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Managing nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in high-salinity wastewater is a critical challenge for sustainable aquaculture and environmental protection. In this study, a novel salt-tolerant strain, Pseudomonas sediminis D4, was isolated from a brackish water environment. This strain exhibited simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification and phosphorus removal capabilities. Biosafety assays demonstrated that the strain was antibiotic-sensitive and safe for aquatic environments. The optimal conditions for nitrogen and phosphate removal of strain D4 were carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio 10, phosphorus/nitrogen (P/N) ratio 0.2, pH 7, and temperature 30 °C while using sodium succinate as the carbon source. Under these conditions, strain D4 achieved removal efficiencies of 97.36% for ammonia (NH4+-N), 100.00% for nitrate (NO3−-N), and 98.02% for nitrite (NO2−-N), along with 94.69%, 89.56%, and 97.40% removal of PO43−P, respectively. The strain exhibited strong salinity tolerance, functioning effectively within a range of 0% to 5% (w/v), and maintaining high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency at a salinity of 3%. Enzyme activity assays verified the existence of key enzymes, such as ammonia nitrogen oxidase, nitrate oxidoreductase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, polyphosphate kinase, and exopolyphosphatase, which are essential for the heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification and phosphorus removal capabilities of D4. These findings highlight the potential of Pseudomonas sediminis D4 for the biological treatment of high-salinity wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effects of weak mineralized water and straw separation treatment on soil water and salt transport, through indoor soil column infiltration and evaporation test, the distribution of water and salt in soil under the irrigation condition of fresh water and slightly mineralized water with different salinity (1, 2, 3 g / L) at the buried depth of 0, 10 and 20 cm of straw interlayer was studied. The results show that there is a power function relationship between the wetting front and the infiltration time at the infiltration stage. The water infiltration rate increases with the increase of salinity, and the cumulative infiltration decreases with the increase of salinity. Kostiakov model and Philip model are used to fit the cumulative infiltration amount and infiltration time respectively, and the fitting results are good. During the evaporation stage, the straw interlayer has a significant water retention effect on the soil below the buried depth, and the vertical distribution of soil salinity shows a significant low desalination effect, and salt accumulates in the straw interlayer. When the salinity of irrigation water is 2 g / L and the depth of straw layer is 10 cm, it is conducive to soil bottom desalting, and has a better effect of promoting soil water infiltration and water retention. The research can provide basis and reference for weak mineralized water irrigation and the exploitation and utilization of straw resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To study the effects of brackish water irrigation on soil water and salt characteristics and crop growth is helpful to guide the safe utilization of brackish water. [Methods] A pot experiment of winter wheat was carried out under the condition of rain-shielding. Deionized water was used as the control (CK). Three kinds of brackish water treatments with conductivity of 4 dS/m and different sodium-potassium ratios were set up, including sodium-potassium ratio of 1∶0 (T1), sodium-potassium ratio of 1∶1 (T2), sodium-potassium ratio of 0∶1 (T3). The water-salt characteristics of the soil, the photosynthetic physiology, growth and development as well as yield formation of winter wheat were studied. [Results] Compared with CK, the 0-40 cm soil moisture content under T1, T2 and T3 brackish water irrigation increased by 19%, 8% and 14% (p0.05) between the T2 and T3 treatments and CK. The T2 treatment enhanced plant height, leaf area per plant and aboveground dry matter mass of winter wheat, and increased the yield by 8.41% (p0.05). [Conclusion] In summary, irrigation using 4 dS/m brackish water changed the original water-salt characteristics of the soil, caused salts to accumulate in the soil and promoted winter wheat growth in the short term. In this study, the use of brackish water with a sodium-potassium ratio of 1∶1 had a better effect on winter wheat growth and yield enhancement. The results can provide a theoretical basis for sustainable utilization of brackish water.

The scarcity of fresh water resources limits the utilization of the combination mode of brackish water and fresh water to some extent. To explore new modes of the safe utilization of brackish water, a pot experiment is conducted to study the effects of mixed irrigation of brackish water and reclaimed water on soil exchangeable ions, total exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity, exchange sodium percentage (ESP), etc. The results indicate that compared to pure irrigation of brackish water, the mixed irrigation of brackish water and reclaimed water in a 1:1 ratio reduces soil exchangeable sodium ion content, soil exchangeable calcium ion content, total exchangeable bases and cation exchange capacity by 59.43%, 9.47%, 24.88% and 20.82%, respectively, while increasing soil exchangeable magnesium and potassium ion contents by 25.94% and 57.89%, respectively. As the proportion of reclaimed water in the liquid mixture increases, soil exchangeable sodium ion content and ESP gradually significantly decrease, while soil exchangeable magnesium ion content shows a trend of significantly increasing. Total exchangeable bases and base saturation show a trend of gradually decreasing. Soil exchangeable sodium ion content, total exchangeable bases and ESP are all extremely significantly positively correlated with soil moisture, salinity, and water drop penetration time (WDPT) (P < 0.01). Additionally, soil exchangeable base saturation is extremely significantly positively correlated with soil moisture and salinity (P < 0.01) after the harvest. Both pH and soil total nitrogen (TN) content are extremely significantly negatively correlated with soil exchangeable sodium ion content, total exchangeable bases and ESP (P < 0.01), and are significantly negatively correlated with soil exchangeable base saturation (P < 0.05). To some extent, the results can provide theoretical reference on new modes of the safe utilization of brackish water.

Abstract Microplastics (MPs) are a global problem due to their pervasiveness and possible harm to humans and other living organisms. It has been reported that a wide variety of foods, including seafood, contain microplastics. Dried pink shrimp (Penaeus notialis) popularly called ‘dried crayfish’ is a common delicacy in many Nigerian and West African local recipes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the presence of meso- and microplastics in dried shrimp in Nigeria. From a survey of five popular markets in Ekiti State, South West, Nigeria—Shasha, Oja Oba, Agric Olope, Afao (Ikere), and Oja Isale (Ifaki), 15 samples of sun- and smoke-dried pink shrimp were purchased, and their meso- (5–25 mm) and microplastic (1 to

【Background and Objective】 Cadmium contamination is a ubiquitous soil environmental problem facing agricultural production in many countries. Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technique. Since bioavailability of Cd varies with biogeochemical environment which, in turn, is regulated by soil water, irrigation is likely to have an important influence on efficacy of phytoremediation. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of irrigation with saline water on phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil. 【Method】 Pots filled with soil containing Cd at content of 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg were used in the experiment. All pots were grown with maize and were irrigated with deionized water (W1), natural saline water (W2), and water with NaCl at the same salinity as W2 (W3). In each treatment, we measured Cd absorption by the maize. 【Result】 ① When the soil Cd content was low, irrigation with saline water resulted in a reduction in plant height, root length, as well as in dry and fresh biomasses of both above and below-ground parts. However, an increase in soil Cd content significantly inhibited maize plant growth only in treatment W1, while no significant effects were observed in treatments W2 and W3. ② When Cd content was 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg, the impact of irrigation water on Cd content in the above- and below-ground parts of the maize seedlings was ranked in the order of W3 > W2 > W1. ③ When soil Cd content was 5 and 10 mg/kg, Cd accumulation in the above-ground parts of the maize seedlings was significantly lower in W2 and W3 than in W1 (P

The main obstacles to reverse osmosis desalination processes are high energy intensity and long-term continuity. Temperature and pressure have the greatest and most significant effects on energy use. The main objectives of the current study are to determine the pressure and temperature-dependent optimal operating parameters for a membrane desalination unit. To determine the ideal operating settings for a membrane unit, the impact of changing pressure and temperature on its performance was investigated. These two elements are closely connected to the energy consumption per cubic meter under various operating situations. The present work is experimentally carried out in a research laboratory for capacity building and future research studies in the desalination field established in the National Center of Water Research – Egypt. This laboratory is Egypt’s first multi-functional Desalination Research Station for seawater, brackish water, and related water treatment areas. The plant is equipped with online instrumentation and Data Acquisition System and 13 sensors for most physical parameters which economically affect membrane performance and desalination processes. These parameters, particularly pressure and temperature, are measured, evaluated and analyzed. According to the findings in this study, feed salinity and feed pressure both have significant impacts.At 13 bar pressure, the maximum salt rejection was 98.8%. When feed pressure is increased from 5 to 13 bars, there is a 73.3% decrease in permeate salinity. Additionally, applying a 13 bar feed pressure to water with a salinity of 1000 ppm results in the best water quality of 12 ppm. The relationship between feed pressure, brine salinity, and membrane water recovery appeared to be approximately linear and positive. More crucially, it was discovered that feed pressure, salinity, and water recovery are all constants for water permeability. A prototype for the maximum pressure (ranges from 15.6 to 10.8) and temperature (ranges from 21 to 35) at which the optimal recovery of the laboratory occurred was developed. Moreover, the developed prototype includes the corresponding permeate TDS and a specific energy for each optimal point.

【Objective】 Southern Xinjiang has limited freshwater but relatively abundant saline groundwater. To optimize the use of these water resources, we investigate the effect of alternate brackish and freshwater drip irrigation with film mulching on soil water and salt movement, as well as seed yield of cotton. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted at the Xinjiang Alar Modern Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station. It compared nine combinations of brackish and freshwater drip irrigation. In each treatment, we measured the spatiotemporal changes in soil water and salt, as well as growth, and seed yield of the cotton. 【Result】 During the growth period of the cotton, soil water and salt increased with increased use of brackish water. When the amount of brackish water used for irrigation was the same, continuous use of freshwater irrigation in the early growth stage of the cotton was effective to reduce salt content in the root zone. Increasing the use of brackish water in irrigation inhibited crop growth. Moderate use of brackish water in the flowering and boll development stages can promote reproductive growth, however, excessive use would significantly reduce the weight of single bolls. Appropriately alternating brackish and freshwater irrigation not only ensures vegetative growth in the early stages but also promotes reproductive growth during flowering and boll development stage of the cotton. 【Conclusion】 In Southern Xinjiang, alternating brackish and freshwater in drip irrigation with film mulching should keep the brackish water ratio below a specific threshold. Its usage should be minimized during the seedling, budding, and early flowering stages, but can be increased during the flowering and boll development stages. In this experiment, the optimal irrigation sequence was freshwater-freshwater-brackish water.

Protists inhabit marine, brackish and fresh waters. The salt barrier plays an important role in the origin of their diversity. Salinity tolerance differs among species and sometimes even among different strains of the same species, indicating local adaptation. Dinoflagellates from the Apocalathium genus are represented by at least four species, which originated via rapid and recent radiation. Water salinity was suggested as one of the key factors for this radiation. A previous study found RNA transcripts, which belong exclusively to saline strains of Apocalathium, and were absent in its freshwater strains. In the present paper, the diversity of these transcripts and their orthologs from marine and freshwater protists were analysed using bioinformatic approaches. First, it was found that these specific transcripts translated to the proteins, which are important for osmoregulation (e.g., transport of various compounds including glycine betaine, regulation of microtubule organisation, post transcriptional modifications). This supports the idea that speciation within Apocalathium resulted in the loss of osmoregulatory genes by freshwater species. Second, protein distribution was not highly species specific, because their orthologs were found in different dinoflagellates and were relatively common in other phototrophic protists, though the sequences were highly variable. Proteins from 13 orthogroups were absent or very rare in studied freshwater genomes and transcriptomes. They could play a specific role in protists salinity tolerance. Third, detailed phylogenetic analyses of betaine-like transporter and chloride transmembrane transporters, which probably are one of the key proteins associated with salinity tolerance, revealed high levels of multiple and variable copies that were not eliminated from the genome during the evolution. The expression of their genes could be important in the adaptation of dinoflagellates to salinity changes, as it was already shown for some other protists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective］ To study the effects of brackish water irrigation on soil water and salt characteristics and crop growth is helpful to guide the safe utilization of brackish water. Methods］ A pot experiment of winter wheat was carried out under the condition of rain-shielding. Deionized water was used as the control (CK). Three kinds of brackish water treatments with conductivity of 4 dS/m and different sodium-potassium ratios were set up, including sodium-potassium ratio of 1: 0 (T1), sodium-potassium ratio of 1: 1 (T2), sodium-potassium ratio of 0 5 1 (T3). The water-salt characteristics of the soil, the photosynthetic physiology, growth and development as well as yield formation of winter wheat were studied. Results］ Compared with CK, the () -- 4() cm soil moisture content under T1, T2 and T3 brackish water irrigation increased by 19%, 8% and 14% (pW().()5), respectively. Soil EC]: 5 (soil water ratio 1: 5 extract conductivity) and Na+ and K+ concentrations continued to increase with the growth period of winter wheat. The () -- 4() cm soil salinity of T1, T2 and T3 treatments increased by 252%, 223% and 234% (<().05), respectively, and most of the salt accumulated in the 1() -- 20 cm soil layer. The net photosynthetic rate of winter wheat was significantly reduced (by 16%, p〈().()5) in the T1 treatment compared to CK, while there was no significant differences (p>().()5)between the T2 and T3 treatments and CK. The T2 treatment enhanced plant height, leaf area per plant and aboveground dry matter mass of winter wheat, and increased the yield by 8. 41 % (p〈0.()5) compared to CK; while there was no significant difference in underground dry matter mass among treatments (p X).()5). Conclusion] Tn summary, irrigation using 4 dS/m brackish water changed the original water-salt characteristics of the soil, caused salts to accumulate in the soil and promoted winter wheat growth in the short term. Tn this study, the use of brackish water with a sodium-potassium ratio of 1 5 1 had a better effect on winter wheat growth and yield enhancement. The results can provide a theoretical basis for sustain able utilization of brackish water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are a global problem due to their pervasiveness and possible harm to humans and other living organisms. It has been reported that a wide variety of foods, including seafood, contain microplastics. Dried pink shrimp (Penaeus notialis) popularly called 'dried crayfish' is a common delicacy in many Nigerian and West African local recipes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the presence of meso- and microplastics in dried shrimp in Nigeria. From a survey of five popular markets in Ekiti State, South West, Nigeria—Shasha, Oja Oba, Agric Olope, Afao (Ikere), and Oja Isale (Ifaki), 15 samples of sun- and smoke-dried pink shrimp were purchased, and their meso- (5–25 mm) and microplastic (1 to < 5 mm) content was examined. Visual inspection showed that mesoplastic particles were present in all the dried shrimp types examined. A 10% KOH solution was used to digest the samples after they had been weighed. The samples were exposed to density floatation in KI solution, followed by filtration, drying, examination under a stereomicroscope, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrophotometer. The mean concentration of mesoplastics per 10 g of sample was 2.13 ± 0.56 for sun-dried samples and 3.20 ± 0.90 for smoke-dried samples. Microplastics had a mean concentration of 6.47 ± 1.12 in sun-dried samples and 2.87 ± 0.90 particles/10 g in smoke-dried samples. Generally, the sun-dried shrimp showed a higher prevalence of microplastics than the smoke-dried samples. The ATR-FTIR results revealed the dominance of polyethylene, PE (80%) films and fibres, followed by styrene-butadiene rubber, SBR (12%), natural latex rubber, NLR (5%), and polyvinyl alcohol, PVA (2%). Polymer hazard index (PHI) denoted that PE microplastics had a PHI score of 877.8 classifying them in the hazard category IV which is a "danger" risk. The polymers may directly enter the human body when consumed via dried shrimp and cause health implications. Highlights: Meso- and microplastics were widespread in all types of dried shrimp samples. High density polyethylene (HDPE) was the predominant polymer type. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was present in smoke-dried shrimp. Consumption of contaminated samples poses a potentially hazardous health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In coastal Odisha, farmers are using brackish water irrigation for different crops during rabi season due to lack of good quality irrigation water. This leads to develop salinity which is a serious threat to crop causing osmotic stress and ion toxicity. The objective of the pot study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of K, Zn, Gypsum and FYM on reduction of soil salinity and improvement in maize yield. The crop received three levels of irrigation (SW0- normal water EC 0.5 dS m-1, SW1- brackish water EC 8 dSm-1 and SW2- brackish water EC 12 dS m-1). Irrigation with SW2 significantly (p < 0.001) increased the soil ECe from 1.66 dS m-1 to 13.14 dS m-1. It significantly reduced the maize biomass yield (15-31%), K Content (15%) and Zn content (5%) but increased Na content by 27-86% over SW0. Potassium, Ca and Zn uptake was reduced by 27-40%, 11-31% and 9-33% respectively. Application of FYM, K, Zn and Gyp increased the biomass yield, nutrient content and uptake, K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratio in maize. Soil ECe negatively correlated with biomass yield, K and Ca uptake, K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratio in maize. The outcome of the study suggested that, brackish water up to 12 dS m-1 combined with FYM, Gypsum, K or Zn fertilizer can be used for rabi crops in coastal saline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desalination membrane using zwitterion modification provides a significant opportunity to enhance excellent properties for rejecting salt and salt ions. The outstanding properties are designed by positive and negative charges attached to the membrane surface, including water permeability, salt permeability, fouling, and hydrophilicity of the membrane surface. The hydrophilic membrane, which is mentioned as one of the types of desalination membrane, presents the ability to repel salt and salt ions and pass the water. The modification of hydrophilic membranes is also affected by several factors, including water permeability, salt permeability, fouling of membrane surfaces, crossflow velocity, transmembrane pressure, and temperature. Regarding membrane modification, zwitterion has been applied for several ranges, such as the hemodialysis process, live cell imaging, antibacterial surfaces, and wound dressing. However, using a zwitterion modification membrane for desalinating water containing salt content, including brackish water, has yet to be developed. In addition, literature reviews related to polymer membranes for brackish water desalination have never been comprehensively documented. Thus, this review article addresses the zwitterion modification for desalination membranes, which can reject salt and salt ions in brackish water. Furthermore, the mechanism of zwitterion modification for desalination membranes has been presented. Finally, the challenge of zwitterion modification for desalination membranes has been evaluated to inspire insight for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pearl River is the property of Pearl River Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main obstacles to reverse osmosis desalination processes are high energy intensity and long-term continuity. Temperature and pressure have the greatest and most significant effects on energy use. The main objectives of the current study are to determine the pressure and temperature-dependent optimal operating parameters for a membrane desalination unit. To determine the ideal operating settings for a membrane unit, the impact of changing pressure and temperature on its performance was investigated. These two elements are closely connected to the energy consumption per cubic meter under various operating situations. The present work is experimentally carried out in a research laboratory for capacity building and future research studies in the desalination field established in the National Center of Water Research – Egypt. This laboratory is Egypt's first multi-functional Desalination Research Station for seawater, brackish water, and related water treatment areas. The plant is equipped with online instrumentation and Data Acquisition System and 13 sensors for most physical parameters which economically affect membrane performance and desalination processes. These parameters, particularly pressure and temperature, are measured, evaluated and analyzed. According to the findings in this study, feed salinity and feed pressure both have significant impacts. At 13 bar pressure, the maximum salt rejection was 98.8%. When feed pressure is increased from 5 to 13 bars, there is a 73.3% decrease in permeate salinity. Additionally, applying a 13 bar feed pressure to water with a salinity of 1000 ppm results in the best water quality of 12 ppm. The relationship between feed pressure, brine salinity, and membrane water recovery appeared to be approximately linear and positive. More crucially, it was discovered that feed pressure, salinity, and water recovery are all constants for water permeability. A prototype for the maximum pressure (ranges from 15.6 to 10.8) and temperature (ranges from 21 to 35) at which the optimal recovery of the laboratory occurred was developed. Moreover, the developed prototype includes the corresponding permeate TDS and a specific energy for each optimal point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation depths (IDs) with brackish water and levels of organic fertilizer (OF) on the morphological aspects, production, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of cactus pear grown in a semiarid region. This experiment was conducted in an area already established for 2 years with cactus pear [Opuntia stricta (Haw.)] and started 18 months after the standardization cut. This was a 5 × 4 factorial design of five irrigation depths (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50% evapotranspiration—ETo) and four levels of organic fertilizer (0, 15, 30, and 45 megagram per hectare—Mg/ha), with four replications. The water used in the experiment was classified with high salinity and low sodium content (C3S1), and presented an electrical conductivity of 1.73 dS/m. There was no effect of the ID × OF interaction on the morphological and productive characteristics of cactus pear (p > 0.05); however, the ID × OF interaction promoted effects on ether extract, crude protein, neutral detergent insoluble protein, neutral detergent insoluble ash, total carbohydrates and non-fiber carbohydrates (p < 0.05). The ID and OF levels separately influenced the productive, morphological and nutritional characteristics of cactus pear. Under experimental conditions, we recommend the use of organic fertilizer at a level up to 45 Mg/ha, which is associated with the use of lower brackish water levels for the cultivation of cactus pear. This study's findings provide new insights into reducing the use of potable water in crop irrigation for dryland regions and other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture collections such as the Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Culture Collection (LEGE‐CC) hold approximately 1200 cyanobacterial strains and are critical community resources. However, many isolates in this and other collections have not been described with a polyphasic approach, and this limits further study. Here, we employed a polyphasic methodology that integrates 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses, similarity (p‐distance), 16S‐23S ITS rRNA region secondary structures, morphological analyses, and habitat assessments to describe four novel cyanobacterial genera from the LEGE‐CC, Portugal. Pseudolimnococcus planktonicus gen. et sp. nov. (Chroococcales) is phylogenetically and morphologically related to Limnococcus. The 16S rRNA gene similarity between the types of both genera is only 93.1%. Morphologically, Pseudolimnococcus cells do not reach the original spherical shape before the next division or have aerotopes and firm mucilage, while Limnococcus cells reach the original shape, lack aerotopes, and have diffluent mucilage. Eucapsopsis lusitanus gen. et sp. nov. (Chroococcales) is morphologically similar to Eucapsis but differs from it by having aerotopes and diffluent envelope. Eucapsis lacks aerotopes and has firm mucilaginous envelopes, rarely diffluent. Both genera are phylogenetically very distant from each other and have only 90.68% 16S rRNA gene similarity. Pseudoacaryochloris arrabidensis gen. et sp. nov. (Acaryochloridales) differs from Acaryochloris by the lack of mucilaginous envelope, which is present in Acaryochloris. Both genera are phylogenetically distant and have only 94.1% 16S rRNA gene similarity. Moreover, Acaryochloris is marine (sponge symbiont), while Pseudoacaryochloris is from freshwater. Vasconcelosia minhoensis gen. et sp. nov. (Nodosilineales) is phylogenetically related to Cymatolege but has only 94.3% similarity with this genus. Morphologically both genera are distinct. Vasconcelosia has a Romeria‐like structure, while Cymatolege has a Phormidium‐like structure. In all cases the 16S‐23S ITS rRNA region secondary structures are in agreement with the other analyses. These novel genera expand the diversity of cyanobacteria in culture collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the effect of using a hybrid solar thermal-activated adsorption desalination system for brackish water is evaluated under the climatic conditions of the Brazilian semiarid region. The proposed theoretical model utilizes climatic data from the meteorological station in Campina Grande, PB, and adsorptive kinetics data of Fuji Davison RD 260 silica gel to predict the performance indices of the specific daily water production (SDWP), specific cooling power (SCP), and coefficient of performance (COP) performance coefficients over a characteristic day. The SDWP value of 6.26 m3/ton, SCP ranging from 50 to 300 W/kg, and an average COP of 0.5 were obtained, considering variations in global horizontal irradiance in the ACDS system and transient ambient temperature. It was observed that both the production of desalinated water and the refrigeration effect increase with the rise in daily solar irradiance. The variation in the number of solar collectors used in the system and their optimality, as well as the variation in the salinity index of the feed source, impacted the evaluated performance coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To investigate the effects of different typical exogenous salt concentrations on total soil salinity and the growth of Lycium barbarum under brackish water irrigation, and to determine the salinity threshold of irrigated brackish water that is conducive to the normal growth of Lycium barbarum while mitigating soil salinity accumulation. Four typical exogenous salts (NaCl, CaCl2, NaHCO3, Na2SO4) were selected and set at four concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 2.0, 4.0 g L−1) to conduct a field crossover experiments in the downstream region of the Hetao Irrigation District. The results showed that in the same fertility period, the growth rates of new branches, ground diameter, and crown width first increased and then decreased with rising concentrations of NaCl, CaCl2, and Na2SO4, but showed an inverse relationship with NaHCO3 concentrations. Furthermore, increasing salt concentrations linearly reduced the yield of dry fruits from Lycium barbarum and led to a notable accumulation of total soil salts. Utilizing an experimental research approach, a comprehensive analysis of involving multiple growth indices, stable yield, and soil salinity control of Lycium barbarum revealed that optimal growth occurs at salt concentrations of 0.1–0.5 g L−1 for different water quality areas within the irrigation area; using the method of path analysis identified the total soil salt and crown width as the primary direct and indirect factors influencing the yield of Lycium barbarum. The results of this study provide scientific basis and significant theoretical support for the safe and rational utilization of brackish water and cultivation of Lycium barbarum in typical regions with varying saline water qualities of Hetao irrigation area.

【Objective】 Brackish water has been used as a complementary resource for irrigation in regions that are scarce of freshwater. This paper investigates the effect of irrigation using combined brackish water and biogas slurry on dry matter accumulation, fruit yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes. 【Method】 The two-year experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023. It consisted of three treatments by controlling salt concentration of the irrigation water at 2, 3 5 g/L and 5 g/L respectively. The crop was irrigated using different combinations of these saline waters and biogas slurry at seedling, flowering and fruit development, and fruit ripening stage, respectively. The control was irrigation with freshwater. In each treatment, we measured dry matter accumulation, yield and quality of the fruits, irrigation water use efficiency, and fruit ion contents. The comprehensive fruit quality benefits to tomato production were evaluated using the principal component analysis method and the combination evaluation method. 【Result】 Irrigation using saline water with salt concentration of 5 g/L and biogas slurry at seedling, flowering and fruit development stages reduced dry matter accumulation in all tomato organs. Regardless of salt concentration of the irrigation water, irrigation using brackish water and biogas slurry reduced the ultimate fruit yield due to the decreased individual fruit quality rather than because of the number of fruit sets per plant. However, it improved fruit quality, contents of soluble sugar, titrable acid, soluble solid matter, vitamin C and soluble protein, and reduced the ratio of sugar to acid. Comprehensive quality parameter evaluation gave the highest score when salt content of the irrigating water did not exceed 2 g/L at the seedling stage, 3 g/L at the flowering and fruit development stage, and 5 g/L at the fruit ripening stage. All treatments reduced the accumulation of Na+ and Ca2+ in the fruits, although the reduction varied with salt concentration of the irrigation water. 【Conclusion】 In regions where freshwater resources are scarce and brackish water resources are abundant, brackish water and biogas slurry can be used as a complementary irrigation resource. For irrigating greenhouse tomatoes, the best irrigation schedule is to control salt content of the irrigation water not to exceed 2 g/L at the seedling stage, 3 g/L at the flowering and fruiting development stage, and 5 g/L at the fruit ripening stage.

Abstract In this study, the effect of using a hybrid solar thermal-activated adsorption desalination system for brackish water is evaluated under the climatic conditions of the Brazilian semiarid region. The proposed theoretical model utilizes climatic data from the meteorological station in Campina Grande, PB, and adsorptive kinetics data of Fuji Davison RD 260 silica gel to predict the performance indices of the specific daily water production (SDWP), specific cooling power (SCP), and coefficient of performance (COP) performance coefficients over a characteristic day. The SDWP value of 6.26 m3/ton, SCP ranging from 50 to 300 W/kg, and an average COP of 0.5 were obtained, considering variations in global horizontal irradiance in the ACDS system and transient ambient temperature. It was observed that both the production of desalinated water and the refrigeration effect increase with the rise in daily solar irradiance. The variation in the number of solar collectors used in the system and their optimality, as well as the variation in the salinity index of the feed source, impacted the evaluated performance coefficients.

Abstract In this study, composite electrodes with metal–organic framework (MOF) for brackish water desalination via capacitive deionization (CDI) were developed. The electrodes contained activated carbon (AC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and zinc-benzene tricarboxylic acid (Zn-BTC) MOF in varying proportions, improving their electrochemical performance. Among them, the E4 electrode with 6% Zn-BTC MOF exhibited the best performance in terms of CV and EIS analyses, with a specific capacity of 88 F g−1 and low ion charge transfer resistance of 4.9 Ω. The E4 electrode showed a 46.7% increase in specific capacitance compared to the E1 electrode, which did not include the MOF. Physicochemical analyses, including XRD, FTIR, FESEM, BET, EDS, elemental mapping, and contact angle measurements, verified the superior properties of the E4 electrode compared to E1, showcasing successful MOF synthesis, desirable pore size, elemental and particle-size distribution of materials, and the superior hydrophilicity enhancement. By evaluating salt removal capacity (SRC) in various setups using an initially 100.0 mg L−1 NaCl feed solution, the asymmetric arrangement of E1 and E4 electrodes outperformed symmetric arrangements, achieving a 21.1% increase in SRC to 6.3 mg g−1. This study demonstrates the potential of MOF-incorporated electrodes for efficient CDI desalination processes.

Abstract The present work’s objective is to give a comprehensive overview of the quality of groundwater in Qatar in terms of heavy metals content as well as investigating the cause and effect of the elevation in their levels above the WHO/US-EPA standards. The scope of the study included (1) physical and chemical analysis of 82 groundwater samples collected from various locations around Qatar, (2) development of ArcGIS maps depicting the variations in the levels, (3) assessment of the human health risks associated with the existing levels using three of the most used models which are: Hazard index (HI), Nemerow comprehensive pollution index (NCPI) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR). There is no extensive study ever reported to assess the health risks linked with the consumption of groundwater characterized with such heavy metals levels in Qatar. The chronic daily intake (CDI) of the investigated heavy metals (Ag, Mn, Cr, V, Mo and Sr) through ingestion and dermal pathways had a range of 1.4 × 10–5–6.7 × 10–1 mg/kg/day while the NCPI’s range was reported at 0–4.39. Moreover, the HI and ILCR were found to have a range of 0–3.2 and 5.6 × 10–4–5.5 × 10–2, respectively. The assessment of health risks, conducted in the present work, could be beneficial in building the baseline of heavy metals levels in groundwater in Qatar. This will also help in the determination of any future contamination of groundwater.

Water resource shortage has become an important factor limiting agricultural sustainability in China. In addition, the development and utilization of unconventional water resources are greatly important for alleviating agricultural water resource deficit. The Pakchoi was cultivated by using the surface soil (0–20 cm) from the field in this pot experiment. The experiment lasted for approximately 1 month to study microbial community structure variation under brackish water and reclaimed water irrigation. The 16S rDNA high-throughput assays revealed that soil bacteria mainly consisted of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria at the Phylum level, along with Arenimonas and Nocardioides at the Genus level under mixed irrigation with brackish water and reclaimed water. In summary, irrigation with pure reclaimed water promoted part of microbial communities and irrigation with pure brackish water inhibited the growth and activities of certain microbial communities. We found that mixed irrigation improved the microbial community structure diversity compared with that in response to pure brackish water irrigation, while decreased the community structure diversity compared with that in response to fresh water irrigation and pure reclaimed water irrigation.

Abstract Soil salinity and freshwater scarcity are among the major global threats to sustainable development owing to their adverse impacts on agricultural productivity especially in arid and semi-arid regions. There is a need to find sustainable alternatives such as salt-tolerant crops and fish to improve people’s livelihoods in marginal areas. This study aimed to maximize the growth and yield of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivated under a biosaline integrated aquaculture–agriculture system. The study was laid in a randomized completely block design of three saline effluent treatments under three replicates: 5000 ppm (T1), 10,000 ppm (T2), 15,000 ppm (T3), and control (T0). Agro-morphological and physiological attributes of quinoa were measured. The crop yield in biomass and mineral element composition was also studied. Additionally, fish growth performance parameters such as feed intake and efficiency, growth, and survival rate were also calculated. Our results indicated that irrigating quinoa with saline aquaculture effluents above 10,000 ppm enhanced the plant growth, yield, and nutrient content of seeds. Furthermore, rearing striped catfish in saline water reaching up to 15,000 ppm did not have adverse impacts on the growth and survival of fish. Overall, integrating catfish and quinoa production under a salinity regime of 10,000 ppm could be a potential solution to ensuring alternative food sources in marginal areas.

To investigate the effects of different typical exogenous salt concentrations on total soil salinity and the growth of Lycium barbarum under brackish water irrigation, and to determine the salinity threshold of irrigated brackish water that is conducive to the normal growth of Lycium barbarum while mitigating soil salinity accumulation. Four typical exogenous salts (NaCl, CaCl2, NaHCO3, Na2SO4) were selected and set at four concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 2.0, 4.0 g L−1) to conduct a field crossover experiments in the downstream region of the Hetao Irrigation District. The results showed that in the same fertility period, the growth rates of new branches, ground diameter, and crown width first increased and then decreased with rising concentrations of NaCl, CaCl2, and Na2SO4, but showed an inverse relationship with NaHCO3 concentrations. Furthermore, increasing salt concentrations linearly reduced the yield of dry fruits from Lycium barbarum and led to a notable accumulation of total soil salts. Utilizing an experimental research approach, a comprehensive analysis of involving multiple growth indices, stable yield, and soil salinity control of Lycium barbarum revealed that optimal growth occurs at salt concentrations of 0.1–0.5 g L−1 for different water quality areas within the irrigation area; using the method of path analysis identified the total soil salt and crown width as the primary direct and indirect factors influencing the yield of Lycium barbarum. The results of this study provide scientific basis and significant theoretical support for the safe and rational utilization of brackish water and cultivation of Lycium barbarum in typical regions with varying saline water qualities of Hetao irrigation area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brackish water can promote physicochemical changes in the soil. Aiming to mitigate the effect of excess salts in the soil, the use of organic matter promotes restructuring. The aim was to evaluate the productive and nutritional characteristics of cactus pear under different brackish water depths (ID) and levels of organic matter (OM). A factorial arrangement of 4 × 4 × 4 with four replications was utilized. Plots consisted of ID (0, 12, 20, and 28% reference evapotranspiration—ETo), and subplots were composed of OM levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 t/ha) and days after planting (DAP; 180, 270, 360, and 450 days). The growth, yield, and chemical composition of cactus pear were affected by ID and OM and/or by their interaction. The regular and increasing application of ID from 192 to 456 mm/year and a rainfall of 110 mm/year in cactus pear crops in biosaline systems improves the growth, freshness, dry matter yields, accumulation capacity per unit area, and chemical composition of cactus pear. The increase in OM up to the range from 30 to 45 Mg/ha linearly increases the agronomic performance of cactus pear. Biosaline systems with cactus pear should be adopted with the combined use of regular supplementary ID and OM, measuring at 304 mm/year and 45 Mg/ha, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to assess the suitability of the AquaCrop model for growing maize using brackish water irrigation in Northwest China. Additionally, this study aims to examine how maize utilizes water in various soil layers when irrigated with varying water qualities. The AquaCrop model was calibrated and verified using experimental data from the years 2022 and 2023 in this research. (1) The findings indicated that the AquaCrop model effectively simulated the canopy cover, biomass, and yield of maize when irrigated with brackish water. The validation year's R2, MAPE, and RMSE values for canopy cover, biomass, and yield of maize were 0.95, 5.36%, and 4.77%, respectively. For biomass, the R2, MAPE, and RMSE values were 0.91, 16.61%, and 2.12 t·hm−2, respectively. For yield, the R2, MAPE, and RMSE values were 0.84, 3.62%, and 0.42 t·hm−2, respectively. (2) Irrigation with water of high mineral content, measured at 1.6 ds/m, as well as with fresh water over the whole reproductive period, resulted in an increased reliance on groundwater for maize cultivation. There was no notable disparity in the usage of various soil layers between the irrigation with alternating freshwater and brackish water. (3) The AquaCrop model simulated the effects of seven different irrigation water quality treatments. It was shown that using water with mineralization levels of 0.5 and 0.8 ds/m resulted in decreased freshwater use without causing a substantial decrease in maize yield and biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Maturation in seawater-adapted (smoltified) male Atlantic salmon is undesirable yet frequently reported in fish weighing up to 1 kg reared under intensive conditions in land-based facilities. Although the photoperiod regulates both smoltification and maturation, the optimal post-smoltification regimen for the prevention of maturation is unclear. Methods: In this study, mixed-sex Atlantic salmon weighing 95 g were exposed to three different photoperiod regimes: continuous daylength, gradually decreasing daylength, and short-to-long daylength after the induction of smoltification by the "winter signal" (12 h:12 h light:dark). Fish were maintained under these conditions in triplicate for 18 weeks in a brackish water flow-through system at 12℃ and with a salinity of 20 ppt. This initial phase was followed by a grow-out period (1 kg-2.5 kg) in seawater (32-ppt salinity) at 13℃ for 11 weeks, with exposure to decreasing daylength. Throughout the 29-week study, body condition, gonad development, and morphological traits were assessed. Additionally, during exposure to brackish water, serum 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels were quantified, and the testes were examined histologically. Upon termination of the study, the maturation rate was determined. Results: This study exclusively detected maturation among male salmon. Under continuous light exposure, the number of fish initiating maturity steadily increased from week 8 and continued to increase in the subsequent samplings. In the short-to-long daylength group, a subset of male fish showed elevated 11-KT levels at week 14, although their gonadal development and morphological changes were not evident until week 18. Male fish exposed to decreasing daylength showed no substantial increase in 11-KT levels, although a few fish exhibited advanced gonad development by week 18. At the end of the trial, markedly lower percentages of maturing and fully mature male fish were observed among those fish previously exposed to decreasing daylength. The maturation rates at study termination were 44.4% for the short-to-long daylength group, 29.4% for the continuous daylength group, and 4.3% for the decreasing daylength group. Discussion: These results show that photoperiod can be utilized to regulate maturation in male Atlantic salmon. In addition, decreasing the photoperiod after smoltification seems to limit early sexual maturation without compromising body size development. Thus, decreasing the photoperiod could be utilized to limit maturation in the production of post-smolt salmon or salmon in landbased facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population structure of endemic species arabian goby Сryptocentroides arabicus in Wadi Al‑Bahayes (Oman) (23°40′47″ N; 58°11′36″ E) was investigated using 259 fish sampled in August 2020 and August 2021. In this study, the growth and reproductive traits of C. arabicus were investigated. The length-weight relationship and Von Bertalanffy growth equation were as follows: W = 0.0271L2.3342, R = 0.8731, Lt = 20.14 (1 – e–0.1984(t – 0.053)). Spawning occurred between March and June. The average fecundity per individual was determined to be 1760 ± 186.5 number/(ind./year). According to the results, the species lives in a wide area in its habitat, although it shows negative allometric growth. Since the other species in the environment, introduce Poecilia latipinna and endemic-predator Aphaniops stoliczkanus, may face the negative effects, the habitat and itself must be protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]