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The collective dynamics of active biopolymers is crucial for many processes in life, such as cellular motility, intracellular transport, and division. Recent experiments revealed fascinating self-organized patterns of diverse active filaments, while an explicit parameter control strategy remains an open problem. Moreover, theoretical studies so far mostly dealt with active chains with uniform stiffness, which are inadequate in describing the more complicated class of polymers with varying stiffness along the backbone. Here, using Langevin dynamics simulations, we investigate the collective behavior of active chains with homogeneous and heterogeneous stiffness in a comparative manner. We map a detailed non-equilibrium phase diagram in activity and stiffness parameter space. A wide range of phase states, including melt, cluster, spiral, polar, and vortex, are demonstrated. The appropriate parameter combination for large-scale polar and vortex formation is identified. In addition, we find that stiffness heterogeneity can substantially modulate the phase behaviors of the system. It has an evident destructive effect on the long-ranged polar structure but benefits the stability of the vortex pattern. Intriguingly, we unravel a novel polar–vortex transition in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, which is closely related to the local alignment mechanism. Overall, we achieve new insights into how the interplay among activity, stiffness, and heterogeneity affects the collective dynamics of active filament systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic matter can initiate heterogeneous ice nucleation in supercooled water droplets, thereby influencing atmospheric cloud glaciation. Predicting the ice nucleation ability of organic matter-containing cloud droplets is challenging due to the unknown mechanism for templating ice. Here, we observed the presence of nanoparticles in aqueous samples of known ice-nucleating biopolymers cellulose and lignin, as well as in newly identified ice-nucleating biopolymers xylan and laminarin. Using our drop Freezing Ice Nuclei Counter (FINC), we measured the median ice nucleation temperature (T50) of xylan and of laminarin droplets of 2 μl to be −14.2 and −20.0 °C, respectively. Next, we characterized these samples using nanoparticle tracking analysis, and we detected and quantified nanoparticles with mean diameters between 132 and 267 nm. Xylan contained the largest nanoparticles and froze at higher temperatures. Xylan also dictated the freezing in a 1:1:1:1 mixture with cellulose, lignin, laminarin, and xylan. Filtration experiments down to 300 kDa with the xylan sample indicated that the presence of nanoparticles triggered freezing. Overall, only samples with mean diameters above 150 nm froze above −20 °C. Furthermore, we determined the ice-active site densities normalized to particle concentrations, surface area, and mass of the nanoparticles to show that the samples' nucleation site densities are similar to sea spray aerosols and nanometer-sized dust. The identification and characterization of xylan and laminarin as nanometer-sized ice-nucleating substances expands the growing list of organic matter capable of impacting cloud formation and thus climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicellular organisms generate complex morphologies required for their function. Organisms control these morphologies by tuning active forces and by altering the emergent 'material properties' of a tissue, i.e. the rheology of the tissue. In many cases, organisms take advantage of dramatic changes in the rheology that occur when the material undergoes a rigidity transition from a fluid-like or floppy state to a solid-like or rigid state. This transition in turn depends on internal parameters at the scale of cells and molecules. This review highlights recent theoretical work identifying the mechanisms that drive such transitions, so that biologists can look for these mechanisms in in vivo or in vitro systems. We discuss two main types of transition: a first-order rigidity transition that depends on the connectivity of small-scale structures, such as the number of contacts between cells or the number of branch points in a biopolymer network; and a second-order rigidity transition that depends on the geometry of small-scale structures, such as the shape of cells or the distance between crosslinks in a polymer network. We provide examples of each type of transition in model organisms and discuss methods for distinguishing between the mechanisms in future experiments. In this review, Lisa Manning distills recent theoretical work identifying the mechanisms that drive rigidity transitions in mechanical networks, so that biologists can look for these mechanisms in specific in vivo or in vitro systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio‐based flexible dielectric substrates have gained tremendous attention for their potential to reduce environmental risks from nonbiodegradable electronic waste. The present study demonstrates the fabrication of facile, nontoxic, and biodegradable chitosan‐based flexible dielectric substrate using graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) as a nanofiller. The detailed impact of different concentrations of GNP (1, 2, and 3 wt%) into the chitosan (CS) matrix was studied on physicochemical, morphological, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. The fabricated CS/GNP composites showed improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and electrical properties compared with unmodified CS film. The composites exhibited excellent thermal stability (200°C) with a promising biodegradation rate (within 6 days). The mechanical strength of the unmodified CS film was increased unequivocally with 2 wt% GNP loading with tensile strength of 23.56 Mpa. Furthermore, the current–voltage (I–V) characteristic curves for CS/GNP (2%) and CS/GNP (3%) showed similar current conduction and ohmic behavior in flat, bending, and flat‐after‐bending modes. The dielectric measurements revealed that the CS/GNP composite with 2 wt% filler exhibited optimal performance having permittivity (έ) of 32.71 (at 102 Hz) with low dielectric loss of 0.04 (at 106 Hz). These results suggest that the dielectric films offer strong prospects as an eco‐friendly alternative for various applications. Highlights: Biodegradable chitosan‐based flexible dielectric films were prepared.Films were made using a simple solvent casting method with 1–3 wt% GNP filler.Optimum physicochemical and electrical properties were seen at 2 wt% GNP.CS/GNP (2%) film exhibited ohmic behavior in both flat and bending modes.Excellent dielectric properties were achieved at 2 wt% GNP filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active packaging is a novel strategy for maintaining the shelf life of products and ensuring their safety, freshness, and integrity that has emerged with the consumer demand for safer, healthier, and higher quality food. Nanofibers have received a lot of attention for the application in active food packaging due to their high specific surface area, high porosity, and high loading capacity of active substances. Three common methods (electrospinning, solution blow spinning, and centrifugal spinning) for the preparation of nanofibers in active food packaging and their influencing parameters are presented, and advantages and disadvantages between these methods are compared. The main natural and synthetic polymeric substrate materials for the nanofiber preparation are discussed; and the application of nanofibers in active packaging is elaborated. The current limitations and future trends are also discussed. There have been many studies on the preparation of nanofibers using substrate materials from different sources for active food packaging. However, most of these studies are still in the laboratory research stage. Solving the issues of preparation efficiency and cost of nanofibers is the key to their application in commercial food packaging. HIGHLIGHTS: Electrospinning is the most used method to produce nanofibers for food packaging Solution blow and centrifugal spinning are novel for large-scale nanofiber production A variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used for nanofiber production Progress has been made in the development of antimicrobial and antioxidant nanofibers Ethylene removal and moisture removal nanofibers have been successfully produced [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe development and commercialization of bio-based and biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) biopolymers could be crucial for the transition toward a sustainable circular economy. However, despite potential traditional and novel applications in the packaging, textiles, agriculture, automotive, electronics, and biomedical industries, the commercialization of PHAs is limited by their current market competitiveness. This review provides the first critical assessment of the current pure culture pilot-scale PHA literature, which could be crucial in translating promising laboratory-scale developments into industrial-scale commercial PHA production. It will also complement reviews of mixed microbial cultures currently dominating pilot-scale PHA literature. Pure culture fermentations could provide advantages, such as ease of characterizing microbial producers’ behavior, higher PHA productivities, and better alignment with existing PHA commercialization and industrial biotechnology approaches. Key aspects, including producer organisms, fermentation volumes and schemes, control schemes, optimization, and properties of the polymers produced, are discussed in-depth, to elucidate important trends, achievements, and knowledge gaps. Furthermore, specific ways for future pilot-scale studies to help address current PHA commercialization challenges are also identified. The insights, and recommendations provided will be extremely beneficial for the future development of PHA production, at both pilot and commercial scales, whilst also being beneficial to the production of other microbial polymers and industrial biotechnology as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach to developing eco‐friendly dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using natural and renewable materials for gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), reducing reliance on unsustainable solvents. Water is added to polar aprotic solvents, specifically ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (EC/PC), across various mass fractions (0:100 to 100:0). An amphiphilic hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) natural polymer is employed to formulate GPEs within this water‐EC/PC cosolvent system, achieving successful gelation up to 50:50 mass fractions. Incorporating water reduced the gel strength and viscosity of the GPEs. Water acted as a plasticizer, enhancing the polymer chains mobility, and creating a more flexible and permeable structure. This increased ion diffusion coefficients and ion mobility, resulting in a maximum ionic conductivity of 18.17 mS cm−1. The highest efficiency achieved in DSSCs using these GPEs is 5.81%, with elevated short‐circuit current density and reduced recombination losses. However, some compositions experienced syneresis, affecting their stability. The GPE with a 40:60 mass fraction exhibited superior long‐term stability because it is free from syneresis, though it achieved a lower efficiency (4.83%), making it the best‐performing sample. This work demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of using gel polymer electrolytes in an aqueous system, improving DSSC efficiency and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure‐properties relationships of sustainable materials derived from biomass‐based monomers are investigated, focusing on hybrid styrene/terpene‐based copolymers with blocky microstructures, such as β‐myrcene– and β‐ocimene–styrene copolymers. The samples show complex glass transition dynamics, as evidenced by the physical aging experienced by the amorphous phase in styrene‐rich copolymers. The tendency of styrene‐ and terpene‐rich sequences to give heterogeneous morphologies with correlation strength extending over 10–40 nm is outlined, through small‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis. A new class of terpene‐based hybrid systems, holding promise for applications in surface coating technologies, is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface‐emitting organic distributed feedback (DFB) lasers are attractive devices for label‐free sensing applications. Of particular interest for cost‐reduction purposes are devices in which both active material and resonator are based on solution‐processable polymeric materials. Here, the capability for label‐free refractive index sensing of DFB devices consisting of top‐layer resonators (1D relief gratings) of dichromated gelatin layers is reported, deposited on top of active films of polystyrene doped with perylene orange. The devices show successful operation for both transversal electric and transversal magnetic modes, with a larger sensor sensibility for the latter (Sb = 38 nm RIU−1). The overall device operation (emission laser wavelength, laser threshold in addition to the sensitivity) has been optimized through the adjustment of the active film thickness and the grating period. This is possible thanks to the versatility offered by the holographic procedure used to fabricate the resonator, and to the top‐layer resonator geometry. Remarkably, the fact that the resonator is based on gelatin (a food‐grade biopolymer), offers great potential for the development of wearable and bio‐compatible sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a novel quantitative method to explore the forces affecting mitochondria within living cells in an almost non-invasive fashion. This new tool enables the detection of localized mechanical impulses on these organelles that occur amidst the stationary fluctuations caused by the thermal jittering in the cytoplasm. Recent experimental evidence shows that the action of mechanical forces has important effects on the dynamics, morphology and distribution of mitochondria in cells. In particular, their crosstalk with the cytoskeleton has been found to alter these organelles function; however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are largely unknown. Our results highlight the different functions that cytoskeletal networks play in shaping mitochondrial dynamics. This work presents a novel technique to extend our knowledge of how the impact of mechanical cues can be quantified at the single organelle level. Moreover, this approach can be expanded to the study of other organelles or biopolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous titanium addresses the longstanding orthopedic challenges of aseptic loosening and stress shielding. This work expands on the evolution of porous Ti with the manufacturing of hierarchically porous, low stiffness, ductile Ti scaffolds via direct-ink write (DIW) extrusion and sintering of inks containing Ti and NaCl particles. Scaffold macrochannels were filled with a subtherapeutic dose of recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) alone or co-delivered within a bioactive supramolecular polymer slurry (SPS) composed of peptide amphiphile nanofibrils and collagen, creating four treatment conditions (Ti struts: microporous vs. fully dense; BMP-2 alone or with SPS). The BMP-2-loaded scaffolds were implanted bilaterally across the L4 and L5 transverse processes in a rat posterolateral lumbar fusion model. In-vivo bone growth in these scaffolds is evaluated with synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (µCT) to study the effects of strut microporosity and added biological signaling agents on the bone formation response. Optical and scanning electron microscopy confirms the ∼100 µm space-holder micropore size, high-curvature morphology, and pore fenestrations within the struts. Uniaxial compression testing shows that the microporous strut scaffolds have low stiffness and high ductility. A significant promotion in bone formation was observed for groups utilizing the SPS, while no significant differences were found for the scaffolds with the incorporation of micropores. By 2050, the anticipated number of people aged 60 years and older worldwide is anticipated to double to 2.1 billion. This rapid increase in the geriatric population will require a corresponding increase in orthopedic surgeries and more effective materials for longer indwelling times. Titanium alloys have been the gold standard of bone fusion and fixation, but their use has longstanding limitations in bone-implant stiffness mismatch and insufficient osseointegration. We utilize 3D-printing of titanium with NaCl space holders for large- and small-scale porosity and incorporate bioactive supramolecular polymers into the scaffolds to increase bone growth. This work finds no significant change in bone ingrowth via space-holder-induced microporosity but significant increases in bone ingrowth via the bioactive supramolecular polymers in a rat posterolateral fusion model. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Environmentally sustainable and eco‐friendly natural fiber‐reinforced polymer composites have become the materials of interest in replacing synthetic fibers. However, weak interfacial interaction between hydrophilic natural fibers and hydrophobic polymer matrix limits their commercial applicability. Improving the interfacial interaction using environmentally friendly chemical treatments would be beneficial for both industries and the environment. In this study, vinyl ester‐based composites were made by incorporating Phoenix sp. fibers in different content (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt%) and lengths (5, 10, 15, and 20 mm). To improve the interfacial interactions, the fibers were treated with eco‐friendly sodium bicarbonate solution at different durations (24, 120, and 240 h) prior to reinforcing. The fabricated composites were characterized by mechanical, free vibration, electrical resistance, and water uptake properties. The results reveal that both fiber content and fiber length have a significant effect on the above properties. Specifically, the composites incorporated with 20 wt% of 15 mm length fibers offered better properties. Further, the composites added with 120 h treated fibers have the maximum tensile strength (61.35 MPa) and modulus (4.13 GPa), flexural strength (152.63 MPa) and modulus (10.24 GPa), impact strength (24.67 kJ/m2), and natural frequency (56.72 Hz). This improvement is mainly due to the improved interfacial bonding, which was evidenced in morphological analysis. Based on the findings, the eco‐friendly treated sustainable Phoenix sp. fibers could be used as a promising reinforcement material for fabricating light weight polymer composites for various industrial applications. Various properties of Phoenix sp. fiber/epoxy composites were investigated. Interfacial bonding is enhanced through eco‐friendly chemical treatments. Vibration behavior of composites improved due to high stiffness of treated fibers. Composites with treated fibers have excellent electrical and water resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the significance of polymers in the progress of nanoparticles across various areas. The molecules of polymers are highly regarded for their ability to adapt and self‐assemble, making them essential components in the creation of nanomaterials. The variety of polymers include natural polymers such as chitosan, synthetic polymers like polyethylene, and biodegradable polymers like poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA). These kinds of polymers possess distinct advantages such as high strength, environmental sustainability, and biocompatibility. Incorporation of nanoscale fillers into polymer matrices, which enhances the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of materials, is crucial for the development of nanocomposites. Illustration instances encompass carbon nanotube‐polymer composites and polymer clay hybrids, which find application in the construction, automotive, and aerospace sectors. Composites can employ many synthetic methods to generate nanostructures. Nanofibers have utility in tissue engineering, whereas polymer nanoparticles function as carriers for medical delivery. Also, polymers enhance nanomaterials by modifying their surfaces, a crucial factor for their application in membrane technology, catalysis, and sensing. A collaborative synergy between polymers and nanoparticles fosters a wide range of applications, showcasing the versatility and potential of polymers in altering the characteristics of nanomaterials. The resulting partnership continues to generate pioneering breakthroughs that address complex challenges and unveil unprecedented prospects in the domains of science, technology, and business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the British Journal of Haematology offers guidelines for healthcare professionals in the UK regarding the measurement of non-coumarin anticoagulants and their effects on laboratory assays. It includes a comprehensive table of licensed anticoagulants, their measurement methods, and potential laboratory tests. The document stresses the importance of monitoring direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in specific situations, such as renal impairment or suspected overdose, and discusses the challenges and variability in monitoring unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy. The text provides detailed information on monitoring various anti-coagulant therapies, highlighting the significance of using specific assays for accurate monitoring and addressing potential adverse events associated with these medications. [Extracted from the article]

In the packaging materials sector, increasing globalization has created the need for increased efforts to develop consumer protection measures. Consequently, new packaging materials are being sought to replace petroleum-based materials in the future. For this reason, global awareness of the environmental problems associated with the use of synthetic and non-degradable packaging has increased the attention paid to bio-packaging based on natural and biodegradable polymers. The bio-packaging sector is developing innovations to address the sustainability issues facing the food packaging industry. Our research has shown that green matcha extract can be a promising source of antioxidants for the production of bioactive pectin films. This study further confirmed that green matcha extract can be a promising source of antioxidants for the production of bioactive pectin films. The antioxidant activity test showed high activity of films containing matcha extract. The antioxidant activity of films without matcha addition, P, PJ, PC, PJC, was negligible. The addition of matcha to the polymer matrix did not significantly affect the mechanical properties (TS, EB) of the films obtained. The addition of cellulose had the greatest effect on changing the mechanical properties. It caused a twofold increase in the mechanical properties of the obtained packaging films. The addition of matcha significantly improved the barrier properties (for PM films, the WVTR was 3.40 [g/m2d]; for PJM films the WVTR was 1.70 [g/m2d]). The green packaging films showed no toxic effects on the plants (Phacelia tanacetifolia, Salvia hispanica, Brassica napus) and invertebrates (Daphnia pulex, Chaoborus, Chironomus aprilinus) tested. The half-solubility time of the membranes in a solution mimicking gastric acid was also determined. The longest half-dissolution time of the films was about 2 min. Our research has therefore shown that the biodegradable and environmentally safe green packaging films with antioxidant activity that we have developed can be used as edible functional casings in the future, e.g., for sausages and other food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative method for producing thermosensitive bioink from chitosan hydrogels saturated with carbon dioxide and agarose. It focuses on a detailed characterisation of their physicochemical properties and potential applications in biomedicine and tissue engineering. The ORO test approved the rapid regeneration of the three-dimensional structure of chitosan–agarose composites in a unidirectional bench press simulation test. The diffusion of dyes through the chitosan–agarose hydrogel membranes strongly depended on the share of both polymers in the composite and the molecular weight of the dyes. Glucose, as a nutrient marker, also diffused through all membranes regardless of composition. Biocompatibility assessment using MTT tests on 46BR.1N fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes confirmed the safety of the bioink. The regenerative potential of the bioink was confirmed by efficient cell migration, especially HaCaT. Long-term viability studies showed that chitosan–agarose scaffolds, unlike the agarose ones, support cell proliferation and survival, especially 14 days after bioink extrusion. Experiments in a skin wound model in mice confirmed the biocompatibility of the tested dressing and the beneficial action of chitosan on healing. Studies on vessel formation in chicken embryos highlight the potential of the chitosan–agarose composition to enhance proangiogenic effects. This composition meets all entry criteria and possesses excellent biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the humidity-sensing characteristics of gelatin were compared with those of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at L-band (1 ~ 2 GHz) microwave frequencies. A capacitive microwave sensor based on a defected ground structure with a modified interdigital capacitor (DGS-MIDC) in a microstrip transmission line operating at 1.5 GHz without any coating was used. Gelatin is a natural polymer based on protein sourced from animal collagen, whereas PVA is a high-sensitivity hydrophilic polymer that is widely used for humidity sensors and has a good film-forming property. Two DGS-MIDC-based microwave sensors coated with type A gelatin and PVA, respectively, with a thickness of 0.02 mm were fabricated. The percent relative frequency shift (PRFS) and percent relative magnitude shift (PRMS) based on the changes in the resonant frequency and magnitude level of the transmission coefficient for the microwave sensor were used to compare the humidity-sensing characteristics. The relative humidity (RH) was varied from 50% to 80% with a step of 10% at a fixed temperature of around 25 °C using a low-reflective temperature and humidity chamber manufactured with Styrofoam. The experiment's results show that the capacitive humidity sensitivity of the gelatin-coated microwave sensor in terms of the PRFS and PRMS was higher compared to that of the PVA-coated one. In particular, the sensitivity of the gelatin-coated microwave sensor at a low RH from 50% to 60% was much greater compared to that of the PVA-coated one. In addition, the relative permittivity of the fabricated microwave sensors coated with PVA and gelatin was extracted by using the measured PRFS and the equation was derived by curve-fitting the simulated results. The change in the extracted relative permittivity for the gelatin-coated microwave sensor was larger than that of the PVA-coated one for varying the RH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages are multifunctional immune cells essential for both innate and adaptive immune responses. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) often adopt a tumor-promoting M2-like phenotype, aiding tumor progression and immune evasion. Reprogramming TAMs to a tumoricidal M1-like phenotype is an emerging target for cancer immunotherapy. Resiquimod, a TLR7/8 agonist, can repolarize macrophages from the M2- to M1-like phenotype but is limited by poor solubility. We developed a gelatin nanoemulsion for the loading and delivery of resiquimod, utilizing eugenol oil as the liquid phase and riboflavin-crosslinked gelatin as a scaffold. These nanoemulsions showed high stability, low toxicity, and effective macrophage repolarization, significantly enhancing pro-inflammatory markers and anticancer activity in co-culture models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers of natural origin, such as representatives of various polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose, dextran, hyaluronic acid, gellan gum, etc.), and their derivatives, have a long tradition in biomedical applications. Among them, the use of chitosan as a safe, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly heteropolysaccharide has been particularly intensively researched over the last two decades. The potential of using chitosan for medical purposes is reflected in its unique cationic nature, viscosity-increasing and gel-forming ability, non-toxicity in living cells, antimicrobial activity, mucoadhesiveness, biodegradability, as well as the possibility of chemical modification. The intuitive use of clay minerals in the treatment of superficial wounds has been known in traditional medicine for thousands of years. To improve efficacy and overcome the ubiquitous bacterial resistance, the beneficial properties of chitosan have been utilized for the preparation of chitosan–clay mineral bionanocomposites. The focus of this review is on composites containing chitosan with montmorillonite and halloysite as representatives of clay minerals. This review highlights the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan–clay mineral bionanocomposites in drug delivery and in the treatment of topical skin infections and wound healing. Finally, an overview of the preparation, characterization, and possible future perspectives related to the use of these advancing composites for biomedical applications is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the consistency index, as determined from fitting rheological data to the Herschel–Bulkley model, is described such that it may yield systematic trends that allow a very convenient description of the dissipative flow properties of linear and branched (bio)polymers in general, both in molecular and weakly associated supramolecular solutions. The effects of charge-mediated interactions by the systematic variation of the ionic strength and hydrogen bonding by a systematic variation in pH, using levels that are frequently encountered in systems used in practice, is investigated. These effects are then captured using the associated changes in the intrinsic viscosity to highlight the above-mentioned trends, while it also acts as an internal standard to describe the data in a concise form. The trends are successfully captured up to 100 times the polymer coil overlap and 100,000 times the solvent viscosity (or consistency index). These results therefore enable the rapid characterization of biopolymer systems of which the morphology remains unknown and may continue to remain unknown due to the wide-ranging monomer diversity and a lack of regularity in the structure, while the macromolecular coil size may be determined readily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brewer's spent grains (BSG) offer valuable opportunities for valorization beyond its conventional use as animal feed. Among its components, lignin—a natural polymer with inherent antioxidant properties—holds significant industrial potential. This work investigates the use of microwave-assisted extraction combined with acidic natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) for efficient lignin recovery, evaluating three different NaDES formulations. The results indicate that choline chloride–lactic acid (ChCl-LA), a NaDES with superior thermal stability as confirmed via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), is an ideal solvent for lignin extraction at 150 °C and 15 min, achieving a balance of high yield and quality. ChCl-LA also demonstrated good solubility and cell disruption capabilities, while microwaves significantly reduced processing time and severity. Under optimal conditions, i.e., 150 °C, 15 min, in the presence of ChCl-LA NaDES, the extracted lignin achieved a purity of up to 79% and demonstrated an IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) of approximately 0.022 mg/L, indicating a relatively strong antioxidant activity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 2D-HSQC NMR (heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy confirmed the successful isolation and preservation of its structural integrity. This study highlights the potential of BSG as a valuable lignocellulosic resource and underscores the effectiveness of acidic NaDESs combined with microwave extraction for lignin recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fossil-based plastics in food packaging poses a serious environmental concern. Pectin, a natural biodegradable polymer, offers a potential solution for environmentally friendly and sustainable food packaging to replace fossil-based plastics. This article reviews the applications of pectin in active and intelligent packaging and analyzes the latest research trends. Bibliometric analysis was used to review the existing literature on pectin in food packaging. Data were collected from the Scopus database, which covers research on film manufacturing and pectin-based coating. Pectin-based active packaging contains antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid and essential oils, which effectively prevent bacterial growth while absorbing oxygen and water vapor. In contrast, pectin-based intelligent packaging allows real-time monitoring of food quality through integrated color-changing indicators, eliminating the need for open packaging. Research trends have shown a significant increase in publications on pectin-based packaging, reflecting the growing interest in sustainable packaging solutions. With a focus on innovation and sustainability, pectin can replace conventional plastics and provide safer and more durable packaging solutions, thereby supporting global efforts to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of materials used for membrane-based separation of gas mixtures are non-renewable and non-biodegradable, and the assessment of alternative bio-based polymers requires expensive and time-consuming experimental campaigns. This effort can be reduced by adopting suitable modelling approaches. In this series of works, we propose various modelling approaches to assess the CO2/CH4 separation performance of eight different copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) using a limited amount of experimental data for model calibration. In part 1, we adopted a fully atomistic approach based on Molecular Dynamics (MD), while, in this work, we propose a multiscale methodology where a molecular description of the polymers is bridged to a macroscopic prediction of its gas sorption behaviour. PHBV structures were simulated using MD to obtain pressure–volume–temperature data, which were used to parametrise the Sanchez–Lacombe Equation of State. This, in turn, allows for the evaluation of the CO2 and CH4 solubility in the copolymers at various pressures and compositions with little computational effort, enabling the estimate of the sorption-based selectivity. The gas separation performance obtained with this multiscale technique was compared to results obtained with a fully atomistic model and experimental data. The solubility–selectivity for the CO2/CH4 mixture is in reasonable agreement between the two models and the experimental data. The multiscale method presented is a time-efficient alternative to fully atomistic methods and detailed experimental campaigns and can accelerate the introduction of renewable materials in different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution is a major driver of climate change that is associated with biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and negative soil, plant, animal, and human health. One of the solutions that has been proposed and is currently reducing the adverse effects of plastic on the planet is the replacement of synthetic plastics with biopolymers. The biodegradable polymers have been adapted for most of the applications of synthetic plastic. However, their use and disposal present some sustainability challenges. Recycling emerges as an effective way of promoting the sustainability of biopolymer use. In this article, we review recycling as a viable solution to improve the sustainability of biopolymers, emphasizing the current types and technologies employed in biopolymer recycling and the challenges faced in their adoption. Our exploration of the future directions in the conversion of biopolymers into new polymers for reuse establishes a connection between established continuous technological innovation, integration into circular economy models, and the establishment and strengthening of collaborations among key stakeholders in relevant industries as necessary steps for the adoption, full utilization, and improvement of recycling technologies for biopolymers. By connecting these factors, this study lays a foundation for the establishment of a roadmap for improved biopolymer recycling technologies and processes that promote the sustainability of synthetic plastic alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart materials for drug delivery are designed to offer a precise and controlled release of therapeutic agents. By responding to specific physiological stimuli, such as changes in temperature and pH, these materials improve treatment efficacy and minimize side effects, paving the way for personalized therapeutic solutions. In this study, we present the fabrication of dual-responsive alginate/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microspheres, having the ability to respond to both pH and temperature variations and embedding the lipophilic bioactive compound Ozoile. Ozoile® Stable Ozonides is obtained from extra virgin olive oil and acts as an inducer, interacting with major biological pathways by means of modulating the systemic redox balance. The dual-responsive microspheres are prepared by electrospray technique without the use of organic solvents. PNIPAM is synthesized by radical polymerization using the APS/TEMED redox initiators. The microspheres are further optimized with a chitosan coating to enhance their stability and modulate the degradation kinetics of the gel matrix. A comprehensive morphological analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and degradation assays are conducted to confirm the structural stability and pH-responsive behavior of the hydrogel microspheres. A study of the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to assess the microsphere thermal response. This research introduces a promising methodology for the development of targeted drug delivery systems, which are particularly useful in the context of oxidative stress modulation and inflammation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Articular cartilage degeneration poses a significant public health challenge; techniques such as 3D bioprinting are being explored for its regeneration in vitro. Gelatin-based hydrogels represent one of the most promising biopolymers used in cartilage tissue engineering, especially for its collagen composition and tunable mechanical properties. However, there are no standard protocols that define process parameters such as the crosslinking method to apply. To this aim, a reproducible study was conducted for exploring the influence of different crosslinking methods on 3D bioprinted gelatin structures. This study assessed mechanical properties and cell viability in relation to various crosslinking techniques, revealing promising results particularly for dual (photo + ionic) crosslinking methods, which achieved high cell viability and tunable stiffness. These findings offer new insights into the effects of crosslinking methods on 3D bioprinted gelatin for cartilage applications. For example, ionic and photo-crosslinking methods provide softer materials, with photo-crosslinking supporting cell stretching and diffusion, while ionic crosslinking preserves a spherical stem cell morphology. On the other hand, dual crosslinking provides a stiffer, optimized solution for creating stable cartilage-like constructs. The results of this study offer a new perspective on the standardization of gelatin for cartilage bioprinting, bridging the gap between research and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in natural fibres and biopolymers for developing bio-composites has greatly increased in recent years, motivated by the need to reduce the environmental impact of traditional synthetic, fossil fuel-derived materials. However, several limitations associated with the use of natural fibres and polymers should be addressed if they are to be seriously considered mainstream fibre reinforcements. These include poor compatibility of natural fibres with polymer matrices, variability, high moisture absorption, and flammability. Various surface treatments have been studied to tackle these drawbacks, such as alkalisation, silane treatment, acetylation, plasma treatment, and polydopamine coating. This review paper considers the classification, properties, and limitations of natural fibres and biopolymers in the context of bio-composite materials. An overview of recent advancements and enhancement strategies to overcome such limitations will also be discussed, with a focus on mechanical performance, moisture absorption behaviour, and flammability of composites. The limitations of natural fibres, biopolymers, and their bio-composites should be carefully addressed to enable the widespread use of bio-composites in various applications, including electronics, automotive, and construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully implemented in animals and plants is a second-generation genome editing tool. We are able to optimize a Cas9 system to edited Ntab06050 and Ntab0857410 genes in HD and K326 tobacco cultivars respectively. The gene Ntab06050 is related to lignin synthesis while the gene Ntab0857410 belongs to pectin synthesis by utilizing Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc method. We have constructed total eight different constructs for the lignin related gene family CCoAMT, out of which three constructs have been selected from Ntab0184090, two constructs from Ntab0392460 while one construct from each Ntab0540120, Ntab0857410 and Ntab0135940 gene. To study the Cas9 system in pectin related genes, total five constructs have been utilized under Cas9 system and multiple target sites were selected by identifying PAM sequences. Out of which three constructs were targeted from NtabGAE1and NtabGAE6 homologous while two were targeted from NtabGAUT4 homologous. Where as, UDP-D-glucuronate 4-epimerase gene family is a Golgi localized, might have a role in the interconvertion of UDP-D-GlcA and UDP-D-GalA in pectin synthesis. We have succeeded in the mutation of pectin related NtabGAUT4 and lignin related NtabCCoAMT genes with 6.2% and 9.4% mutation frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of calcium alginate beads for microalgae immobilization in wastewater treatment has been a concern due to the potential exchange of Ca2+ ions from the bead surface with the environment. To overcome this constraint, adding biopolymers might improve the properties of alginate gel. The purpose of the study is to immobilize Chlorella vulgaris in blends of sodium alginate with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or pectin in different concentrations (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) to evaluate the microalgae growth and nutrient removal from culture media. The microalgae growth was assessed by cell counting and chlorophyll content using a fluorescent excitation–emission matrix. Nutrient removal was conducted by measuring the phosphate and nitrate concentration using ion chromatography. The characterization of beads, such as size, shrinkage degree, swelling ratio, water content, and dry weight, was also investigated. Compared to alginate-only beads, the results present better performance for cell growth and, similarly, for removing nutrients in the presence of pectin and CMC blends. Microalgae in alginate with 1.0% of pectin grew 26% more than in alginate-only beads on day 8. The blends with CMC showed faster removal of nutrients compared to pectin blends and alginate-only in only 3 days. For phosphate, the highest removal was by immobilized microalgae of 95% for 2.0% of CMC and 86% for 2.0% of pectin. For nitrate, the immobilized microalgae removed 100% in 1.0% and 1.5% of CMC and 98% in 1.0% of pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent breakthroughs in bioelectronic devices have stemmed from developments involving nanocomposites. Sepsis, preeclampsia, vascular dementia, and heart disease are serious conditions that will benefit from the continuous monitoring of pulse pressure (PP) and temperature (T) to improve medical insights and care. However, current clinical instruments are bulky, and lacking discreetness, while nanocomposites currently lack measurement accuracy. A thin (<1 mm) electronic skin (e‐skin) is developed utilizing nanocomposite micro‐caviar (MC), diameter (D) ≈290 µm, based on confined silver nanowire (AgNW) networks and food‐grade brown seaweed (BS). MCs are virtually invisible (transmittance >99%) and extremely electromechanically sensitive (gauge factor, G >200). In addition to a considerable temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 4.58 ± 0.95% °C−1 and excellent signal stability, skin‐interfaced devices measured cuff‐less PP and skin T with an accuracy conducive to clinical instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing materials for electronics and sensing based on abundant and degradable materials is fundamental for transitioning both fields toward a more sustainable future. In the long run, this approach can unleash these fields from using petroleum‐derived and/or scarce resources, possibly facilitating electronic waste (e‐waste) management at the same time. Starch, one of the most abundant and versatile natural polymers, has shown great potential in the fabrication of degradable/transient devices. In this work, electrically conductive and mechanically robust starch‐Ti3C2Tx MXene nanocomposites are successfully engineered, offering a promising advancement in sustainable electronics. The nanocomposite films exhibit remarkable tunability with varying MXene concentrations (from 0.69 to 2.42 vol%), allowing precise control over their properties. This tunability enables modifications in tensile strength (from 6.4 to 11.2 MPa), electrical conductivity (from 2.31 × 10−3 to 3.98 S m−1), and gauge factor. Such characteristics make these films ideal for various applications, including body movement monitoring, tactile sensing, handwriting recognition, and electronic smart skin. Unlike their petroleum‐based counterparts, the starch‐based films demonstrate significant biodegradability, breaking down within a month after being buried in soil. This rapid degradation highlights the potential of these transient composites for various electronics applications, offering an environmentally friendly alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive biohydrogel received prominent application in the diverse field. Hydrogel based on biopolymer is generally biocompatible and degradable but exhibiting poor conductivity. To enhance the conductivity of biohydrogel, composite of bioplomer and synthetic polymer are preferred. This work aims to prepare such composite for the augmentation of conductivity of biohydrogel. Gum Ghatti (GG), a natural biopolymer, was grafted with polyacrylic acid and subsequently cross-linked to form a hydrogel. The synthesized hydrogel was then infused with oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (-o-MWCNTs). The materials underwent comprehensive characterization using techniques, such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TGA-DTA. The grafted GG demonstrated a synergistic blend of biopolymer and polyacrylic acid (AA) properties. The hydrogel's electrical conductivity was systematically investigated at varying loadings of -o-MWCNTs within the GG-cl-P(AA) matrix. As the loading of -o-MWCNTs increased from 10 to 30 mg, there was a notable enhancement in electrical conductivity. However, at higher loading amounts, the electrical conductivity exhibited a subsequent decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria of the genus Azotobacter sp. produce two classes of biologically important biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, polyoxyalkanoates, which are the bacterial reserve, and alginates (ALG), which perform the function of protecting nitrogenase from oxygen. Both polymers are becoming increasingly important for use in bioengineering, pharmaceuticals, and medicine, so studies of their biosynthesis and properties are currently highly relevant. The present work shows the possibility of regulating alginate and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesis by a culture of A. vinelandii 12 depending on the increase in the sucrose concentration in the medium under different aeration conditions. At high aeration and high sucrose concentrations in the medium (50 g/L), the maximum yield of free (1.08 g/L) and capsular ALG (2.26 g/L) in the medium was obtained. Under low aeration conditions, the synthesis of free ALG was completely inhibited. The maximum value of РНB synthesis was observed at medium aeration and a high concentration of sucrose (50 g/L) in the medium. The maximum molecular weight (MW) of ALG was 477 kDa, while the maximum MW of PHB was much higher, reaching 1479 kDa. At low sucrose concentrations in the medium (5 to 20 g/L), capsular ALG is predominantly synthesized (up to 100% of the sum of all polymers) at all aeration levels. With increasing sucrose concentration, PHB is predominantly synthesized (68%) under low aeration conditions, an equal ratio of PHB and capsular ALG synthesis is observed under medium aeration conditions, and free ALG is actively synthesized under high aeration conditions. This work demonstrates the possibility of obtaining a selective synthesis of ALG or PHB by A. vinelandii 12 by modifying its cultivation conditions. The results obtained can be used for the development of directed biosynthesis of target products (PHB and ALG) in biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers are prevalent in both natural and processed foods, serving as thickeners, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. Although specific biopolymers are known to affect digestion, the mechanisms behind their influence on the nutrient absorption and bioavailability in processed foods are not yet fully understood. The aim of this review is to elucidate the complex interplay between biopolymers and their behavior in vivo, and to provide insights into the possible physiological consequences of their consumption. The colloidization process of biopolymer in various phases of digestion was analyzed and its impact on nutrition absorption and gastrointestinal tract was summarized. Furthermore, the review discusses the methodologies used to assess colloidization and emphasizes the need for more realistic models to overcome challenges in practical applications. By controlling macronutrient bioavailability using biopolymers, it is possible to enhance health benefits, such as improving gut health, aiding in weight management, and regulating blood sugar levels. The physiological effect of extracted biopolymers utilized in modern food structuring technology cannot be predicted solely based on their inherent functionality. It is essential to account for factors such as their initial consuming state and interactions with other food components to better understand the potential health benefits of biopolymers. HIGHLIGHTS: Food biopolymers (FBP) impact nutrient distribution differently in various digestion phases. FBP application can help tailor nutritional values for personalized dietary plans. FBP colloidization under complex interactions results challenges in practical applications. Accurate assessment of FBP colloidization requires combination of methodologies. Dietary FBP additives benefits and safety warrant investigation in real food matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymer materials have attracted attention due to their richness, sustainability, environmental friendliness, and biodegradability properties. This review explores recent advances in biopolymer synthesis, properties, and their commercial applications. Biopolymers, derived from renewable sources, have garnered significant attention due to their environmental benefits and potential to replace conventional petrochemical-based plastics. The synthesis of biopolymer delves into innovative biopolymer production techniques, including microbial fermentation, chemical modifications, and novel biotechnological approaches. A detailed examination of the unique properties of biopolymers, including physical, thermal, mechanical, and optical characteristics of naturally generated biopolymers. It explores the diverse range of applications of biopolymers across industries, including packaging for the food industry, biomedical engineering, cosmetics, and different mechanical applications. The review further discusses the growing commercial applications of biopolymers across various industries, such as packaging, agriculture, medicine, and textiles. This review aims to provide an understanding of the current method of synthesis properties and future potential application of biopolymers in advancing sustainable materials science. [Display omitted] • The biopolymeric materials synthesis techniques are discussed. • Potential of biomass wastes towards the extraction of biopolymer is explored. • Biopolymeric material properties and applications are summarized. • Recent development of biopolymer for different application are discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels have several characteristics, including biocompatibility, physical similarity with the skin's extracellular matrix, and regeneration capacity. Cell migration and proliferation are facilitated by natural polymers such as gelatin (Gel) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Gelatin dressing acts as a structural framework for cell migration into the wound area, stimulating cell division and promoting granulation tissue formation. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil may prevent wound infection and improve the healing of wounds in the early stages. We studied the preparation of wound dressing containing Omega-3 and its ability to heal wounds. In this study, CMC-Gel hydrogels containing different concentrations of Omega-3 were investigated in full-thickness wounds. After the fabrication of the hydrogels by using surfactant (tween 20) and microemulsion method (oil in water), various tests such as SEM, Water uptake evaluation, weight loss, cell viability, blood compatibility, and in vivo study in rat cutaneous modeling during 14 days were performed to evaluate the properties of the fabricated hydrogels. The analysis of the hydrogels revealed that they possess porous structures with interconnected pores, with an average size of 83.23 ± 6.43 μm. The hydrogels exhibited a swelling capacity of up to 60% of their initial weight within 24 h, as indicated by the weight loss and swelling measurements. Cell viability study with the MTT technique showed that no cytotoxicity was observed at the recommended dosage, however, increasing the amount of omega-3 caused hemolysis, cell death, and inhibition of coagulation activity. An in vivo study in adult male rats with a full-thickness model showed greater than 91% improvement of the primary wound region after 2 weeks of treatment. Histological analysis demonstrated Omega-3 in hydrogels, which is a promising approach for topical skin treatment to prevent scar, and has shown efficacy as wound dressing by improving the repair process at the defect site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of chitosan (CH) has grown significantly over the last two decades due to its renewable and biodegradable source, and also because of the recent increase in the our knowledge of its functionality in technological and biomedical applications. The present article reviews the biopolymer CH and its derivatives, as versatile biomaterials for potential drug delivery systems, as well as tissue engineering applications, analgesia and treatment of arthritis. CH and its derivatives, as natural antimicrobial agents, can be applied in biomedical, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical applications. Its antimicrobial activity depends on many factors such as its molecular size, source, associated components, concentration, and type of microorganism. In our research described here we prepared and characterized the dynamic viscosity and the rheological properties of a biopolymer material based on CH in solution in acidic water. The dynamic viscosity and shear stress were measured under the influence of an increasing CH concentration of 1–10 g/l and an increasing temperature of 288.15–318.15 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates tissue-engineered vascular grafts using electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) polymers. The goal is to assess human umbilical endothelial cell (HUVEC) adhesion and proliferation on the fabricated grafts. Electrospinning produces nanofibrous scaffolds mimicking the ECM, fostering a suitable environment for cellular growth. Tubular surfaces from PCL and PLCL with randomly distributed fibers are cultured with HUVECs. The scaffolds underwent MTS analysis to assess cell viability, along with PECAM1 and PCDH12 gene expression analysis to observe cell-scaffold interactions. In the MTS analysis, on the 14th day, the PCL samples exhibit a 20% higher proliferation value than the control group, while the PLCL samples show an 8% increase. However, upon examining gene expression analyses, it is evident that the PLCL samples demonstrated a higher fold-change in both PECAM1 and PCDH12 gene expressions on days 3, 7, and 14 compared to the PCL samples. The outcomes demonstrate the potential of the developed electrospun vascular grafts for cardiovascular tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for packaging that causes lower environmental damage, paper has been widely targeted to increase its use in the packaging industries. Still, the water and oil barrier characteristics need to be improved. To correct such deficiencies, different formulations of natural rubber incorporated with cellulose micro/nanofibrils, and carnauba wax were evaluated as alternative coatings of renewable and biodegradable origin on kraftliner and paperboard in the oil and water barrier properties at different grammage (5, 10 and 15 g/m2). The contact angle showed the hydrophobic characteristics of coated papers with angle values of 105° for rubber coatings with micro/nanofibrils and the stability of the water drop with the evaluation of wettability with values close to zero (0.01°/s). The results of Cobb 120 confirmed the hydrophobicity of the coated papers with values close to zero and close to those found by the polyacrylate varnish and the reduction of water vapor permeation by up to 65%. In addition to decreased affinity for water, the papers were also resistant to oil, reaching the maximum resistance value (kit-oil n° 12). Because of these results, natural rubber presents itself as a possible substitute for synthetic materials for covering papers and, together with the micro/nanofibrils of cellulose and carnauba wax, can correct the barrier deficiencies of the papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic arsenic (As), a known carcinogen and major contaminant in drinking water, affects over 140 million people globally, with levels exceeding the World Health Organization's (WHO) guidelines of 10 μg L−1. Developing innovative technologies for effluent handling and decontaminating polluted water is critical. This paper summarizes the fundamental characteristics of chitosan-embedded composites for As adsorption from water. The primary challenge in selectively removing As ions is the presence of phosphate, which is chemically similar to As(V). This study evaluates and summarizes innovative As adsorbents based on chitosan and its composite modifications, focusing on factors influencing their adsorption affinity. The kinetics, isotherms, column models, and thermodynamic aspects of the sorption processes were also explored. Finally, the adsorption process and implications of functionalized chitosan for wastewater treatment were analyzed. There have been minimal developments in water disinfection using metal-biopolymer composites for environmental purposes. This field of study offers numerous research opportunities to expand the use of biopolymer composites as detoxifying materials and to gain deeper insights into the foundations of biopolymer composite adsorbents, which merit further investigation to enhance adsorbent stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereal wastes such as rice bran and cereal dust are valuable yet underutilised by-products of grain processing. This study aimed to bio-convert these wastes into bacterial cellulose (BC), an emerging sustainable and renewable biomaterial, via an inexpensive solid-state fermentation (SSF) pre-treatment using three mould isolates. Medium substitution by directly using untreated rice bran or cereal dust did not significantly increase the yield of bacterial cellulose produced by Novacetimonas sp. (NCBI accession number PP421219) compared to the standard Hestrin–Schramm (HS) medium. In contrast, rice bran fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus yielded the highest bacterial cellulose (1.55 ± 0.6 g/L dry weight) compared to the untreated control (0.45 ± 0.1 g/L dry weight), demonstrating an up to 22% increase in yield. Using the SSF process, the media production costs were reduced by up to 90% compared to the standard HS medium. Physicochemical characterisation using SEM, EDS, FTIR, XPS, XRD, and TGA was performed to gain insights into the internal structure, morphology, and chemical bonding of differently produced BC, which revealed comparable biopolymer properties between BC produced in standard and waste-based media. Hence, our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of fungal SSF for transforming abundant cereal waste into BC, providing a circular economy solution to reduce waste and convert it into by-products to enhance the sustainability of the cereal industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for green thermal insulation materials, such as biopolymer aerogels, has become increasingly critical in the face of escalating environmental concerns and the urgent push toward sustainable practices. The unique characteristics of biopolymer aerogels, coupled with their environmental benefits, position them as potential disruptors in the insulation industry. As research continues, addressing challenges and refining fabrication techniques will likely lead to wider adoption of these materials, contributing to a greener and more energy‐efficient built environment. This review presents the latest developments concerning the properties and versatile applications of biopolymer‐based thermal insulators as a new type of green materials. It comprehensively examines the fundamental principles of thermal insulation, factors that influence its efficacy, and the compatibility and mechanisms underlying bioaerogels within this context. The review also addresses the latest works about the utilization of different biopolymer aerogels in different thermal insulation applications and critically assesses the obstacles currently faced by biopolymer‐based aerogels and elucidates potential avenues for future advancement. Highlights: Biopolymer aerogels offer a sustainable alternative in insulation.Challenges in production limit current aerogel adoption rates.Latest advancements highlight aerogels' versatile insulation applications.Future research aims to enhance biopolymer aerogel technology and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels possess excellent biological properties that make them ideal for biomedical applications. They are compatible with living cells and tissues because they can swell in the presence of water. In this study, we investigated the stability and biocompatibility of hydrogels. We synthesized and characterized N-acryl glycine (NAG) monomer and then synthesized its copolymer using the miniemulsion-polymerization technique, a soft-hydrogel method. To confirm the morphological properties of the dried hydrogel particles, we used the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) technique. We also investigated the rheological properties of the hydrogels for different concentrations to evaluate their mechanical strength and gel-like properties. Our findings indicated that the 10 % gel had superior strength and yield strain at all examined temperatures (30 °C, 37 °C, and 40 °C) compared to other concentrated gels. We systematically evaluated the biocompatibility of the hydrogel using three different cell lines: HEK 293T, RAW 264.7, and HeLa. Our cell line studies demonstrated that hydrogels are viable when exposed to a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Moreover, cell proliferation was observed at concentrations below 0.25 mg/mL. The MTT assay and rheology results suggest that hydrogel characteristics are more suitable for various biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review covers the progress in recent years on pH-responsive polymers integrated with natural colorants. The classification of various natural colorants, including anthocyanin, curcumin, and alizarin, and the pigments' structural changes at different pH are introduced. Subsequently, the latest research in substrates for immobilizing natural colorants is discussed. Moreover, their applications on wound dressing for bacterial infections monitoring, smart package for food quality monitoring, and textile dyeing, are outlined. Finally, this study was summarized by emphasizing the current challenges and future opportunities in the field of pH-responsive polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its superior bulk mechanical properties, poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) has gained popularity over the past 15 years as a metal substitute in biomedical implants. Low surface energy is a fundamental issue with PEEK implants. This low surface energy caused by a moderately hydrophobic surface may be able to inhibit cellular adherence and result in the development of an inflammatory response, which may result in cell necrosis and apoptosis. In this work, plasma and ozone treatments have been utilized to surface activate PEEK and graft ionic bioactive polymer polyNaSS (poly (sodium styrene sulfonate)) successfully on the surface to promote cellular attachment and biomineralization. The main goal of our research has been to find a stable green process for surface modification of PEEK by plasma/ozone approaches to increase PolyNaSS grafting efficiency and biomineralization. To further the field of bioactive orthopedic and dental implant technology, this research attempts to address a significant constraint of PEEK implants while preserving their favorable mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production and application of activated biochar have demonstrated significant improvements in environmental conditions both locally and across Ukraine. Researchers have confirmed the viability of creating carbon adsorbents specialized for water purification from plant-based materials, streamlining the conversion of organic biopolymers into the final product. Enhancements to traditional pyrolysis technology included the implementation of wet cooling-activation, which facilitated the development of the porous structure in wood biochar. The study further compared the efficiency of various technological solutions by evaluating biochar samples across several criteria in water purification technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective removal of ammonia, nitrate, and intermediate nitrite is a challenge faced by highly dissolved oxygen (DO) recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). This study investigated the effect of DO concentrations (Group A, DO 3.15 ± 0.12 mg/L, Group B, DO 4.43 ± 0.15 mg/L, Group C, DO 6.52 ± 0.35 mg/L, Group D, and DO 7.86 ± 0.55 mg/L) on the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) of aquaculture seawater using poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) as a biofilm carrier and solid-phase denitrification (SPD) carbon source. Ammonia and nitrate were simultaneously removed in all the PHBV-supported SPD systems. Ammonia in Group C had the highest removal rate (5.72 mg/(L·h)), whereas nitrate and nitrite in Group A were completely removed at 4 and 5 h, respectively. The continuous release of PHBV provided carbon sources for denitrification. High throughout sequencing showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Desulfobacterota, and Chloroflexi at the phylum level, and Marinobacter, Shewanella, and Pseudomonas at the genus level exhibited unique relative abundances under varying DO concentrations. The nitrification genes in Group C showed the highest expression. Denitrification genes in Group A were enriched. The relative expression of nitrogen-transforming genes further demonstrated the results for water quality and the microbial community. DO concentration affected the efficiency of the nitrogen transformation pathway in the PHBV-supported SPD system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPlastic pollution is one of the most acute environmental problems in the world, so active packaging materials made from biodegradable natural polymers have received widespread attention in recent years. In this paper, forsythia flower extract, serving as an active ingredient, was integrated into the starch-sodium alginate-montmorillonite composite film. The physicochemical properties and functional packaging applications of the composite films were investigated. The results demonstrate the formation of a tightly-knit network structure through molecular interactions among forsythia flowers, starch, sodium alginate, and montmorillonite. Notably, the addition of forsythia flower extracts conferred better UV resistance (from 200 nm to 400 nm) and outstanding antioxidant properties to the composite films. After 18 days of storage, in comparison with the control group, the decay rate of fresh cherry tomatoes packaged with the composite film containing forsythia flower extract showed a significant reduction of 40%, the hardness increased by 25%, and the content of vitamin C was enhanced by 33%. Hence, the forsythia flower extract composite film offers a novel perspective for the design and development of bio-based packaging films for preserving fresh fruits. The results serve as a foundation for the subsequent advancement and application of forsythia flower in the field of packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pectin from Taiwan Citrus depressa Hayata's peels (CDH pectin) and sodium alginate (Na alginate) were mixed in neutral acidity to produce microhydrogel beads or microspheres. The potential use of the microspheres such as encapsulation materials for quercetin and nobiletin, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity, toxic elements absorption ability, and thermal characteristics were explored. Results: Different ratios of CDH pectin and Na alginate produced microspheres of varying sizes and shapes. The highest yield (47.59%) with the broadest diameter was obtained at a Na alginate—CDH pectin ratio of 2:1, while the smallest yield was obtained from Na alginate—CDH pectin ratio of 1:3 (24.13%). Increasing the amount of Na alginate resulted in more spherical microspheres, higher heavy metals (cobalt and nickel) removal rates, yet a lower swelling ratio. A high pectin concentration also increased the encapsulation efficiency of quercetin and nobiletin, reaching 91.5% and 86.74%, respectively. Quercetin and nobiletin release analysis (in vitro) showed a slow release of drugs from the microspheres. Less than 20% quercetin and nobiletin were released from the microspheres in SGF (simulated gastric fluid) pH 1.2 solution after 2 h and more than 40% of the encapsulated drug was released in SIF (simulated intestinal fluid) pH 6.8 after 4 h. The strong DPPH scavenging activity of quercetin (99%) was not hindered by encapsulation materials. ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry) analysis demonstrated that the biopolymer can absorb cobalt and nickel from water. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) result showed that the combination of CDH pectin and Na alginate produced a biopolymer that exhibited a weight loss of only 1.86–4.33% at 100 °C. Conclusions: These findings suggest that microspheres produced from CDH pectin cross-linked with sodium alginate had potential in nobiletin and quercetin encapsulation. Moreover, the polymer could absorb heavy metals and exhibit an important characteristic for hot food and beverage packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]