l‐lactic acid produced from lignocellulose has so far not been successful. The major barriers are the impurities of residual sugars and inhibitors in the crude cellulosic l‐lactic acid product. Here we show a successful cyclic l‐lactide synthesis from cellulosic l‐lactic acid by lignocellulose biorefining with complete inhibitor removal and coordinated sugars assimilation. The removal of inhibitors from lignocellulose pretreatment was accomplished by biodetoxification using a unique fungus Amorphotheca resinae ZN1. The nonglucose sugars were completely and simultaneously assimilated at the same rate with glucose by the engineered l‐lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici. The l‐lactic acid production from wheat straw was comparable to that from corn starch with high optical pure (99.6%), high l‐lactic acid titer (129.4 g/L), minor residual total sugars (~2.2 g/L), and inhibitors free. The cyclic l‐lactide was successfully synthesized from the regularly purified l‐lactic acid and verified by detailed characterizations. This study paves the technical foundation of carbon‐neutral production of biodegradable PLA from lignocellulose biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) infection-associated multiple antibiotic resistance has raised serious public health concerns. Recently, nanosponges (NSs) have been expected to provide innovative platforms for addressing antibacterial and drug-resistant challenges by targeting various pore-forming toxins (PFTs). In the present study, we constructed NSs to explore the effects and possible mechanism of recombinant V. vulnificus hemolysin (rVvhA)-induced injuries. In vitro, NSs significantly reversed rVvhA-induced apoptosis and necrosis, and improved toxin-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, and apoptosis signaling pathway disruption. To explore the clinical translation potential of NSs, we established VvhA-induced septicemia and wound infection mouse models, respectively, and further found NSs could notably attenuate rVvhA-induced acute toxicity and septicemia-associated inflammation, as well as local tissue damage. In a conclusion, NSs showed excellent protective effects against rVvhA-induced toxicity, thus providing useful insights into addressing the rising threats of severe V. vulnificus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution of aquatic ecosystems is a big problem that has its impact on river sediments. In recent decades, an effective solution to this problem has been the application of bioremediation technologies. Nanoremediation is an innovative part of these technologies. We still know little about the efficiency of nanoparticles, especially nanodiamonds, in modelled conditions. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of nanodiamonds on the key parameters of modelled bioremediation of river sediments that are polluted with phenol, as well their effect on the structures and functions of microbial communities. An important indicative mechanism that was used is the application of fluorescent in situ hybridization for sediment microbial communities. The results of this study revealed the positive role of nanodiamonds that is associated with their intoxication with high concentrations of phenol. Readaptation was also found, in which the xenobiotic biodegradation potential evolved by increasing the relative proportions of non-culturable bacteria, namely Acinetobacter (at the 144th hour) and Pseudomonas (at the 214th hour). The results can help to find an effective solution to the question of how information from such precise molecular methods and the application of nanodiamonds can be translated into the accessible language of management and bioremediation technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered one of the main mycotoxins responsible for health problems and considerable economic losses in the feed industry. The aim was to study OTA’s detoxifying potential of commercial protease enzymes: (i) Ananas comosus bromelain cysteine-protease, (ii) bovine trypsin serine-protease and (iii) Bacillus subtilis neutral metalloendopeptidase. In silico studies were performed with reference ligands and T-2 toxin as control, and in vitro experiments. In silico study results showed that tested toxins interacted near the catalytic triad, similar to how the reference ligands behave in all tested proteases. Likewise, based on the proximity of the amino acids in the most stable poses, the chemical reaction mechanisms for the transformation of OTA were proposed. In vitro experiments showed that while bromelain reduced OTA’s concentration in 7.64% at pH 4.6; trypsin at 10.69% and the neutral metalloendopeptidase in 8.2%, 14.44%, 45.26% at pH 4.6, 5 and 7, respectively (p < 0.05). The less harmful α-ochratoxin was confirmed with trypsin and the metalloendopeptidase. This study is the first attempt to demonstrate that: (i) bromelain and trypsin can hydrolyse OTA in acidic pH conditions with low efficiency and (ii) the metalloendopeptidase was an effective OTA bio-detoxifier. This study confirmed α-ochratoxin as a final product of the enzymatic reactions in real-time practical information on OTA degradation rate, since in vitro experiments simulated the time that food spends in poultry intestines, as well as their natural pH and temperature conditions.

Corn dry milling provides a mature model for lignocellulose biorefinery process. To copy this technical success, a crucial step is to transform lignocellulose into starch‐like carbohydrates (SLC), similar to milled corn grain and in a similar fashion to corn dry milling. The transformation process should be zero wastewater generation and sufficient fermentable sugar conservation; the product should be in solid particle form, free of toxic residues, and high enzymatic hydrolysis yield and fermentability. Here we designed and verified a SLC transformation process by (i) biodegradable oxalic acid‐catalyzed pretreatment, and (ii) simultaneous biodegradation of inhibitors and oxalic acid catalyst. The oxalic acid catalyst was effective on disrupting the lignocellulose structure and also biodegradable at low pH value. The biodetoxification fungus Paecilomyces variotii FN89 was capable of degrading the furan/phenolic aldehydes and oxalic acid simultaneously and ultimately, while the fermentable sugars were well preserved. The obtained SLC from wheat straw and corn stover were similar to dry milled corn meal in terms of morphological properties, fermentable sugar contents, enzymatic hydrolysis yield, elemental contents, and free of inhibitors and acid catalyst. The bioconversion of starch‐like wheat straw and corn stover produced 78.5 and 75.3 g/L of ethanol (9.9% and 9.5%, v/v) with the yield of 0.47 and 0.45 g ethanol/g cellulose/xylose, respectively, compared with 78.7 g/L (10.0%, v/v) from corn meal and the yield of 0.48 g ethanol/g starch. Mass balances suggest that the ethanol yield, wastewater generation, and elemental recycling of the SLC from lignocellulose were essentially the same as those of corn meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food and feed are susceptible to deoxynivalenol (DON) infection during storage. Biodetoxification is a way to reduce the harmful effects of DON and ensure food and feed safety. In this study, lanthanum chloride was used as a growth factor to enrich DON degrading bacteria and the mixed bacteria SH7 was obtained. The DON degrading mechanism of SH7 and its application in corn DON detoxification were explored. Results showed that lanthanum chloride promoted DON degradation of SH7 by affecting its microbial composition, related gene expression level and metabolites. SH7 may have quorum sensing of DON and collectively initiate the expression of DON detoxification genes. SH7 could also utilize a large amount of arginine to resist the toxic effects of DON. In addition, the DON degrading rate of SH7 in corns was 26.95 %. This research provides a theoretical basis for applying the mixed bacteria SH7 in the detoxification of DON in corns. [Display omitted] • A novel and efficient deoxynivalenol (DON) degrading mixed bacteria SH7 was enriched. • LaCl 3 promoted SH7 DON degradation by affecting microorganism, gene and metabolite. • SH7 may have DON quorum sensing and initiate the expression of DON-detoxifying genes. • SH7 could also utilize a large amount of arginine to resist the toxic effects of DON. • The DON degrading rate of SH7 in corns was 26.95 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The efficient removal of toxic inhibitors from pretreated lignocellulose biomass is crucially important for consequent cellulosic ethanol fermentation. A. resinae ZN1 biodetoxifies all toxic inhibitors at the neutral pH of 4–6, and the neutralization of acid catalyst in the pretreated lignocellulose is required. However, aqueous alkaline solutions such as sodium hydroxide solution and calcium hydroxide slurry are used which generate several difficulties. Results In this study, a dry biodetoxification method was investigated using dry calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powder as an acid-neutralizing reagent to avoid the use of an aqueous alkaline solution. Dry biodetoxification provides a mild and stable pH without the generation of phenolic compounds. The acid pretreated and dry biodetoxified wheat straw was used as the feedstock of ethanol fermentation and the same performance with the wet biodetoxification using aqueous Ca(OH)2 slurry. The 72 g/L or 9.1% (v/v) of ethanol produced from wheat straw was very close to that of ethanol from corn starch. Conclusions Dry biodetoxification provided a practical method to simplify the process of conventional wet biodetoxification to reduce the time, cost and labor.

Abstract Background Fast, complete, and ultimate removal of inhibitory compounds derived from lignocellulose pretreatment is the prerequisite for efficient production of cellulosic ethanol and biochemicals. Biodetoxification is the most promising method for inhibitor removal by its unique advantages. The biodetoxification mechanisms of a unique diploid fungus responsible for highly efficient biodetoxification in solid-state culture was extensively investigated in the aspects of cellular structure, genome sequencing, transcriptome analysis, and practical biodetoxification. Results The inborn heterozygous diploid structure of A. resinae ZN1 uniquely contributed to the enhancement of inhibitor tolerance and conversion. The co-expression of gene pairs contributed to the enhancement of the degradation of lignocellulose-derived model inhibitors. The ultimate inhibitors degradation pathways and sugar conservation were elucidated by microbial degradation experimentation as well as the genomic and transcriptomic sequencing analysis. Conclusions The finding of the heterozygous diploid structure in A. resinae ZN1 on biodetoxification took the first insight into the global overview of biodetoxification mechanism of lignocellulose-derived inhibitors. This study provided a unique and practical biodetoxification biocatalyst of inhibitor compounds for lignocellulose biorefinery processing, as well as the synthetic biology tools on biodetoxification of biorefinery fermenting strains.

Objectives: Decaying wood samples were collected, and actinomycetes were isolated and screened for laccase production. The identity of the efficient laccase-producing isolate was confirmed by using a molecular approach. Fermentation conditions for laccase production were optimized, and laccase biochemical properties were studied. Results: Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the isolate coded as HWP3 was identified as Streptomyces sp. LAO. The time-course study showed that the isolate optimally produced laccase at 84 h with 40.58 ± 2.35 U/mL activity. The optimized physicochemical conditions consisted of pH 5.0, ferulic acid (0.04%; v/v), pine back (0.2 g/L), urea (1.0 g/L), and lactose (1 g/L). Streptomyces sp. LAO laccase was optimally active at pH and temperature of 8.0 and 90 °C, respectively, with remarkable pH and thermal stability. Furthermore, the enzyme had a sufficient tolerance for organic solvents after 16 h of preincubation, with laccase activity > 70%. Additionally, the laccase maintained considerable residual activity after pretreatment with 100 mM of chemical agents, including sodium dodecyl sulphate (69.93 ± 0.89%), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (93.1 ± 7.85%), NaN3 (96.28 ± 3.34%) and urea (106.03 ± 10.72%). Conclusion: The laccase's pH and thermal stability; and robust catalytic efficiency in the presence of organic solvents suggest its industrial and biotechnological application potentials for the sustainable development of green chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The highest hydrolysis efficiency was to apply 0.5 M HCl to treat 5% rice straw. • 5-HMF and furfural concentrations in the HCl hydrolysate were both highest. • Furans inhibitors in the 2-fold hydrolysates were entirely biodetoxified within 12 h. • Higher H 2 content and volume were obtained when using the biodetoxified rice straw hydrolysate. • Biodetoxification process could be incorporated into biohydrogen production plant. Thermal acid hydrolysis is the most common pretreatment method used to deal with waste lignocellulosic biomass. However, furan derivatives (5‑hydroxy-methylfurfural (5-HMF) and furfural) are unavoidably produced and influence downstream biofuel production. Biological methods are superior to physical and chemical methods in detoxifying 5-HMF and furfural because of economic concerns. Integrating the biodetoxification process into the lignocellulose pretreatment and downstream biofuel production procedure is an important issue. The previous novel strain Burkholderia cepacia H-2 capable of quickly degrading 5-HMF and furfural was applied in the biodetoxification process. In this study, the acid sorts and concentration effects on thermal acid rice straw hydrolysis were investigated first. Rice straw hydrolysates with various dilution ratios were then biodetoxified using on-site inoculating novel strain B. cepacia H-2. The biodetoxified rice straw hydrolysate was then used for biohydrogen production using dark fermentation. The highest hydrolysis efficiency and reducing sugar were 49% and 15.6 g/L, respectively when applying 0.5 M HCl to deal with 5% rice straw at 121°C for 15 min. The 5-HMF and furfural in the 2-fold diluted rice straw hydrolysate could be completely biodetoxified within 12 hrs. The hydrolysate hydrogen yields with and without biodetoxification were 0.90 and 0.64 mmol H 2 /mmol sugar, respectively. The biodetoxification process using the novel strain B. cepacia H-2 was successfully established and could be integrated into the lignocellulose pretreatment and downstream biofuel production procedure as using the rice straw as the feedstock. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodegradation and biodetoxification of batik industrial wastewater by laccase enzyme immobilised on light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) were investigated. Laccase from Trametes hirsuta EDN 082 was covalently immobilised by modifying the LECA surface using (3–aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde. The enzymatic characterisation of LECA–laccase showed promising results with an enzyme loading of 6.67 U/g and an immobilisation yield of 66.7% at the initial laccase activity of 10 U/g LECA. LECA-laccase successfully degraded batik industrial wastewater containing indigosol dye up to 98.2%. In addition, the decolorisation extent was more than 95.4% after four cycles. The phytotoxicity assessment of Vigna radiata and the microbial toxicity of two pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, showed biodetoxification of treated batik dye wastewater. The characterisation using 3D light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared for LECA–laccase confirmed that laccase was successfully immobilised on LECA, and the decolorisation achieved through the combination of adsorption and enzymatic degradation. This study offers an environmentally friendly, effective and affordable LECA–laccase as a method for batik dye wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Trimethylamine (TMA) is a metabolite overtly present in patients suffering from trimethylaminuria (TMAU), a rare genetic disorder characterized by a strong “fishy” body odor. To date, no approved pharmacological treatment to sequester excess TMA on the skin of patients exists. Here, transmembrane pH gradient poly(isoprene)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PI‐b‐PEG) polymersomes are investigated for the topical removal of TMA. PI‐b‐PEG amphiphiles of varying chain length are synthesized and evaluated for their ability to form vesicular structures in aqueous media. The optimization of the PI/PEG ratio of transmembrane pH gradient polymersomes allows for the rapid and efficient capture of TMA both in solution and after incorporation into a topical hydrogel matrix at the pH of the skin. A subsequent double blind olfactory study reveals a significant decrease in perceived odor intensity after application of the polymersome‐based formulation on artificial skin substrates that has been incubated in TMA‐containing medium. This simple and novel approach has the potential to ease the burden of people suffering from TMAU.

Vat dyes are main sources for polluting the wastewater of textile and other industrial effluents. For removal of these dyes specific strategies and techniques are important. An enzyme known as peroxides has the capacity to absorb these dyes from an aqueous solution and also to decolorize the textile effluents. The current study aimed, biodetoxification and decolorization of vat dyes, in which three vat dyes, vat dye green 9, vat dye yellow 2, vat dye black 27, were investigated using peroxides enzymes from different vegetables sources at different condition. Decolorization efficiency of dyes was studied with the addition of ammonium sulphate and hydrogen per oxide in aqueous solution. The decolorization effect of peroxides was observed at different stages at different conditions, like at the beginning, before the incubation and after the incubation in hot water bath and observed on different wavelength using UV-VIS6000 spectrophotometer. Best decolorization efficiency was observed by Vat dye Black 27, i.e., 0.750 nm at 600 nm wavelength then Vat dye Green 9 showed least efficiency which has been increased by 50% and the most decrease in decolorization observed in vat dye green 9 after incubation 0.031 nm at 480 wave length. Current study suggests that the peroxides from the vegetables sources have the ability of decolorization and biodetoxification of vat dyes from textile dye effluent and other industrial wastewater and therefore, this enzymatic approach can be used for the removal and biodetoxification of vat dyes from the wastewater as this method is environmental friendly and can be performed on low cost and in short time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carboxylic acids can hinder cell growth, but not lactic acid production, at pH 6. • Furan-rich media hampered sugars uptake in DSM 2314, but not in A166/162 strains. • Lactic acid productivities were more hindered by furan- than by phenol-rich media. • A162 showed the highest inhibitors tolerance both in defined and gardening media. • A162 reduced the furans and phenols content in defined and gardening media. Cellulose valorisation has been successfully addressed for years. However, the use of hemicellulosic hydrolysates is limited due to the presence of C5-sugars and inhibitors formed during pretreatment. Bacillus coagulans is one of the few bacteria able to utilize both C6- and C5-sugars to produce l -lactic acid, but its susceptibility to the lignocellulosic inhibitors needs further investigation. For such a purpose, the tolerance of different B. coagulans strains to increasing concentrations of inhibitors is studied. The isolated A162 strain reached the highest l -lactic acid productivity in all cases (up to 2.4 g L−1 h−1), even in presence of 5 g L−1 of furans and phenols. Remarkably, most of furans and phenolic aldehydes were removed from defined media and hemicellulosic gardening hydrolysate after fermentation with A162. Considering the high productivities and the biodetoxifying effect attained, A162 could be pointed out as a great candidate for valorisation of mixed sugars from hemicellulosic hydrolysates with high inhibitors concentration, promoting the implementation of lignocellulosic biorefineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanide is a known toxic chemical compound that has an adverse effect on living organisms. Nonetheless, it is one of the active reagents in industries such as mining, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food processing companies worldwide. The beneficiation of gold and other precious metals from ore generates great amount of cyanide-bearing contaminants, which is released into the environment. The abundance of cyanide contaminants from these industries have created public health concern since the inception of metal extraction from ore. There are strict regulations on the production, transportation, utilization, and disposal of cyanide-bearing contaminants worldwide. The conventional treatment of cyanide waste is either chemical or physical process. The use of these treatment processes has certain pitfalls like operational challenges, an increase in capital cost, and generation of secondary waste. A number of microorganisms have the potential to utilize cyanide as nitrogen and carbon source and transform it into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Biodetoxification might be efficiently, economically and environmentally safe to detoxify cyanide in contaminants and attractive alternative to conventional detoxification method like chemical or physical. This paper reviews the principles and methods of biodetoxification of cyanide contaminants found in the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Itaconic acid production using lignocellulose materials is a promising approach to replace sugar substrates such as glucose that are expensive. However, the complicated detoxification of the hydrolysate is pre-requisite to remove the lignocellulose-derived inhibitors to enable high organic acid fermentation. In this study, the hydrolysate prepared using dry acid pretreated and biodetoxified corn stover was tested for itaconic acid production by the fungal strain Aspergillus terreus M69. Corn stover hydrolysate containing 0.85 g/L acetic acid severely inhibited the organic acid production, but a treatment on the hydrolysate with activated charcoal to remove partial acetic acid helped to produce 33.6 g/L itaconic acid at a yield of 0.56 g/g. Most acetic acid released during enzymatic hydrolysis other than pretreatment was responsible for the inhibition of itaconic acid production. The technol-economic analysis showed that the minimum itaconic acid selling price was $1.647 per kg, which was lower than its market price. This study demonstrates the great potential of itaconic acid production using lignocellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that are the most dangerous mycotoxin and food safety challenges. Human exposure to mycotoxins occurs directly throughout the intake of contaminated agricultural products or indirectly throughout the consumption of products prepared with animal origin or obtained from animals that were fed with contaminated material. For detoxification and reducing threats to public health and the economic damage caused by the aflatoxins in animal and plants food products, different techniques (physical, chemical and biological) has been studied. All of these methods, by modifying and destroying the toxin molecular structure, would inhibit its transfer to the digestive system and could reduce the accessibility of toxins to the target tissue and eliminate it. In terms of the overarching challenges presented by the aflatoxins (AFs) contamination in foods and feeds, there is an urgent need to evolve cost-effective and appropriate strategies to combat this hazard. The review addresses have been noted the pathogenicity of AFs and the plausible mechanism of their-induced toxicity. Furthermore, assessed the AFs degradation using probiotic bacteria of their biological substance, and converting it into non-toxic or less toxic products, as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy of detoxification method for providing appropriate solutions. • Aflatoxin B1 has a mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effect on both human and animal organs. •One of the important food safety challenges is diagnosis and removal mycotoxins especially aflatoxins. •Probiotics in the viable and nonviable form are beneficial effects on human and animal health. •Probiotics are a safe, novel, and environment-friendly strategy for food hazards elimination. •Probiotics as a green policy for food safety can remove mycotoxins side effect through the biodegradation/bioabsorption mechanisms and gut protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a metabolite overtly present in patients suffering from trimethylaminuria (TMAU), a rare genetic disorder characterized by a strong "fishy" body odor. To date, no approved pharmacological treatment to sequester excess TMA on the skin of patients exists. Here, transmembrane pH gradient poly(isoprene)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PI‐b‐PEG) polymersomes are investigated for the topical removal of TMA. PI‐b‐PEG amphiphiles of varying chain length are synthesized and evaluated for their ability to form vesicular structures in aqueous media. The optimization of the PI/PEG ratio of transmembrane pH gradient polymersomes allows for the rapid and efficient capture of TMA both in solution and after incorporation into a topical hydrogel matrix at the pH of the skin. A subsequent double blind olfactory study reveals a significant decrease in perceived odor intensity after application of the polymersome‐based formulation on artificial skin substrates that has been incubated in TMA‐containing medium. This simple and novel approach has the potential to ease the burden of people suffering from TMAU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A fungus Sphaerodes mycoparasitica SMCD 2220-01 is a host specific mycoparasite against plant pathogenic Fusarium species. Fusarium spp. are producing a plethora of mycotoxins including zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated derivatives, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The SMCD 2220-01 strain substantially reduced DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON, and ZEN production capacity in co-culture system. Degradation and detoxification of the pure mycotoxins were also achieved when exposed to SMCD 2220-01 in shake flasks. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) combined with high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–HRMS) revealed that the amount of mycotoxins exposed to SMCD 2220-01 was considerably reduced compared to control. ZEN level was decreased by 97%, while zearalenone sulfate ([M−H+SO3]− at m/z 397.1052 C18H21O8S1) was detected as a metabolite of ZEN converted to less toxic molecule by the mycoparasite. Further, the mycoparasite appeared to degrade DON, 3-ADON, and 15-ADON by 89, 58, and 72%, respectively. The deoxynivalenol sulfate ([M−COCH3+SO3−CH2O]− at m/z 345.2300 C14H17O8S1) was detected as a less toxic metabolic product of DON and 3-ADON. These findings report the SMCD 2220-01 effectiveness to lower mycotoxins-producing capacities of Fusarium, degrade pure mycotoxins and transform them to less toxic metabolites, opening new opportunities for research and innovation for detoxification of mycotoxins.

The flavin‐dependent monooxygenase, HadA, catalyzes the dehalogenation and denitration of the toxicants, nitro‐ and halogenated phenols, to benzoquinone. The HadA reaction can be applied in one‐pot reactions towards the de novo synthesis of d‐luciferin by coupling with d‐Cys condensation. d‐luciferin, a valuable chemical widely used in biomedical applications, can be used as a substrate for the reaction of firefly luciferase to generate bioluminescence. As nitro‐ and halogenated phenols are key indicators of human overexposure to pesticides and pesticide contamination, the technology provides a sensitive and convenient tool for improved biomedical and environmental detection at ppb sensitivity in biological samples without the requirement for any pre‐treatment. This dual‐pronged method combines the advantages of waste biodetoxification to produce a valuable chemical as well as a smart detection tool for environmental and biomedical detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]