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This paper presents a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) loaded coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed with a circular shape, miniaturized diamond slot planar monopole antenna. The proposed antenna for healthcare monitoring biomedical applications uses the industrial medical and scientific band. The antenna design and development to implant the human phantom are proposed. The primary goal of this work is to continuously monitor the patient's ability to detect abnormal conditions as soon as possible as a result of improvements in quality of life. In this case, an antenna design methodology must prioritize features such as miniaturization, increased gain and bandwidth, and biocompatibility. Simulated and measured antenna characteristics for biomedical applications are performed at ISM Band frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in life expectancy has led to a concerning decline in the body's functional capacity, particularly in bone health, where decreased resistance and increased fracture susceptibility pose significant challenges in orthopedics. While traditional bone grafting methods have drawbacks, synthetic materials, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA), offer promising alternatives due to their biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. However, HA's mechanical limitations necessitate reinforcement, with boron nitride nanostructures emerging as a particularly effective option, enhancing fracture resistance and combining HA with collagen, further mimicking natural bone composition, offering several benefits. Moreover, crosslinking agents like tannic acid (TA) improve collagen's stability and introduce therapeutic benefits. Therefore, the present work aimed to synthesize an innovative nanocomposite formed by hydroxyapatite, boron nitride nanostructures, collagen, and tannic acid. The nanocomposites obtained were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TGA), elemental analysis of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHN), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical tests of Vickers hardness, nanoindentation, tensile, and DMA demonstrated an increase in the mechanical resistance of the nanocomposites, thus corroborating their promising character. A controlled drug release test showed that the system could be used for antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) delivery, further expanding its function. Biological cell viability assays reported that the system is not toxic to healthy cells and is harmful to tumor cells, thus demonstrating the antitumor nature of TA. Therefore, integrating HA, BN nanostructures, collagen, and TA into a multifunctional nanocomposite, a novel approach in orthopedic biomaterial design is offered as a promising solution to address various bone-related challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen derived from freshwater fish scales is a potential material for hemostatic and wound healing. 3D printing method is an environmentally friendly technique to geometrically‐controlled samples and is widely applied to prepare collagen‐based materials. This work aims to compare the advantages of preparation methods for hemostatic materials based on collagen, in which, the traditional method, solution will be compared with the modern method, 3D printing. Collagen in gel form was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and was first time modified with ginsenoside Rb1 and Camellia chrysantha polyphenols. The characteristics of biomaterial samples, including functional groups, morphology, and element composition of samples have been assessed using infrared spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive x‐ray, field emission scanning electron microscopy. The swelling degree and hemostatic ability of biomaterial samples prepared according to two methods would be tested. The antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory tests, and in vivo test on mice were carried out on these biomaterials. The findings confirmed that the 3D printing method with direct ink writing technique is more suitable for the preparation of hemostatic collagen‐based membrane than the solution method. The time to hemostasis when using collagen‐based membrane was found to be 104.0 ± 16.7 s. Moreover, the collagen‐based biomaterials also have anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial activity. This opens potential applications of the biomaterials from fish scale collagen in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In circumstances of severe traumatic bleeding, urgent bleeding control is vital to the wellness and life of the wounded person. Among many hemostatic measures, gauze is widely used because of cost‐effectiveness, safety and efficiency. However, it may suck a large amount of blood before bleeding stops. Thus, advanced hemostatic gauzes less blood loss and quick hemostatic rate and is greatly demanded. Herein, a novel tissue adhesive gauze (TA‐gauze) is developed by coating a thin layer of polyethyleneimine/poly(acrylic acid) (PEI/PAA) on the plain cotton gauze. This TA‐gauze has a reduced hydrophilicity and gets a new trait of wet tissue adhesiveness from the PEI/PAA coating layer. The TA‐gauze shows much improved hemostatic performance in the rat injury models, that is, its blood loss in the rat femoral artery model is just 13% that of the cotton gauze, due to it can retard the blood movement in the gauze and at the seam of gauze/tissue through a synergistic effect of tissue adhesion and hygroscopicity. It is biocompatible and on‐demand detachable. The simple preparation procedure and high hemostatic efficiency of the TA‐gauze may promise a bright future for an ideal hemostatic dressing for bleeding control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain a kind of anticancer drug delivery carriers with good stability in blood circulation, high cellular uptake, and controlled drug release ability, folate‐modified polyurethane with disulfide bonds and amino groups (FPUSN) and polyurethane with carboxyl groups (PUC) were respectively synthesized. FPUSN and PUC could co‐assemble in water to form nanomicelles (FPUSN/PUC) via electrostatic interaction. When the mass ratio of FPUSN to PUC was 12, FPUSN/PUC‐12 micelles had obvious negative‐to‐positive charge‐reversal property with decreasing pH from 7.4 to 5.0. Doxorubicin‐loaded micelles (FPUSN/PUC‐12@DOX) with negative charges showed excellent stability under simulated normal physiological condition. However, the charge‐reversal happened at pH 6.5 and positive charges increased with the pH decrease. When the glutathione concentration was 10 mM, the structure of FPUSN/PUC‐12@DOX micelles was broken. So FPUSN/PUC‐12@DOX micelles exhibited significant acid/reduction‐sensitive drug release properties and then DOX could be rapidly released in simulated tumor intracellular environment. Cellular experimental results demonstrated that FPUSN/PUC‐12 micelles could enhance cellular uptake under acid condition and FPUSN/PUC‐12@DOX micelles had better anti‐proliferation effect against HGC‐27 cells at pH 6.5 than that at pH 7.4 owing to multi‐responsive synergistic effects. Therefore, FPUSN/PUC micelles will have great application potential as drug delivery carriers for enhancing anticancer efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach to pressure sensors with dual‐function resistors and capacitors implemented with interdigitated capacitors fabricated on a flexible substrate for detecting abnormal actions during walking. In this study, we proposed a highly sensitive, broad‐range pressure sensor achieved through a combination of porous Ecoflex, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), coating single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and interdigitated electrodes. First, characterizations of the capacitor and resistor sensor applied onto cotton fabric are completed by precision LCR meter across the frequency at 50 kHz. Subsequently, the presence of volume fraction CNTs enhances the bond strength of composites, and coating SWCNT improves sensor sensitivity. The robustness of our presented sensor is validated through testing under high pressure (50 kPa) for more than 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the combination of CNTs and porous dielectric, along with SWCNT coating, achieves a broad detection range (500 kPa) with a sensitivity range from 0.018 (at 500 kPa) to 0.15 KPa−1 (at 5 kPa). Finally, our high‐performance resistive/capacitive pressure sensor applied on smart insoles represents a significant advancement in wearable technology for health monitoring and safety applications. Leveraging an advanced autoencoder, our proposed sensor accurately detects abnormal activity patterns, such as sudden stops or irregular gait, thereby alerting users to potential safety concerns. Its ability to detect abnormal activity patterns enhances user safety and well‐being, making it a tool for various healthcare and fitness applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers with ammonium or phosphonium salts have been known to possess antimicrobial activity. Herein, synthesis of poly(vinylbenzyl chloride‐co‐acrylonitrile) (P(VBC‐co‐AN)) is reported via a free radical polymerization by employing AIBN as initiator. The copolymer was then quaternized using triethylamine, triphenylphosphine, and tributylphosphine. The triphenylphosphonium salt was selected for further modification, on which the polyacrylonitrile chains were reacted with two different amines: tris (2‐aminoethylamine) and diethylenetriamine. The copolymerization, quaternization, and amination reactions were confirmed by spectroscopic and morphologic analysis besides the thermal features. The water uptake of modified polymers was investigated, where tributylphosphonium salt (KH4) showed the highest water uptake capacity (41 g/g). The antimicrobial assay findings demonstrated that all the evaluated copolymers displayed a wide range of antimicrobial activity against different multidrug resistant human pathogens, for example polymer coded KH4 containing tributylphosphonium salt showed the highest growth inhibition rates against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis populations, recorded 87% and 72%; respectively. The anti‐inflammatory activity revealed that all the quaternized copolymers have a protection effect of human erythrocyte membrane against lysis. Antioxidant results revealed that all quaternized copolymers displayed 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl scavenging activities. Among the studied copolymers, aminated copolymer coded (KH6) exhibited the highest scavenging activity, with IC50 ~ 120 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive glasses are renowned for their applications in dentistry, serving as restorative materials, dental adhesives, intracanal medicaments, and agents for enamel remineralization. Niobium pentoxide (Nb 2 O 5) is employed in dental adhesive resins and orthodontic adhesives, offering radio-pacifying properties essential for dental materials. Samarium oxide (Sm 2 O 3) emerges as a potential additive in aesthetic restorative dental ceramics and resins, enhancing the natural fluorescence of teeth. In this study Nb 2 O 5 and Sm 2 O 3 -doped (1, 3, and 5 wt%) 13–93 bioactive glass particles were synthesized via the sol-gel method, tailored for dental implementations. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the physical, structural, and optical properties of the resultant glass powders. Additionally, their in vitro bioactivity and ionizing radiation shielding characteristics were rigorously evaluated. The results indicate that Sm3+ ions preserve the amorphous nature of the silicate glasses, while Nb5+ incorporation leads to the crystallization of the T-Nb 2 O 5 phase. Bioactivity assays across three physiological fluids—simulated body fluid, α-minimum essential medium, and phosphate-buffered saline, demonstrated the ability of doped glasses to facilitate hydroxyapatite layer formation, with the most pronounced bioactivity observed in phosphate-buffered saline immersed samples. Furthermore, radiation shielding simulations reveal that the addition of Nb 2 O 5 and Sm 2 O 3 enhances the ionizing radiation attenuation capabilities of the glasses, a property that holds significant promise for protecting against radiation in dental radiology. It can be concluded that the dual functionality of Nb5+ and Sm3+-doped bioactive glasses, which may revolutionize restorative dental practices and offer improved protection in radiological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The re-evaluation of animals, plants, and microorganisms for green synthesis has revolutionized the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs). Green synthesis provides more biocompatibility compared to chemically synthesized MNPs, which make them ideal for diverse biological applications, especially in biomedicine. Various organisms have been extensively studied for green synthesis. Interestingly, angiosperms, algae, and animal-derived biomaterials like chitin and silk have shown a prominent role in synthesizing these nanoparticles. Moreover, bacteria, viruses, and fungi serve as sources of reducing agents, further expanding green synthesis possibilities. Despite progress, research on natural reducing agents remains relatively limited, with only a few exceptions such as tea and neem plants receiving attention. Green-synthesized nanoparticles have diverse applications in various fields. In biomedicine, they enable drug delivery, targeted therapies, and bio-imaging due to their enhanced biocompatibility. Some MNPs also exhibit potent antimicrobial properties, aiding in disease control and eco-friendly disinfection. Furthermore, green nanoparticles contribute to environmental remediation by purifying water and serve as sensitive biosensors for diagnostics and environmental monitoring. This review will provide the recent progress and advancements in the field of green synthesis (GS) of nanoparticles. It will also analyze the key characteristics and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of GS compared to chemical synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] As an emerging fluorophore, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have received widespread attention in recent years, but the inherent drawbacks of AIEgens, such as the poor water-solubility and insufficient fluorescence stability in complex environments, restrict their performance in practical applications. Herein, we report a universal strategy based on hydrophobic dendritic mesoporous silica (HMSN) that can integrate different AIE molecules to construct multi-color fluorescent AIE materials. Specifically, HMSN with central radial pores was used as a powerful carrier for direct loading AIE molecules and restricting their intramolecular motions. Due to the pore-domain restriction effect and hydrophobic interaction, the obtained silica-based AIE materials have bright fluorescence with a maximum quantum yield of 68.38%, high colloidal/fluorescence stability, and excellent biosafety. Further, these silica-based AIE materials can be conjugated with functional antibodies to obtain probes with different targetability. After integration with immunomagnetic beads, the prepared detection probes achieved the quantitative detection of cardiac troponin I with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.508 ng/mL. Overall, the targeting probes stemming from silica-based AIE materials can not only achieve cell-specific imaging, but quantify the number of Jurkat cells (LOD = 270 cells/mL) to further determine the specific etiology of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, stimulation‐responsive hydrogels have emerged as a promising vehicle for wound management and drug delivery. However, due to their limited therapeutic effect, there is an urgent need to develop new hydrogel systems that can achieve effective wound treatment. MXenes have been widely used in diagnostic, antimicrobial, and electrochemical sensing applications, and are increasingly being investigated for their potential in wound therapy. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of responsive MXene‐based hydrogels systems for wound repair, including their synthesis methods, structures, surface modification strategies, biomedical applications, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges that responsive MXene‐based hydrogels are likely to face in the future. Overall, this review will be a useful resource for researchers and practitioners working on the development and application of responsive MXene‐based hydrogels for wound treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesives are in general chemically or physically sticky substances used to join surfaces. In case of gluing biological and living substrates, there is a need for bioadhesives that meet requirements such as biocompatibility, non‐toxicity, and degradability. Inspiration for bioadhesives is found in nature, where distinct mussels, sandcastle worms, barnacles, caddisfly larvae, spiders, and glowworms amongst others, use mainly protein‐based glues for various purposes. There is a great selection of reviews and books covering the use of various bioadhesives in various applications, but here the focus lies on advances in the development of bio‐inspired protein‐based adhesives for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium nitride (ZrN) nanoparticles (NPs) can offer appealing plasmonic properties for biomedical applications, but the synthesis of nontoxic, water-dispersible nanoformulations exhibiting plasmonic features in the biotransparency window presents a great challenge. Here, we report the synthesis, by methods of laser ablation, of small ZrN-based NPs, which are unique in combining photothermal heating and near-field enhancement in the transparency window. Depending on the synthesis environment, the formed ZrN-based NPs exhibit plasmonic absorption bands with maxima around 660–670 and 610–630 nm, which are largely red-shifted compared to what is expected from pure ZrN NPs. The observed shift is explained by the inclusion of zirconium oxide ZrOx (1 < x < 2) into NP composition and NP coating by naturally formed ZrOx. We then explored biophotonic applications of ZrN NPs. While pure NPs demonstrate their nontoxicity in vitro, their conjugation with anti-HER1 affibody ZHER1:1907 and subsequent photothermal heating with NIR-I laser cause 100% cancer cell death. In addition, profiting from the field enhancement, we demonstrate bioimaging functionality using a designed surface-enhanced Raman scattering probe based on an NP-conjugated azobenzene-CN-OH molecule as a Raman reporter. Combining a strong photothermal effect and the imaging option, laser-synthesized ZrN/ZrOx NPs promise a major advancement of theranostic modalities based on plasmonic nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallium ions have a special action mechanism that interferes bacterial iron metabolism, thereby possessing great potential for the treatment of bacterial infections. In this work, gallium ions‐cross‐linked konjac glucomannan/polyacrylamide (KGM/PAM/Ga3+) hydrogels are successfully constructed with satisfactory swelling ability, appropriate mechanical properties and adjustable degradation performance. Ga ions as a kind of cross‐linking agent can enhance the stability, and more importantly, improve the bactericidal ability of hydrogel, thus forming novel functional KGM/PAM/Ga3+ hydrogels for treating wounds. After the evaluation of antibacterial activity and biocompatibility, KGM/PAM/Ga3+ hydrogels can effectively inhibit the proliferation of bacteria through the gradual and sustainable release of Ga ions from the hydrogel with negligible cytotoxicity and good blood compatibility. Furthermore, they possess exceptional self‐healing behavior, and can be readily adapted to varying degrees of bending, which matches skin wound dressing application. Finally, the results of wound healing performance and histological evaluation demonstrate that KGM/PAM/Ga3+ hydrogels can efficiently accelerate infected wound healing and facilitate the regeneration of skin tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impressive adhesive capacity of marine mussels has inspired various fascinating designs in biomedical fields. Mussel-inspired injectable adhesive hydrogels, as a type of promising mussel-inspired material, have attracted much attention due to their minimally invasive property and desirable functions provided by mussel-inspired components. In recent decades, various mussel-inspired injectable adhesive hydrogels have been designed and widely applied in numerous biomedical fields. The rational incorporation of mussel-inspired catechol groups endows the injectable hydrogels with the potential to exhibit many properties, including tissue adhesiveness and self-healing, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capabilities, broadening the applications of injectable hydrogels in biomedical fields. In this review, we first give a brief introduction to the adhesion mechanism of mussels and the characteristics of injectable hydrogels. Further, the typical design strategies of mussel-inspired injectable adhesive hydrogels are summarized. The methodologies for integrating catechol groups into polymers and the crosslinking methods of mussel-inspired hydrogels are discussed in this section. In addition, we systematically overview recent mussel-inspired injectable adhesive hydrogels for biomedical applications, with a focus on how the unique properties of these hydrogels benefit their applications in these fields. The challenges and perspectives of mussel-inspired injectable hydrogels are discussed in the last section. This review may provide new inspiration for the design of novel bioinspired injectable hydrogels and facilitate their application in various biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver is the most important metabolic organ in the body. While mouse models and cell lines have further deepened our understanding of liver biology and related diseases, they are flawed in replicating key aspects of human liver tissue, particularly its complex structure and metabolic functions. The organoid model represents a major breakthrough in cell biology that revolutionized biomedical research. Organoids are in vitro three-dimensional (3D) physiological structures that recapitulate the morphological and functional characteristics of tissues in vivo, and have significant advantages over traditional cell culture methods. In this review, we discuss the generation strategies and current advances in the field focusing on their application in regenerative medicine, drug discovery and modeling diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional metallic biomaterials including titanium and its alloys, stainless steel, cobalt‐chromium alloys, magnesium alloys are gold standards for load bearing hard tissue applications, because of adequate mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, ductility and strength for long term support and stability. However, metallic implants suffer from poor osteointegration and early degradation in host body, owing to an array of factors which include stress shieling effect, corrosion, metal toxicity, microbial contamination and low bioactivity. Therefore, to improve integration of implants with host tissue and overall mechanical and biological functions, metallic implants are coated with bioactive glasses (BG). BG are one of the most promising implant coating materials used for bone repair and reconstruction, mainly because of excellent angiogenic, osteoconductive, osteoinductive, corrosion resistance, resorbability, biocompatibility, bioactivity and anti‐microbial properties. Various BG compositions are employed for diverse biomedical applications ranging from wound healing, bone formation, corrosion resistance, drug delivery to scaffolds in tissue engineering and different methods are used for coating BG on implants to enhance stability and bond strength between implant and coating. This narrative review gives a detailed overview on metallic implants, issues of metal alloys when used in implants and how metallic implants are improved by various BG compositions and coating methods. This review provides an updated information on advantages of different BG compositions in implants fabrication in order to address challenges and tailor mechanical and biological properties of implants for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO3) perovskite is a promising material for various technological applications. The structural, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of ZrSiO3 perovskite are studied under different conditions, including pressure and layer configuration variations using density functional theory. The present investigation includes a thorough analysis of 2D perovskite derivatives derived from its basic 3D structure. The bulk and surface‐terminated silicon‐dominant SiO2 and zirconium‐dominant ZrO compounds are found to be mechanically stable with an anisotropy factor above 1. The calculated indirect‐bandgap values for the ZrO termination and SiO2 termination are found to be 2.585 and 1.639 eV, respectively. Moreover, the pore size of the SiO2‐terminated slab model of ZrSiO3 is calculated to be 105.39 μm and that for ZrO‐termination to be 129.30 μm. Thus, the material considered for the study can have potential applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering. Further, the possibilities for modifying ZrSiO3 for uses in electrical devices, sensors, sustainable energy materials, and even biomedical applications like tissue engineering are intriguingly expanded by the present findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen (O2), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen (H2) with direct effects, and carbon dioxide (CO2) with complementary effects on the condition of various diseases are known as therapeutic gases. The targeted delivery and in situ generation of these therapeutic gases with controllable release at the site of disease has attracted attention to avoid the risk of gas poisoning and improve their performance in treating various diseases such as cancer therapy, cardiovascular therapy, bone tissue engineering, and wound healing. Stimuli‐responsive gas‐generating sources and delivery systems based on biomaterials that enable on‐demand and controllable release are promising approaches for precise gas therapy. This work highlights current advances in the design and development of new approaches and systems to generate and deliver therapeutic gases at the site of disease with on‐demand release behavior. The performance of the delivered gases in various biomedical applications is then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have emerged as promising metal nanoparticles in biomedical applications. In particular, green-synthesized PdNPs have gained significant attention due to their advantages of being simple, cost-effective, and low-toxic. This review summarizes the green synthesis of medicinal-oriented PdNPs using natural sources such as plants, mushrooms, algae, fungi, and biological molecules. Furthermore, this review discusses the potential biomedical applications of these green-synthesized PdNPs such as photothermal therapy, antibacterial/antitumor therapies, drug delivery, and imaging. It also identifies the current challenges and prospects for their use in these applications. Overall, this review demonstrates the promising potential of biogenic PdNPs for biomedical applications and provides valuable insights for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology has potential advantages in various disciplines of science. Nanomedicine has emerged as a specific application of nanotechnology in health system. The use of nanoscale materials in nanomedicine holds a promising potential for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of several diseases. During the last three decades, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have stimulated a significant attention worldwide due to their impressive advantages like small size and mass, high surface area-to-volume ratio, easy functionalization, superb physico-mechanical properties, and so on. CNTs have provided multifunctional platforms for biological applications such as bioimaging, biosensing, medical diagnosis, phototherapy, drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, etc. owing to their innovative and attractive properties. This review presents a comprehensive framework of the unique advantages and up-to-date advanced biomedical applications of CNTs to date, with special emphasis on the recent progress in nanomedicine like phototherapy, drug and gene delivery, and tissue engineering. Besides the applications, an overview of CNTs along with some important methodologies of synthesis is also discussed herewith. Lastly, some major concerns to be challenged and perspectives for the future development of CNTs in the field of biomedical sector are highlighted in this paper which will help to give valuable insights into new research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the durable polymers with potential in a plethora of healthcare applications. Its biological properties, degradability, chemical properties, and mechanical properties can further be modified to manufacture desired products for modern biomedical applications. Electrospinning of PCL offers the opportunity to design treatment materials that resemble human tissues and facilitate regeneration at the target site. The resultant materials can also be modified by loading other active functional materials to broaden their applications. Herein, the recent advances in the preparation and modification of PCL‐based materials for healthcare applications are elucidated. The challenges and future trends for its application in modern biomedical applications are also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials have aroused great interests in drug delivery due to their nanoscale structure, facile modifiability, and multifunctional physicochemical properties. Currently, stimuli‐responsive nanomaterials that can respond to endogenous or exogenous stimulus display strong potentials in biomedical applications. In comparison with conventional nanomaterials, stimuli‐responsive nanomaterials can improve therapeutic efficiency and reduce the toxicity of drugs toward normal tissues through specific targeting and on‐demand drug release at pathological sites. In this review, we summarize the responsive mechanism of a variety of stimulus, including pH, redox, and enzymes within pathological microenvironment, as well as exogenous stimulus such as thermal effect, magnetic field, light, and ultrasound. After that, biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, imaging, and theranostics) of stimuli‐responsive nanomaterials in a diverse array of common diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurological disorders, inflammation, and bacterial infection, are presented and discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and outlooks of future research directions for the biomedical applications of stimuli‐responsive nanomaterials are also discussed. We hope that this review can provide valuable guidance for developing stimuli‐responsive nanomaterials and accelerate their biomedical applications in diseases diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the cytotoxicity profile of superparamagnetic Fe3O4-Ag decorated nanoparticles against human fibroblasts (HFF-1) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The nanoparticles underwent comprehensive characterization employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and magnetic assays including hysteresis curves and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) plots. The nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic behavior as evidenced by magnetic studies. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that both HFF-1 and MCF-7 cells maintained nearly 100% viability upon nanoparticle exposure, underscoring the outstanding biocompatibility of Fe3O4/Ag decorated nanoparticles and suggesting their potential utility in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and magnetic targeting. Furthermore, the study analyzed the cytotoxic effects of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-Ag decorated nanoparticles to evaluate their biocompatibility for further therapeutic efficacy. Results showed that neither type of nanoparticle significantly reduced cell viability in HFF-1 fibroblasts, indicating non-cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. Similarly, MCF-7 breast cancer cells did not exhibit a significant change in viability when exposed to different nanoparticle concentrations, highlighting the compatibility of these nanoparticles with both healthy and cancerous cells. Additionally, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by cells exposed to the nanoparticles was examined to guarantee their biosafety for further therapeutic potential. Higher concentrations (50–100 μg/mL) of Fe3O4-Ag nanoparticles decreased ROS production in both HFF-1 and MCF-7 cells, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles were more effective in generating ROS. This differential response suggests that Fe3O4-Ag nanoparticles might modulate oxidative stress more effectively, thus beneficial for future anticancer strategies due to cancer cells' susceptibility to ROS-induced damage. These findings contribute to understanding nanoparticle interactions with cellular oxidative mechanisms, which are crucial for developing safe and effective nanoparticle-based therapies. This investigation advances our understanding of nanostructured materials in biological settings and highlights their promising prospects in biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a cost-effective co-precipitation method. Magnetite NPs were encapsulated with silica via the modified Stober Method. Tetra ethyl ortho silicate (TEOS) was hydrolyzed and condensed with ethanol and H2O solution. Stable and biocompatible NPs were synthesized for biomedical applications such as bioseparation. This study expresses the NPs that can potentially be used in the bioseparation of toxic protein isolations and targeted drug delivery. X-ray diffraction verified the phase pattern having crystals like Fd-3m cubic space. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images identified the spherical-shaped NPs having size ranges from 15nm to 30nm for magnetite NPs and 20–40nm for silica-coated magnetite NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the bond spectrum peak at 549cm−1 and 562cm−1 for magnetite NPs and silica-coated magnetite NPs, respectively. UV–Visible analysis observed the band absorptions above 250nm for magnetite and above 300nm for silica-coated magnetite NPs. This research suggests an easy way to use silica-coated Magnetite NPs for bioseparation at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerative biomedicine has emerged as a forefront area in medical research, heralding a new era of therapeutic strategies. This review delineates the integration of 2D materials (2DMs) within the area of biomedical engineering, leveraging their superior physicochemical attributes for enhance biomedical outcomes. The synergistic interaction between biomacromolecules and 2DMs is explored, demonstrating their potential to mitigate the limitations inherent to each while simultaneously augmenting their beneficial properties. In particular, incorporating 2DMs into hydrogels highlights their capability to enhance the mechanical strength of hydrogels, providing a biomimetic scaffold for tissue engineering regeneration and cancer diagnosis and therapy. An overview of the synthetic methodologies are provided for 2DMs, elucidating their interaction dynamics with biomacromolecules. The review primarily concentrates on the applications of biomacromolecule‐reinforced 2DM hydrogels across various biomedical fields, including bone tissue engineering, wound healing, neural tissue engineering, cardiac tissue engineering, as well as in the delivery of drugs and genes, cancer therapy, and biosensing technologies. Finally, the review discusses the existing challenges and future outlook for developing and using biomacromolecule‐reinforced 2DM hydrogels, underlining their transformative potential in regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yarn‐woven triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have greatly advanced wearable sensor technology, but their limited sensitivity and stability hinder broad adoption. To address these limitations, Poly(VDF‐TrFE) and P(olyadiohexylenediamine (PA66)‐based nanofibers coaxial yarns (NCYs) combining coaxial conjugated electrospinning and online conductive adhesive coating are developed. The integration of these NCYs led to enhanced TENGs (NCY‐TENGs), notable for their flexibility, stretchability, and improved sensitivity, which is ideal for capturing body motion signals. One significant application of this technology is the fabrication of smart insoles from NCY‐TENG plain‐woven fabrics. These insoles are highly sensitive and possess antibacterial, breathable, and washable properties, making them ideal for real‐time gait monitoring in patients with diabetic foot conditions. The NCY‐TENGs and their derivatives show immense potential for a variety of wearable electronic devices, representing a considerable advancement in the field of wearable sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corneal diseases are a significant cause of visual impairment and blindness. The first‐line treatment for corneal opacity is penetrating keratoplasty (human donor cornea transplantation). At present, keratoprosthesis (KPro), an artificial cornea, is the last resort for correcting end‐stage corneal blindness and is usually supported by donor tissue. This article describes a new intralamellar tissue‐free KPro design concept and its preparation method. Wherein, an injection‐molding route is adopted to create a mechanically and structurally stable near‐KPro geometry using a photo‐polymerized poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) with 4% Bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BisMA) crosslinked (PC4) hydrogel composition. Prior to this, the physico‐mechanical properties of crosslinked hydrogels matching corneal tissue are identified, and the surface morphological characteristics of silk cocoon membranes are ascertained in choosing suitable KPro materials. Cytocompatibility tests on PC4 and silk‐incorporated PC4 hydrogels using rabbit corneal fibroblast cell‐line evidenced enhancement in cell growth on silk‐PC4 surfaces. Furthermore, near KPro geometry is surface‐profiled to create a one‐of‐a‐kind design with clear optics and a silk‐bioactivated composite‐based haptic‐flange hydrogel network containing site‐specific submillimeter‐scale perforations to improve tissue integration. Considering this unique KPro geometry, the optic‐haptic‐flange construct is a tissue‐free semi‐bioresorbable hydrogel device presumed to provide stability under the influence of intraocular pressure (IOP) and eyelid shear. Through this study, it is identified new KPro materials facilitate significant cytocompatibility while complimented with site‐specific novel design would offer tissue ingrowth with gradual resorption of silk, leaving behind a stable intralamellar tissue integrated with hydrogel when implanted in the corneal niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MAX phases, characterized as nanolaminates of ternary carbides/nitrides structure, possess a unique combination of ceramic and metallic properties, rendering them pivotal in materials research. In this study, chromium aluminum carbide ternary compounds, Cr2AlC (211), Cr3AlC2 (312), and Cr4AlC3 (413) were successfully synthesized with high purity using a facile and cost-effective sol-gel method. Structural, morphological, and chemical characterization of the synthesized phases was conducted to understand the effects of composition changes and explore potential applications. Comprehensive characterization techniques including XRD for crystalline structure elucidations, SEM for morphological analysis, EDX for chemical composition, Raman spectroscopy for elucidation of vibrational modes, XPS to analyze elemental composition and surface chemistry, and FTIR spectroscopy to ensure the functional groups analysis, were performed. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the high purity of the synthesized Cr2AlC phase as well as other ternary compounds Cr3AlC2 and Cr4AlC3, suggesting its suitability as a precursor for MXenes production. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and biocompatibility assessments against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and HepG2 cell line were investigated. The results demonstrated significant antifungal activity of the synthesized phases against Candida albicans and negligible impact on the viability of E. coli and S. aureus. Interestingly, lower concentrations of Cr2AlC MAX phase induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells by triggering intercellular oxidative stress, while Cr3AlC2 and Cr4AlC3 exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to Cr2AlC, highlighting their potential in biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in materials science, device designs and advanced fabrication technologies have enabled the rapid development of transient electronics, which represents a class of devices or systems that their functionalities and constitutions can be partially/completely degraded via chemical reaction or physical disintegration over a stable operation. Therefore, numerous potentials, including zero/reduced waste electronics, bioresorbable electronic implants, hardware security, and others, are expected. In particular, transient electronics with biocompatible and bioresorbable properties could completely eliminate the secondary retrieval surgical procedure after their in-body operation, thus offering significant potentials for biomedical applications. In terms of material strategies for the manufacturing of transient electronics, silicon nanomembranes (SiNMs) are of great interest because of their good physical/chemical properties, modest mechanical flexibility (depending on their dimensions), robust and outstanding device performances, and state-of-the-art manufacturing technologies. As a result, continuous efforts have been made to develop silicon-based transient electronics, mainly focusing on designing manufacturing strategies, fabricating various devices with different functionalities, investigating degradation or failure mechanisms, and exploring their applications. In this review, we will summarize the recent progresses of silicon-based transient electronics, with an emphasis on the manufacturing of SiNMs, devices, as well as their applications. After a brief introduction, strategies and basics for utilizing SiNMs for transient electronics will be discussed. Then, various silicon-based transient electronic devices with different functionalities are described. After that, several examples regarding on the applications, with an emphasis on the biomedical engineering, of silicon-based transient electronics are presented. Finally, summary and perspectives on transient electronics are exhibited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding carbonyl groups into the hydrogel matrix improves the stability and biocompatibility of the hydrogels, making them suitable for different biomedical applications. In this review article, we will discuss the use of hydrogels based on polysaccharides modified by oxidation, with particular attention paid to the introduction of carbonyl groups. These hydrogels have been developed for several applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound healing. The review article discusses the mechanism by which oxidized polysaccharides can introduce carbonyl groups, leading to the development of hydrogels through cross-linking with proteins. These hydrogels have tunable mechanical properties and improved biocompatibility. Hydrogels have dynamic properties that make them promising biomaterials for various biomedical applications. This paper comprehensively analyzes hydrogels based on cross-linked proteins with carbonyl groups derived from oxidized polysaccharides, including microparticles, nanoparticles, and films. The applications of these hydrogels in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound healing are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are commonly used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes/contrast agents in clinical diagnosis because they can significantly improve the sensitivity of MRI. Polymers including natural and synthetic polymers with good biosafety and abundant surface groups are ideal surface coating for SPIONs to overcome their drawbacks such as poor colloidal stability, low relaxivity, and lack of functionality. Several SPIONs' structural properties such as crystal shape and size, charge, shell thickness, and cluster determine their relaxivity, biosafety, and in vivo imaging effect. Therefore, the rational design of SPIONs probes must explore the relationship between polymer structure and SPION properties. In this review, key structural properties of polymers such as surface groups, molecular weight, hydrophilicity, and grafting density are discussed for their effects on key properties of SPIONs. Additionally, some special polysaccharides, polypeptides, and antibodies can be used as targeting molecules to improve the imaging specificity of SPIONs, which is also briefly discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing effective and targeted drug delivery systems is crucial in searching for improved pain management strategies. Here, it is shown the preparation of a nanocarrier using chitosan hydrogel, and polymeric nanocapsules loaded with linalool for enhancing transdermal permeation and targeted delivery of this antinociceptive monoterpene for the pain treatment. Extensive characterization was conducted to evaluate the properties of the nanocarrier, and several in vitro studies were performed to investigate the release kinetics of linalool from the nanocarrier and its permeation through the layers of the skin. As results, the prepared polymeric nanocarrier exhibited an average size of 160 ± 9 nm, with a polydispersion index of 0.12 ± 0.01. The kinetic study revealed that the nanocarrier effectively controlled and prolonged the release of linalool, following a pseudo‐second order model (R2 = 0.98). To evaluate the permeation of the nanocarrier through the transdermal barrier, swine ear skin was employed. The nanocarrier efficiently penetrated the transdermal barrier and successfully delivered linalool to the skin layers. Additionally, an in vivo toxicity study indicated no toxicity for the nanocarrier at the tested concentrations (<0.950 μg mL−1). The release kinetics showed a controlled and sustained release of the linalool, suggesting its potential for prolonged therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Momordica charantia (MC), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is well known for its pharmacological activities that exhibit hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. These properties are largely because of its abundant bioactive compounds and phytochemicals. Over the years, numerous studies have confirmed the regulatory effects of MC extract on glycolipid metabolism. However, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on newly discovered MC-related components, such as insulin receptor-binding protein-19, adMc1, and MC protein-30 and triterpenoids 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al, and the role of MC in gut microbiota and bitter taste receptors. This review offers an up-to-date overview of the recently reported chemical compositions of MC, including polysaccharides, saponins, polyphenolics, peptides, and their beneficial effects. It also provides the latest updates on the role of MC in the regulation of gut microbiota and bitter taste receptor signaling pathways. As a result, this review will serve as a theoretical basis for potential applications in the creation or modification of MC-based nutrient supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaseous signaling molecules (GSMs) including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have presented excellent therapeutic efficacy such as anti‐inflammatory, anti‐microbial and anti‐cancer effects and multiple biomedical applications in recent years. As the three most vital signaling molecules in human physiology, these three GSMs show so intertwined and orchestrated interactions that the synergy of multiple gases may demonstrate a more complex therapeutic potential than single gas delivery. Consequently, researchers have been devoted to developing codelivery systems of GSMs by synthesizing a single molecule as a dual donor to maximize the gaseous therapeutic efficacy. In this minireview, we summarize the recent developments of molecules or materials enabling codelivery of GSMs for biomedical applications. It appears that compared with the abundant cases of codelivery of NO and H2S, research on codelivery of CO and the other two GSMs separately remains to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Drawing inspiration from nature" offers a wealth of creative possibilities for designing cutting‐edge materials with improved properties and performance. Nature‐inspired thylakoid‐based nanoarchitectures, seamlessly integrate the inherent structures and functions of natural components with the diverse and controllable characteristics of nanotechnology. These innovative biomaterials have garnered significant attention for their potential in various biomedical applications. Thylakoids possess fundamental traits such as light harvesting, oxygen evolution, and photosynthesis. Through the integration of artificially fabricated nanostructures with distinct physical and chemical properties, novel photosynthetic nanoarchitectures can be catalytically generated, offering versatile functionalities for diverse biomedical applications. In this article, an overview of the properties and extraction methods of thylakoids are provided. Additionally, the recent advancements in the design, preparation, functions, and biomedical applications of a range of thylakoid‐based photosynthetic nanoarchitectures are reviewed. Finally, the foreseeable challenges and future prospects in this field is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical sensors are a class of sensors in which the electrode is the transducer element. In this type of sensor, an electrode is a critical component employed as a solid support for immobilizing biomolecules and electron movement. The material, fabrication approach, and design affect the electrode's structure and properties, which ultimately determine the biosensor's performance, including sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, and dynamic range. They also influence the biosensor's cost, manufacturability, disposability, and measurement capabilities. This review article describes recent advances in using non-modified and modified electrodes as support in electrochemical biosensors for the determination of biomolecules. It summarizes recent work on modifying electrodes using carbonaceous materials, conducting polymers, MXenes, and transition metal oxide nanomaterials. It also focuses on current techniques, types of materials, designs, simulation studies, and fabrication methods on unmodified and modified electrodes. Lastly, challenges in electrochemical sensors were identified, and future directions were presented comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and carbon 2D nanosheets (graphene, graphene oxide, and graphdiyne), have shown remarkable potential in various biological applications. CQDs offer tunable photoluminescence and excellent biocompatibility, making them suitable for bioimaging, drug delivery, biosensing, and photodynamic therapy. Additionally, CQDs' unique properties enable bioimaging-guided therapy and targeted imaging of biomolecules. On the other hand, carbon 2D nanosheets exhibit exceptional physicochemical attributes, with graphene excelling in biosensing and bioimaging, also in drug delivery and antimicrobial applications, and graphdiyne in tissue engineering. Their properties, such as tunable porosity and high surface area, contribute to controlled drug release and enhanced tissue regeneration. However, challenges, including long-term biocompatibility and large-scale synthesis, necessitate further research. Potential future directions encompass theranostics, immunomodulation, neural interfaces, bioelectronic medicine, and expanding bioimaging capabilities. In summary, both CQDs and carbon 2D nanosheets hold promise to revolutionize biomedical sciences, offering innovative solutions and improved therapies in diverse biological contexts. Addressing current challenges will unlock their full potential and can shape the future of medicine and biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biomass filtrate of the endophytic bacterial strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Fa.2 was utilized for the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The yellowish-brown color's optical properties showed a maximum surface plasmon resonance at 415 nm. The morphological and elemental composition analysis reveals the formation of spherical shapes with sizes of 5–40 nm, and the Ag ion comprises the major component of the produced Ag-NPs. X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure, whereas dynamic light scattering reveals the high stability of synthesized Ag-NPs with a polydispersity index of 0.413 and a negative zeta potential value. The photocatalytic experiment showed the efficacy of Ag-NPs to degrade methylene blue with maximum percentages of 73.9 ± 0.5 and 87.4 ± 0.9% under sunshine and UV irradiation, respectively, compared with 39.8% under dark conditions after 210 min. Additionally, the reusability of Ag-NPs was still more active for the fifth run, with a percentage decrease of 11.6% compared with the first run. Interestingly, the biogenic Ag-NPs showed superior antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria (MIC = 6.25 µg mL−1), Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1), and uni- and multicellular fungi (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1). Moreover, the biosynthesized Ag-NPs could target cancer cells (Pc3 and Mcf7) at low concentrations compared with normal cell (Vero) lines. The IC50 of normal cells is 383.7 ± 4.1 µg mL−1 compared with IC50 Pc3 (2.5 ± 3.5 µg mL−1) and McF7 (156.1 ± 6.8 µg mL−1). Overall, the bacterially synthesized Ag-NPs showed multifunctional features to be used in environmental catalysis and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels are defined as three-dimensional cross-linked (either physically or chemically) polymeric network which have tendency to retain a good quantity of liquid/fluid. In this study, we explore the exceptional properties of polysaccharides that render them invaluable for biomedical applications, particularly in the development of hydrogels. Hydrogels based on chitosan-, guar gum-, dextran-, cellulose-, and starch-based hydrogel exhibit a remarkable capacity for water absorption, providing a biocompatible and hydrated environment conducive for cell growth and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, their inherent biodegradability, non-toxicity, and low immunogenicity make them ideal candidates for sustained drug delivery systems. Additionally, the tunable chemical structure of chitosan, guar gum, dextran, cellulose, and starch allows for customization to meet specific therapeutic requirements. These distinctive attributes position chitosan, guar gum, dextran, cellulose, and starch as a promising material in the advancement of hydrogel-based biomedical technologies, offering significant potential for a wide range of clinical applications. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the diverse biomedical applications of chitosan-, guar gum-, dextran-, cellulose-, and starch-based hydrogels. Focusing on areas such as wound healing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine, we delve into the specific attributes of polysaccharides that make them instrumental in these crucial domains. By elucidating the unique properties and versatile functionalities of polysaccharide-based hydrogels, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of innovative solutions in biomedicine. This comprehensive review examines the pivotal role of chitosan-, guar gum-, dextran-, cellulose-, and starch-based hydrogels in a range of specialized biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of cellular nanovesicles (CNVs) is a groundbreaking innovation in biomedical applications. Both natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) and artificial cell membrane nanovesicles (AVs) have emerged as innovative CNVs, but they have limitations in therapeutic effects and targeting abilities. Challenges such as stability, immunogenicity, and drug payload capacity hinder their widespread application. Genetic engineering has matured as a widely employed modification strategy, leading to the development of genetically engineered extracellular vesicles (gEVs) and genetically engineered artificial cell membrane nanovesicles (gAVs). This review meticulously examines the diverse types and inherent characteristics of CNVs, alongside various surface engineering strategies for CNVs, with a specific focus on elucidating the attributes and detailing the preparation methods relevant to gEVs and gAVs. Furthermore, this exploration delves into the expansive landscape of biomedical applications, developmental prospects, and current challenges associated with the utilization of gEVs and gAVs. With a comprehensive approach, the primary objective is to provide insights that not only illuminate the nuanced intricacies of these nanovesicles but also pave the way for their seamless integration into clinical research and eventual translation into practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited mechanical properties of pure Zn, such as its low strength and ductility, hinder its application as a material for biodegradable implants. Addressing this challenge, the current study focuses on the development of biodegradable Zn-based alloys, employing innovative alloy design and processing strategies. Here, alloys with compositions ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 weight percent (wt%) Cu, 1.22 to 1.80 wt% Ti, and 0.04 to 0.06 wt% Mo were produced utilizing a high-throughput gradient continuous casting process. This study highlights three specific alloys: Zn 1.82 Cu 0.10 Ti 0.05 Mo (HR8), Zn 0.08 Cu 1.86 Ti 0 Mo (HR7), and Zn 1.26 Cu 0.13 Ti 0.06 Mo (HR6), which were extensively evaluated for their microstructure, mechanical properties, electrochemical performance, potential as bioimplants, and cytotoxicity. These alloys were found to exhibit enhanced mechanical strength, optimal degradation rates, and superior biocompatibility, evidenced by in-vivo experiments with SD rats, positioning them as promising candidates for medical implants. This research not only introduces a significant advancement in biodegradable alloy development but also proposes an efficient method for their production, marking a pivotal step forward in biomedical engineering. The limited mechanical properties of pure Zn have hindered its application in biodegradable implants. Our research primarily focuses on the alloy design and process strategies of biodegradable Zn-based alloys. We explore the Zn Cu x Ti x Mo x alloys. This study introduces a high-throughput experimental approach for efficient screening of multi-component alloy systems with optimal properties. The Zn Cu x Tix Mo x alloys were designed and processed through gradient continuous casting, followed by homogenization and hot rolling. Our findings indicate that the Zn 1.82 Cu 0.10 Ti 0.05 Mo alloy demonstrates superior tensile, mechanical, and corrosion properties post hot rolling. The study suggests that Zn 0.13 Cu 1.26 Ti 0.06 Mo, Zn 0.08 Cu 1.86 Ti 0 Mo, and Zn 1.82 Cu 0.10 Ti 0.05 Mo alloys hold significant potential as biodegradable materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic with the scientific name AS is an element that exists everywhere. It is the fourth among the abundant elements in water, the twelfth in the human body, and the twentieth in the earth's crust. This element exists in sulfide, carbonate, and elemental forms. Different names of arsenic are known as white arsenic (As2O3), yellow arsenic (As2S3), and red arsenic (As4S4). Nowadays, due to its unique properties, arsenic has received much attention from researchers for use in the synthesis of arsenic nanoparticles. According to various studies, arsenic nanoparticles are synthesized by various methods, including biological, physical, and chemical, and it has been shown that the synthetic method used is very important because it has a significant effect on their shape, size, and biological function. Arsenic nanoparticles are among the nanoparticles that have attracted the attention of researchers due to their particle potential as well as their anticancer, antitumor, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial applications. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate arsenic nanoparticles biosynthesized by different physical, biological, and chemical methods and their biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels, composed of hydrophilic homopolymer or copolymer networks, have structures similar to natural living tissues, making them ideal for applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensors. Since Wichterle and Lim first synthesized hydrogels in 1960, extensive research has led to various types with unique features. Responsive hydrogels, which undergo reversible structural changes when exposed to stimuli like temperature, pH, or specific molecules, are particularly promising. Temperature-sensitive hydrogels, which mimic biological processes, are the most studied, with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) being prominent due to its lower critical solution temperature of around 32 °C. Additionally, pH-responsive hydrogels, composed of polyelectrolytes, change their structure in response to pH variations. Despite their potential, conventional hydrogels often lack mechanical strength. The double-network (DN) hydrogel approach, introduced by Gong in 2003, significantly enhanced mechanical properties, leading to innovations like shape-deformable DN hydrogels, organic/inorganic composites, and flexible display devices. These advancements highlight the potential of hydrogels in diverse fields requiring precise and adaptable material performance. In this review, we focus on advancements in the field of responsive acrylamide-based hydrogels with IPN structures, emphasizing the recent research on DN hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure is developed for producing basic electronic components utilizing materials sourced from discarded orange, grapefruit, lemon, apple, banana, potato, and carrot peels. Initially, these materials undergo dehydration, followed by a meticulous pulverization process to obtain fine powder. Natural adhesives like water, honey, sugar, starch, and gelatin are employed to interconnect the materials. Formed substrates are characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy, and an optical profilometer. Furthermore, the relative permittivity of the materials is determined. Three distinct types of substrates, derived from the aforementioned peels, are crafted in varying dimensions. Substrates measuring 4 cm × 2.5 cm host interdigital capacitive sensors, whereas larger 6 cm × 3.5 cm substrates accommodate inductor‐capacitor (LC) sensors. Each of the six samples undergoes individual dry testing, while LC sensors are additionally tested with the post‐application of artificial saliva and mouthwash liquids. The sensor's characterization involves measurement of impedance and phase angle for all samples. Capacitance is additionally measured for capacitors, and inductance for LC circuits. These assessments are carried out within the frequency range spanning from 1 MHz to 400 MHz. The objective is the development of fully functional electronic components, derived from discarded edible items, fostering sustainable practices, and finding applications in biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) are particles with unique features that have been used in a variety of fields, including healthcare, farming, and the food industry. Recent research has shown many possible uses for nanoparticles, including gas sensors, waste management, food preservation, high-temperature superconductors, field emission emitters, food processing, food packaging, and agriculture. Nanoparticles application is connected with the nutritive, coating, and sensory properties of food compounds. Nanoparticles have shown specific anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and making them an attractive tool for biomedical applications. Because of their extraordinary mechanical, magnetic, electric, thermal, and electric capabilities, some nanoparticles are more important than others. Numerous nanoparticles have been used in the sectors of agriculture, industry, the environment, medicine, sensors, fungicidal, nematicidal therapy, catalysis, and color degradation. Furthermore, the synthesis method is crucial for the final nanosystem’s characteristics. Food businesses frequently employ nano-coating to prevent food spoiling. The various NP synthesis techniques and their numerous applications in the relevant sector are therefore briefly explored. This review gives us an overview of the different synthesis methods of nanoparticles and their application in different fields of biotechnology such as nanomedicine, tissue engineering, the food industry, and biomedical applications.Article Highlights: Various synthesis methods of nanoparticles have been reviewed for applications in diverse fields. Nanoparticles show potential in biomedical, regenerative medicine, food packaging, and environmental sectors. Understanding synthesis techniques is crucial for optimizing nanoparticle properties in different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have extensively studied borate bioactive glass (BBG) for bone regeneration and wound healing applications. In the current study, 13-93B3 (54.6% B2O3, 22.1% CaO, 7.9% K2O, 7.7% MgO, 6.0% Na2O, and 1.7% P2O5) was synthesized using a sol–gel technique and doped with different molar concentrations of Cu (0.01, 0.05, and 0.25 M) into BBG for possible biomedical applications. Then, the antibacterial activity was tested against E. coli and S. aureus. The maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus was achieved at 100 μg/mL of 0.25 M Cu-doped BBG. At 50 μg/mL of 0.25 molar copper concentration, E. coli showed a significant reduction in colony-forming units. Hydroxyl radical production, influenced by the BBG powder, was most effective against S. aureus, followed by E. coli. Protein leakage studies demonstrated significant leakage after treatment with BBG powder, demonstrating a strong effect on bacterial strains. This shows a change in protein synthesis, which is essential for central metabolism and gene transcription, affecting proteins in the periplasm and inner and outer membranes. Furthermore, carbohydrate leakage studies showed that BBG is effective against all three categories of cellular carbohydrate, namely membrane-bound, transmembrane, and intracellular carbs. This study focuses on the diverse antibacterial processes of Cu-doped BBG, which has emerged as a promising contender for biological applications that require strong antibacterial characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study shows the effect of Nb on a Ti matrix to fabricate composites via the conventional powder metallurgy for medical applications. Ti powder mixture compacts with different Nb contents were obtained from the conventional pressing and sintering technique. The sintering behavior was evaluated using the dilatometry technique, and the microstructure was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XDR). The mechanical properties were obtained from simple compression tests, and the corrosion resistance was determined from a standard three-electrode arrangement in Hank's solution. The results showed that the Nb in the Ti matrix limits the evolution of sintering depending on the Nb content. Nb slightly accelerates the phase transition temperature. The microstructure and X-rays revealed that biphasic α + β-Ti structures can be obtained, in addition to retaining the β-Ti phase and forming the martensitic phases α′ and α″ of Ti. Likewise, the mechanical behavior showed a Young's modulus of 10–45 GPa, which is close to that reported for human bones. Furthermore, the circuit analysis revealed that the Ti-Nb sintered systems were conditioned by the surface oxide layer and that the oxide layer formed within the residual pores of the sintering process. Finally, it was demonstrated that adding Nb to the Ti matrix increases the corrosion resistance and that contents close to 15 wt.% of this element have the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]