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Background Having access to convenient and quality healthcare at all times is not only a human right but also a goal that many countries strive to achieve for their population. However, access to healthcare might face blocks in the presence of financial exclusions. Saudi Arabia has, over the years, continued to pursue policy and system reforms to enhance its population’s access to financial inclusion, as well as proper health coverage to improve health outcomes. This study seeks to estimate the effects of financial inclusion on the financial hardships in accessing healthcare in Saudi Arabia. Methods This study uses a nationally representative survey conducted with 1009 adults, using the 2017 World Bank Global Findex Study data. The study estimates the conditional probability of coming up with emergency funds and the conditional probability of borrowing for medical purposes to understand access to healthcare. A composite value is created for financial inclusion using several variables for individuals’ interactions with financial institutions, such as access to financial services and loans. Results The results revealed that financially included individuals have a higher conditional probability of both borrowing for medical purposes and coming up with emergency funds, compared to those who are financially excluded. Additionally, the study showed that individuals in low-income brackets are more likely to be financially excluded and have a reduced chance of coming up with emergency funds and borrowing for medical purposes. Conclusion These findings indicate that there is need for authorities to roll out a financial inclusion drive that will not only incentivise the financially excluded population to become included but that will also aim at promoting various financial products so that those who are already financially included have a wide range from which they can choose.

Este projeto de Mestrado tem como finalidade criar uma entidade que promova e execute exposições temporárias em Museus Públicos do país com obras provenientes de coleções privadas, contribuindo assim para a diversificação de fontes de financiamento e sustentabilidade dos mesmos. Este projeto insere-se, assim, numa discussão mais vasta que se debruça sobre a relação entre a sociedade e as empresas e a possibilidade de harmonização dos seus objetivos. Neste projeto, partir-se-á de um quadro teórico norteado pela teoria de criação de valor partilhado para um Modelo de negócio que permita articular entre si quatro quadrantes que são parte integrante do projeto: os públicos visitantes das exposições, os privados colecionadores de obras, o setor público, no qual se inserem os museus de arte públicos, e o setor privado no seu todo. Este projeto tem, assim, a finalidade de promover uma forma mais conscienciosa de olhar para o investimento em arte, apresentando os múltiplos benefícios para os quadrantes acima mencionados e uma visão holística da criação de valor, ou seja, uma visão que não contempla apenas as métricas monetárias, mas que apresenta e inclui outros componentes de valor tais como o social e o cultural. The following Master's degree project aims at creating an entity that is able to promote and run temporary exhibitions at Portuguese Public Museums, exhibiting works from private collections, thus contributing to the diversification of funding sources and to the sustainability of those museums. This project departs from is part of like a more problematic discussion that takes into account the discussions between company / firm, and its confluence of objectives This is based on a theoretical framework guided by shared value creation theory for a Business model that allowed coordinate among themselves four quadrants that are directly related with the project: visitors to the public exhibitions, private collectors of works, the public sector in which they operate public art museums, and the private sector as a whole. This project has a purpose of promoting a more conscientious way of looking at investing in art thus presenting multiple benefits of various orders and a holistic view of value creation, not only take into account monetary metrics, but also has several components value components such as social and cultural

Global financial crises have revealed the systemic risk posed by economic contagion. We provide perspectives on the formulation of a game between countries, central banks, banks, firms, households, and financial intergovernmental organizations to model the dynamics between players. We model strategic choices, strategy sets, and utility functions to provide new tools to handle financial crises. The model is illustrated with examples using sensitivity analysis. One country, and two countries, are considered, and we simulate the impacts of random shocks under a variety of assumptions.

El endeudamiento de las empresas está expuesto a diversos riesgos. Por ello, el objetivo final de la tesis es poder brindar un conjunto de herramientas que actúen como marco referencial para ponderar diferentes modalidades de endeudamiento y contribuir así a que las empresas tomen las decisiones que mejor se adapten a sus necesidades y preferencias. El trabajo se inicia con un análisis de los principales aportes teóricos en la materia. Posteriormente se relevan diferentes variables económico financieras y se analiza su impacto en empresas con diversos grados de endeudamiento, arribando así a la parte final del trabajo, en donde se formulan las conclusiones. When a company borrows money, it is exposed to different kind of risks. Thus this thesis main objective is to provide a set of tools to ponderate differents modes of borrowing, allowing the company to choose the one that fits with its needs and preferences. This work beggins with a survey of the main theoretical contributions on this subject. Then, an analysis of several economic and financial indicators is made to detect their influence in firms with different levels of debt, to finish with the last part of the work, were the conclusions are formulated

s Hukuku'nda üçlülük iliskisi içerisinde gerçeklesen ?Geçici (ödünç) is iliskisi?, esas itibariyle isçinin bir isverenle olan sözlesmesinin devam etmesine rağmen, isin ifasının baska bir isverene bağlı olarak gerçeklesmesidir. Dolayısıyla, isçi açısından is sözlesmesinden doğan hak ve borçlar, her iki isverene karsı sürdürülmektedir. Geçici (ödünç) is iliskisi, günümüz Çalısma Hukuku'nun dikkat çeken dinamik konularından birini olusturmaktadır. Tezin amacı; Avrupa Birliği ?s Hukuku'nda önemli bir yer tutan geçici (ödünç) is iliskisinin arastırılması ve Türk ?s Hukuku'na katkı yapabilecek bir çalısma ortayakoyabilmektir. Geçici (ödünç) is iliskisi kurumunun temel nitelikleri ele alınmıstır. Türk ?s Hukukunda, geçici (ödünç) is iliskisi kavramı ve türleri üzerinde durularak; onun unsurları ve benzer iliskilerden farkı ortaya konulmustur. Ayrıca, yine Türk ?s Hukukunda, geçici (ödünç) is iliskisinin tarafları arasındaki hukuki iliskiler, tarafların hak ve yükümlülükleri konuları ayrıntılı bir sekilde incelenmistir. Son olarak, Avrupa Birliği Hukuku ve Avrupa Birliği'ne üye ülkelerin hukuklarındaki geçici (ödünç) is iliskisine yönelik düzenlemeler ve geçici (ödünç) is iliskisiyle iliskili Avrupa Birliği Direktifleri ele alınmıstır.Anahtar Sözcükler: Geçici, ödünç, geçici isçi, geçici isveren, geçici is, Labour Law took place in relation endedness `Temporary agency work`, essentially a worker's employer to continue the contract, despite the execution of the work to another depending on the realization of the employer in question. Therefore, in terms of workers' rights and liabilities arising from business contracts is against both the employer. Temporary agency work, drawing attention to the dynamic issues of law is one of today's modern works. The aim of the thesis, that holds an important place in European Union Business Law temporary (loan) investigate the relationship between business and make an inventory of the Turkish Labor Law, a work that can contribute to. Study, a temporary (loan) discussed the basic characteristics of the institution of the relationship. Turkish Labour Law, a temporary (loan) and the types of business relationships with emphasis on the concept, the difference of its elements, and similar relationships have been determined. In addition, the Turkish Labour Law, the legal relations between parties to a temporary employment relationship, rights and obligations of the parties, issues were examined in detail. Finally, the European Union Law and European Union member countries law temporary (loan) business relationship and the arrangements for the temporary (loan), the European Union Directives related to temporary agency work is discussed.Keywords: Temporary, borrow, temporary worker, temporary employee, temporary work, 134

This volume explores human adaptation to catastrophic events, particularly to volcanic eruptions. Sunset Crater Volcano is located in the pine forests of northern Arizona, approximately 20 km north of the city of Flagstaff. The volcano was long thought to have erupted in A.D. 1064, with the eruption extending for several hundred years. Research presented here, however, suggests that Sunset Crater erupted for only a few years sometime between A.D. 1085 and 1090, when nearby areas were densely populated by small, prehistoric farming groups. Lava and volcanic tephra were deposited over an area of 2,300 km2, dramatically changing the physical landscape and, almost certainly, the ideological world view of the prehistoric inhabitants. The eruption caused large-scale abandonment, creating a conservative estimate of 1,000-2,000 volcano refugees. Conversely, the deposition of a thin, moisture-retaining cinder mulch, 3-10 cm thick, allowed low elevation areas previously too dry to farm to now be settled. In this volume, the results of archaeological investigations of 41 prehistoric sites along a 26.7-km long section of U.S. 89, situated 5-20 km from Sunset Crater, are presented. Despite the stress of the eruption, the prehistoric populations who inhabited this area not only thrived, they prospered, eventually building some of the largest village sites in the northern Southwest. The goal here is to understand the nature of this highly successful adaptation. Further, the project area crosses what has long been considered a cultural boundary between two groups, the Sinagua to the south and the Cohonina to the north. The distinction between these groups is based largely on the predominance of different ceramic wares, with the Sinagua using Alameda Brown Ware and the Cohonina using San Francisco Mountain Gray Ware. Project research questions involved reconstructing the prehistoric settlement, including examining the question of cultural affiliation, with the goal of refining current understanding of human response to the Sunset Crater Volcano eruption.

The U.S. 89 Archaeological Project investigated 41 prehistoric sites located approximately 30 km north of Flagstaff, Arizona. All sites were on Coconino National Forest (CNF) land, specifically the Peaks Ranger District. The project was conducted hy Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) prior to widening and improvement of 26.7 km (16.6 miles) of U.S. 89, between the southern boundary of Wupatki National Monument in the north, and the town of Fernwood in the south. Archaeological fieldwork occurred over two primary field seasons in 1997 and 1998, with a very brief field season in 1999. A total of almost 12 person-years of labor was expended on the fieldwork. The U.S. 89 project area crosses diverse environmental zones, ranging from juniper-sage grasslands in the north at approximately 5,700 ft (1,737 m) asl, to ponderosa pine forests at over 7,200 ft (2,195 m) asl in the south. Mixed pinyon pine and juniper woodlands comprise the middle elevations. Five elevation zones were defined, using increments of 500 ft as a proxy for changes in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation. Additionally, all project area sites are within 25 km of Sunset Crater, with the closest sites only 5-6 km west of the volcano. Sunset Crater erupted for a very short period (months to a few years) sometime between A.D. 1050 and 1125. Basalt lava from the eruption covered an area of approximately 8 km2, while another 2,300 km2 was covered by cinder and ash deposits. Sunset Crater cinders were found on all project area sites. An isopach map of cinder depth constructed for this project indicates that, minimally, the U.S. 89 sites were covered with from 5-50 cm of volcanic material, which had a significant impact on prehistoric settlement, subsistence, and economic systems. Prehistoric adaptation to environmental variability, as well as to the Sunset Crater eruption, were primary research themes. This volume presents the analyses of the non-ceramic artifacts from the 41 investigated sites. These artifacts comprise approximately 16.5 percent of the 98,329 total recovered artifacts: 15,610 pieces of flaked stone, 1,163 pieces of ground stone, 96 bone tools, 70 pieces of shell, and 237 miscellaneous artifacts, which include stone beads, jewelry, and pieces of pigment. Additionally, 3,493 pieces of unworked animal bone were also recovered.