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This thesis explores the problematics of nutrition of elite female athletes from aerobic club BM Fitness Havlíčkův Brod. The thesis is aimed on the girls between ages 8 to 16 years old, which corresponds to three age categories. Based on the information gained the thesis is trying to learn the indivdual eating habbits of the the sports girls and compares the differences and similarities in nutrition between the different age groups. In the same time the thesis is trying to learn if the sports girls are eating in accordance with recomendations of the nutritionist and trainer. The thesis is divided into two parts; theoretical and practical. The theoretical part explores the history of sport nutrition, the basic parts of human nutrition, fluid intake, energy metabolism, and timing of meals according to the sport done. Part of the thesis is aimed at younger school age, then middle school age, then at teenagers. The last chapter closely descibres aerobic and fitness. The second half of the thesis consists of a practical part which was based on data gained by half structured interviews. This part is aimed on describing the individual eating habits of sports girls. From the information gained there is a significant difference between the two older catergories and the youngest category. Only the two older...

Introduction. Developed countries are currently undergoing demographic changes which entail the rising number of senior citizens. This particular demographic group is prone to suffering from numerous chronic diseases. The link between old age and chronic disease e.g. is illustrated by USA population reference bureau1, according to which up to 19 million people need to provide day-today primary assistance to their elderly family members. There are already a number of technologies in use, including digital devices, smart sensors and intelligent applications that assist elderly people with their everyday needs in their own homes. Developing a strategy for an integrated technological solution would resolve many issues faced by elderly patients and would lead to improving their quality of life, health, and safety. The objectives of COST Action CA 16226, Indoor living improvement: Smart Habitat for the Elderly (Sheld-on), Working Group 3 was: to explore the specific needs of elderly on physical and psychological level; to describe social, economic and technological consequences related to the care of elderly, to specify quality of live concept in context of smart environment; to review policies in different countries; to find good practices examples from different countries, in order to promote safe, comfortable and healthy living at home. WHO5 describes healthy ageing as the process of developing and maintaining functional ability that enables well- being in older age. Functional ability comprises the health related attributes that enable people to be and to do what they have reason to value. It is made up of intrinsic capacity of the individual and relevant environmental characteristics and the interactions between individual and these characteristics. Intrinsic capacity is the composite of all the physical and mental capacities of individual. Environment comprises all factors in the extrinsic world that form the context of an individual’s life (from micro level to macro level). Within these environments are a range of factors, including the built environment, people and their relationships, attitudes and values, health and social policies, the systems that support them, and the services that they implement. We took this explanation of functional capacity of older people as base for WG3 report on the state of the art, where we explored needs of older persons in relation to healthcare and smart living spaces and tried to map existing policies and practices regarding healthcare and smart living spaces in order to propose topics for future studies. Report summarizes research done by WG3 members as well as results of additional search of information related to WG3 objectives.

In Brazil, given its privileged hydrology, the unexplored economic use of water resources has many dimensions, such as hydroelectric power. This energy will face increasingly rigorous social and environmental impact assessments (40% of potential is located in the Amazon region). Hydropower inventory studies conducted over decades, with solutions such as ecological river flows, that flood smaller areas and reduce natural river flows modifications, are being reviewed. The river extension from dam to the point where the waters are returned after the powerhouse is known as the Reduced Flow Stretch (RFS). Even mega-projects, such as the 11.3 GW Belo Monte dam, are designed with deviating flows reaching an astounding 13,000 m 3/s (excavated material higher than Panama Canal). RFS requires to be carefully studied to achieve appropriate ecological flows, since RFS flows increased reduces the plant's electricity production to the same installed capacity. Balancing RFS requirements and hydroelectric power remains a challenge and, clearly, there is no consensus. Here, we performed an analysis of the main environmental impacts caused by RFS requirements, considering the multiple water use specific for each dam site. The natural variability of river flows provides diversity of habitats and maintains the richness and complexity of biological communities. Therefore, the present study has great ecological, social and economic relevance, since proper evaluation of the RFS requirements avoids potential destabilization of biological communities and even loss of biodiversity. This type of arrangement was more common in dams located in headwaters of rivers, as in the slopes of the Andes mountain range, and in regions like the Alps. There are many hydroelectric plants in South America and Europe that have this type of arrangement of engineering works. But the times are different and the environmental impacts have to be better evaluated. A final aspect also involves the maintenance of ecological flows downstream of dams. Regularization reservoirs need to keep downstream, even if they do not have a TVR, adequate flows that represent minimally the seasonality of the river, with floods and droughts, that propitiate the maintenance of the ecosystems downstream. There are cases such as the Sobradinho Plant in the São Francisco River that has been much questioned in this regard, especially when the climate is changing in the basin, with long periods of drought, and with increasing water use. So this is a very important and increasingly current issue. Resumo No Brasil, dada a sua hidrologia privilegiada, o uso econômico dos recursos hídricos tem muitas dimensões, como a energia hidrelétrica, agricultura, abastecimento humano. A energia hidrelétrica tem enfrentado e enfrentará cada vez mais avaliações de impacto social e ambiental rigorosas (notadamente na região amazônica onde está localizado 40% do potencial). Os últimos estudos de inventário de para implantação de hidrelétricas por esse motivo tem sido feitos procurando soluções que minimizem a área de inundação e abandonando aquelas alternativas que propunham a modificação dos fluxos naturais dos rios, com a construção de reservatórios de regularização. Algumas dessas soluções de engenharia envolvem a proposição de um trecho de vazão reduzida, um trecho de rio que vai da barragem até o ponto em que as águas são devolvidas ao seu curso natural, após passar pelas turbinas, de forma a aproveitar a queda proporcionada pelo rio e pela barragem. Esse estirão fluvial é conhecido como trecho de fluxo ou vazão reduzida (TVR). Mesmo mega-projetos, como a represa de Belo Monte (11,3 GW), são projetados desta forma, com fluxos desviados por vales e canais laterais, escavados (nesse caso chegando a um surpreendente 13000 m3 (de material escavado superior ao do Canal do Panamá). Assim o TVR sofre um impacto severo e definitivo, local onde a vazão natural será diminuída e que precisa ser cuidadosamente estudado para se possa propor fluxos ecológicos adequados, uma vez que um aumento nos fluxos no TVR reduz a produção de eletricidade da planta para a mesma capacidade instalada. A forma de equilibrar os requisitos do TVR e a energia hidroelétrica continua a ser um desafio, e claramente não há consenso. Neste estudo, realizamos uma análise dos principais impactos ambientais causados pelos requisitos do TVR, considerando as múltiplas utilizações de água específicas para cada local da barragem. O estudo é relevante porque a variabilidade natural dos fluxos dos rios fornece diversidade de habitats e mantém a riqueza e a complexidade das comunidades biológicas. Se os requisitos do TVR não forem adequadamente avaliados, pode haver uma desestabilização de comunidades biológicas e até mesmo uma perda de biodiversidade. Esse tipo de arranjo era mais comum em barragens localizadas em cabeceiras de rios, como nas encostas da cordilheira dos Andes, e em regiões como os Alpes. Existem muitas hidrelétricas na América do Sul e na Europa que possuem esse tipo de arranjo de obras de engenharia. Mas os tempos são outros e os impactos ambientais tem que ser melhor avaliados. Um último aspecto também envolve a manutenção de fluxos ecológicos a jusante de barragens. Reservatórios de regularização precisam manter a jusante, mesmo que não tenham um TVR, fluxos adequados que representem minimamente a sazonalidade do rio, com cheias e estiagens, que propiciem a manutenção dos ecossistemas a jusante. Existem casos como o da Usina de Sobradinho no rio São Francisco que tem sido muito questionado nesse aspecto, notadamente quando o clima está mudando na bacia, com longos períodos de estiagem, e com crescimento dos conflitos de uso da água. Portanto esse é um tema importantíssimo e cada vez mais atual.

In Brazil, given its privileged hydrology, the unexplored economic use of water resources has many dimensions, such as hydroelectric power. This energy will face increasingly rigorous social and environmental impact assessments (40% of potential is located in the Amazon region). Hydropower inventory studies conducted over decades, with solutions such as ecological river flows, that flood smaller areas and reduce natural river flows modifications, are being reviewed. The river extension from dam to the point where the waters are returned after the powerhouse is known as the Reduced Flow Stretch (RFS). Even mega-projects, such as the 11.3 GW Belo Monte dam, are designed with deviating flows reaching an astounding 13,000 m 3/s (excavated material higher than Panama Canal). RFS requires to be carefully studied to achieve appropriate ecological flows, since RFS flows increased reduces the plant's electricity production to the same installed capacity. Balancing RFS requirements and hydroelectric power remains a challenge and, clearly, there is no consensus. Here, we performed an analysis of the main environmental impacts caused by RFS requirements, considering the multiple water use specific for each dam site. The natural variability of river flows provides diversity of habitats and maintains the richness and complexity of biological communities. Therefore, the present study has great ecological, social and economic relevance, since proper evaluation of the RFS requirements avoids potential destabilization of biological communities and even loss of biodiversity. This type of arrangement was more common in dams located in headwaters of rivers, as in the slopes of the Andes mountain range, and in regions like the Alps. There are many hydroelectric plants in South America and Europe that have this type of arrangement of engineering works. But the times are different and the environmental impacts have to be better evaluated. A final aspect also involves the maintenance of ecological flows downstream of dams. Regularization reservoirs need to keep downstream, even if they do not have a TVR, adequate flows that represent minimally the seasonality of the river, with floods and droughts, that propitiate the maintenance of the ecosystems downstream. There are cases such as the Sobradinho Plant in the São Francisco River that has been much questioned in this regard, especially when the climate is changing in the basin, with long periods of drought, and with increasing water use. So this is a very important and increasingly current issue.

The topic of this diploma thesis is sexual behaviour and sex education. The adolescent body goes through important biological changes that are reflected in the adolescent behaviour. The aim of this thesis is to describe and summarize the biological changes occurring in adolescence and show their connection to sexual, social, emotional and cognitive development in adolescence. The thesis also describes the psychological aspects of adolescence as well as the changes in cognition and the emotionality. Moreover, it also focuses on the development of human sexual behaviour. Finally, the theoretical part defines the theoretical basis of sex education and describes the current state of integration of sex education into the education system of the Czech Republic. Finally, this thesis also aims to analyse attitudes towards sex education of high-school students depending on the sex and type of attended high school, as well as to map experiences in sexual life of the first-year high- school students. Results are compared to the results of national survey on sexual behaviour. KEYWORDS: Sexual behaviour, sex education, high school, biological changes, psychological changes, puberty, adolescence

In many countries, Newcastle Disease (ND) is one of the most important diseases of poultry. It causes serious economic losses in poultry industry. Newcastle Disease or pseudo-fowl pest is a highly infectious viral disease that causes very high mortality (up to 100% in severe epidemics) in poultry and wild birds around the world. Newcastle Disease remains endemic in many regions and continues to severely limit poultry production in some developing countries. The disease is currently being controlled by routine vaccinations in many countries. However, it was reported that outbreaks of ND in vaccinated flocks often occur on the field may not only be due to differences in the antigenicity of the NDV wild field strains and vaccine strains, but could also be as a result of differences in pathogenicity and virulence between different strains used as vaccine seed in NDV vaccine production.

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária Objetivos: Este projeto de investigação teve como objetivos, avaliar a prevalência das alterações mecânicas e biológicas associadas à Reabilitação Oral com Próteses Parciais Removíveis, nas Clínicas Pedagógicas de Medicina Dentária da Faculdade Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa; verificar se as consultas de controlo após a inserção de Próteses Dentárias são efetivas, como meio de evitar ou minimizar as alterações mecânicas e biológicas associadas às reabilitações protéticas; analisar a importância da posição de reabilitação e a relação oclusal entre arcadas, bem como os contactos oclusais ideais; e por fim, analisar o grau de expectativas do paciente e o grau de satisfação dos pacientes portadores de Próteses Parciais Removíveis nos seguintes critérios: estética, fonética e mastigação. Material e Métodos: Para a realização do projeto de investigação procedeu-se ao contacto dos pacientes reabilitados com Prótese Parcial Removível, entre 2008 a 2012, que cumpriam com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, para realizarem uma consulta de controlo, onde foi aplicado um inquérito para registo dos dados como o historial protético, o estado das próteses dentárias, alterações fonéticas, hábitos de higiene oral, oclusão, contactos oclusais desejáveis, grau de expectativa do paciente e por último o nível de satisfação relativamente à estética, mastigação e fonética. A fundamentação teórica deste trabalho baseou-se em 99 artigos, pesquisados na PubMed, B-on, SienceDirect e sciELO, com limite temporal entre 2004 a 2015, com as palavras-chave: “removable partial denture”, “biological changes”, “mechanical changes” e “patient’s satisfaction”. Resultados/Conclusões: A nível global pode concluir-se com o presente estudo, que as consultas de controlo são de uma enorme importância como meio de minimizar as alterações biológicas e mecânicas associadas à Reabilitação Oral, pois a presente amostra era constituída por indivíduos que nos últimos 4 anos tinham comparecido às Clínicas Pedagógicas de Medicina Dentária da Faculdade Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa, para realizarem consultas de controlo ou então tratamentos médico-dentários, permitindo assim controlar ou minimizar possíveis alterações relacionadas com a Reabilitação Oral. Podemos também verificar que mesmo havendo um decréscimo de 5% da satisfação dos pacientes desde a inserção das Próteses Parciais Removíveis até à consulta de avaliação, para realização do estudo, em geral os pacientes se encontravam satisfeitos com as suas Próteses Parciais Removíveis, em parte devido aos controlos periódicos realizados. Objectives: This research project had as objectives, to evaluate the prevalence of mechanical and biological changes associated to Oral Rehabilitation with Removable Partial Prostheses, in Pedagogical Clinics of Dental School of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University; check if the consultations of control after the insertion of Dental Prostheses are effective, as a means to avoid or minimize mechanical and biological changes associated with prosthetic rehabilitation; analyze the importance of the position of rehabilitation and the occlusal relationship between arcades, as well as the ideal occlusal contacts; and finally, to analyze the degree of patient expectations and the degree of satisfaction of patients with Removable Partial Prosthesis on the following criteria: aesthetics, phonetic and mastication. Material and Methods: For the realization of the research project, it was carried out the contact of the rehabilitated patients with Removable Partial Prosthesis, between 2008 and 2012, who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria, to carry out a consultation of control, where an investigation was applied for registration of data as the prosthetic history, the condition of dental prostheses, phonetic changes, oral hygiene habits, occlusion, desirable occlusal contacts, degree of expectation of the patient, and finally, the level of satisfaction with the aesthetic, chewing and phonetic. The theoretical foundation of this work was based on 99 articles, searched in PubMed, B-on, SienceDirect and SciELO, with a temporal limit between 2004 and 2015, with the key words: “removable partial denture”, “biological changes”, “mechanical changes” and “patient's satisfaction”. Results/Conclusions: The global level can be conclude with this study, that the consultations of control are of enormous importance as a means to minimize biological and mechanical changes associated to Oral Rehabilitation, because the present sample comprised individuals who, in the past 4 years, had appeared to Pedagogical Clinics of Dental School of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, to conduct consultations of control or medical-dental treatments, thus allowing control or minimize possible changes related to Oral Rehabilitation. We can also verify that even with a decrease of 5% of the patient’s satisfaction since the insertion of the Removable Partial Prosthesis up to the consultation of evaluation, for completion of the study, in general the patients were satisfied with their Removable Partial Prosthesis, due in part to the periodic checks performed.

Introducción: En odontología, los adolescentes son un grupo de referencia importante, pues en este período ocurren las principales variaciones dentales-maxilares y se consolida la identidad que definirá una actitud hacia la salud oral en el futuro. Metodología: En la base Pubmed del National Center for Biotechnology Information, se hizo una búsqueda de artículos de 1997 hasta 2007, para obtener datos sobre adolescencia en un plano bio-psicosocial. La bibliografía consultada se limitó a los idiomas inglés y español. Resultados: Los cambios hormonales incrementan peso, talla, masa muscular y ósea, e incluyen la adquisición de los caracteres sexuales secundarios. En relación con la salud oral, la incidencia de caries y enfermedad periodontal aumenta durante estos años. En términos de las características psicosociales, los adolescentes afirman su identidad en este tiempo. Hay una evolución del autoerotismo a la heterosexulidad, muestran fluctuaciones de humor, actitudes sociales reivindicatorias, y hay una separación progresiva de sus padres y preferencia por asociarse con sus pares. Estos cambios pueden llevar a problemas como alcoholismo, uso de sustancias psicoactivas y embarazo. Conclusiones: Los adolescentes sufren cambios físicos y emocionales importantes. La adolescencia es una edad crítica, y por este motivo es indispensable poner especial atención, dados su complejidad e impacto sobre distintos aspectos de la salud oral. Sería válido aplicar estrategias practicadas en otros países para mejorar la salud bucodental durante estos años, p. e, incluir enseñanzas sobre la adolescencia en los programas de salud a nivel universitario. Background: In dentistry, adolescents are an important reference group, since during this period the main dental and maxillary changes occur and their identity is consolidated, which will define their future attitude towards oral health. Methodology: In the years of 1997 through 2007, the National Center for Biotechnology PUBMED data base was searched for articles about adolescent bio-psychosocial features. The search was limited to articles in English and Spanish. Results: Hormonal changes increase weight, stature, muscular and bone mass, and include the acquisition of the secondary sexual characteristics. Regarding oral health, the incidence of dental caries and periodontal disease peaks during these years. In terms of psychosocial characteristics, adolescents solidify their identity in this time. There is an evolution from an autoerotic focus to heterosexuality, show emotional fluctuations, vindicatory social attitudes, and there is a progressive separation from their parents and preferential association with their peers. These changes can lead to problems such as alcoholism, use of psychoactive substances and pregnancy. Conclusions: Adolescents undergo substantial physical and emotional changes. Adolescence is a critical age, for that reason it is important to pay special attention to it, as this period is complex and has an impact on several aspects of oral health. It would be valid to utilize the strategies practiced in other countries to help oral health outcomes during these years, i.e., the inclusion of teaching sessions on adolescence in health programs at university leve.

Navorsing wat gedoen is oor depressie onder vroeë adolessente berus grootliks op data wat deur ouers verskaf is, en lewer uiteenlopende resultate. Tydens hierdie literatuurstudie is bevind dat daar 'n toename in die voorkoms van depressie onder vroeë adolessente is. Hierdie empiriese studie is dus onderneem om te bepaal wat die voorkoms van depressiesimptome onder 12- en 13-jarige leerders in 'n primêre skool is, asook om te bepaal of daar enige intervensie plaasvind. Die gestandaardiseerde selfevalueringskaal, die "Children's Depression Inventory" (CDI), is as meetinstrument gebruik om die voorkoms van depressie te bepaal, terwyl 'n selfgestruktureerde vraelys gebruik is om biografiese besonderhede van die leerders te bekom. Die resultate van hierdie navorsing toon aan dat 10,8% van die respondente wel aan die kriteria vir depressiesimptome voldoen. Riglyne vanuit die literatuur is saamgestel om ouers en onderwysers bewus te maak van die vroeë waarskuwingstekens van depressie onder jong adolessente. The main aim of this research was to determine whether learners aged 12 and 13 years in a primary school experience symptoms of depression. It is a well-known fact that today's learners often experience feelings of downheartedness. The experience of downheartedness may be of a temporary nature but Johnson (2004) warns that this emotion may lead to depression. This age group has been purposefully selected for this research because learners in this group are extremely vulnerable in terms of significant biological, cognitive and social changes. These learners are currently in Grade 7 which often is the highlight of their primary school career. Together with positive feelings, some of the learners might also experience feelings of fear for the secondary school that lies ahead. This dual state of emotions can cause great confusion in their minds. The occurrence of excitement and highlights combined with fear is called the "top-dog phenomenon". This phenomenon combined with the effects of biological changes can give rise to the occurrence of symptoms of depression. The increasing occurrence of depression amongst adolescents can be as high as 20 to 30 percent for diagnosable depressive disturbances (Berk 2003:197). This indicates that two to three out of every ten adolescents in the general population will probably experience depressive disturbances. The causes of depression are multiple, including a chemical imbalance in the brain, psychological factors, or a combination of the two. Hormonal changes, apathy and boredom, peer pressure, conflict with superiors, relationship problems, family problems, excessive worrying, school and examination stress, bullying, genetic causes and many more factors can cause depression. The more factors present in the learner's life, the greater the chances of him/her developing a mental disturbance. To diagnose depression successfully, a multi-dimensional approach with different modes, for example, clinical interviews or self-evaluation questionnaires and information from the parents and the learner him/herself should be taken. When diagnosing children and adolescents, it is very important to keep the different factors of the learners' developmental dimension in mind. Neglecting to identify or diagnose symptoms of depression in adolescence, can lead to the following behaviour: drug abuse, anti-social behaviour, restlessness, truancy, problems at school, promiscuity, decreased hygiene and an increase in sensitivity to rejection. It is furthermore important to realise that adolescents who have been diagnosed with depression run a greater risk of repeated episodes of depression. Symptoms of depression during adolescence give rise to such a severe feeling of hopelessness that it can be a trigger for and a forecast to suicide. The literature study that informed this study was verified by an empirical study where a standardised self-evaluation scale namely the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) as well as a self-structured questionnaire were implemented. The results indicated that 10,8% of the respondents do meet the criteria for symptoms of depression. The biographical variables indicated significant correlations between symptoms of depression and gender, the relationship between the learners and their fathers and mothers, and the learners' feelings about the volume of tasks and homework with which they had to cope. Correlations were established also between symptoms of depression and bullying at school, and a strong correlation between depression and the learners' need to discuss their problems with someone. Because this research has indicated that a significant number of the involved learners most certainly do experience symptoms of depression, the researcher found it necessary to compile a set of guidelines on these symptoms. These guidelines were compiled from the literature to serve as warning signals for depression in early adolescence and can be of great assistance to educators and parents. The indication by learners that they do experience a great need for a person with whom they may discuss their problems, serves as a warning that any adult working with adolescents should heed.

Straipsnyje apibūdinta biologinio turto esmė ir biologinių pokyčių įtaka šio turto įvertinimui. Išanalizuotas biologinio turto įkainojimo metodų taikymas, atskleisti įvertinimo savikaina ir tikrąja verte, atėmus pardavimo vietos išlaidas, metodų privalumai ir trūkumai, nustatyta minėtų įkainojimo metodų įtaka įmonės veiklos rezultatui. The paper describes the essence of biological assets and the influence of biological changes on the value of these assets Analysis of pricing of biological assets according to their cost price and fair value minus the estimated point of sale costs, an essential difference between these evaluation methods has been established When assets are priced by their fair value minus the estimated point of sale costs, the usefulness of this asset (i e the possibility to earn income m future) at the moment of its origin is evaluated, therefore gross profit and loss are recognized before the moment of sales When the fair value exceeds the cost price of manufacturing, the profit and the assets are overestimated m the financial statement, and this con predicts the principle of precaution, which provides for evaluation of assets by a lower value.