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The phyllosphere, or plant leaf surface, represents a microbial ecosystem of considerable size, holding extraordinary biodiversity and enormous potential for the discovery of new products, tools, and applications in biotechnology, agriculture, medicine, and elsewhere. This mini-review highlights the applied microbiology of the phyllosphere as an original field of study concerning itself with the genes, gene products, natural compounds, and traits that underlie phyllosphere-specific adaptations and services that have commercial and economic value for current or future innovation. Examples include plant-growth-promoting and disease-suppressive phyllobacteria, probiotics and fermented foods that support human health, as well as microbials that remedy foliar contamination with airborne pollutants, residual pesticides, or plastics. Phyllosphere microbes promote plant biomass conversion into compost, renewable energy, animal feed, or fiber. They produce foodstuffs such as thickening agents and sugar substitutes, industrial-grade biosurfactants, novel antibiotics and cancer drugs, as well as enzymes used as food additives or freezing agents. Furthermore, new developments in DNA sequence-based profiling of leaf-associated microbial communities allow for surveillance approaches in the context of food safety and security, for example, to detect enteric human pathogens on leafy greens, predict plant disease outbreaks, and intercept plant pathogens and pests on internationally traded goods. KEY POINTS: • Applied phyllosphere microbiology concerns leaf-specific adaptations for economic value • Phyllobioprospecting searches the phyllosphere microbiome for product development • Phyllobiomonitoring tracks phyllosphere microbial profiles for early risk detection.

The use of pesticides is often regarded as a fundamental aspect of conventional agriculture. However, these compounds have gained recognition as some of the oldest and most widely employed xenobiotic contaminants, necessitating effective strategies for human biomonitoring. In this context, a method was developed for the determination of 16 legacy organochlorine pesticides, 6 metabolites of current pesticides (2,4-D, malathion, parathion, fipronil, pyraclostrobin, cypermethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin), and 1 triazine herbicide (atrazine) in serum. Samples were prepared with water, formic acid, acetonitrile, and ultrasound irradiation, followed by solid-phase extraction with Oasis Prime HLB. Subsequently, metabolites from current pesticides underwent derivatization using MTBSTFA with 1% TBDMSCl for analysis via gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS), employing an SLB-5MS fused silica capillary column. Analytical curves were generated with limits of quantification from 0.3 to 4.0 ng.mL−1. Accuracy ranged from 69 to 124%, and the coefficient of variation from 2 to 28%. Moreover, determining 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol was suggested as a biomarker for pyraclostrobin biomonitoring. This analytical approach facilitated the determination of both legacy and metabolites of current pesticides in the same serum sample, presenting an interesting and cost-effective option for large cohorts, and multi-omics studies that evaluate time-dependent biomarkers in blood samples, thereby enabling biomonitoring within the same matrix. Furthermore, a proof-of-concept involving 10 volunteers demonstrated exposure to 9 pesticides at mean concentrations measured in ng mL−1, consistent with findings from various biomonitoring initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periphyton that lives attached to seagrass leaves is generally a source of autochthonous energy in the waters and has a major role in the food chain system that supports the primary productivity of seagrass beds. The aim of the current study was to study the extent to which mercury (Hg) levels affect the ecosystem by looking at Hg accumulation in the periphyton. This study used the method of species composition analysis, the density of epiphytic periphyton algae on seagrass, and analyzed the level of pollution in the Talawan Bajo estuary waters based on the bioaccumulation of mercury content in the periphyton and analyzed the periphyton as a bioindicator of the level of Hg pollution in the waters. The first stage was to identify the types of seagrass and periphyton and analyze the composition and density; diversity index, uniformity and dominance of periphyton. The second stage of this study included observation of the accumulation of heavy metal Hg on a laboratory scale and visualization of periphyton cells using TEMcell. Based on the results of the analysis, it was shown that the environmental conditions of the Talawaan Bajo estuary were polluted by heavy metal Hg because the Hg content accumulated in seagrass and periphyton exceeded the quality standards for aquatic biota. It was concluded that the environmental conditions of the Talawaan Bajo estuary were contaminated with heavy metal Hg because the Hg content accumulated in seagrass and periphyton exceeded the quality standards for aquatic biota. Hg contamination in aquatic ecosystems affects the life of biota in the environment, especially damage to tissue structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced during the incomplete burning of organic materials. PAH sources include vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke and waste incineration. Environmental and occupational exposures to PAHs are known to occur. Cancer is a significant endpoint of PAH exposure and several occupations associated with high PAH exposure have been classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Pyrene is a common component of PAH mixtures and metabolism of pyrene leads to the excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPyrG) in urine. Laboratory measurement of urinary 1-OHPyrG is employed in occupational and environmental biomonitoring programmes. The production of an anti-1-OHPyrG monoclonal antibody would allow the development of a PAH biomonitoring ELISA facilitating large scale laboratory screening and routine testing. The development of a lateral flow immunoassay and the production of a field test (point of use test) would greatly increase the value of biomonitoring. A novel Lateral Flow has been developed which employs an anti-1-OHPyrG sheep monoclonal antibody (Mab) to capture the PAH metabolite. The captured metabolite is visualised through a second Mab raised against the Mab-1-OHPyrG immune complex. This sandwich assay provides a positive correlation between the assay signal and biomarker concentration. A Smartphone camera allows signal measurement and a carefully considered 'app' provides result interpretation and data analysis. Results are provided in an exposed/not-exposed format. Performance of the lateral flow was confirmed through a comparative study and field trial. The development of a lateral flow test provides "real-time" analysis to occupational health professionals. On-site screening allows the immediate confirmation of safe working practice, provides immediate reassurance to those involved in potentially hazardous activities and greatly increases the efficacy of biomonitoring. • A novel lateral flow allows in the field/on-site PAH biomonitoring. • LF testing and integration with mobile technology provides new biomonitoring methods. • On-site testing greatly increases the value of occupational biomonitoring. • A new PAH biomonitoring ELISA facilitates large scale screening programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure load (EL) is an indicator of multiple chemical exposures based on human biomonitoring data. We used EL methodology and human biomonitoring health-based guidance values (HB2GVs) as exposure thresholds to create a new metric called Cumulative Health Risk from Exposure Load (CHREL). HB2GVs are derived by calculating the concentration of a biomarker consistent with a health protective exposure guidance value. CHREL analysis was conducted using Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) cycle 3 and 4 biomonitoring data. Based on 18 chemicals, more than half of the Canadian population had an estimated CHREL TOTAL of 1 or more, indicative of chemical exposures potentially above selected exposure guidance values. Females had a significantly lower CHREL TOTAL compared to males, 12–19 year olds had a lower CHREL TOTAL compared to older age groups (significant compared to 40–59 year olds), and nonsmokers had a significantly lower CHREL TOTAL than smokers. Small segments of the population had a CHREL LIVER or a CHREL NERV of 1 or more, indicating exposures potentially above guideline levels for chemicals affecting the liver or nervous system. CHREL CANC was calculated based on 6 chemicals with HB2GVs derived for cancer endpoints. At the 10−5 risk level, most people had an estimated CHREL CANC of 3, indicative of multiple chemicals that may exceed negligible cancer risk. The most important contributors to exposures above HB2GVs were inorganic arsenic, mercury, acrylamide, xylenes, benzene and triclosan. Keeping certain assumptions, uncertainties and limitations in mind, the CHREL indicator can be used to obtain a picture of potential cumulative health risks from combined chemical exposures in a population, and as a comparative measure between subpopulations, including vulnerable subgroups. • We created a metric called Cumulative Health Risk from Exposure Load (CHREL). • CHREL is an indicator of potential health risks from multiple chemical exposures. • CHREL uses human biomonitoring guidance values as exposure thresholds. • Females had lower CHREL than males; adolescents had lower CHREL than older adults. • Nonsmokers had lower CHREL than people who smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrinin (CIT) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin, produced by several species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus. The foodstuffs most frequently contaminated with CIT include cereals, cereal products, and red yeast rice. Studies on the occurrence of CIT in food have shown that the CIT concentrations in processed cereal-based products are generally lower than in unprocessed industry cereal samples. One possible explanation is the reaction of CIT with major food components such as carbohydrates or proteins to form modified CIT. Such modified forms of CIT are then hidden from conventional analyses, but it is possible that they are converted back into the parent mycotoxin during digestion. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate reactions of CIT with food matrix during thermal processes and to gain a deeper understanding of the degradation of CIT during food processing. In this study, we could demonstrate that CIT reacts with amino compounds such as proteins, under typical food processing conditions, leading to modified forms of CIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Little St. Francis River and its tributaries drain metals-contaminated areas of the Madison County Mines National Priority List Superfund site (MCM) which was designated in 2003 to facilitate remediation of metals contamination within the MCM. One concern for natural resource trustees in the MCM is the potential effects of elevated metals concentrations on the federally threatened St. Francis River crayfish, Faxonius quadruncus, which has a geographic range that is limited to the St. Francis River watershed. A survey of riffle-dwelling crayfish, in-situ cage study, and laboratory toxicity tests were conducted to assess the effects of mining-derived metals on F. quadruncus and other crayfish species in the MCM. Crayfish densities were significantly greater at sites upstream of metals releases from historical mining (henceforth mining releases) compared to densities at sites downstream of mining releases, and metals concentrations in whole-body crayfish, surface water, sediments, macroinvertebrates, fish, and plant material were greater at sites downstream of mining releases compared to sites upstream of mining releases. Crayfish densities were also negatively correlated with consensus-based adverse effects indices, expressed as surface-water toxic units and sediment probable effects quotients. Decreased growth and increased mortality during cage and laboratory studies were likely due to exposure to, and subsequently uptake of, elevated concentrations of metals. Crayfish in all studies were found to bioaccumulate metals, which supports their utility as bioindicators of metals contamination. Study results show that elevated metals concentrations associated with mining releases in the MCM continue to adversely affect biota, including the federally threatened F. quadruncus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal and metalloid pollution are one of the main negative impacts of mining activities. Furthermore, the mining wastes are often stored in tailing dams, which are prone to failures and even total collapse. The Fundão tailing dam collapse in Brazil in 2015 flooded large areas of river floodplains below the dam. We analyzed the effect of the tailing deposition from the dam disaster on metal/metalloid levels in honey and pollen samples from the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula. Pollen and honey samples were taken from the initial stretch of the impacted areas, as well as adjacent control areas and an additional external control area. In total, we analyzed 55 pollen samples and 53 honey samples, which were collected directly from the honey and pollen combs stored within the hives. The samples were wet acid digested in a microwave oven and the concentrations of the elements were determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. The metal/metalloid contents in honey and pollen samples were compared between the impacted and the non-impacted points. We found significantly higher concentrations of As, Ba, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn, in honey and pollen samples, from some impacted points compared to the reference non-impacted ones. However, most concentrations we found were similar to those found in other works, including areas with mining activity in the Iron Quadrangle (Minas Gerais, Brazil). These results suggest that the tailing dram break, followed by deposition of the dam waste, contributed to a high concentration of some elements found in the pollen and honey samples at our study site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occupational biomonitoring is essential for assessing health risks linked to workplace exposures. The use of 'omics' technologies, such as metabolomics and proteomics, has become crucial in detecting subtle biological alterations induced by occupational hazards, thereby opening novel avenues for biomarker discovery. Aims: This systematic review aims to evaluate the application of metabolomics and proteomics in occupational health. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for original human studies that use metabolomics or proteomics to assess occupational exposure biomarkers. The risk of bias was assessed by adapting the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results: Of 2311 initially identified articles, 85 met the eligibility criteria. These studies were mainly conducted in China, Europe, and the United States of America, covering a wide range of occupational exposures. The findings revealed that metabolomics and proteomics approaches effectively identified biomarkers related to chemical, physical, biomechanical, and psychosocial hazards. Analytical methods varied, with mass spectrometry-based techniques emerging as the most prevalent. The risk of bias was generally low to moderate, with specific concerns about exposure measurement and confounding factors. Conclusions: Integrating metabolomics and proteomics in occupational health biomonitoring significantly advances our understanding of exposure effects and facilitates the development of personalized preventive interventions. However, challenges remain regarding the complexity of data analysis, biomarker specificity, and the translation of findings into preventive measures. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and biomarker validation across diverse populations to improve the reliability and applicability of occupational health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTThis study aimed to biomonitor air pollution by measuring heavy metals (HMs) accumulation levels in the leaves of common urban trees, Cupressus arizonica Greene, Melia azedarach L., Morus alba L. and Buxus colchica in different regions of Isfahan. Their association with the levels of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bond HMs was also investigated. PM2.5 were collected on a glass-fiber filter and measured by gravimetric method. The HM contents of the PM2.5 and tree leaves were extracted and analyzed by ICP-OES. The average PM2.5 concentrations in ambient air of all areas varied from 52.34 to 103.96 μg/m3. The mean HMs levels in the leaves were in the following orderZn(31.2) > Cu(11.04) > Pb(4.38) > Ni(4.01) > Cr(3.03) > Co(0.61) > Cd(0.04) (μg/g). The highest level of HMs was detected in the leaves of Morus alba L., followed by Buxus colchica, Melia azedarach L. and Cupressus arizonica Greene. There was a significant correlation between the amounts of Pb and Cu in tree leaves and those in ambient PM2.5 (p value ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, tree leaves can be used as a suitable bioindicator in the evaluation of air pollution. Morus alba L. compared to the other species can be confidently used for green space development.Isfahan is one of the most populated, industrialized cities in Iran experiencing serious air pollution. The currently operated air pollution monitoring stations in the city do not measure atmospheric heavy metals, a hazardous component of PM2.5. To assess air pollution and level of exposure, biomonitor species such as tree leaves are the best tool due to their availability and low cost. Tree leaves can absorb and retain air pollutants. In this study, we found a good correlation between the concentration of heavy metals especially Pb and Cu in the leaves of commonly used tree species and their concentration in the airborne PM2.5. Also, the results revealed that among the tree species, Morus alba L. retains more heavy metals followed by Buxus colchica, Melia azedarach L., and Cupressus arizonica Greene, which can be used for green space development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Tver region (Russia), the moss biomonitoring technique was applied to investigate the atmospheric deposition of potentially harmful elements. Using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy and a direct mercury analyzer, a total of 15 elements were identified in 144 moss samples collected in the region. To assess the degree of environmental pollution, ecological indices (pollution load index, enrichment factor, geochemical index, and contamination factor) were computed. The sources of the identified elements were characterized across the territory under investigation using multivariate statistical analysis. The results obtained were compared with the information from other Central Russian regions. GIS technologies were used to create distribution maps for the surveyed territory. Transport and power plants are the primary sources of air pollution in the region, while the influence of industry is suggested to be negligible. Compared to other Russian regions, the area under investigation can be considered relatively clean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In studies of occupational health, longitudinal environmental exposure, and biomonitoring data are often subject to right skewing and left censoring, in which measurements fall below the limit of detection (LOD). To address right-skewed data, it is common practice to log-transform the data and model the geometric mean, assuming a log-normal distribution. However, if the transformed data do not follow a known distribution, modeling the mean of exposure may result in bias and reduce efficiency. In addition, when examining longitudinal data, it is possible that certain covariates may vary over time. Objective To develop predictive quantile regression models to resolve the issues of left censoring and time-dependent covariates and to quantitatively evaluate if previous and current covariates can predict current and/or future exposure levels. Methods To address these gaps, we suggested incorporating different substitution approaches into quantile regression and utilizing a method for selecting a working type of time dependency for covariates. Results In a simulation study, we demonstrated that, under different types of time-dependent covariates, the approach of multiple random value imputation outperformed the other approaches. We also applied our methods to a carbon nanotube and nanofiber exposure study. The dependent variables are the left-censored mass of elemental carbon at both the respirable and inhalable aerosol size fractions. In this study, we identified some potential time-dependent covariates with respect to worker-level determinants and job tasks. Conclusion Time dependency for covariates is rarely accounted for when analyzing longitudinal environmental exposure and biomonitoring data with values less than the LOD through predictive modeling. Mistreating the time-dependency as time-independency will lead to an efficiency loss of regression parameter estimation. Therefore, we addressed time-varying covariates in longitudinal exposure and biomonitoring data with left-censored measurements and illustrated an entire conditional distribution through different quantiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic conversion of benzene (Bz) is thought to be required for the hematotoxic effects observed following Bz exposures. Most safe exposure limits set for Bz utilize epidemiology data on the hematotoxic effects of Bz for the dose–response assessments. These hematotoxic effects occurred among workers exposed to elevated Bz levels, thus dose extrapolation is required for assessing relevant risks for populations exposed orders of magnitude lower. Thus, understanding how Bz is metabolized over a wide range of air Bz levels is an important topic for risk assessments for Bz. Here, we analyze biomonitoring data for workers exposed to Bz to make evaluations of how the metabolism of Bz varies across a wide range of exposures. Our analysis indicates that the presence of metabolites derived from exposures to sources other than Bz (nonspecific metabolites of Bz) are significant confounders among biomonitoring studies and this precludes making any assessments of how Bz metabolism differs below approximately 3 ppm air Bz exposures using such nonspecific metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative plasticizers such as diisononyl-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) are progressively replacing phthalates in many consumer and professional products because of adverse effects on reproduction associated with some phthalates. Human exposures to these phthalate substitutes can occur through ingestion, skin absorption and inhalation. Skin uptake can lead to greater concentration at the target organs compared to ingestion because the skin exposure route bypasses the first-pass effect. Skin absorption studies are almost absent for these alternative plasticizers. We therefore wanted first, to characterize skin absorption of a mixture containing DINCH, DEHA and DEHTP in vitro using a flow-through diffusion cell system with ex vivo human skin, quantifying their respective monoester metabolites (mono-isononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (MINCH), mono-2-ethylhexyl adipate (MEHA), mono-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (MEHTP), respectively); second, to validate these results by exposing five human volunteers to this mixture on their forearm and quantifying the corresponding urinary metabolites (including the monoesters and their oxidation products). Our study showed that two of these alternative plasticizers, DEHTP and DINCH, did not permeate skin showing as quantifiable metabolite levels in vitro and only traces of DEHA were quantified as its monoester metabolite, MEHA. Permeation coefficient (Kp) 0.06 and 55.8*10−7 cm/h for neat and emulsified DEHA, respectively, while the permeation rate (J) remained low for both (0.005 and 0.001 µg/cm2/h, respectively). Participants exposed to a mixture of these three plasticizers did not have noteworthy urinary concentrations of their respective metabolites after 24 hours post-application. However, the alternative plasticizer mixture was completely absorbed after six hours post-application on the forearms of the human volunteers, and the urinary elimination curves showed a slight increase after 24 hours post-application. Further studies on skin absorption of these substances should follow the urinary elimination kinetics of these metabolites more than 24 hours post-application. We also recommend quantifying the parent compounds in the in vitro diffusion experiments. [Display omitted] • Urinary excretion of DINCH monoester was slow in skin-exposed participants. • DEHTP and DEHA monoesters were not detected in urine from participants. • DEHA permeated skin in vitro as its monoester. • DEHTP and DINCH did not permeate skin in vitro as their monoesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion and firefighters are inadvertently at risk of being exposed to these and other hazardous compounds. Exposure to PAHs is often estimated by measuring their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAH) in urine. Here, an online-SPE LC-MS-MS method was set up for eight OH-PAHs thus increasing sample throughput and minimizing manual handling. The method was validated over a 5-month period and showed good reproducibility with intra- and inter-day variation of 2.4–8.1 % and 1.6–6.5 %, respectively, of low-level samples and accuracy (91.6–104.8 %) for a standard reference material. The method was applied to urine samples from conscripts training to become firefighters to determine the optimal sampling time for this training activity before a large intervention study. In total, six conscripts sampled urine 6–8 times over a 40-hr period during a 3-day training course. All eight metabolites were detected in ≥ 97 % of the samples and showed peak excretion 4–6 hrs after the training corresponding to 8–10 hrs after first exposure. Samples taken the morning after the exercise contained low levels of most metabolites. Consequently, 4–6 hrs post exposure is recommended as the optimal sampling time for quantification of PAH exposure and monitoring of potential differences in exposure. [Display omitted] • An online-SPE LC-MS-MS method for eight OH-PAHs in urine was developed. • Automatization increased reproducibility, sensitivity and sample through-put. • Urinary excretion profiles of 8 OH-PAHs were determined after firefighting exercise. • All OH-PAHs peaked 4–6 hrs after firefighting exercises. • Most OH-PAH urine levels were low in the morning following the exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lichens are increasingly recognised as valuable bioindicators for environmental heavy metal pollution due to their sensitivity to spatial and temporal variations in pollution levels and their ability to adapt to diverse and often harsh habitats. This review initially examines the mechanisms of metal absorption in lichens, including particulate entrapment, ion exchange, and intracellular absorption, as well as their physiological responses to abiotic stressors such as heavy metal exposure and desiccation. In the latter part, we compile and synthesise evidence showing that secondary metabolites in lichens are significantly influenced by metal concentrations, with varying impacts across different species. Although extensive research has addressed the broader physiological effects of heavy metal hyperaccumulation in lichens, there remains a significant gap in understanding the direct or indirect influences of heavy metals on the lichen microbiome, possibly mediated by changes in secondary metabolite production. Our review integrates these aspects to propose new research directions aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying physiological responses such as resilience and adaptability in lichens. Overall, this review highlights the dynamic interplay between microbiome composition, secondary metabolite variation, and metal accumulation, suggesting that these factors collectively contribute to the physiological responses of lichens in polluted environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold mining, even under strict environmental regulations, inevitably causes environmental impacts and liabilities. To address this, the study proposes a framework for environmental zoning around gold mines based on the distribution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), pollution indices, and bioindicators. Soil samples were collected from municipalities affected by gold mining projects, and concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Cr were measured. Then, the Pollution Load Index (PLI) was calculated. A plant model was used for the biomonitoring of PTEs, and the Plant Vigor Index (PVI) was determined. Finally, environmental zoning was proposed through geospatial analysis combining PTEs, PLI, and PVI values. The concentrations of PTEs were as follows: As ranged from 1.7 to 892, Cd from 0.1 to 65.2, Pb from 18.5 to 2345, and Cr from 5.4 to 118.4. Spearman's rank correlation showed significant relations (ρ > 0.76) between bioindicators and PTE concentrations and PLI. The PVI correlated significantly with PTE concentrations (ρ − 0.41 to − 0.67) and PLI (ρ − 0.65). The municipalities were categorized into three zones: highly contaminated, moderately contaminated, and minimally contaminated. Overall, the environmental zoning maps serve as a management tool for environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the present study was to determine and evaluate the heavy metals in soil, forage and blood plasma of horses in Central Punjab, Pakistan. Concentrations of metals, cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in these samples were determined. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentration of metals. The concentrations of all the analysed heavy metals differed significantly with different seasonal periods. The mean Fe, Co, Mn and Se values in blood plasma samples of 4 years (Cohort-8), 3 years (Cohort-9) and 2 years (Cohort-10) cohorts were 1.34, 0.18, 0.026 and 0.019 mg/L; 1.23, 0.17, 0.026 and 0.015 mg/L and 1.19, 0.15, 0.029 and 0.015 mg/L, respectively. No statistically significant changes were observed for heavy metal concentrations in plasma samples of horses according to two sampling seasons. The present results indicated that heavy metals in soil, forage and blood plasma samples were lower than the recommended critical levels except for the Mn accumulation in forage samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are tiny plastic particles ranging from 1 to 5000 μm in size and are of particular concern nowadays because of their ecological risk & health concerns. MPs are prevalent environmental contaminants and have been reported in various ecosystems such as soil, air, water, and road dust. However, a thorough understanding of their distribution across various environmental matrices remains elusive. Therefore, this review aims to fill this knowledge gap by examining the abundance of MPs and different techniques utilized for their identification and characterization including sampling, extraction, identification, characterization, and quantification methods. MPs possess a large surface area and exhibit hydrophobic properties, providing a substrate for environmental pollutants such as Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The primary mechanisms through which pollutants attached to MPs are hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, and π-π interactions. Therefore, a better understanding of these interactions is crucial for determining the fate and transport of MPs and co-contaminants in the environment. Researchers commonly deploy techniques such as stereomicroscopy and spectroscopy for the characterization and quantification of MPs. However, size and chemical properties of MPs pose a challenge in their quantification, thereby necessitating the development of standardized analytical methods. Use of bio-indicators for MPs biomonitoring has gained popularity in recent years as an affordable option over conventional techniques however research in this area is limited. With this intention, the present review is designed to provide information about the status of the field and advance our knowledge of MPs in various environmental matrices. Highlights: • Soil and road dust are one of the major sources of MPs for aquatic ecosystem. • Fibers of polypropylene & polyethylene are the most abundant MPs in soil & aquatic systems and show pollutant adsorption. • Biomonitoring of MPs emerges as a new alternative for their quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal levels have steadily risen over the past century due to the presence of human activity and are hazardous to human health and the environment. Regarding the health of humans and the environment, palladium (Pd) is among the most hazardous and toxic heavy metals. It is listed as a priority contaminant by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). As a result, eliminating pollution and tracking changes in Pd contamination in the air are the top research priorities. This study will be conducted on trees grown in Düzce, the fifth dirtiest city on the European continent, to identify appropriate species that may be utilized for tracking and mitigating Pd pollution in the air. Samples from Cupressus arizonica, Pinus pinaster, Cedrus atlantica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Picea orientalis will all be analyzed as part of the study, and the variations in Pd content according to species, organ, and direction will be assessed. The goal is to ascertain which biomonitors are best suited for tracking and mitigating lead contamination in the atmosphere. The study consistently found Pd contents in woods with different directions that developed within the same period. However, when the species were compared, notable differences were detected between the Pd levels formed in different directions in the same period for each species and the wood formed in the same direction in other periods. This variation suggests that Pd transfer in wood is restricted in all tested species. Consequently, every species performs as a reliable biomonitor for tracking Pd contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supporting bee populations is essential considering threats posed by human activities like pesticide usage and habitat destruction. However, the current methods for monitoring and analyzing beehives and their surrounding environments are invasive, complex, and time-consuming. These methods often rely heavily on laboratory analyses, making them difficult to implement independently in the field. This study explores the application of portable membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) for noninvasive hive analysis, demonstrating its ability to detect various compounds indicative of hive conditions and environmental stressors. In addition to the expected compounds found in beehives, such as α-bergamotene, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecane, hexadecanamide, α-bisabolol-, 9-octadecenamide, (Z) − , and benzaldehyde, unexpected compounds, pollutants, like indane (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and carbofuran (pesticide), were also detected. The MIMS detection method provides rapid, accurate, and real-time results, making it suitable for preventive measures against bee diseases and integral to environmental biomonitoring. This integration of technology represents a significant advancement in bee conservation efforts, offering hope for the future of both bees and ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) heavily affects women from resource-limited settings who are vulnerable to potentially harmful mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). We aimed to conduct biomonitoring and ascertain the determinants of maternal mycotoxin exposure in pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation periods. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women from Harare, Zimbabwe. 175 and 125 random urine samples in pregnancy and 24 months after delivery (post-lactation) respectively were analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and FB1 by ELISA. 6 weeks after delivery (lactation), 226 and 262 breast milk (BM) samples were analysed for AFM1 and OTA respectively by ELISA. The association of demographics and food consumption with mycotoxins was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. In HIV-infected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 46/94 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04–0.46 ng mL−1) in pregnancy and 47/66 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04–1.01 ng mL−1) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 86/94 (Median: 1.39; Range: 0.17–6.02 ng mL−1) in pregnancy and 56/66 (Median: 0.72; Range: 0.20–3.81 ng mL−1) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 28/110 (Median: 7.24; Range: 5.96–29.80 pg mL−1) and OTA in 11/129 (Median: 0.20; Range: 0.14–0.65 ng mL−1). In HIV-uninfected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 48/81 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04–1.06 ng mL−1) in pregnancy and 41/59 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04–0.52 ng mL−1) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 74/81 (Median: 1.15; Range: 0.17–6.16 ng mL−1) in pregnancy and 55/59 (Median: 0.96; Range: 0.20–2.82 ng mL−1) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 38/116 (Median: 7.70; Range: 6.07–31.75 pg mL−1) and OTA in 4/133 (Median: 0.24; Range: 0.18–0.83 ng mL−1). Location, wealth, and peanut butter consumption were determinants of AFB1 exposure. HIV infection, BMI, location, rainy season, unemployment, and age were determinants of FB1 exposure. Women especially those pregnant and/or HIV-infected are at risk of adverse effects of mycotoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: DNA metabarcoding applies high-throughput sequencing approaches to generate numerous DNA barcodes from mixed sample pools for mass species identification and community characterisation. To date, however, most metabarcoding studies employ second-generation sequencing platforms like Illumina, which are limited by short read lengths and longer turnaround times. While third-generation platforms such as the MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) can sequence longer reads and even in real-time, application of these platforms for metabarcoding has remained limited possibly due to the relatively high read error rates as well as the paucity of specialised software for processing such reads. Results: We show that this is no longer the case by performing nanopore-based, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) metabarcoding on 34 zooplankton bulk samples, and benchmarking the results against conventional Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Nanopore R10.3 sequencing chemistry and super accurate (SUP) basecalling model reduced raw read error rates to ~ 4%, and consensus calling with amplicon_sorter (without further error correction) generated metabarcodes that were ≤ 1% erroneous. Although Illumina recovered a higher number of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) than nanopore sequencing (589 vs. 471), we found no significant differences in the zooplankton communities inferred between the sequencing platforms. Importantly, 406 of 444 (91.4%) shared MOTUs between Illumina and nanopore were also found to be free of indel errors, and 85% of the zooplankton richness could be recovered after just 12–15 h of sequencing. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that nanopore sequencing can generate metabarcodes with Illumina-like accuracy, and we are the first study to show that nanopore metabarcodes are almost always indel-free. We also show that nanopore metabarcoding is viable for characterising species-rich communities rapidly, and that the same ecological conclusions can be obtained regardless of the sequencing platform used. Collectively, our study inspires confidence in nanopore sequencing and paves the way for greater utilisation of nanopore technology in various metabarcoding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Protists are diverse single-celled eukaryotes found in various habitats. They exhibit a wide range of forms and functions, representing a significant portion of the eukaryotic tree of life, which also includes animals, plants, and fungi. Due to their high sensitivity to environmental changes, these organisms are widely used as biological indicators of organic pollution. Methods and results: We investigated the molecular diversity of ciliate protists at seven strategic points along the Sapucaí River (Itajubá, Minas Gerais State, Brazil), to assess the impact of urban pollution on the richness, abundance, and diversity indexes of these communities. For each sampling point, values of physicochemical parameters were also recorded. DNA sequences were obtained by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and analyzed using the V4 18S-rRNA molecular marker, employing the DNA metabarcoding method. We recorded 125 ciliate taxonomic units (OTUs), with nearly 80% corresponding to the classes Spirotrichea, Oligohymenophorea, and Litostomatea. At the genus level, 54 OTUs (43.2%) were identified, spanning 28 genera. Conclusions: The composition of ciliates varied significantly along the river's course, from upstream to downstream of Itajubá city. Samples collected from the urban area displayed the lowest richness and diversity, corroborating the influence of the pollution gradient on these communities. The physicochemical parameters showed little variation among the samples and were not linked to the observed changes in ciliate communities, revealing that these organisms are strongly affected by environmental changes and respond more sensitively to these disturbances than physicochemical parameters, emphasizing their potential as bioindicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecoacoustics—or acoustic ecology—aids in monitoring elusive and protected species in several ecological contexts. For example, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), which involves autonomous acoustic sensors, is widely used to detect various taxonomic groups in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, from birds and bats to fish and cetaceans. Here, we illustrate the potential of ecoacoustics to monitor soil biodiversity (specifically fauna)—a crucial endeavour given that 59% of species live in soil yet 75% of soils are affected by degradation. We describe the sources of sound in the soil (e.g. biological, geological and anthropogenic) and the ability of acoustic technology to detect and differentiate between these sounds, highlighting opportunities and current gaps in knowledge. We also propose a roadmap for the future development of optimized hardware, analytical pipelines and experimental approaches. Soil ecoacoustics is an emerging field with considerable potential to improve soil biodiversity monitoring and 'soil health' diagnostics. Indeed, early studies suggest soil ecoacoustics can be successfully applied in various ecosystems (e.g. grasslands, temperate, tropical and arid forests) and land uses (e.g. agriculture, viticulture, natural and restored ecosystems). Given the low cost, minimal intrusiveness, and effectiveness in supporting soil biodiversity assessments and biosecurity risks, we advocate for the advancement of soil ecoacoustics for future land management applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Cernotina Ross, 1938 is represented in the southeastern United States by three nominal species: Cernotina calcea Ross, 1938, Cernotina spicata Ross, 1938, and Cernotina truncona Ross, 1947. Of all Cernotina species, only the larva of C. spicata has been described to date. The goal of this paper is to describe, illustrate, and diagnose the larva of C. truncona using ecologically associated specimens. In addition, we used publicly available mitochondrial DNA barcoding data to evaluate the genetic relationships of these species. The larvae of Cernotina truncona can be distinguished from those of C. spicata by differences in setal placement and number on the meso- and metanota, mandibular morphology, head width, and distal setation of the tarsi. The ultrastructure of the anal claw is figured, highlighting the novel finding of small spines on the concave margin of a larva of Cernotina. With this new description, just the second described larva from this genus, only C. calcea remains unknown in the southeastern United States. The information provided herein enables the in-depth study of the ecology and life history of this diminutive caddisfly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study used the adult earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides as a bioindicator species to look into the possible dangers of ammonium sulfate (AS) fertilizer. Two complementary toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LC50values, growth rate inhibition, morphological alterations, and histopathological texture of worms. The lethality test included four increasing concentrations of AS fertilizer (ranging from 2500 to 7500 mg/kg of dry soil weight (d.w.)), while sub-lethal concentrations were based on 10%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the 14-day median lethal concentration (LC50), with a control group included for both tests. The LC(50) values for AS fertilizer were significantly higher at 7 days (4831.13 mg/kg d.w.) than at 14 days (2698.67 mg/kg d.w.) of exposure. Notably, earthworms exhibited significant growth rate inhibition under exposure to various concentrations and time durations (14/28 exposure days). Morphological alterations such as clitellar swelling, bloody lesions, whole body coiling and constriction, body strangulation, and fragmentation were accentuated steadily, with higher concentrations. Histopathological manifestations included severe injuries to the circular and longitudinal muscular layers, vacuolation, muscle layer atrophy, degradation of the chloragogenous tissue in the intestine, collapsed digestive epithelium of the pharynx with weak reserve inclusion, and fibrosis of blood vessels. These effects were primarily influenced by increasing concentrations of fertilizer and time exposure. The study highlights the strong relationship between concentration and exposure time responses and underscores the potential of A. trapezoides earthworms as valuable biological control agents against acidic ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Importantly, this research contributes to the use of such biomarkers in evaluating soil toxicity and the biological control of environmental risk assessment associated with chemical fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ditches are widespread and common elements of the agricultural landscape. Although they can provide habitats for aquatic biodiversity, their ecosystem integrity and processes are generally limited or even unknown due to anthropogenic pressures and the paucity of studies on this type of aquatic ecosystem. This study aimed to enhance the knowledge on the biodiversity, ecosystem attributes and ecological status of agricultural ditches by analyzing the macroinvertebrate communities of six different ditches and those of the main river in the same area. While negligible differences in taxonomic richness were observed, macroinvertebrate community composition significantly varied among sites as a function of the heterogeneous habitat conditions. These compositional differences strongly affected the relative abundance of functional feeding groups among sites and their derived ecosystem attributes. Moreover, the ecological status assessment depicted different scenarios depending on the biomonitoring indices applied. By means of a multifaceted, but still poorly adopted, analysis of the macroinvertebrate community, ranging from the taxonomic and functional diversity to ecosystem attributes and biomonitoring indices, the results obtained in this study offer useful information on the ecology of agricultural ditches with potential insights to improving their management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posidonia oceanica significantly contributes to the health of oceans and coastal areas; however, its progressive decline is becoming an increasing source of concern. The present preliminary study aims to assess the chemical parameters that describe the state of preservation of the aforementioned plant meadows located in the Tremiti Islands archipelago. To better understand the plants' response to external factors, the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) was investigated using Posidonia oceanica as a biological indicator. Subsequently, the heavy metal concentrations (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, Zn) in sediments, leaves, and seawater were determined and pollution indicators were calculated to assess the deviation from the natural background levels of sediments. The dimethyl sulfoniopropionate (DMSP) to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ratio was calculated to evaluate the oxidative stress levels in the meadows because the DMSP naturally present in Posidonia oceanica is oxidized to DMSO and decreases the ratio of DMSP/DMSO. BVOC analysis revealed dimethyl sulphide (DMS) as the most abundant molecule. Morphological features led to variations in metal concentrations across sampling sites, with sheltered bays displaying a higher metal content. Degradation is indicated by a greater DMSO content in the outer leaves. In accordance with the metal content, the bioindicator ratio confirms greater degradation on the south side, which aligns with increased oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioinoculants of Sphingobium indicum B90A have been used to decontaminate hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-contaminated soils in the past. There is no selective or convenient method available to track the added B90A in HCH-contaminated soils in the presence of several native sphingomonads. Here, we describe a method, BioMarkTrack, for tracking B90A bioinoculant by simple amplification of the B90A specific biomarker genes. Whole-genome sequence data of 120 different genera of sphingomonads (Sphingobium, Novosphingobium, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, and Sphingosinicella) were retrieved from the NCBI database and annotated. Intra- and inter-genus similarity searches, including the genome of B90A as a reference was conducted. 122 unique gene sequences were identified in strain B90A, out of which 45 genes were selected that showed no similarity with the NCBI non-redundant (NR) database or gene sequences in the publicly available database. Primers were designed for amplification of 4 biomarkers. To validate the biomarkers B90A tracking efficacy in bioaugmented soils, a microcosm study was conducted in which sterile garden and HCH-contaminated dumpsite soils were amended with strain B90A. Amplification of the biomarker was observed both in sterile garden soil and HCH-contaminated dumpsite soil but not in control (lacking B90A) samples. Further, the primer set was used to track B90A in a bioremediation field trial soil, demonstrating the convenience and efficiency of the simple PCR-based method, which can be employed for tracking B90A in bioaugmented soils. The approach as presented here can be employed on different bioinoculants to identify unique biomarkers and then tracking these organisms during bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different measures of macroinvertebrate diversity (species diversity, functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity) and functional feeding groups (FFGs) are commonly used to assess the ecological status of large shallow lakes. In this study, biodiversity and FFGs in a large shallow lake, Lake Hongze, differed between littoral and pelagic habitats, with the spatial variability of littoral assemblages more correlated with nutrient concentrations, whilst pelagic assemblages were more associated with wave-induced disturbance (e.g., mean effective fetch). Species diversity was poorly correlated with measures of nutrient concentrations, whereas functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity, and functional feeding groups are promising indicators of nutrient concentrations. Lastly, our findings support the use of biodiversity and FFGs to disentangle the effects of nutrients and wave-induced disturbance on macroinvertebrate assemblages. Furthermore, monitoring both littoral and pelagic habitats in large shallow lakes is recommended to better understand and quantify ecosystem changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution and diversity of insects are crucial conservation issues. The order Trichoptera is comprised of numerous endangered species, but the rarity of some makes it challenging to determine their conservation priority. In recent decades, data based on caddisfly larvae have become more frequent in limnological research in Slovakia. Our research, focusing mainly on adult caddisflies, has led to more reliable and accurate identification of many species that cannot be identified with certainty in the larval stage.We combined several entomological methods, including sweeping, Malaise traps, and UV light attraction, to increase the likelihood of catching rare species. The text lists and discusses the discoveries of caddisfly species that are particularly important for faunistics or biodiversity in Slovakia, as well as in the Central European context. Enoicyla reichenbachii (Kolenati, 1848), Limnephilus incisus Curtis, 1834, Ptilocolepus granulatus (Pictet, 1834) and Oecetis testacea (Curtis, 1834) were recorded for the first time in Slovakia. The rare species Hagenella clathrata (Kolenati, 1848) and Adicella balcanica Botosaneanu and Novák, 1965, previously found in Slovakia, were also recorded. Additionally, a new locality of Adicella syriaca Ulmer, 1907 indicates a further northward shift of this Mediterranean species. We further discussed the faunistically important records of Beraeamyia hrabei Mayer, 1937, Allotrichia pallicornis (Eaton, 1873), Ceraclea riparia (Albarda, 1874), Grammotaulius nitidus (Müller, 1764) and Limnephilus fuscicornis Rambur, 1842 from Slovakia. The conservation status of each species is proposed and discussed on the basis of our faunistic records, in accordance with the forthcoming update of the Slovak Red Book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tipulidae, commonly known as true crane flies, represent one of the most species-rich dipteran families, boasting approximately 4,500 known species globally. Their larvae serve as vital decomposers across diverse ecosystems, prompting their frequent and close observation in biomonitoring programs. However, traditional morphological identification methods are laborious and time-consuming, underscoring the need for a comprehensive DNA barcode reference library to speed up species determination. In this study, we present the outcomes of the German Barcode of Life initiative focused on Tipulidae. Our DNA barcode library comprises 824 high-quality cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcodes encompassing 76 crane fly species, counting for ca. 54% of the German tipulid fauna. Our results significantly increased the number of European tipulid species available in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) by 14%. Additionally, the number of barcodes from European tipulid specimens more than doubled, with an increase of 118%, bolstering the DNA resource for future identification inquiries. Employing diverse species delimitation algorithms — including the multi-rate Poisson tree processes model (mPTP), Barcode Index Number assignments (BIN), Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP), and the TaxCI R-script — we successfully match 76-86% of the morphologically identified species. Further validation through neighbor-joining tree topology analysis and comparison with 712 additional European tipulid barcodes yield a remarkable 89% success rate for the species identification of German tipulids based on COI barcodes. This comprehensive DNA barcode dataset not only enhances species identification accuracy but also serves as a pivotal resource for ecological and biomonitoring studies, fostering a deeper understanding of crane fly diversity and distribution across terrestrial landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated concentrations of contaminants have negative impacts on aquatic organisms and their parasites. Changes in parasite infections have been proposed as a technique for monitoring the health of aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, alterations in physiological responses (biomarkers) of organisms have also been used to delineate ecosystem quality. Lake Heritage is situated along the Crocodile River in Muldersdrift, Gauteng, South Africa, and is subject to contamination by acid mine drainage. Clarias gariepinus is a well‐studied bioindicator species and host to numerous endoparasites and ectoparasites. The aims of this study were to delineate the health status of Lake Heritage through a multifaceted approach by comparing the water quality, biomarker responses, and parasite biodiversity of C. gariepinus, compared to unexposed laboratory‐reared fish. Physical and chemical water quality parameters were determined using a hand‐held probe, test kits, and element analysis with inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. Biomarker responses in the gill, liver, and muscle tissues from C. gariepinus were assessed for total protein, metallothioneins, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and activities of acetylcholinesterase and catalase. Results for water quality variables showed higher pH, nitrate, hardness, and copper levels compared with the South African Target Water Quality Guidelines. Catalase activity and concentrations of SOD and reduced GSH showed a response in C. gariepinus to the water quality. Ectoparasites had lower prevalence and mean intensity than endoparasites. However, there were no differences in the physiological responses between infected and uninfected hosts. The study shows that the eutrophic conditions in Lake Heritage cause biomarker responses in the host when compared to host fish in laboratory conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1539–1553. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). Key Points: The water quality in this river is impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD), sporadic treatment of AMD, point‐source pollution, and runoff.Inhibition of acetylcholine esterase activity in Clarias gariepinus implies that organophosphate and carbamates are also entering the system, and the lake is eutrophic.Ectoparasite infection intensity, number, and diversity are reduced, while endoparasite numbers and diversity are higher.Water quality has a greater impact on the physiological response of the host, compared to the effect caused by the endoparasites or ectoparasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of habitat characteristics and anthropogenic activities on the distribution of macroinvertebrate traits and ecological preferences was assessed in Osun State, Nigerian. Physicochemical parameters involving water depth (WD), channel width (CW), flow rate, discharge, water temperature (W.T), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, nitrate, phosphate and organic matter (OM), were appraised, alongside macroinvertebrates from 5 streams in different geographical locations. Sampling spanned from December 2019 to October 2021, covering early and late dry seasons, as well as early and late rainy seasons. Principal component analysis classified the sites into three impact categories: least impacted (LIS), moderately impacted (MIS), and highly impacted (HIS). Nine traits and ecological preferences displayed significant variations alongside nine physicochemical variables, such as phosphate, OM, WD, discharge, CW, TDS, EC, W.T, and nitrate, within the Fourth-corner figure. Furthermore, these traits and ecological preferences exhibited notable correlations with site impact categories, including–no turbidity preference, spherical body shape, climbers to LIS, preference for transparent water, crawlers, climbers, burrowers, small body size to MIS, and highly tolerant to ocxygen depletion to MIS.This study underscores the effectiveness of macroinvertebrate trait-based approach as a freshwater biomonitoring tool in Osun State, Nigeria, providing essential insights into how environmental factors influence macroinvertebrate traits in lotic systems in the region, with implications not only locally but also for broader eclogical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in plants sampled from Mt. Madra were investigated. Furthermore, the distribution characteristics and source identification of potentially toxic metals were investigated with the application of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modelling. Samples of 26 different plant species were taken from Mt. Madra at elevations ranging from 177 to 1347 m using the multi-point sampling approach. The metal quantities measured by ICP-OES are the following sequences (mean ± SD) (mg/kg): Fe (974.96 ± 29.6) > Mn (111.81 ± 2.6) > Zn (27.28 ± 0.2) > Ni (2.17 ± 0.03) > Pb (0.77 ± 0.01) > Cd (0.12 ± 0.01). According to the plant samples in which the highest values were determined, the metals are as follows: Cd (Lathyrus laxiflorus, 0.401 mg/kg), Fe (Ajuga orientalis, 7621.207 mg/kg), Mn (Castanea sativa, 724.927 mg/kg), Ni (Prunella laciniata, 6.947 mg/kg), Pb (Crataegus stevenii, 3.955 mg/kg) and Zn (Prunella laciniata, 50.802 mg/kg). The results of the PMF model showed that Cd had an atmospheric transport factor originated and transported from industrial activites, Ni had a substrate factor, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were influenced by different anthropogenic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While long-range transport is believed to be the primary source of mercury (Hg) in Antarctica, it is known that seabirds transport organic matter, nutrients, and contaminants from the sea to land. However, these biologically mediated inputs have not been widely evaluated. Anthropogenic contamination and natural occurrence have increased Hg in the environment. Antarctic seabirds, such as penguins and shags, form dense colonies and may provide an important local source of Hg input. This study determined the concentrations of total mercury (THg) in ornithogenic soils associated with eight species of seabirds on King George Island (Antarctica Peninsula) and evaluated species-specific differences. Soils from colonies of Southern Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus; mean ± SD, 213 ± 132 ng g−1) and Imperial Shag (Leucocarbo atriceps; 144 ± 54 ng g−1) had significantly higher THg concentrations than non-ornithogenically influenced (29 ± 35 ng g−1) soil samples. Soils associated with Southern Giant Petrels also had significantly higher THg than those of Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus; mean 17 ± 15 ng g−1), which we speculate is a result of petrels occupying a higher trophic position in the marine food web, which leads to a greater accumulation of Hg in their organism, then being excreted through guano. Moreover, a moderate relationship observed between THg-Cd and THg-SOM suggests an influence of those species. Our data confirm that Antarctic seabird colonies are associated with higher soil THg concentrations and report the higher concentration for ornithogenically influenced soil (508 ng g−1) in a level similar to an anthropogenic site and highlight the need for a more thorough evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in chromium (Cr) concentrations in Picea orientalis L., across different directions (north, east, south, and west) and plant organs (outer bark, inner bark, and wood) in a forested region. The research, conducted over eight age periods spanning 1980 to 2020, aimed to assess the effectiveness of Picea orientalis L. as a biomonitor for Cr pollution. The highest Cr concentrations were observed in the east direction, particularly in the inner bark and wood, while the lowest levels were found in the west. The study was conducted in an urban area near the industrial zone and highway, as well as in forested regions. A total of 100 trees were selected for the study, with samples collected from three different organs: outer bark (OB), inner bark (IB), and wood. Samples were taken from each organ at breast height (approximately 1.3 meters above the ground) to ensure consistency. The sampling covered various age periods, specifically 1980–2020, to analyze temporal changes in Cr concentrations. Statistical analysis revealed significant variations in Cr concentrations across most directions and periods, with notable increases during certain periods, especially in the west direction. These variations can be attributed to several factors, including the proximity to industrial sources of pollution, which typically release higher levels of chromium into the environment. The eastern direction likely experiences greater exposure to these emissions due to prevailing wind patterns and urban runoff, leading to increased accumulation in Picea orientalis L. Additionally, seasonal changes, temperature fluctuations, and soil characteristics may influence the bioavailability of chromium, affecting its uptake by the tree. The results suggest that Picea orientalis L. can effectively reflect Cr pollution levels, with significant directional and temporal variations that highlight the influence of these environmental factors on Cr accumulation. This study underscores the potential of Picea orientalis L. as a valuable tool for monitoring and managing Cr pollution in forested environments.

Abstract Background Occupational biomonitoring is essential for assessing health risks linked to workplace exposures. The use of ‘omics’ technologies, such as metabolomics and proteomics, has become crucial in detecting subtle biological alterations induced by occupational hazards, thereby opening novel avenues for biomarker discovery. Aims This systematic review aims to evaluate the application of metabolomics and proteomics in occupational health. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for original human studies that use metabolomics or proteomics to assess occupational exposure biomarkers. The risk of bias was assessed by adapting the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results Of 2311 initially identified articles, 85 met the eligibility criteria. These studies were mainly conducted in China, Europe, and the United States of America, covering a wide range of occupational exposures. The findings revealed that metabolomics and proteomics approaches effectively identified biomarkers related to chemical, physical, biomechanical, and psychosocial hazards. Analytical methods varied, with mass spectrometry-based techniques emerging as the most prevalent. The risk of bias was generally low to moderate, with specific concerns about exposure measurement and confounding factors. Conclusions Integrating metabolomics and proteomics in occupational health biomonitoring significantly advances our understanding of exposure effects and facilitates the development of personalized preventive interventions. However, challenges remain regarding the complexity of data analysis, biomarker specificity, and the translation of findings into preventive measures. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and biomarker validation across diverse populations to improve the reliability and applicability of occupational health interventions.

Periphyton that lives attached to seagrass leaves is generally a source of autochthonous energy in the waters and has a major role in the food chain system that supports the primary productivity of seagrass beds. The aim of the current study was to study the extent to which Hg levels affect the ecosystem by looking at Hg accumulation in the periphyton. This study used the method of species composition analysis, the density of epiphytic periphyton algae on seagrass, and analyzed the level of pollution in the Talawan Bajo estuary waters based on the bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) content in the periphyton and analyzed the periphyton as a bioindicator of the level of Hg pollution in the waters. The first stage was to identify the types of seagrass and periphyton and analyze the composition and density; diversity index, uniformity and dominance of periphyton. The second stage of this study included observation of the accumulation of heavy metal Hg on a laboratory scale and visualization of periphyton cells using TEMcell. Based on the results of the analysis, it was shown that the environmental conditions of the Talawaan Bajo estuary were polluted by heavy metal Hg because the Hg content accumulated in seagrass and periphyton exceeded the quality standards for aquatic biota. It was concluded that the environmental conditions of the Talawaan Bajo estuary were contaminated with heavy metal Hg because the Hg content accumulated in seagrass and periphyton exceeded the quality standards for aquatic biota. Hg contamination in aquatic ecosystems affects the life of biota in the environment, especially damage to tissue structures.

Citizen science has been widely adopted in monitoring air quality by indexes of lichen diversity. Since the identification of lichens is challenging, volunteers are often involved in adopting simplified sampling protocols, which require identification at a higher level than the species, or the use of morpho-types, or colors. In Italy, a simple citizen science protocol for monitoring air quality with lichens by involving schools has been successfully tested, and will be replicated at the national level.

Abstract Background DNA metabarcoding applies high-throughput sequencing approaches to generate numerous DNA barcodes from mixed sample pools for mass species identification and community characterisation. To date, however, most metabarcoding studies employ second-generation sequencing platforms like Illumina, which are limited by short read lengths and longer turnaround times. While third-generation platforms such as the MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) can sequence longer reads and even in real-time, application of these platforms for metabarcoding has remained limited possibly due to the relatively high read error rates as well as the paucity of specialised software for processing such reads. Results We show that this is no longer the case by performing nanopore-based, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) metabarcoding on 34 zooplankton bulk samples, and benchmarking the results against conventional Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Nanopore R10.3 sequencing chemistry and super accurate (SUP) basecalling model reduced raw read error rates to ~ 4%, and consensus calling with amplicon_sorter (without further error correction) generated metabarcodes that were ≤ 1% erroneous. Although Illumina recovered a higher number of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) than nanopore sequencing (589 vs. 471), we found no significant differences in the zooplankton communities inferred between the sequencing platforms. Importantly, 406 of 444 (91.4%) shared MOTUs between Illumina and nanopore were also found to be free of indel errors, and 85% of the zooplankton richness could be recovered after just 12–15 h of sequencing. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that nanopore sequencing can generate metabarcodes with Illumina-like accuracy, and we are the first study to show that nanopore metabarcodes are almost always indel-free. We also show that nanopore metabarcoding is viable for characterising species-rich communities rapidly, and that the same ecological conclusions can be obtained regardless of the sequencing platform used. Collectively, our study inspires confidence in nanopore sequencing and paves the way for greater utilisation of nanopore technology in various metabarcoding applications.

The aim of this study was to determine factors influencing observed increased metal biomarkers of exposure levels in a group of 116 Quebec apprentice welders during a longitudinal follow-up of exposure. Analysis of 14 metals was carried out in hair, fingernail, and toenail samples taken from participants over the course of their welding curriculum at 6 different times. Personal and socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and other potential confounding factors were documented by questionnaire. Multivariate linear mixed-effect models were used to assess main predictors of metal concentrations in each biological matrix including increasing time of exposure throughout the curriculum (defined as the repeated measure "time" variable"). Significant associations between repeated measure "time" variable and metal levels in hair, fingernails, and toenails were found for chromium, iron, manganese and nickel. Significant associations with "time" were also noted for arsenic levels in hair and fingernails, and for barium, cobalt and vanadium levels in fingernails and toenails. The repeated measure "time" variable, hence increasing time of exposure throughout the curriculum, was the predominant predictor of elevated biological metal levels. Reduced spaces and simultaneous activities such as oxyfuel-cutting and welding in the same welding room were suspected to contribute to higher metal levels. Age, ethnicity, and annual household income exerted an effect on metal levels and considered as confounders in the models. Variations observed in metal levels between hair and nails of apprentice welders also emphasized the relevance and importance of performing multi-matrix and multi-element biomonitoring to assess temporal variations in biological metal concentrations during welding curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Cernotina Ross, 1938 is represented in the southeastern United States by three nominal species: Cernotina calcea Ross, 1938, Cernotina spicata Ross, 1938, and Cernotina truncona Ross, 1947. Of all Cernotina species, only the larva of C. spicata has been described to date. The goal of this paper is to describe, illustrate, and diagnose the larva of C. truncona using ecologically associated specimens. In addition, we used publicly available mitochondrial DNA barcoding data to evaluate the genetic relationships of these species. The larvae of Cernotina truncona can be distinguished from those of C. spicata by differences in setal placement and number on the meso- and metanota, mandibular morphology, head width, and distal setation of the tarsi. The ultrastructure of the anal claw is figured, highlighting the novel finding of small spines on the concave margin of a larva of Cernotina. With this new description, just the second described larva from this genus, only C. calcea remains unknown in the southeastern United States. The information provided herein enables the in-depth study of the ecology and life history of this diminutive caddisfly.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of non-invasive self-monitoring of oxygenation and blood pressure indicators by patients. The article provides an overview of the available promising approaches for monitoring the biomarkers under consideration. Also, it demonstrates the main problems associated with applying the approaches under consideration and those caused by the test sample itself.

Abstract The amount of dust deposited on tree leaves is a cost-effective indicator of air quality. Our aim was to explore the leaf surface deposition, and chlorophyll content of leaves along a road section that started at an intersection, and ended in a less disturbed suburban area in Debrecen, Hungary. We also assessed the impact of meteorological conditions on the amount of deposited dust. Leaf samples were collected in July, and September 2022 from Celtis occidentalis, a frequent species in green urban areas of Debrecen. We found a significant negative correlation between dust deposition, and the distance from the intersection in July. In September, dust deposition decreased considerably compared to July, due to rainfall before the second sampling. Surprisingly, we found a positive correlation between dust deposition and chlorophyll content in July. Our findings suggest that dust deposition on leaves serves as a reliable indicator of traffic intensity, because the excess dust caused by the proximity of vehicle traffic can be detected on the leaf surface. Although, rainfall can disrupt the patterns in dust deposition that have developed over an extended period through wash-off and resuspension. Hence, it is advisable to consider these effects while selecting the sampling time and evaluating the results.

Abstract The field study aims to address identified research gaps by providing valuable information on the concentration, spatial distribution, pollution levels, and source apportionment of toxic and essential elements in sediment samples from four sampling sites (P1: Beira Rio (urban area), P2: Bananal (rural area), P3: Embiral (rural area), P4: Cidelândia (rural area) distributed along the middle Tocantins River, Brazil. Samples were collected in 2023 from river sections and analyzed using various contamination índices (geoaccumulation index, contamination factor, enrichment factor, pollution load index, sediment pollution index, potential ecological risk coefficients, and integrated risk index). Results indicated that the levels of aluminum, iron, manganese, and selenium exceeded legal standards in that year. Chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead exceeded guidelines, mainly in section P1 for aluminum and section P3 for nickel and lead. Rainy months showed increased presence, indicating seasonal variability. The geoaccumulation index indicated low pollution levels, with lead and nickel notably present near urban and industrial areas. The enrichment factor highlighted elevated concentrations of lead and zinc in industrial areas. Both PLI and SPI indices raise concerns regarding Pb (P4) and Zn (P3) concentrations at specific times of the year. Overall, potential ecological risks were deemed low for most sites. Continuous monitoring and interventions are crucial to preserve water and environmental quality in the region.

Abstract Background This paper explores the feasibility of establishing a large-scale population-based cohort and biobank in Switzerland by assessing potential participants’ needs, expectations, and concerns about such an infrastructure providing information on health, lifestyle, and exposure trajectories, the development of disease, and risk factors over time. Methods We utilized a scenario-based questionnaire in the Swiss Health Study pilot phase (2020–2021), involving 1349 adults aged 20–69 from the cantons Vaud and Bern. We conducted descriptive statistics supported by R and qualitative content analysis of n = 374 open responses related to attitudes towards research. Results We highlight the benefits and challenges of the scenario-based approach, discuss the sample represented in the pilot phase, and present implications for building a full cohort. We also report on participants’ attitudes towards and previous experience with health research. We analyze references regarding informed consent and feedback, attitudes towards the Swiss Health Study, and recommendations on improving its scope, design, and instruments. Results indicate a high interest (90%) in participating in a national health study, with 85% of a random population sample willing to join a long-term cohort. Only 43% were familiar with biobanks, and 44% preferred general consent. Trust was high for Swiss-based public research but lower for researchers from other countries or private sector. Over 95% expressed willingness to complete online questionnaires, undergo physical examination, and donate biosamples. Almost all participants wanted to know the outcomes of the medical tests (99.5%) and the exposure to environmental stressors (95%) from their study center visit. Preferred tools for monitoring sleep, physical activity, and diet were known smartphone apps with automatic data management. Conclusion Overall, the study reveals a positive attitude towards personalized health research, with a strong willingness to share data and samples. Key insights focus the meaning of informed consent for participation, the relevance of sampling and representativeness, as well as the significance and challenges of personalized feedback, especially regarding environmental health concerns. Findings emphasize participants’ supportive yet reflexive stances, underscoring the importance of aligning research values with individual values in personalized health research. These insights contribute valuable considerations for refining the scope, design, and instruments of future cohort studies.

For researching of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn and Cu concentrations, lichen thallus and airborne particles were investigated in Çankırı city. From an uncontaminated area thalli of fruticose lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf were taken and exposed to contaminated area by bag (transplant) technique. According to results, existence of heavy metals in particles is considerable for assessing pollution levels in certain areas. The crucial relation between the heavy metals uptaken by lichens and heavy metals in the air is a evidence that lichens reflect atmospheric pollution. In addition, the results indicate that for determining heavy metal pollution lichens can be utilized as a bioindicator organism. The aim of this research was to evaluate the level of air pollution in Çankırı and to constitute air pollution map by using P. furfuracea as a bioindicator. Lichen specimens were collected from an unpolluted area in Yapraklı Mountains in Çankırı in July 2002 and carried to 6 different localities in Çankırı. Specimens were re-collected separately in two different periods, 3 and 6 months later. Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were analyzed with ICP-MS device. Amounts of chlorophyll a and b were measured by DMSO technique. It was reached that with heavy metal content results in P. furfuracea to air pollution data in Çankırı. The clear causes of pollution in Çankırı stations were heating activities, vehicle and industrial pollution.