Search

Building on the idea of religion and science as conceptual maps of intellectual territory, I use a settler colonial analysis as a framework for thinking about decolonizing religion and science in a way that moves away from abstraction and towards action; addressing not just the ideas, but the tools of control—the fences—that impose ideas on the territory itself. Comparing the Wyoming prairie with the epistemological prairie, I describe the maps, fences and other tools and technologies of settler colonialism used to appropriate Indigenous Land and knowledge, eventually turning it into private property. It is in this last step—the creation of private property—that fences are most important, because they are tools of ownership that do not merely restrict access to parts of the prairie (land and knowledge), but restrict movement on the prairie itself. I describe patents and intellectual property as examples of fences on the epistemological prairie. Because they are legally and historically connected to technologies of settler colonial appropriation of land—including terra nullius and land patents—they are an excellent example of the connection between land and epistemological territory, and show what epistemological decolonization can look like in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of National Education / Millî Eğitim Dergisi is the property of Milli Egitim Bakanligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Indonesia has great potential in the development of biowealthbased phytopharmaceutical products, considering its rich natural wealth and traditional medicine traditions. This study uses theories of legal utilitarianism, distributive justice, and legal positivism to explore the challenges facing Indonesia, as well as opportunities for more inclusive and adaptive reforms. This analysis employs a normative juridical approach, focusing on the analysis of written laws, regulations, doctrines and legal interpretations related to patent protection for phytopharmaceutic products. This approach enables a thorough understanding of the patent legal framework in Indonesia and its practical implementation. The case study method is used to evaluate several patents registered with the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DJKI). The results show that Indonesia is facing a number of complex legal challenges in the patent registration process, ranging from barriers to novelty criteria and inventive steps to lengthy administrative processes. In addition, Indonesia needs to strengthen its national patent system and intellectual property protection strategies to ensure that local communities benefit fairly from the use of their traditional knowledge. This research could investigate how these mechanisms influence innovation within local communities and their role in fostering sustainable practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia, as a country with high biodiversity, is vulnerable to biopiracy. In response, Indonesia ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity which introduced the concept of Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) to genetic resources and traditional knowledge that contain high economic value. This paper explains the mitigation of biopiracy against genetic resources and traditional knowledge with bioprospection so that it can be utilized sustainably for the greatest prosperity of the people. This paper is a normative legal research that uses legislative and conceptual approaches which will later elaborate whether genetic resources and traditional knowledge have received sufficient mitigation efforts from the threat of biopiracy, as well as bioprospection actions to improve the welfare of people who depend on genetic resources and traditional knowledge with sustainable technological development and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis is the property of Amsterdam University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

India has a large number of ethnomedicinal plants growing under different geographical conditions. The article emphasizes on think locally and act globally scenario of the hidden Indian medicinal knowledge and its worldwide implementation as life saving novel herbal formulations. The article also emphasizes possible role of novel herbal formulations based on ethnomedicinal knowledge in uplifting of Indian economy. Looking into the current situation of biopiracy and gene robbing, the country should take immediate steps to bioprospect its ethnomedicinal knowledge and to commercialize novel herbal formulations at global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional medicine is a form of medicine that has been widely used in Ethiopia for thousands of years. However, it is still practiced in the absence of formal healthcare. The current approach to the protection of traditional medicinal resources in Ethiopia is based on multiple fragmented legislations and neglects one of these problems. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the need for integrating traditional medicine into national healthcare system and protecting of traditional medicinal resources in Euthopia. This normative legal research employs statutory approach. It is found that Ethiopia has put in place a legal framework for the protection of its traditional medicinal resources, but the role of traditional medicine in healthcare is not clearly defined. Many medicinal plants are, consequently, at risk of extinction and biopiracy. Ay policy option that seeks to protect traditional medicinal resources must have in mind these three problems together, i.e loss of traditional knowledge, loss of medicinal plants, and potential misappropriation. Integrating traditional medicine into the modern health care system requires careful consideration of conservation, protection, and development of traditional practices.

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Management Academy is the property of Uluslararasi Yonetim Akademisi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Benefit-sharing agreements are a new, prescriptive way of treating trade, biodiversity and the commercial use of traditional knowledge. However, these agreements have met with surprisingly little critique as a development paradigm. Through the lens of the industry around rooibos, a plant native to South Africa, we offer new, critical perspectives on the potential pitfalls of so-called access and benefit sharing (ABS) agreements. Rooibos underpins a well-established tea industry and was central to a much-lauded benefit-sharing agreement with Indigenous San and Khoi communities. We argue, however, that ABS as a model not only fails to challenge the engrained powers of state, capital, race and patriarchy, but even appears to legitimise (falsely) these powers because of its inability to grapple with local contexts and struggles over identity, representation and land. Despite its guise as an apolitical regulatory instrument, ABS entrenches existing marginalities, exclusions and structural inequities. Using a mixed methods approach that focuses on deep listening and draws from decades of research in the region, we demonstrate what happens when the depoliticising ABS framework collides with the complex and contentious politics of communities fractured by colonialism and apartheid. We conclude that ABS remains disconnected from, and structurally ignorant of, the wider political and economic struggles faced by marginalised communities. Aided by an intervening and complicit state, the agreements instead serve as legal compliance mechanisms that perpetuate epistemic injustices by maintaining a 'business as usual' approach without fundamentally shifting power relations or economic disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo: Buscamos comprender la definición de recursos genéticos marinos y recursos biológicos marinos, ubicándola en el contexto histórico de las narrativas del derecho internacional del mar. Buscamos analizar el contenido del patrimonio común de la humanidad hacia los RGM. Buscamos analizar el marco legal internacional de extracción y uso de RGM asegurando un fácil acceso a ellos de acuerdo con el concepto de patrimonio común de la humanidad. Buscamos investigar la regulación legal internacional de la biopiratería en la investigación legal. Los autores consideran la importancia de la necesidad de satisfacer la falta de una definición universal de biopiratería en relación con los RGM en el Derecho Internacional del Mar. La metodología: La investigación utiliza técnicas científicas generales y cognitivas especiales en las que se aplican métodos de análisis y síntesis jurídica, sistémico, formal-legal, comparado-legal, histórico-legal y dialéctico. Los resultados: Descubrimos que, por primera vez en la historia, la protección legal del patrimonio inmaterial de RGM perteneciente a los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales será fijada universalmente por la ley marítima. La ley también establecerá un mecanismo especial para controlar el acceso de las partes interesadas a este conocimiento. El conocimiento tradicional de los pueblos indígenas entra dentro de la definición de patrimonio cultural inmaterial. Este hecho plantea la cuestión de una superposición entre el futuro Acuerdo y la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial. Aunque el ámbito que va a ser regulado por el futuro Acuerdo es muy específico, muchas de sus disposiciones se basan en los instrumentos legales internacionales previamente adoptados como la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica y los Criterios de la COI. y Directrices sobre transferencia de tecnología marina. Además, el alcance del Acuerdo podría superponerse con el alcance de otros instrumentos internacionales, que no tienen nada que ver con el derecho marino, la ecología marina y la biodiversidad marina, p. Ej. la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial. Todos los aspectos antes mencionados deberían impulsar nuevos estudios del marco legal de los recursos genéticos y biológicos marinos. Los autores llegaron a la conclusión de extender el concepto de patrimonio común de la humanidad a los recursos genéticos marinos y descubrimos el hecho de que la falta de regulación legal internacional de la extracción y uso de los recursos genéticos marinos asegurando el acceso facilitado a ellos de acuerdo con con el concepto de patrimonio común de la humanidad, lo que puede conducir a un aumento de la comisión de actos de biopiratería. Los contribuciones: Tras una revisión del contenido, planteamos posibles problemas, estrategias, sugerencias y lineamientos para los recursos genéticos marinos y la biopiratería.Los autores concluyen que la implicación del principio del patrimonio común de la humanidad en los RGM puede generar aún más conflictos de derecho porque Es imposible trasladar este principio a alta mar. Además, el acceso simplificado a los RGM junto con la falta de protección de los derechos intelectuales de los RGM y la información genética puede resultar en la sobreexplotación de los recursos marinos y oceánicos, así como en la propagación de la biopiratería. También señalamos que es necesario encontrar un equilibrio entre las libertades de alta mar, la salvaguardia de los RGM y la protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual sobre la información genética o las biotecnologías marinas. Las investigaciones consideraron la distinción entre los conceptos de recursos genéticos marinos y biológicos marinos y revelaron los problemas de la regulación legal internacional del uso de los recursos genéticos marinos. Los autores concluyen que la generalización del marco legal internacional para regular el uso de los recursos genéticos marinos necesita mejoras legales. Los autores fomentan el complemento a la normativa legal internacional de la definición universal de recursos genéticos marinos y biopiratería.

Biopiracy, largely defined as misappropriation and intellectual property control of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge, has long had profound adverse impacts on the lives of the people and communities in developing countries, including Southeast Asia, one of the global biodiversity hotspots. Given that patents are the main means used in most biopiracy cases to exploit resources and knowledge, this article will discuss its feasibility as the other policy instrument to tackle biopiracy in Southeast Asia and suggest how it should be established and/or improved. For this purpose, this article examines two policy instruments in the patent regime that can be and have been used to address the aforementioned problem: compulsory licensing and the disclosure requirement. Based on the analysis of these two instruments, this article discusses why compulsory licensing is an unlikely means of tackling the problem and suggests how a disclosure requirement can be established or improved to tackle biopiracy in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional knowledge is such knowledge which has been present and preserved by a traditional or indigenous community from time immemorial and has a market potential to be exploited commercially. The authors, through this paper, put forth the urgency of this critical legal issue which can be a huge monetization market for developing and culturally rich countries like India. The research has given a special focus on the historical background of various cases of biopiracy, which can create a base for understanding this urgency both in terms of substantive and procedural law. As an apt description given under the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Traditional Knowledge Bill, 2016 1 it is of urgent consideration to identify legal regulation over commercial misappropriation of Traditional Knowledge. Against this background, it would be pertinent to examine The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007 (UNDRIP) with the central aim of understanding the scope and extent of protection of Traditional Knowledge owned by indigenous people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Toruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

India is a mega-biodiversity rich country comprising a vast traditional knowledge on use of plants and their products in ancient agriculture as well as pharmaceutical sectors. The country needs bioprospection of Indian flora and ethnobotanically important plants for novel formulations to be used in agricultural pest management as well as in cure of different human diseases, thereby, boosting green chemicals based substances as an important component under the Make in India campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early exploitation of Indigenous communities' traditional medical knowledge involved theft of natural resources. Today, this knowledge is exploited through biopiracy: the use of traditional medical knowledge by third parties to obtain intellectual property rights in pharmaceuticals based on that knowledge. Many scholars have rightly argued traditional medical knowledge and Indigenous communities themselves should be protected from this exploitation. However, existing literature on biopiracy largely glosses over a crucial topic: how traditional medical knowledge is used by third parties in their scientific research. This Comment fills that gap. Through an examination of how traditional medical knowledge is used in scientific research--specifically ethnopharmacology, natural products chemistry, and drug discovery and development--this Comment argues that protecting traditional medical knowledge does not substantially impede innovation. This Comment then discusses why existing intellectual property regimes do not effectively protect traditional medical knowledge without modification. Although current patent and trade secret laws could be modified to cover traditional medical knowledge, such modification for traditional medical knowledge is a practically impossible. The best mechanism to protect traditional medical knowledge is defensive protection. Through a combination of documenting knowledge, imposing patent disclosure requirements, and requiring access and benefit-sharing agreements, Indigenous communities can obtain control over their knowledge. This de facto right in their knowledge would allow Indigenous communities to collaborate with the scientific community rather than endure continued exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical concerns over the exploitation of the Global South's genetic biodiversity framed the importance of creating global governance mechanisms to ensure fair access to and benefit-sharing of genetic resources worldwide. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty) came into existence over the past three decades to redress the centuries of genetic exploitation of the Global South. Both of the treaties explicitly regulate and facilitate the exchange of physical genetic material. The recent emergence of relevant digital technologies, such as digital sequencing information (DSI), could make both treaties irrelevant. This article analyses the current state of the CBD and Plant Treaty as it relates to global agricultural research in light of DSI. I argue that DSI presents less of a threat to exacerbating historical gene flows than it does to the further displacement of public sector research by the private sector. The article then suggests looking at the lessons from open-source approaches to counter the privatisation of DSI and related gene flows. I draw on 11 key informant interviews with country negotiators involved with the CBD and Plant Treaty as well as a review of official reports from both frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Administrative Sciences / Yonetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Terzioglu Kampusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of REUNIR: Revista de Administração, Contabilidade e Sustentabilidade is the property of REUNIR - Revista de Administracao, Contabilidade e Sustentabilidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This capstone project explores whether the sustainable collection and research of marine natural products can contribute to marine conservation, using the small island nation of Curacao as a case study. Research was conducted on various perspectives on natural products discovery, also known and “bioprospecting”, and explored what has caused both positive and negative perceptions. Work was conducted with Sirenas, a small natural products discovery startup, Their collection model is to make sustainable collections by hand to mimic natural predation on collection organisms, and sensitive or threatened organism are always excluded from collections. Previous collaboration between Sirenas and the ocean communities in which they have made collections culminated in the Sirenas “Explorer Network”, which has membership benefits designed to promote marine conservation. Part of this project included expanding the benefits of the Explorer Network to include access to an interactive oceanographic database where members may access, provide, and utilize ocean data.

The article shows how the colonial legacy of intellectual property (IP) reflects the unequal distribution of power between IP owners and those seeking access to medicines. Topics discussed include role of patents as mechanisms of appropriation rooted in the history of feudalism and potential exploitation of the IP system with the exclusion of patients' interest from the process of price setting for life-saving medication like insulin, COVID-19 and influenza vaccines.

Copyright of Revista Opinião Jurídica is the property of Revista Opiniao Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ancestral groups of the Colombia, historically have experienced and resisted activities of resource extractivism, today suffer a more sophisticated level of this long and uninterrupted process: cultural extractivism. The research results that are visible in this reflection article address a global characterization with local impact of the trend called biopiracy. For this reason, it is intended to analyze with the methodologies of legal hermeneutics, the category of bioprospecting of unconventional knowledge of ancestral groups; the global panorama and the new socio-legal realities that this mega trend is provoking are also pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fronteira: Revista de Iniciação Científica em Relações Internacionais is the property of Instituto de Ciencias Sociais, Departmento de Relacoes Internacionais, PUC Minas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)