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La minería subterránea, la minería artesanal y la minería de subsistencia, para la extracción de esmeraldas en el departamento de Boyacá, han generado impactos negativos y deterioro en los recursos naturales. Todas estas actividades desarrolladas a la vez en el mismo contexto, exponencialmente, aumentan el gran impacto desbordado y visible en las cuencas del rio Ítoco, la quebrada las Ánimas y en los demás componentes ambientales y sociales presentes en el área de estudio; cuya causa, es generada por la acumulación residual resultante de la extracción minera. Adicionalmente, la escasa o nula prevención y conciencia ambiental de algunos lugareños y actores del territorio en cuanto a la preservación de las fuentes hídricas, fauna, flora y al igual que los ecosistemas nativos, hacen, que los residuos mineros sean progresivos y se conviertan en Pasivos Ambientales Mineros PAM, situados en las áreas circundantes a las concesiones mineras. Sin embargo, estos impactos mineros podrían facilitar y discernir posibles soluciones prácticas, que sean articuladas con las problemáticas sociales presentes en la zona, para que se gestionen ambientalmente, posibilitando la implementación de asesorías en el desarrollo de alternativas productivas socioeconómicas y culturales organizadas en proyectos de reconversión minera. (Literal 2 Articulo 248 proyectos de reconversión L/685/2001 C.M.). Aquí, anteriormente mencionando la problemática del área de estudio y el propósito de este proyecto de gestión ambiental, que espera logre contribuir en la reducción de los impactos ambientales causados por la minería extractiva en búsqueda de esmeraldas y adicionalmente que se vinculen las actividades de la minería artesanal, de subsistencia y el considerado barequeo en la zona, para proyectar el aprovechamiento de los residuos de minería que actualmente aún son arrojados en las áreas cercanas a la explotación de esmeraldas en el departamento de Boyacá en Colombia. Es factible, que mediante la implementación de alternativas productivas, en el aprovechamiento de residuos de minería de esmeraldas se le logre dar aplicabilidad a lo planteado en el C.M. Código de Minas Colombiano, referente al establecimiento de las plantas de beneficio para el aprovechamiento de minerales y rocas asociadas a la extracción, (Articulo 93 Plantas de Transformación L/685/2001 C.M.) para brindar un aprovechamiento productivo, citando como iniciativa en la zona, este proyecto de gestión ambiental que se centra en el estudio del residuo minero lutita bituminosa o (Black shale) y su uso potencial como fachaleta en revestimientos de interiores y exteriores para construcciones, resaltando que proyecto pionero en Colombia y en la zona de la minería extractiva de esmeraldas para Boyacá. Quedando éste, como base para la profundizar e implementar más estudios de esta índole, que abarquen investigaciones de los demás residuos mineros asociados y que no se trataron a profundidad en el desarrollo de esta propuesta como proyecto de trabajo de grado para la maestría en gestión ambiental, pero que fueron nombrados y descritos al interior del documento. El proyecto, se orientó con una metodología mixta, desarrollada en cuatro fases, que fueron lideradas por objetivos específicos y operadas por actividades que brindaron productos resultantes de las sinergias entre algunas investigaciones analíticas de los componentes residuales, con las conclusiones y sugerencias de las posibles soluciones a las problemáticas presentes en los factores socioambientales y la transformación experimental de la materia prima residual para proponer el desarrollo de una alternativa de productos de uso industrial o artesanal; ayudando de este modo a comprender el comportamiento, apariencia y presentación funcional del residuo estudiado y en el que se enfocaron los esfuerzos de esta investigación. El flujo metodológico y sinérgico del proyecto es descrito desde la percepción particular, técnica y profesional del autor que se fundamenta en las experiencias de campo y con las visiones prevalecidas y posiblemente variables a futuro de los actores involucrados que bridan un enfoque pragmático o experimental. La información se recolectó mediante encuestas, entrevistas y muestreo de las unidades de residuos presentes en el área de estudio para su posterior análisis y discernimiento académico, normativo y holístico en la toma de decisiones y conclusiones. Finalmente como resultado de este ejercicio de gestión ambiental, se lograron proponer algunas alternativas de uso y aprovechamiento residual de los considerados “estériles” en la zona de estudio, realizando transformaciones experimentales a los residuos mineros con el uso de transferencia tecnológica y/o experimentando los posibles mezclas como materiales compuestos para ser desarrolladas en conjunto con un grupo de mineros que apoyaron el desarrollo y puesta en marcha de esta iniciativa y estudio académico a fin de analizar los comportamientos de los contenidos residuales y compararlos con el estudios de aprovechamientos del (Black shale). Sistema Nacional de Regalías Gobernación de Boyacá Colciencias ABEM Asociación de Barequeros de Muzo Underground mining, artisanal mining and subsistence mining, for the extraction of emeralds in the department of Boyacá, have generated negative impacts and deterioration in natural resources. All these activities carried out at the same time in the same context, exponentially, increase the great overflowing and visible impact in the basins of the Itoco river, the Las Ánimas gorge and in the other environmental and social components present in the study area; the cause of which is generated by the residual accumulation resulting from mining extraction. Additionally, the scarce or null prevention and environmental awareness of some locals and actors in the territory in terms of the preservation of water sources, fauna, flora and, like native ecosystems, make mining waste progressive and become PAM Mining Environmental Liabilities, located in the areas surrounding the mining concessions. However, these mining impacts could facilitate and discern possible practical solutions that are articulated with the social problems present in the area, so that they are environmentally managed, enabling the implementation of consultancies in the development of socio-economic and cultural productive alternatives organized in projects of mining reconversion. (Literal 2 Article 248 reconversion projects L / 685/2001 C.M.). Here, previously mentioning the problems of the study area and the purpose of this environmental management project, which it hopes will contribute to the reduction of the environmental impacts caused by extractive mining in search of emeralds and additionally to link mining activities artisanal, subsistence and the considered barequeo in the area, to project the use of mining residues that are currently still dumped in areas near the exploitation of emeralds in the department of Boyacá in Colombia. It is feasible that, through the implementation of productive alternatives, in the use of emerald mining residues, it is possible to apply the provisions of the C.M. Colombian Mining Code, referring to the establishment of beneficiation plants for the use of minerals and rocks associated with extraction, (Article 93 Transformation Plants L / 685/2001 CM) to provide a productive use, citing as an initiative in the area , this environmental management project that focuses on the study of bituminous shale mining residue or (Black shale) and its potential use as a wall cladding in interior and exterior cladding for buildings, highlighting that pioneering project in Colombia and in the mining area emerald extraction for Boyacá. Remaining this, as a basis for deepening and implementing more studies of this nature, which include investigations of the other associated mining residues and that were not discussed in depth in the development of this proposal as a work project for the master's degree in environmental management , but that were named and described inside the document. The project was oriented with a mixed methodology, developed in four phases, which were led by specific objectives and operated by activities that provided products resulting from synergies between some analytical investigations of the residual components, with the conclusions and suggestions of possible solutions. to the problems present in socio-environmental factors and the experimental transformation of the residual raw material to propose the development of an alternative for products for industrial or artisanal use; thus helping to understand the behavior, appearance and functional presentation of the residue studied and in which the efforts of this research were focused. The methodological and synergistic flow of the project is described from the author's particular, technical and professional perception that is based on field experiences and with the prevailing and possibly variable future visions of the actors involved that provide an approach. pragmatic or experimental. The information was collected through surveys, interviews and sampling of the waste units present in the study area for subsequent analysis and academic, normative and holistic discernment in decision-making and conclusions. Finally, as a result of this environmental management exercise, it was possible to propose some alternatives for the use and residual exploitation of those considered "sterile" in the study area, carrying out experimental transformations of mining waste with the use of technological transfer and / or experiencing possible mixtures as composite materials to be developed in conjunction with a group of miners who supported the development and implementation of this initiative and academic study in order to analyze the behaviors of the residual contents and compare them with the exploitation studies of the (Black shale). Magíster en Gestión Ambiental Maestría

In the Bazhenov Formation, framboidal clusters and nodular pyrite formed in the dysoxic&ndash, anoxic interface within organic-rich sediments. Some nodule-like pyritized bituminous layers and pyrite nodules are similar to pyritized microbial mat fragments by the typical fine laminated structure. Framboidal pyrite of the Bazhenov Formation is enriched in redox-sensitive elements such as Mo, V, Au, Cu, Pb, Ag, Ni, Se, and Zn in comparison with the host shales and nodular pyrite. Nodular pyrite has higher concentrations of As and Sb, only. Strong positive correlations that can be interpreted as nano-inclusions of organic matter (Mo, V, Au), sphalerite (Zn, Cd, Hg, Sn, In, Ga, Ge), galena (Pb, Bi, Sb, Te, Ag, Tl), chalcopyrite (Cu, Se) and tennantite (Cu, As, Sb, Bi, Te, Ag, Tl) and/or the substitution of Co, Ni, As and Sb into the pyrite. On the global scale, pyrite of the Bazhenov Formation is very similar to pyrite from highly metalliferous bituminous black shales, associated, as a rule, with gas and oil-and-gas deposits. Enrichment with Mo and lower Co and heavy metals indicate a higher influence of seawater during formation of pyrite from the Bazhenov Formation in comparison to different styles of ore deposits. Transitional elements such as Zn and Cu in pyrite of the Bazhenov Formation has resulted from either a unique combination of the erosion of Cu&ndash, Zn massive sulfide deposits of the Ural Mountains from one side and the simultaneous manifestation of organic-rich gas seep activity in the West Siberian Sea from another direction

Bu calismada Kurnuc (Goynuk/Bolu) civarinda yuzlek veren, koyu gri ve koyu kahve renkli, organik karbon yonunden oldukca zengin olan bitumlu kayaclarin (bitumlu marn ve bitumlu seyl) organik jeokim- yasal ozellikleri incelenmistir. Kayac litolojileri ve cokelim ortamlarinin tespit edilmesi, kaynak kaya po- tansiyeli, kerojen tipi, organik olgunlasmalarinin belirlenmesi ile bitumlu kayaclarinin hidrokarbon turum potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi amaclanmistir. Calismada piroliz (Rock Eval–VI), gaz kromatografi (GC) ve gaz kromatografi-kutle spektrometresi (GC-MS) analizleri yapilmistir. Ayrica, organik petrografik yon- temle spor renk indeksi (SCI) analizi uygulanmis ve ayrica durayli karbon izotop analizi (δ13C) yapilmistir. Incelenen kaynak kayalarin litolojisi klastik kokenlidir ve cokelim ortami olarak denizle kismen baglantisi olan lagun olarak kabul edilebilir. Bitumlu kayaclarda TOC degerleri 2.52-8.38 % araliginda (ortalama 6.08 %) olup, kaynak kaya potansiyelleri mukemmeldir. Kerojen tipleri iki adet ornek (Tip II) disinda Tip I’dir. Piroliz, GC ve GC-MS organik olgunlasma sonuclarina gore orneklerin tamami olgunlasmamis evrededir. Organik jeokimyasal veriler bitumlu kayaclarin mukemmel petrol turum potansiyeline sahip oldugunu ve herhangi bir organik kirlenme olmadigini gostermektedir.

Adsorption characteristics of herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) have been evaluated using bituminous shale (BS) as a model adsorbent-containing solid organic matter in a mineral matrix. The adsorption of MCPA on BS has been studied with varying concentration, temperature, pH and contact time, using batch technique. Adsorption ability of BS increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pH in the studied concentration range of (0.6–4.0) × 10−4 M. Theoretical curves calculated from Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), Langmuir and Temkin isotherm equations show a two-step isotherm shape. The results could be explained by assuming the presence of two-type sites with different affinity on adsorbent surface. Adsorption process is endothermic and entropy controlled at the first stage, and exothermic and enthalpy controlled at the second stage. The mechanism proposed based on surface ionization and complexation model is consistent with the pH dependent experimental results. Kinetic data fit well to both Paterson’s and Nernst Planck model based on homogeneous solid phase diffusion (HSPD). The values of particle diffusion coefficients (D p ) predicted from both models are comparable each other and independent of temperature and concentration.

WOS: 000369322200018, This study is based around Karayun which is in the Sivas Tertiary Basin, one of the important sedimentary basins in Turkey. The units observed in the study area and nearby are Oligocene Hafik, Lower Miocene Karayun and Lower-Middle Miocene Karacaoren Formations and Quaternary alluvium. This study focused on samples from the Karayun Formation due to the presence of alternations of bituminous shale levels in the formation. The studied bituminous shales are characterized by relatively high total organic carbon values up to 10.44 % and S2 values ranging from 0.01 to 89.02 HC/g rock, indicating fair to excellent source rock. Most of the bituminous shales are at the immature to early mature stage for hydrocarbon generation. Generally, genetic potential values are over 2 mg HC/g rock. The hydrogen index value of samples are between 9 and 887 mg HC/g total organic carbon (TOC) (on average 333.62 mg HC/g TOC). Oxygen index values vary between 17 and 557 mg CO2/g TOC (on average 135.35 mg CO2/g TOC). On the basis of Rock-Eval pyrolysis analysis, kerogens are type I/II and type II/III mixed. Dominant organic matter observed in this formation is algal amorphous organic matter. Thermal alteration index (TAI), Spore colour index (SCI), vitrinite reflectance values (R-o) and T-max evaluations indicate that maturity of the unit is between diagenesis and the early mature zone, and at the beginning of the hydrocarbon-producing stage. As a result of a series of analyses, it was found that the Karayun Formation has organic facies of B, BC and C and limited hydrocarbon generation potential in the basin., Cumhuriyet University (CU), Scientific Projects Support Fund (CUBAP) [M-291], This investigation was sponsored by the Cumhuriyet University (CU), Scientific Projects Support Fund (CUBAP) under the Project No: M-291. I would like to thank Dr. Dursun ERIK (General Directorate of Highways-TCK) for his efforts in several stages of the project.

High-resolution organic petrological analysis was carried out on more than 150 core bituminous shale samples of the Posidonia Shale (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) from three sedimentary basins: the West Netherlands Basin, the Lower Saxony Basin and the South German Basin. This study is subdivided into three main parts: the identification of the organic microfacies variations in order to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions of the Posidonia Shale sedimentation, the maturity evaluation of the Posidonia Shale from three sedimentary basins and the construction of the deposition model of the Posidonia Shale. The results of the organic petrography reveal that the organo-mineral microfacies defined by maceral composition and associated mineral groundmass show a wide range of variations related to the content of individual liptinite of marine origin and terrestrial macerals (macerals of vitrinite and inertinite groups and sporinite). The modifications in composition are considered as a potential indicator of different changes in depositional environments. In addition, much attention has been paid to the origin of the bituminite, which comprises most of the hydrocarbon-rich source rocks. All defined organo-mineral microfacies are poorly correlated laterally between sedimentary basins. Only those from wells E and M (the West Netherlands Basin) show a resemblance. Organo-mineral microfacies from each investigated area contain a specific type of bituminite. Particularly, bituminite V has been observed in high concentration only in wells from the West Netherlands Basin, while the content of bituminite II increased significantly in wells from the Lower Saxony Basin, and bituminite III is well-represented in the Posidonia Shale from southern Germany. The second part of the study evaluates the maturity of the Posidonia Shale. Vitrinite reflectance analysis has been used. In samples of those wells where appropriate vitrinite particles were not found, the Tmax parameter of Rock-Eval pyrolysis was used instead. The maturity of the Posidonia Shale from the West Netherlands Basin (0.4 %VRr) and southern Germany (0.4 %VRr) is defined as an early mature stage, whereas that of the Posidonia Shale from the Lower Saxony Basin (0.5–0.6 %VRr) reaches the mature stage. Exceptionally high vitrinite reflectance values are shown by Posidonia Shale in well B (3.2-3.6 %VRr) from the Lower Saxony Basin. In this case, organic matter maturity corresponds to the post-mature stage. In order to study the changes in optical properties of the macerals from mature to post-mature Posidonia Shale, two wells, A and B, were chosen. The distance between the two wells is 44 km. This part of the study demonstrates that the telalginite bodies (named post-mature telalginite), bituminite I (post-mature bituminite I) and bituminite II (post-mature bituminite II), sporinite (post-mature sporinite) in post-mature Posidonia Shale are still recognisable on the basis of their morphology. This will help to extend the scope of application of maceral analysis in such post-mature black shale and will allow a better integration of the results of organic petrology in the field of exploration geology. The third part is devoted to elaboration of a depositional model of Posidonia Shale. This part of the study is focused on the deposition of the organic matter and the main factors favouring its accumulation and preservation. To improve the quality of the interpretation, two types of graphical visualisation of the petrographic results are proposed, primarily based on several factors controlling the deposition of the organic matter. Among these, the most important are primary biomass productivity in the marine environment and transported adjoining terrestrial organic matter, biological degradation related to bacterial activity, and oxygenation of the bottom water. The first type of graphical representation is a ternary diagram focusing on the paleoenvironments in the water column. The liptodetrinite, alginite and bituminite contents have been used to characterise the different paleoenvironments which reflect not only the content of oxygen in the water column but also the dynamic conditions. The second type of graphical representation used is a scatter plot, assessing the paleoenvironmental conditions in the sediments. In order to evaluate the relationships between different types of organo-mineral microfacies and paleoenvironmental conditions, an Oxidation Index and a maceral Degradation Index are proposed. These indices display the degree of preservation of the macerals from the highly degraded to well preserved macerals, provide information on the origin of organic matter and permit recognition of the precursors of degraded organic matter (AOM). For each of the investigated sedimentary basins, a depositional model of the organic matter sedimentation is proposed. These results reveal that the deposition and preservation of the organic matter are governed not only by the morphology of the sea floor, circulation of the water masses, but by changes in environments over time which enable both the biomass productivity and rapid burial of the organic matter in the anoxic ocean floor sediments. These environments are triggered not by an instant and continuous rise of the sea level, but more by sea-level fluctuations induced by alternate periods of dry and wet climates., Hochauflösende organische petrologische Analyse wurde an mehr als 150 verschiedenen Bohrkernproben des Posidonienschiefers (Toarcium, Unterjura) aus drei Sedimentbecken angewendet: dem Westniederländischen Becken, dem Niedersächsischen Becken und dem Süddeutschen Becken. Diese Studie ist in drei Hauptbereiche unterteilt: die Bestimmung der Variationen der organischen Mikrofazies, um die Ablagerungsbedingungen des Posidonienschiefers zu rekonstruieren, die Bestimmung des Reifegrades der Posidonienschiefer aus den drei Sedimentbecken und die Entwicklung des Ablagerungsmodells des Posidonienschiefers. Das Ergebnis der organischen Petrographie zeigt, dass die organo-mineralische Mikrofazies, die durch die Zusammensetzung der Macerale und der dazugehörigen mineralischen Grundmasse gekennzeichnet ist, eine große Streuung aufweist die in Abhängikeit zum Gehalt einzelner Liptinite mariner Herkunft und terrestrischer Macerale (Macerale aus der Vitrinit- und Inertinitgruppe und Sporinit) steht. Abwandlungen in der Zusammensetzung sind als potentielle Indikatoren von verschiedenen Änderungen in den Ablagerungsmilieus zu betrachten. Zudem wurde das Augenmerk auf die Herkunft des Bituminits gelenkt, der in den meisten mit Kohlenwasserstoff angereicherten Muttergesteinen enthalten ist. Alle definierten organo-mineralischen Mikrofazies lassen sich schlecht zwischen den Sedimentbecken korrelieren. Lediglich die Bohrungen E und M (Westniederländisches Becken) weisen Ähnlichkeiten auf. Die organo-mineralische Mikrofazies von allen untersuchten Gebieten enthalten einen speziellen Bituminit Typ. Während Bituminit V mit hohen Konzentrationen nur in den Bohrungen des Westniederländischen Beckens beobachtet wurde, stieg der Gehalt an Bituminit II erheblich in den Bohrungen des Niedersächsischen Beckens an. Der Bituminit III wiederum, war besonders stark im Posidonienschiefer des Süddeutschen Beckens vertreten. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Reife des Posidonienschiefer. Die Analyse der Vitrinitreflexion wurde hierfür angewendet. In den Proben, in denen keine geeigneten Vitrinitpartikel gefunden werden konnten, wurde stattdessen der Tmax-Parameter der Rock-Eval Pyrolyse verwendet. Die Reife des Posidonienschiefer des Westniederländischen Beckens (0.4%VRr) und des Süddeutschen Beckens (0.4%VRr) sind gekennzeichnet durch das Stadium der beginnenden Erdöl-Enstehung wohingegen die organische Materie der Posidonienschiefer des Niedersächsischen Beckens (0.5-0.6%VRr) reif ist (Hauptstadium der Erdölgeneration). Besonders hohe Vitrinitreflexionswerte zeigt der Posidonienschiefer der Bohrung B (3.2-3.6%VRr) des Niedersächsischen Beckens. In diesem Fall entspricht die Reife des organischen Materials dem Stadium der Trockengas Bildung. Um die Veränderungen der optischen Eigenschaften der Macerale des Posidonienschiefers von dem Hauptstadium der Edölgeneration bis zum Stadium der Trockengas Bildung zu studieren, wurden zwei Bohrungen A und B ausgewählt. Der Abstand zwischen den Bohrungen beträgt 44 km. Dieser Teil der Arbeit zeigt, dass die Telalginit-Körper („postmature“ Telalginit genannt), Bituminit I (“postmature“ Bituminit I) und Bituminit II („postmature“ Bituminit II), Sporinit („postmature“ Sporinit) im Stadium der Trockengas Bildung des Posidonienschiefers anhand ihrer Morphologie immer noch erkennbar sind. Dies wird helfen, den Geltungsbereich der Maceralanalyse für solche Schwarzschiefer mit hohem Inkohlungsgrad zu erweitern und eine bessere Einbindung der Ergebnisse der organischen Petrologie im Bereich der Explorationsgeologie ermöglichen. Der dritte Part widmet sich der Ausarbeitung eines Ablagerungsmodells vom Posidonienschiefer. Dieser Teil der Studie befasst sich mit der Ablagerung des organischen Materials and den Hauptfaktoren, die seine Anreicherung und Erhaltung begünstigen. Um die Qualität der Interpretation zu verbessern, wurden zwei Arten von graphischen Darstellungen vorgeschlagen die hauptsächlich auf einige Faktoren basieren, welche die Ablagerung des organischen Materials beeinflussen. Darunter die primäre Produktivität der Biomasse im marinen Milieu und das hinzugefügte terrestrische organische Material, die biologische Zersetzung abhängig von der bakteriellen Aktivität sowie die Sauerstoffzufuhr des Bodenwassers. Die erste Art der graphischen Darstellung ist ein Ternärdiagramm, das sich auf die Paläoablagerungsbedingungen in der Wassersäule konzentriert. Die Gehalte an Liptodetrinit, Alginit und Bituminit wurden verwendet, um die verschiedenen Ablagerungsbedingungen zu charakterisieren, die nicht nur den Sauerstoffgehalt in der Wassersäule widerspiegeln, sondern auch seine dynamischen Verhältnisse. Die zweite Art der graphischen Darstellung ist eine Punktwolke zur Beurteilung der Paläoablagerungsbedingungen in den Sedimenten. Um die Zusammenhänge zwischen den verschiedenen organo-mineralischen Mikrofazies und Paläoablagerungsbedingungen auszuwerten, wurden ein Oxidationsindex und ein Maceral-Degradationsindex vorgeschlagen. Diese Indexe zeigen den Erhaltungszustand der Macerale, von stark zersetzten bis gut erhaltenen Maceralen, geben Auskunft über die Herkunft und Aussgangsstoffe des zersetzten organischen Materials (AOM). Für jedes untersuchte Sedimentbecken wurde ein Ablagerungsmodell vorgeschlagen. Diese Resultate zeigen, dass die Ablagerung und Erhaltung des organischen Materials nicht nur von der Morphologie des Meeresbodens und der Bewegung der Wassermassen beherrscht werden, sondern auch durch langfristige Veränderungen des Milieus welche die Produktivität der Biomasse und die schnelle Einbettung des organischen Materials in anoxischen Sedimenten des Meeresbodens ermöglichen. Dieses Umfeld wird nicht durch einen kurzfristigen und fortwährenden Anstieg des Meeresspiegels ausgelöst, sondern vielmehr durch Meeresspiegelschwankungen, herbeigeführt, die auf abwechselnde Trocken - und Feuchtklimaperioden beruhen.

WOS: 000443711700004, Bituminous shale in our country takes second place in terms of reserve, when compared the fossil energy resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas and for this reason, it appears that they have an important value for the country economy. One of the biggest problems in our country, like in all over the world, is to meet the energy demand. Although lignite and coal from the most important fossil fuels having energy potential in our country have been considered important until today, it is not possible to say this for the bituminous shale. According to many scientific studies carried out in recent years, bituminous shale can be used both energy resource and different areas. One of these areas is the efforts to increase agricultural productivity. In the vast majority in our country's agricultural lands, due to below 1 % of organic matter amount, there is a need for organic matter additives such as fertilizers to obtain efficient and high quality products. In this study, it has been tried to assess the potential of shale to increase the efficiency of soils, rather than as an energy source. In this context, possibility of use of Duzagac (Kozan-Adana) bituminous shale as a soil conditioner (compost-humic acid) has been investigated. pH of Duzagac bitumen was defined as 7.79 and this value will help our acidic soils to be balanced in terms of pH. In this study, it was concluded that the use of bituminous shale, which has not economic value as an energy source in our country, as compost (humic acid) is crucial to economical ways and our soil's reclamation and future.

URL:http://sujest.selcuk.edu.tr/sumbtd/article/view/282, Bu çalışmada, Kozan-Düzağaç (Adana) bölgesinde yer alan bitümlü şeyllerin petrol kaynak kaya ve organik fasiyes özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İnceleme alanı, Toridler tektonik birliği içerisinde yer almakta olup, incelenen birimler Geyikdağı Birliği içindedir. Düzağaç civarında bulunan Karbonifer yaşlı Ziyarettepe formasyonu içinde bulunan bitümlü şeyl seviyeleri örneklerinden yapılan organik jeokimyasal ve organik petrografik analizler yardımıyla inceleme alanındaki Karbonifer yaşlı çökellerin petrol kaynak kaya ve organik fasiyes özellikleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Formasyonda toplam organik karbon miktarı ortalama % 8,3’tür. Formasyonda amorf organik maddeler egemendir. Birim, organik jeokimyasal özelliklerine göre BC ve D organik fasiyesinde çökelmiştir. BC organik fasiyesinde bulunan örneklerde kaynak kaya potansiyeli oldukça fazladır, D organik fasiyesindeki örnekte ise herhangi bir kaynak kaya potansiyeli bulunmamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Adana-Kozan, Düzağaç, bitümlü şeyl, piroliz, organik, In this study, it has been aimed to define the petroleum source rock and organic facies properties of the bituminous shale found in Kozan-Düzağaç (Adana) region. Investigation area is in the Tauride Tectonic Unit and examined units are in the Geyikdağı Unit. With the help of organic geochemical and organic petrographical analyses of bituminous shale level samples from Ziyarettepe Formation, it has been tried to define the petroleum source rock and organic facies properties of Carboniferous age sediments. Total organic carbon amount in the formation is an average of 8.3%. Dominant component of the formation is amorphous organic material. The unit precipitated at BC and D organic facies according to organic geochemical properties. Source rock potential is very high in the samples found in BC organic facies while any source rock potential is not present in the samples of D organic facies. Key words: Adana-Kozan, Düzağaç

The proposed bituminous shale sequences in the Eocene sediments are located at the vicinity of Veliler (Mengen/Bolu) in northwest Turkey. The total section is 11.87 m thick, consisting mainly of organic carbon-rich marl and shale, which is 8.17 m thick. Organic-carbon rich sediments are enriched in several redox-sensitive and stable sulfide-forming trace elements. Bituminous shales were geochemically analyzed in order to find total organic carbon (1.07-15.17 wt%), major elements (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Ti, Na, K, P), and trace elements (V, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, and Zn) of the whole rock. The results are discussed based on the organic and inorganic association of trace elements and their use as redox conditions of sedimentation. Whole rock concentrations are indicative of changes in the dysoxic sedimentation conditions according to V/V+Ni ratio (0.46) and authigenic U (10.19) to suboxic-anoxic conditions according to U/Th ratio (6.46). The most important sediment sources of the trace elements are authigenic (Mo, Ni, Co, As, U, Sr, Cr, and Mg) and detrital (Ba, V, Pb, Fe, Cu, Si, and Ti) content. Enrichment factors of Corg, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, As, U, Th, Sr, V, P, Cr, Mg, Ba, Na, and K are calculated with recpect to their abundance of average shale, black shale, recent and ancient upwelling sediments, and sapropels, such as Mediterranean sapropels, Monterey Formation, Namibian mud lens, Gulf of California and Peru margin.

Url: http://sujest.selcuk.edu.tr/sumbtd/article/view/92, Göynük (Bolu) Havzasında Paleozoyik ile Tersiyer zaman aralığında oluşan sedimanter kayaçlar yer alır. Ağsaklar yöresinde yüzeyleyen Kabalar formasyonu marn, bitümlü şeyl ve silttaşı olmak üzere üç üyeye ayrılır. Kabalar formasyonu Paleosen zaman sürecinde depolanmıştır. Bitümlü şeyllerin organik madde miktarı 3.88-11.18 wt % arasında olup, çok iyi petrol kaynak kaya potansiyeline sahiptirler. HI, S2 / S3 , HI-Tmax ve HI-OI parametreleri ile organik petrografik inceleme sonuçları Kabalar formasyonuna ait bitümlü şeyllerin Tip-I ve Tip-II türlerinde kerojen içerdiğini gösterir. Bitümlü şeyller Tmax, PI ve spor renk indeksi değerlerine göre organik jeokimyasal açıdan olgunlaşmamış ya da henüz erken olgunlaşma safhasındadırlar., Göynük (Bolu) basin comprises sedimentary units occured during the Paleozoic-Tertiary period. Kabalar formation located in the region of Agsaklar is subdivided into three member which have composed of marl, bituminous shales and siltstone. The formation was deposited during the Paleocene. The amounts of organic matter of bituminous shales in the Kabalar formation vary between 3.88 and 11.18 %, suggesting that it has an excellent potential source property. Based on HI, S2/S3 , HI-Tmax, HI-OI parameters and organic petrographic analysis, the kerogen types of bituminous rocks of Kabalar formation are Type-I and Type-II species. Bituminous shales are not mature or early mature stage according to Tmax, PI and spore colour index values.