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The interaction between genotype and environment (GEI) significantly influences plant performance, crucial for breeding programs and ultimately boosting crop productivity. Alongside GEI, breeders encounter another hurdle in their quest for yield improvement, notably adverse and negative correlations among pivotal traits. This study delved into the stability of white sugar yield (WSY), root yield (RY), sugar content (SC), extraction coefficient of sugar (ECS), and the interplay among essential traits including RY, SC, alpha amino nitrogen (N), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) across 15 sugar beet hybrids and three control varieties. The investigation spanned two locations over two consecutive years (2022–2023), employing a randomized complete block design with four replications to comprehensively analyze these factors. The analysis of variance highlighted the significant effects of environment, genotype, and GEI at the 1% probability level. Notably, the AMMI analysis of GEI revealed the significance of the first component for WSY, RY, and SC, with the first two components proving significant for ECS. Within the linear mixed model (LMM), WSY, RY, SC, and ECS demonstrated significant effects from both genotype and GEI. In the WAASB biplot, genotypes 10, 8, 17, 6, 13, 14, 15, 7, 12, and 16 exhibited stability in WSY, while genotypes 9, 10, 6, 14, 7, 8, 13, 12, 18, and 15 displayed stability in RY. Additionally, genotypes 10, 15, 12, 13, 16, 17, 6, and 14 were stable for SC, and genotypes 8, 10, 7, 6, 13, 12, 16, 17, 15, 14, and 18 showcased stability in ECS, boasting above-average yield values. In the genotype by yield × trait (GYT) biplot, genotypes 15, 18, and 16 emerged as top performers when combining RY with SC, Na+, N, and K+, suggesting their potential for inclusion in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The interaction between genotype and environment (GEI) significantly influences plant performance, crucial for breeding programs and ultimately boosting crop productivity. Alongside GEI, breeders encounter another hurdle in their quest for yield improvement, notably adverse and negative correlations among pivotal traits. This study delved into the stability of white sugar yield (WSY), root yield (RY), sugar content (SC), extraction coefficient of sugar (ECS), and the interplay among essential traits including RY, SC, alpha amino nitrogen (N), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) across 15 sugar beet hybrids and three control varieties. The investigation spanned two locations over two consecutive years (2022–2023), employing a randomized complete block design with four replications to comprehensively analyze these factors. The analysis of variance highlighted the significant effects of environment, genotype, and GEI at the 1% probability level. Notably, the AMMI analysis of GEI revealed the significance of the first component for WSY, RY, and SC, with the first two components proving significant for ECS. Within the linear mixed model (LMM), WSY, RY, SC, and ECS demonstrated significant effects from both genotype and GEI. In the WAASB biplot, genotypes 10, 8, 17, 6, 13, 14, 15, 7, 12, and 16 exhibited stability in WSY, while genotypes 9, 10, 6, 14, 7, 8, 13, 12, 18, and 15 displayed stability in RY. Additionally, genotypes 10, 15, 12, 13, 16, 17, 6, and 14 were stable for SC, and genotypes 8, 10, 7, 6, 13, 12, 16, 17, 15, 14, and 18 showcased stability in ECS, boasting above-average yield values. In the genotype by yield × trait (GYT) biplot, genotypes 15, 18, and 16 emerged as top performers when combining RY with SC, Na+, N, and K+, suggesting their potential for inclusion in breeding programs.

Poplar plantations cover 31.4 million ha around the world and supply timber for paper, sawn wood and other wood-based products. In each region where poplars are planted, it is possible to identify “model clones” which are massively adopted by foresters. Improving the rationale of clone selection in breeding programs requires a comprehensive understanding of the physiological traits that explain the differences in genotypes growth. Moreover, given that growth is related to the use of resources (water, light and nutrients) we also need to determine which morphological and physiological traits explain the model condition of most widespread clones. A controlled-condition study was carried out to evaluate eight Populus deltoides and two Populus × canadensis clones, including the model Populus deltoides €˜Australiano 129/60’. For each clone, physiological and morphological traits related to biomass partitioning (roots, stem and leaf dry mass), growth (height, diameter), light use (leaf area duration, leaf size, net photosynthetic rate), water use (stem hydraulic conductivity, water consumption) and nutrient use (nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations) were measured. High variability in the physiology and morphology was observed among clones, and similar and contrasting clones in relation to the model clone were identified. Similarities among clones varied depending on the characteristic being evaluated at the time-water use, light use or nutrient use. The results showed that variability not only relates to visible phenotype, but also to functionality. This information is significant since the breeding programs can evaluate non-traditional traits and select genotypes which are similar or complementary to the model clone. The characterization of model clones is key for breeding programs which seek new candidates taking into account the use of water, nutrients and light. It is also important because it helps explain why foresters prefer one clone over others. Knowledge about functional variability within clones of the same species enables foresters to conduct more intelligent and site-specific silviculture and to optimize the genotype selection in breeding programs.

Conservation breeding programs have long been an important management tool for species recovery. Recently, breeding programs have begun to integrate next generation sequencing data into pedigree-based management strategies designed to maximize retention of genetic diversity and minimize inbreeding. In 2005, an ex situ breeding program for two of the three extant, geographically separate populations of the endangered southern mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa) was established at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. To provide improved breeding recommendations for the species, we conducted molecular population genetic assessments using double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data. We first studied genetic diversity, population differentiation, and genetic structure of wild frogs to validate the status of management units in R. muscosa. Genetic diversity was relatively low (HO = 0.166–0.245), population differentiation moderate (FST = 0.29), and patterns of genetic structure and admixture supported the evolutionary divergence of frogs by mountain ranges with limited gene flow. In the breeding program, relatedness estimates identified close relatives amongst the founders, and molecularly-derived kinship values were used to determine and rank suitable breeders to minimize population mean kinship. Ex situ management recommendations highlight the need for importing additional founders from the wild to enhance genetic diversity in the breeding program, as an effective source for genetic restoration. Alternatively, the use of advanced reproductive technologies to capture wild diversity without removal of individuals from the wild seem promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A.W. Hill (Parsley) is a culinary and medicinal vegetable of the family Apiaceae, which has been used by humans since ancient time. A molecular genetic diversity study was conducted on 10 Iranian populations of P. crispum using start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular markers to investigate infraspecific genetic diversity and population structure. The nuclear genomes extraction were performed using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol, then amplified using 10 SCoT primers. We found a large amount of population genetic differentiation index (GST) and total genetic difference in the pooled populations (HT) among the examined populations, which were supported by HS, NM. Additionally, we detected a significant genetic diversity (PhiPT = 0.755, P = 0.001) among the populations and their individuals by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) test, in which its great proportion was assigned to among populations. We detected the largest amounts of genetic polymorphism in populations 1 and 5, while a reverse condition was observed for population 7. We found four genotype groups among the populations that was similar with phytogeographic mapping. The level of genetic divergence between populations (PhiPT) of each genotype was relatively low. This species produce protandrous florets and cross-pollination plays a significant role in seed production. Therefore, the genetic structure of genotypes must be heterogeneous. In Iran, the genetic structure of all genotypes was nearly homogenous which resulted from a flat rate of gene flow, which agreed with our estimated amount of NM (0.13). We supposed a range of isolation mechanisms including, isolation by distance, isolation by environment, isolation by ecology, and isolation by resistance act as driving forces to create high genetic differentiation among the parsley populations. These genotypes can be used for future genetic and breeding research to develop new cultivars can survive under biotic and abiotic stresses and yield high biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though using Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) can improve oestrus detection, conception and pregnancy success, thus benefit breeding program implementation, empirical evidence of their economic viability is lacking to inform investment decisions in pastoral herds. This study assessed economic viability of using OvSynch and fixed Timed Artificial Insemination (TAI) protocol in Sahiwal upgrading breeding program under two hypothetical cases of best and worst in activity-based money allocations when pastoral herds deploy either optimal or low input husbandry practices. From herd owners’ assessment of milk production, best-case scenarios attain on average 10 L/cow/day with optimal husbandry and 5 L/cow/day with low input husbandry. The worst-case scenarios attain 5 L/cow/day with optimal husbandry and 1 L/cow/day with low input husbandry. Benefit- Cost Analysis (BCA) estimated Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit–Cost ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) to establish economic viability of using OvSynch and TAI Protocol in pastoral breeding programs. Both best-case scenarios retuned positive NPVs (82,028 and 6,912), BCR values (1.68 and 1.08) and IRR (27.46% and 8.08%) while worst-case scenarios returned negative NPVs (-135,855 and -141,025), BCR values of below 1 (0.87 and 0.66) and IRR values below the minimum rate of returns. These economic parameters were sensitive to price changes in inputs and outputs, under both optimal and low input husbandry practices. Results indicate that using OvSynch and TAI Protocol is a profitable and economically viable investment under optimal husbandry practices but not under low input husbandry practices. By implications, use of OvSynch and TAI Protocol in Sahiwal upgrading breeding programs need be accompanied with improved husbandry practices and de-risking pastoral herd owners from price changes in input and output markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Broader applications of milk mid-infrared spectral data could add value to milk-recording data. One such application is to rank cows on the probability of conception to first service (MFERT) which could help prioritise cows for insemination with dairy sexed semen (SS). Aims. This study compared the use of MFERT estimates against two other approaches, to (1) identify most and least fertile dairy cows and (2) prioritise cows predicted to be most fertile for first service insemination with SS. Methods. Mid-infrared spectral data from first herd test after calving was used to generate 13 379 MFERT predictions for 76 cohorts. Reproduction records were used to calculate reproductive parameters, calf numbers and net benefit, i.e. calf values minus mating costs, for two breeding programs. Breeding program 1 used SS and conventional dairy semen, while Breeding program 2 used SS, conventional dairy and beef semen. Three semen-allocation approaches were compared, namely, allocation via MFERT, calving date (CDATE) or assignment via random number generator (RANDOM). Key results. MFERT significantly outperformed (1) RANDOM in identifying cows most and least likely to calf after first insemination (P < 0.05), and (2) both CDATE and RANDOM in identifying cows most and least likely to calf overall (P < 0.05). This resulted in up to 1.5 and 4.5 more dairy heifer calves, in Breeding programs 1 and 2 respectively, and up to six fewer dairy-beef calves in Breeding program 2. Differences in net benefit among semen-allocation approaches were modest, although generally favoured MFERT. Few significant differences between MFERT and CDATE were found. However, significant net benefit differences among all three semen-allocation approaches were seen in Breeding program 2. Conclusions. MFERT outperformed CDATE and RANDOM in identifying most and least fertile cows. Realised net benefits of semen allocation by MFERT over other approaches were modest. Given the impact of semen type and dairy-beef calf prices value proposition will vary. Implications. Our study confirmed that MFERT can add value to milk recording data by identifying the most and least fertile cows. As MFERT value is sensitive to individual farm parameters, incorporation alongside other fertility parameters into a decision support tool is desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to evaluate the quality of different pear genotypes used in the breeding programs at Genetic and Breeding Department of Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitești, Romania. Thirteen new pear genotypes harvested at the commercial maturity stage: 'Argessis', 'Carpica', 'Cristal', 'Daciana', 'Haydeea', 'Isadora', 'Paradox', 'Paramis', 'Romcor', 'P20R41P30', 'SP06C2P', 'Triumph' and 'Tudor' were compared with internationally recognized varieties: 'Monica' (Romanian cultivar), 'Xenia' and 'Williams'. In this study we analyzed the commercial parameters (weight, firmness, color) and the biochemical indicators (total dry mater content, soluble dry matter, titratable acidity, the soluble dry matter/titratable acidity ratio, vitamin C, and polyphenols). The obtained data leads to the conclusion that 'Isadora' and 'SP06C2P5P' fruits have the biggest chance to fulfill consumer expectations, due to their commercial qualities, then the reference variety 'Williams' cultivar. Also, the 'Isadora' variety had the content of polyphenols and the total dry substance superior to the three control cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In zoos and aquariums globally, studbooks provide a format by which threatened or important species populations can be carefully managed. These documents can be used to answer complex questions about animal population demographics, animal husbandry, breeding success and mortality. Given the time‐intensive nature of studbook collation, only a subset of all animal species held in zoological facilities are managed using these programs. The purpose of this project was to identify how studbooks are being used by researchers, the topics being investigated, and the taxa being covered. To achieve this, data were collected on the types of research paper being produced using studbook information. A literature search, covering several zoo and aquarium journals, was utilized. Data on the types of studbook available were additionally collected for three international zoo organizations. A Poisson regression was run to determine the predictive power of taxonomic class, animal threat status and studbook type on a studbook featuring in published research. Overall, the study identified that taxonomic class and threat status were significant predictors of the number of published studbook papers, with threatened species being more likely to appear in papers. Additionally, population demography was the most common use of studbook data, followed by genetics and reproduction. Not all taxonomic groups were featured in the literature, with mammals featuring much more frequently than would be expected based on the types of studbook available. Research highlights: Studbooks are available for a range of species, though mammal species tend to be featured more in studbooks.Specific taxonomic groups occur more in studbook literature than would be expected based on their presence in terms of global, European, or American studbook availability.There is scope to diversify the types of ways in which studbooks are used for zoological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpaca fibers are used to create luxury garments, and simultaneous selection for optimizing fiber density and the density of hair ducts in the skin of alpacas could result in a more profitable product for breeders. The objective of this study was i) to quantify fiber density (FibDen), density of hair ducts (DenDuc), and the relationship between No. of fibers/No. of ducts (Fib/Duc) by age and sex, and ii) to estimate heritability and genetic correlation between FibDen and DenDuc. This study was conducted in the CEDAT (Centro de Desarrollo Alpaquero de Toccra) in the Department of Arequipa, Peru. A total of 1,813 alpacas of different sex and age with pedigree information were analyzed from years 2004–2018. The quantification of FibDen, DenDuc and Fib/Duc was estimated using Fiber-Den equipment in an area of 1 mm2 in the middle rib region of the animal. The average FibDen, DenDuc and Fib/Duc was 24.75 ± 5.48, 7.83 ± 2.17 and 3.25 ± 0.55, respectively. The heritability for FibDen, DenDuc, and Fib/Duc was 0.48 ± 0.04, 0.53 ± 0.04, and 0.20 ± 0.03, respectively. The genetic correlation between FibDen and DenDuc was 0.87 ± 0.06. The estimated heritabilities of these traits in Peruvian alpaca population are moderate to high and indicate that these characteristics could be used as selection criteria in breeding programs.

Abstract Genetic improvement is crucial for ensuring food security globally. Indeed, plant breeding has contributed significantly to increasing the productivity of major crops, including rice, over the last century. Evaluating the efficiency of breeding strategies necessitates a quantification of this progress. One approach involves assessing the genetic gain achieved through breeding programs based on quantitative traits. This study aims to provide a theoretical understanding of genetic gain, summarize the major results of genetic gain studies in rice breeding, and suggest ways of improving breeding program strategies and future studies on genetic gain. To achieve this, we present the concept of genetic gain and the essential aspects of its estimation. We also provide an extensive literature review of genetic gain studies in rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding programs to understand the advances made to date. We reviewed 29 studies conducted between 1999 and 2023, covering different regions, traits, periods, and estimation methods. The genetic gain for grain yield, in particular, showed significant variation, ranging from 1.5 to 167.6 kg/ha/year, with a mean value of 36.3 kg/ha/year. This translated into a rate of genetic gain for grain yield ranging from 0.1% to over 3.0%. The impact of multi-trait selection on grain yield was clarified by studies that reported genetic gains for other traits, such as plant height, days to flowering, and grain quality. These findings reveal that while breeding programs have achieved significant gains, further improvements are necessary to meet the growing demand for rice. We also highlight the limitations of these studies, which hinder accurate estimations of genetic gain. In conclusion, we offer suggestions for improving the estimation of genetic gain based on quantitative genetic principles and computer simulations to optimize rice breeding strategies.

In vitro embryos production from prepubertal heifers can help contribute to breeding programs; however, strategies are necessary to increase their embryo production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two nutritional plans on oocyte recovery, embryo production and growth performance of prepubertal Nelore heifers. Thirty-four Nelore heifers with age of 6.5 months were divided into two feeding treatments (NP1 and NP2). The NP1 diets served as the control and NP2 diets were formulated to contain an average of 1.22-fold more energy than NP1. After 3 months of supplementation, the animals underwent follicular aspiration (ovum pick-up, OPU) every 21 d for 3 months and embryos were produced in vitro. Wither height, chest depth, body weight and subcutaneous fat of animals were measured. The number of retrieved and viable oocytes per OPU were 1.49-fold and 1.42-fold greater in NP2 heifers (p = 0.018 and p = 0.049, respectively) than those in NP1 heifers. Heifers administered NP2 produced 29.7% blastocysts, a percentage higher than NP1 animals that produced 24.40% embryos (p < 0.05). Consequently, females in the NP2 treatment showed improved body development. These results indicate a positive effect of a higher energy diet on assisted reproduction and body development in prepubertal heifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic improvement is crucial for ensuring food security globally. Indeed, plant breeding has contributed significantly to increasing the productivity of major crops, including rice, over the last century. Evaluating the efficiency of breeding strategies necessitates a quantification of this progress. One approach involves assessing the genetic gain achieved through breeding programs based on quantitative traits. This study aims to provide a theoretical understanding of genetic gain, summarize the major results of genetic gain studies in rice breeding, and suggest ways of improving breeding program strategies and future studies on genetic gain. To achieve this, we present the concept of genetic gain and the essential aspects of its estimation. We also provide an extensive literature review of genetic gain studies in rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding programs to understand the advances made to date. We reviewed 29 studies conducted between 1999 and 2023, covering different regions, traits, periods, and estimation methods. The genetic gain for grain yield, in particular, showed significant variation, ranging from 1.5 to 167.6 kg/ha/year, with a mean value of 36.3 kg/ha/year. This translated into a rate of genetic gain for grain yield ranging from 0.1% to over 3.0%. The impact of multi-trait selection on grain yield was clarified by studies that reported genetic gains for other traits, such as plant height, days to flowering, and grain quality. These findings reveal that while breeding programs have achieved significant gains, further improvements are necessary to meet the growing demand for rice. We also highlight the limitations of these studies, which hinder accurate estimations of genetic gain. In conclusion, we offer suggestions for improving the estimation of genetic gain based on quantitative genetic principles and computer simulations to optimize rice breeding strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpaca fibers are used to create luxury garments, and simultaneous selection for optimizing fiber density and the density of hair ducts in the skin of alpacas could result in a more profitable product for breeders. The objective of this study was i) to quantify fiber density (FibDen), density of hair ducts (DenDuc), and the relationship between No. of fibers/No. of ducts (Fib/Duc) by age and sex, and ii) to estimate heritability and genetic correlation between FibDen and DenDuc. This study was conducted in the CEDAT (Centro de Desarrollo Alpaquero de Toccra) in the Department of Arequipa, Peru. A total of 1,813 alpacas of different sex and age with pedigree information were analyzed from years 2004–2018. The quantification of FibDen, DenDuc and Fib/Duc was estimated using Fiber-Den equipment in an area of 1 mm2 in the middle rib region of the animal. The average FibDen, DenDuc and Fib/Duc was 24.75 ± 5.48, 7.83 ± 2.17 and 3.25 ± 0.55, respectively. The heritability for FibDen, DenDuc, and Fib/Duc was 0.48 ± 0.04, 0.53 ± 0.04, and 0.20 ± 0.03, respectively. The genetic correlation between FibDen and DenDuc was 0.87 ± 0.06. The estimated heritabilities of these traits in Peruvian alpaca population are moderate to high and indicate that these characteristics could be used as selection criteria in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonography has been used to collect data on internal structures in terrestrial species for many decades and has proven an important tool for measuring meat yield-related phenotypes. However, application of this technique to selective breeding of aquaculture species is recent, and its use for recording yield traits of economic importance has not yet been standardized for many species. The aim of the present study was to standardize ultrasound image collection methods for assessment of fillet yield phenotypes in Nile tilapia. Ultrasound images were obtained from 30 tilapia with mean weight of 645 g (± 165.89) using the VINNO Q device. Data on fillet cross-sectional area at three standard points along the length of the fish were analyzed with the aid of ImageJ software. The results were evaluated by Student's t-test and correlated by the Pearson method. The data obtained by ultrasonography proved reliable, given the high correlations (0.78–0.98) between estimates made using images collected at those standard points and subsequent evaluation from measurements made directly upon the carcass. The correlations for fillet yield (0.51–0.58) and belly fillet yield (0.27–0.42) were moderate. The area averages and depth averages collected at the three standard points showed high correlations with fillet yield (0.58–0.54) and sirloin fillet yield (0.56–0.60). We concluded that the use of ultrasonography in collection of meat-yield phenotypes of economic interest is an effective method for use in direct selection of broodstock candidates in selective breeding programs for Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The development of reproductive technologies for amphibian species has accelerated over the last decade to the point that the industry implementation of these methodologies to assist breeding and genetic management is underway globally. A conservation breeding program was established at Taronga Conservation Society (Australia) in 2019 for the critically endangered Booroolong frog (Litoria booroolongensis) following an emergency extraction from the wild. Shortly thereafter, a trial was undertaken to compare the efficacy of two sperm cryopreservation protocols with a view to creating a "sperm bank" from these genetically important founder individuals. Spermic urine samples from L. booroolongensis were successfully cryopreserved using both methods tested; however, higher numbers of sperm retained motility post-thaw when using a faster cooling method for cryopreservation. Moreover, the two cryoprotectants tested were equally effective at supporting sperm survival and function post-thaw, regardless of cooling speed. We utilized the method outlined in this paper to collect and cryopreserve spermic urine samples across three breeding seasons from all (n = 28) L. booroolongensis founder males at Taronga and are now investigating the use of these samples to create offspring via assisted fertilization. The cryopreservation and storage of gametes (biobanking) can provide a long-term, low-cost option for the preservation of population genetic diversity and is particularly impactful when applied to manage selective breeding within conservation breeding programs (CBPs). This study aimed to develop a sperm cryopreservation protocol for the critically endangered Booroolong frog (Litoria booroolongensis) to capture founder genetics within the recently established (est. 2019) CBP for this species. Hormone-induced sperm release was achieved using established protocols, and spermic urine samples were collected over a 6-h period. Pooled spermic urine samples (n = 3 males) were divided equally between two cryoprotectant (CPA) treatments and diluted by 1:5 (sperm:CPA) with either 15% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide + 1% (w/v) sucrose in simplified amphibian Ringer's (SAR; CPAA) or 10% (v/v) dimethylformamide + 10% (w/v) trehalose dihydrate in SAR (CPAB). The samples were cryopreserved in 0.25 mL straws using either a programmable freezer (FrA) or an adapted dry shipper method (FrB). The thawed samples were activated via dilution in water and assessed for viability and motility using both manual assessment and computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA; 0 h, 0.5 h post-thaw). Upon activation, the survival and recovery of motility (total motility, forward progression and velocity) of cryopreserved sperm suspensions were higher for sperm preserved using FrB than FrA, regardless of CPA composition. This work supports our long-term goal to pioneer the integration of biobanked cryopreserved sperm with population genetic management to maximize restoration program outcomes for Australian amphibian species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study comparatively analyzed 15 maize genotypes, under the aspect of production potential and some quality indices. The experiment was organized within the ARSD Lovrin. Eight maize genotypes from Lovrin (L experimental code; L1 to L8) and seven genotypes represented by commercial hybrids (CH experimental code; CH9 to CH15) were considered. The production of maize ears, Y(ears), varied between 6,236.00±570.14 kg ha-1 in hybrid L4 and 12,839.33±570.14 kg ha-1 in hybrid CH15. The physical grains production, Y(pgp) varied between 5,371.00±524.39 kg ha-1 in hybrid L4 and 11,640.00±524.39 kg ha-1 in hybrid CH15. The recalculated production (STAS, 14% moisture), Y(STAS) varied between 5,371.00±507.36 kg ha-1 for hybrid L4 and 11,579.33±507.36 kg ha-1 for hybrid CH15. The protein content (Pro, %) varied between 7.20±0.33% in the CH14 hybrid and 10.60±0.33% in the L3 hybrid. The oil content (Oil, %) varied between 5.20±0.09% in the CH15 hybrid and 6.40±0.09% in the L1 and L2 hybrids. According to PCA (95% confidence), the hybrids from group L were placed associated with the content of protein (Pro) and oil (Oil) as biplot. Hybrids from the CH group were placed associated with the Y(STAS) parameter. PC1 explained 72.693% of variance and PC2 explained 17.704% of variance. For the selection process of genotypes in breeding programs, the genotypes from the CH group (commercial hybrids) are of interest for the production potential, and the genotypes from the L group (Lovrin) are of interest for the quality indices (Pro, Oil). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High genetic diversity is the guarantee of success in a breeding program. Therefore, it is important to study the genetic diversity in plant populations. Because Iran consider as one of the primary walnut origin centers, this study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity of the walnut population in the Bavanat region in the Southwestern Iran during the 2010-2015 growing season. For this purpose, 349 walnut seed-originated walnut trees from seven different regions of Bavanat were pre-selected based on local information. After primary evaluation, 92 walnut genotypes were selected to be further studied. The phenological and pomological characteristics of the genotypes were evaluated based on IPGRI descriptor. The results showed that high genetic diversity was observed in the studied germplasm in terms of important horticultural traits, especially nut and kernel weight, kernel percentage, nut size, shell thickness, lateral bearing, leafing date, and harvest date. The nut weight, kernel percentage, kernel weight, and shell thickness varied between 6.75-16.33 g, 40.15-67.22%, 3.30-8.15 g, and 0.58-2.30 mm, respectively. Cluster analysis classified the studied genotypes into six main groups. Furthermore, correlations among some horticultural traits indicated that kernel weight, nut weight, difficulty of removal of kernel halves, and shell thickness are main traits in determining kernel percentage. Also, lateral bearing, leafing date, nut weight, and nut size determine the final yield of walnut trees. In conclusion, high biodiversity in the walnut population of Bavanat region provides unique plant genetic resources for walnut genetic improvement programs to achieve desirable commercial cultivars and rootstocks.

Incarvillea sinensis var. przewalskii has attracted great attention because of the anticancer value of its alkaloids and the potential use of the species for ecological restoration. However, the scarcity of high-quality seeds has significantly hindered the cultivation and efficient utilization of this species. Understanding how seeds respond to maternal environmental conditions is crucial for developing high-yield and top-notch seed accessions, but the available knowledge in this area is limited. Here, we determined the effect of shading treatments on seed development, seed quality, and yield. Compared to the control, shade significantly increased the seed germination rate and 1000-seed weight by 29.2% and 25.6%, respectively. Regardless of light conditions, the seed germination rate and 1000-seed weight decreased by 7.13% and 37.5%, respectively, as the fruit positioned from base to apical. The seed yield per plant was 27.9% higher under shade than under the control treatment. The structural equation model showed that shade promoted seed yield through increasing flowers per reproductive branch and seed numbers per capsule. These findings suggest that adjusting shading conditions and optimizing inflorescence development can lead to high-yield and high-quality seeds. Additionally, prioritizing the number of flowers per reproductive branch and seeds per capsule in breeding programs can further enhance the seed yield of I. sinensis var. przewalskii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The wine sector is constantly evolving, in order to adapt to consumer tastes. The organoleptic characteristics in wines are the main factors to obtain quality wines. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are responsible in an important way for positive aspects in quality wines, such as body and color stability in red wines, but they are also responsible for sensory characteristics that can be negative for their quality when found in excessive concentrations. One strategy to improve grapevines and wines is to obtain new varieties, so our research institute has been selecting some of them from direct crosses between Monastrell and other considered premium varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah. RESULTS: A quantitative analysis in grapes, seeds and wines was carried out during three consecutive seasons (2018, 2019 and 2020) in order to characterize PAs composition and concentration in the following new varieties: MC80 (Monastrell × Cabernet Sauvignon), MC98, MC4, MC18 and MS10 (Monastrell × Syrah). Other aspect to study was the extraction capacity of the different new varieties of PAs during maceration process into must/wine. CONCLUSION: In general, the results showed higher concentrations in PAs in most crosses for the three seasons studied compared to Monastrell variety. It was remarkable that a higher concentration of epigallocatechin was found in most of the wines elaborated with the crosses, being a positive aspect from an organoleptic point of view, since this compound provides softness to the wines. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, random regression models (RRM) were used to estimate genetic parameters for test‐day milk yield in Murrah buffaloes using Legendre polynomial function (LP), with the objective to find the best combination of "minimum test‐day model," which would be essential and sufficient to evaluate the trait successfully. Data included for analysis were 10,615 first lactation monthly test‐day milk yield records (5th, 35th, 65th, ..., 305th) from 965 Murrah buffaloes for the period 1975–2018. Cubic to octic‐order orthogonal polynomials with homogeneous residual variances were used for the estimation of genetic parameters. Random regression models with sixth‐order were selected based on goodness of fit criteria like lower AIC, BIC and residual variance. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.079 (TD6) to 0.21(TD10). For both ends of lactation, the additive genetic and environmental variances were higher and ranged from 0.21 ± 0.12 (TD6) to 0.85 ± 0.35 kg2 (TD1) and 3.74 ± 0.36 (TD11) to 1.36 ± 0.14 kg2 (TD9), respectively. Between adjacent test‐day records, genetic correlation estimates ranged from 0.09 ± 0.31 (TD1 and TD2) to 0.97 ± 0.03 (TD3 and TD4; TD4 and TD5), but values gradually declined as the distance between test days increased. Negative genetic correlations were also obtained between TD1 with TD3 to TD9, TD2 with TD9 and TD10, and TD3 with TD10. On the basis of genetic correlations, models with 5 and/or 6 test‐days combination were able to account for 86.1%–98.7% of variation along the lactation. Models with fourth and fifth‐order LP functions were considered to account for variance with combinations of 5 and/or 6 test‐day milk yields. The model with 6 test‐day combinations had a higher rank correlation (0.93) with model using 11 monthly test‐day milk yield records. On the basis of relative efficiency, the model with 6 monthly test day combinations with fifth‐order was more efficient (maximum 99%) than the model using 11 monthly test‐day milk yield records. Looking into the similar accuracy with the 11TD model, and the low resources requirement, we recommend the use of the "6 test‐day combination model" for sire evaluation. These models may help in reducing the cost and time for data recording of milk yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted before the ignition (before October 2020) of the war in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Artificial insemination (AI) is the first generation biotechnology and is one of the assisted reproductive techniques (ART) that greatly plays for a faster genetic improvement of farm animals. Though AI was implemented in cattle crossbreeding for many decades in Ethiopia, there is quite insignificant national output of crossbred cattle population (1.54 %). The aim of the survey was to assess the efficiency of AI service in cattle production in the Western Zone of Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Twenty (20) Kebeles and 353 small-scale farmers were purposively involved in the household face-to-face survey interview. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and summarized by mean, frequency and percentages. The survey indicated that the existing reproductive efficiency of cattle AI service in the Western Zone of Tigray Region, Ethiopia was extremely poor. The mean number of services per conception (NSC) was very high that could be due to mainly inappropriate heat detections. The recommended, acceptable and excellent grade of NSC fall in the range of 1 − 1.7. The overall conception rate at first insemination (CRFI) was also very poor (20.4 %) and thus calving rate (CR) was poor (20.5 %). About one-third (33.4 %) of the respondents indicated that cows and heifers exhibited heat in 0:01 − 6:00 am of the day. About 30.9 % and 28.6 % of the respondents reported that their cows and heifers were inseminated in 9 − 12 hours and 4 − 8 hours after the onset of heat, respectively. The majority (70.8 %) of the respondents did not practice controlled mating and breeding, and the first preference of 50.1 % of the respondents was natural mating. The most common source of bulls for about 34.3 % of the respondents was from neighbors and followed by own bred bulls (30.0 %). Cattle AI feasibility study and identification of AI strategic interventions should be the first focus to improve the existing poor AI efficiency of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of superior genotypes considering several traits simultaneously allows the release of more adapted, productive, and nutritive cultivars. To select forage peanut genotypes for use as animal feed and for ornamental purposes, 67 genotypes were evaluated. Twelve agronomic and nutritive value traits were evaluated in three temporally separated trials: a randomized complete block design. The mixed model method (Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP)) was employed for estimating genetic parameters and predicting genotypic values, which were used in the selection indexes. The selection criteria considered vegetative and seed propagation traits corresponding to the use of forage peanut as animal feed and for ornamental purposes. Seed productivity was also evaluated and correlated with other traits. Genetic variability with high heritability in seed production was observed. Plant vigor, ground cover, and dry matter yield were negatively correlated with seed production. Among the genotypes evaluated, there is a possibility of selecting 14 and 16 genotypes corresponding to seed propagation for animal feed and ornamental purposes, respectively. For vegetative propagation, there are 16 and 14 promising genotypes for animal feed and ornamental purposes, respectively. Vegetatively propagated genotypes generally performed better in terms of agronomic traits related to feed production.

Durio zibethinus, known as durian in several Southeast Asian countries, is a prospective horticultural commodity to cultivate and develop. This study aimed to determine the phenotypic diversity and relationship of superior durian varieties from South Kalimantan in Indonesia based on morphological characteristics. Here, 20 varieties of durian (D. zibethinus), including an outgroup, were used. Meanwhile, 57 morphological characteristics, comprising 35 qualitative and 22 quantitative, were observed. The Shannon index (H’) method was applied for phenotypic diversity, and the relationships were by the UPGMA. The results show that durians of the region have low phenotypic diversity. However, some morphological characteristics show high ones, e.g., crown shape, fruit skin color and thickness, fruit flesh thickness, and fruit spine length, including tree age. In this case, the highest fruit skin and flesh thickness are present in Malutu and Bamban Birin, respectively. In addition, the fruit spine length and tree age are also in ‘Malutu’. The UPGMA revealed that the durians were separated into seven clusters and near-corresponding to geographic origin. In this case, ‘Gentarbumi Uya’ is the closest to ‘Taradak Uya’, whereas the farthest is ‘Malutu’ with ‘Tapai Idaman’. Thus, this information is essential in promoting the future durian-breeding program in local and global coverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for breeding research to obtain new cultivars of baking pumpkin results from the fact that in the Official Catalog of Cultivated Plant Cultivars in Romania, edition 2021, there are only 4 cultivars: 'Alb mare', 'Dorin', 'Baron' and 'Tudor'. As a result, at Dabuleni Research-Development Station for Plant Culture on Sands (RDSPCS), in the period 2020-2022, the 'D19' baking pumpkin genotype was studied as part of the creative breeding process. The results obtained showed that both the weight of the fruit and the thickness of the fruit flesh (determining characters for the agronomic value of a cultivar) recorded constant values from year to year, which constitute important arguments in support of the enrolment of the 'D19' genotype at State Institute for Cultivars Testing and Registration for testing in order to homologation. 'D19' pumpkin genotype also showed good stability for the characters fruit height, fruit diameter, seed cavity diameter and shape index. The statistical analysis of the characters analyzed during the 3 years of the study highlighted the fact that the 'D19' pumpkin genotype behaved well in the pedoclimatic conditions of Dabuleni and steps can be taken to test and approve it as a crop plant cultivar in Romania

In the last century broiler chicken lines have undergone an extensive breeding regime aimed primarily at growth and high meat yield. It is not known if breeding has also resulted in a change to the broiler breeder’s associated gut microbiota. Here we compared the gut microbiota of 37-week-old commercial Cobb breeding dams with dams from a broiler Legacy line which has not undergone selection since 1986. The dams from both lines were kept together in the same shed under the same management protocol from day of hatch to avoid additional confounders. We chose this age to allow significant bacterial exchange, thus avoiding exposure dependent artifacts and so that we could compare dams at the same developmental state of adulthood and peak laying performance. Significant differences in the composition of the cecum bacterial communities were found. Bacteria of the genus Akkermansia, implicated in mucin degradation and associated with host metabolic health, accounted for 4.98% ± 5.04% of the Cobb cecum community, but were mostly absent from the ceca of the Legacy line dams. Inversely, Legacy dams had higher levels of Clostridiales, Lactobacillales and Aeromonadales. These results show that breeding has resulted in a change in the gut microbiota composition, likely by changing the physiological conditions in the mucosa. It remains unclear if changes in gut microbiota composition are a part of the mechanism affecting growth or are a secondary result of other physiological changes accelerating growth. Therefore, the identification of these changes opens the door to further targeted research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through repeated cycles of selection and recombination, tree breeding programs deliver genetically improved varieties for a range of target characteristics such as biomass production, stem form, resistance to biotic stresses, wood properties, etc. However, in the context of increased drought and heat waves, it is not yet known whether growth performance will impede drought resistance. To address this question, we compared the hydraulic properties, such as hydraulic efficiency and hydraulic safety, in four varieties over successive varieties of genetically improved maritime pines (i.e. Pinus pinaster Aït.) for growth and stem form. We measured 22 functional traits related to hydraulic efficiency, hydraulic safety, xylem anatomy and wood density. We found that improved varieties presented higher hydraulic conductivity with larger tracheid lumen size and tracheid lumen fraction, and smaller wall thickness reinforcement and tracheid density, but not at the cost of reduced embolism resistance. The reported absence of trade-off between hydraulic conductivity and embolism resistance is a strong asset to improve biomass productivity, through increased hydraulic efficiency, without impacting drought resistance, and should enable new maritime pine varieties to cope with a drier climate. Our study is one of the first to reveal the hydraulic mechanisms over successive varieties of genetic improvement for tree growth. It provides guidelines for sustainable forest management through breeding for other forest tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium wilt on melons is the most harmful fungal disease, both in Bulgaria and in countries along the entire Mediterranean coast. The strong development of the disease leads to a significant reduction in yield and quality of production. The genetic resistance to this pathogen is the best sustainable strategy to control the disease. In 2019, a study on the immune responses of ten new created melon lines to the causative agent of Fusarium wilt - Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.) Snyder et Hansen f.sp. melonis (L et C) Snyder et Hansen was conducted. The study was done under controlled conditions and artificial infectious in the vegetation house of IPGR - Sadovo. All melon lines were provided by the Company “Agrotop” - Gorna Oryahovitsa. The results of the study showed differences in the resistance of the materials to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. Depending on their response, the tested lines were separated by cluster analysis of resistance and sensitivity. The resistant lines can be successfully used as a potential initial material in future breeding programs to create pathogen-resistant melon varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work assessed the responses of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) genotypes experienced to different durations of terminal drought for relative water content (RWC), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR), stomatal conductance (SC), leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA), investigated the significant contributor of physiological traits to yield and yield reduction and diversity of physiological traits in terminal drought tolerance genotypes. Field research was conducted during the late‐rainy season for 2 years using a split‐plot design with four replications. The three irrigation treatments involved no‐drought (SD0), short (SD1) and long (SD2) durations of terminal drought were arranged as main plots, and sub‐plots were six genotypes of JA. The current study revealed that RWC, SC, LA, and SLA, were drastically reduced whilst SCMR values slightly increased under SD1 and SD2 compared to SD0. According to multiple linear regression indicated that SLA (SD0), and RWC (SD1 and SD2) had high contributions to tuber fresh weight (TFW), whereas SC had a high contribution to TFW reduction under terminal drought. Principal component analysis also confirmed that the diversity of LA, RWC, and SLA had maximized contributing traits, followed by HI, SCMR and SC in these breeding materials of JA under three irrigation treatments. Our finding emphasized that JA125 (low SLA), HEL256 and JA37 (high SLA) lead to the high performance of TFW under SD0, and they exhibited high TFW under SD1 by performing medium RWC. Likewise, JA4 and JA37 had high TFW under SD2 caused by medium RWC. HEL253 and JA60 were identified as terminal drought‐tolerant genotypes because of performed medium SC, which contributed to a low reduction in TFW. Our promising results are the basis for further studies, SLA, RWC and SC are an important keys for screening drought tolerance (low economic yield reduction) and these genotypes studied could be used for parental lines to improved drought tolerance progenies through breeding programs under different durations of terminal drought‐prone areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acids (FA) profile determine important sensory and technological characteristics of the meat, being interesting traits to be included in breeding programs for Iberian pig. In a previous study, we analyzed the longissimus dorsi transcriptome of Iberian pigs with divergent breeding values for IMF identifying 63 and 12 functional candidate genes and long non-coding RNA being differentially expressed. The first objective of this work was to use the RNA-seq data generated in that study in order to design a low-density panel with 50 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The second aim was to evaluate the effects of this SNP panel on IMF content and backfat FA profile in a closed commercial population of Iberian pigs. The IMF content and backfat FA composition were determined in 940 Iberian pigs. A total of 837 SNPs were identified in the selection of genes and lncRNA. Out of the 50 selected SNP, 11 were monomorphic in the population and 2 failed in their genotyping. Association analyses were carried out for the 37 SNP segregating in the population (minor allele frequency, MAF > 0.05). Regarding IMF content, a significant additive effect (q-value < 0.05) was observed for ADIPOQ:g.124646194T > G SNP, in which the G allele was linked to an increase of 7.59% (additive effect expressed as a percentage of the mean of the trait). For the backfat FA composition, we observed 24 SNP with significant associations. The strongest effects were detected for the ELOVL6:g.112186423A > G and FASN_rs331694510G > A SNP. The A allele of both SNPs were associated to a lower percentage of palmitic (C16:0) and palmitoleic (C16:1) acids and an increase in oleic acid (C18:1). In addition, the AMPD3:g.49043886C > G SNP had significant effects on C16:0, stearic (C18:0), C18:1 and on the sum of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Finally, significant effects of the EGR2:66286345G >T SNP on C18:0 and C18:1 and other minor FA were observed. Our findings reveal ADIPOQ:g.124646194T > G, ELOVL6:g.112186423A > G, and FASN_rs331694510G > A may be useful in breeding programs for Iberian pigs including FA profile and IMF content as selection goals, provided that their potential effects on other traits of interest are controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of superior genotypes considering several traits simultaneously allows the release of more adapted, productive, and nutritive cultivars. To select forage peanut genotypes for use as animal feed and for ornamental purposes, 67 genotypes were evaluated. Twelve agronomic and nutritive value traits were evaluated in three temporally separated trials: a randomized complete block design. The mixed model method (Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP)) was employed for estimating genetic parameters and predicting genotypic values, which were used in the selection indexes. The selection criteria considered vegetative and seed propagation traits corresponding to the use of forage peanut as animal feed and for ornamental purposes. Seed productivity was also evaluated and correlated with other traits. Genetic variability with high heritability in seed production was observed. Plant vigor, ground cover, and dry matter yield were negatively correlated with seed production. Among the genotypes evaluated, there is a possibility of selecting 14 and 16 genotypes corresponding to seed propagation for animal feed and ornamental purposes, respectively. For vegetative propagation, there are 16 and 14 promising genotypes for animal feed and ornamental purposes, respectively. Vegetatively propagated genotypes generally performed better in terms of agronomic traits related to feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, is the most important native fish species farmed in South America, particularly in Brazil, where its production is limited in the southern and southeastern regions due to disease outbreaks caused by the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Therefore, genome level analysis to understand the genetic architecture of the host resistance against I. multifiliis is fundamental to improve this trait in tambaqui. The objective of the present study was to map QTL (quantitative trait loci) associated with resistance to I. multifiliis in tambaqui by GWAS (genome-wide association study). Methods and results: Individuals belonging to seven families, which were previously submitted to an experimental challenge to assess the natural resistance to the parasite I. multifiliis, were used for genomic analysis. A total of 7717 SNPs were identified in this population by ddRAD (double digest restriction site associated DNA). GWAS revealed four SNPs significantly associated in the LGs (linkage groups) 2, 9, 11 and 20 for the traits time of death and parasite load. The SNPs explained a low proportion of the variance to I. multifiliis resistance for time of death and parasite load (about 0.622% and 0.375%, respectively). The SNPs were close to 11 genes related to the immune system: abcf3, znf830, ccr9, gli3, ackr4, tbata, ndr2, tgfbr3, nhej1, znf644b, and cldn10a. Conclusions: In conclusion, the resistance to I. multifiliis is probably under polygenic control in tambaqui, in which different QTLs of low variance can be involved in the immune responses against this ectoparasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), caused by Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), is one of the most serious threats to carp farming. In the present study, we investigated the efficiency of a low-density (LD) SNP panel for estimating genetic parameters and breeding values to KHVD resistance in the Amur mirror carp (AMC). Two populations (Pop 1 and Pop 2) of AMC generated from unrelated parents were created using a partial factorial design. One-year old fish (Pop 1 = 1500 individuals.; Pop 2 = 1200 individuals) were challenged with CyHV-3 and phenotyped to KHVD resistance. 218 SNPs originating from a medium genotyping platform previously applied to Pop 1 (15615 SNPs; denoted as MD panel) with the highest association to KHVD resistance were used as a LD panel to genotype individuals of Pop 2. Genetic parameters and estimated pedigree-based BLUP (EBV) and genomic-based GBLUP (GEBV_MD and GEBV_LD) breeding values were calculated and obtained for Pop 1 using either pedigree, MD or LD panel and for Pop 2 using either pedigree or the LD panel. The heritability estimates of KHVD resistance were very high for both populations ranging from 0.42 to 0.96. Selection for KHVD resistance in Pop 2 using the LD panel would have led to a relative increase of ∼7% in prediction accuracy compared to the pedigree-based selection. Pearson correlation coefficients between pedigree-based and genomic-based estimated breeding values (EBV vs. GEBV_MD; EBV vs. GEBV_LD; GEBV_MD vs. GEBV_LD) showed a strong association for both populations (0.79 – 0.91). In addition, the concordance rate of individuals selected by pedigree-based (EBV) and genomic-based breeding values (GEBV_MD and GEBV_LD) within selection pressures of 5%, 10% and 20% were not statistically different in most cases. In conclusion, the low-density SNP panel could be useful for a selection program focused on the genetic improvement of KHVD resistance.

The goal of this paper is to estimate the genetic parameters for production traits in a pattern pig line. The estimation of the variance-covariance components is a very important step in animal breeding because these components are necessary for: (1) estimation of the genetic parameters, (2) prediction of the breeding value and (3) the design of animal breeding programs. The estimation of the selection parameters (h2, rG, rF, rE) is the first step in the development of a Duroc line breeding program, using artificial insemination.

ABSTRACT: Butana is one of the local dairy cattle breeds of Sudan commonly kept by smallholder producers. This breed has been strongly promoted to advance the dairy production sector in the country. The main problem, however, is the lack of a systematic breeding program that involves smallholder producers. The aim of the current study was to identify the most promising design for a breeding program to improve the milk yield performance of Butana cattle under smallholder production conditions. In total, 3 breeding scenarios, including (1) the use of farm bulls, (2) the use of village bulls, and (3) the rotational use of village bulls within village groups, were simulated using a stochastic simulation approach. For each breeding scenario, 3 selection methods for bulls were considered, namely random mating, phenotypic selection, and selection based on estimated breeding value (EBV). The results showed that no genetic gain was realized with random mating in all breeding scenarios. In the farm bull breeding scenario, annual genetic gain (standard deviation units) ranged from 0.01 to 0.19 (phenotypic selection) and from 0.01 to 0.39 (selection based on EBV). In the village bull breeding scenarios, the annual genetic gain ranged from 0.01 to 0.21 (phenotypic selection) and 0.01 to 0.45 (selection based on EBV). The lowest genetic gain was realized for the rotational use of village bulls among villages within groups. Through the rotational use of village bulls, however, a higher genetic variance was maintained than in the farm and village bull breeding scenarios. We concluded that a village bull breeding program with selection based on EBV of young bulls was the most promising breeding design for achieving the breeding goal. Further studies are needed to assess the organizational feasibility of such a breeding program to ensure the participation of smallholder producers and its sustainability.

In the last century broiler chicken lines have undergone an extensive breeding regime aimed primarily at growth and high meat yield. It is not known if breeding has also resulted in a change to the broiler breeder’s associated gut microbiota. Here we compared the gut microbiota of 37-week-old commercial Cobb breeding dams with dams from a broiler Legacy line which has not undergone selection since 1986. The dams from both lines were kept together in the same shed under the same management protocol from day of hatch to avoid additional confounders. We chose this age to allow significant bacterial exchange, thus avoiding exposure dependent artifacts and so that we could compare dams at the same developmental state of adulthood and peak laying performance. Significant differences in the composition of the cecum bacterial communities were found. Bacteria of the genus Akkermansia, implicated in mucin degradation and associated with host metabolic health, accounted for 4.98% ± 5.04% of the Cobb cecum community, but were mostly absent from the ceca of the Legacy line dams. Inversely, Legacy dams had higher levels of Clostridiales, Lactobacillales and Aeromonadales. These results show that breeding has resulted in a change in the gut microbiota composition, likely by changing the physiological conditions in the mucosa. It remains unclear if changes in gut microbiota composition are a part of the mechanism affecting growth or are a secondary result of other physiological changes accelerating growth. Therefore, the identification of these changes opens the door to further targeted research.

Olive trees are the most cultivated evergreen trees in the Mediterranean Basin, where they have deep historical and socioeconomic roots. The fungus Verticillium dahliae develops inside the vascular bundles of the host, and there are no effective applicable treatments, making it difficult to control the disease. In this sense, the use of integrated disease management, specifically the use of resistant cultivars, is the most effective means to alleviate the serious damage that these diseases are causing and reduce the expansion of this pathogen. In 2008, the University of Cordoba started a project under the UCO Olive Breeding Program whose main objective has been to develop new olive cultivars with high resistance to Verticillium wilt. Since 2008, more than 18,000 genotypes from 154 progenies have been evaluated. Only 19.9% have shown some resistance to the disease in controlled conditions and only 28 have been preselected due to their resistance in field condition and remarkable agronomic characteristics. The results of this study represent an important advancement in the generation of resistant olive genotypes that will become commercial cultivars currently demanded by the olive growing sector. Our breeding program has proven successful, allowing the selection of several new genotypes with high resistance to the disease and agronomical performance. It also highlights the need for long-term field evaluations for the evaluation of resistance and characterization of olive genotypes.

• The Jerusalem artichoke genotypes which are able to maintain a high net photosynthesis rate under long terminal drought conditions led them to high inulin yield. • SPAD chlorophyll meter reading traits mainly contribute to high inulin content under short terminal drought conditions in HEL256, JA37, JA60, and JA125. • Jerusalem artichoke genotypes with performing high inulin content would be positive for sustainable improvement of drought tolerance under different durations of terminal drought.. Different terminal drought durations might impact inulin traits of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) and some physiological traits are expected to be relevant to their genotype response. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effect of different durations of terminal drought on inulin content and inulin yield as well as the associations among inulin traits, net photosynthesis rate (P n), and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) in JA genotypes. The field experiment was designed as a split-plot design with four replications during the late-rainy seasons over two years (2017/18 and 2018/19). The main plots were three water levels composed of optimal conditions (SD0), short (SD1), and long (SD2) durations of terminal drought. Six JA genotypes (HEL256, JA37, HEL253, JA4, JA60, and JA125) were arranged in subplots. All genotypes showed that inulin content in tubers was clearly significantly increased, whilst inulin yield drastically decreased under different terminal drought durations in comparison with optimal conditions. Among six genotypes, only HEL256, JA37, JA60, and JA125 had high inulin content coupled with high P n under SD0, and they had high inulin content under SD1, mainly due to high SCMR. JA37, JA4, JA60, and JA125 had a high inulin yield under SD2, might be they had high P n , indicating that these genotypes could be used as potential parental lines through plant breeding programs for the improvement of new varieties suitable for growing in terminal drought prone-areas. Based on data for two years, inulin content had significant positive associations with P n (p < 0.01) and SCMR (p < 0.05) under SD0 and SD1, respectively. Inulin yield showed significantly (p < 0.05 for 2017/18 and p < 0.01 for 2018/19) positive associations with P n under SD2, these results indicated that selection genotypes with high P n and SCMR could be effective as an indirect selection in acquiring high inulin traits simultaneously. Finally, our results suggest that SCMR could be used as a surrogate trait as it is a simple tool for drought-tolerant genotype screening in JA in order to identify high inulin content in tubers under short terminal drought durations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Napier grass is a perennial tropical forage that is used in beef and dairy production systems. Despite its significance in animal nutrition, molecular information available, such as microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, is limited. Using an assembled transcriptome, 50 novel SSR markers were developed, of which 21 were found to be polymorphic. These polymorphic markers were tested for DNA fingerprinting of Embrapa cultivars, five of which revealed distinct allele patterns for cultivar identification. SSR markers 05, 17, and 44 identified a unique pattern in the BRS Kurumi cultivar. The BRS Capiaçu cultivar was identified using SSR markers 17, 43, and 44. The Pioneiro cultivar exhibited a rare fragment amplification pattern using SSR marker 46, while SSR marker 44 revealed a distinct allele in the BRS Canará cultivar. SSR marker panels could be utilized as DNA fingerprinting tools to assist in cultivar identification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incarvillea sinensis var. przewalskii has attracted great attention because of the anticancer value of its alkaloids and the potential use of the species for ecological restoration. However, the scarcity of high-quality seeds has significantly hindered the cultivation and efficient utilization of this species. Understanding how seeds respond to maternal environmental conditions is crucial for developing high-yield and top-notch seed accessions, but the available knowledge in this area is limited. Here, we determined the effect of shading treatments on seed development, seed quality, and yield. Compared to the control, shade significantly increased the seed germination rate and 1000-seed weight by 29.2% and 25.6%, respectively. Regardless of light conditions, the seed germination rate and 1000-seed weight decreased by 7.13% and 37.5%, respectively, as the fruit positioned from base to apical. The seed yield per plant was 27.9% higher under shade than under the control treatment. The structural equation model showed that shade promoted seed yield through increasing flowers per reproductive branch and seed numbers per capsule. These findings suggest that adjusting shading conditions and optimizing inflorescence development can lead to high-yield and high-quality seeds. Additionally, prioritizing the number of flowers per reproductive branch and seeds per capsule in breeding programs can further enhance the seed yield of I. sinensis var. przewalskii.

Statistical models play a significant role in designing competent breeding programs related to complex traits. Recently; the holo-omics framework has been productively utilized in trait prediction; but it contains many complexities. Therefore; it is desirable to establish prediction accuracy while combining the host's genome and microbiome data. Several methods can be used to combine the two data in the model and study their effectiveness by estimating the prediction accuracy. We validate our holo-omics interaction models with analysis from two publicly available datasets and compare them with genomic and microbiome prediction models. We illustrate that the holo-omics interactive models achieved the highest prediction accuracy in ten out of eleven traits. In particular; the holo-omics interaction matrix estimated using the Hadamard product displayed the highest accuracy in nine out of eleven traits, with the direct holo-omics model and microbiome model showing the highest prediction accuracy in the remaining two traits. We conclude that comparing prediction accuracy in different traits using real data showed important intuitions into the holo-omics architecture of complex traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is a promising of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.), an important issue in Egypt. The present study's objective was to use short sequence repeats markers (SSRs) in the early sexing of O. niloticus. Molecular markers identification in fish includes SSRs markers that were very useful for investigating sexdetermination system, sex-related genes, and sex chromosomes. The fin-clip tissue of examined fish was used for DNA extraction and the amplification of SSRs and sex determination; twenty primer pairs were tested. The results showed that, from the tested 21 primers of SSRs markers, four primers had significant differences between males and females. It was observed that females were homozygous, and males may be heterozygous or homozygous for the alternative bands. The females were homozygous, males were heterozygous for two SSRs markers, the females were homozygous, and males were homozygous for the alternative alleles for the other two markers. In conclusion, the results of the present study and the previous ones confirm the possibility of using short sequence repeats markers (SSRs) in the sex determination of fish species, including Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.). SSRs markers could be used in the early sexing detection of the Nile tilapia breeding programs and for producing supermale YY without needing progeny test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Caballo de Deporte Español (CDE) is a sport horse breed, which originated from crosses between different sport horse breeds in the search for a good sport aptitude for Dressage, Eventing and Show Jumping disciplines. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of 15 years of selection on this breed and find out whether it has been effective and adequate regarding the CDE main breeding objectives. The whole known pedigree was used, comprising 47,884 animals (18,799 males and 29,085 females). Pedigree analyses were performed in order to check the population structure, origins and evolution over the years. For the analyses, animals were divided into fourteen breed groups. Performance data used in the analyses were the estimated breeding values (EBV) of the Show Jumping, Dressage and Eventing sport disciplines from the routine genetic evaluations of the CDE breeding programme. Results showed some degree of subdivision within the population and, therefore, inbred matings. Regarding the evolution of breeding values, we found that EBVs of offspring were higher than the EBVs of parents showing that genetic gain has actually occurred. Moreover, selection decisions seem to be taken by breeders based, to certain extent, on the genetic evaluations. The equine breeding industry for sport's performance has evolved into a fairly profitable economic activity. In particular, the Caballo de Deporte Español (CDE) is bred for different disciplines with a special focus on Show Jumping. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of 15 years of selection and to find out whether it has been effective and adequate regarding the CDE main breeding objectives. The whole pedigree of 19,045 horses registered as CDE was used, comprising 47,884 animals (18,799 males and 29,085 females). An analysis performed to check for the pedigree completeness level yielded a number of equivalent complete generations (t) equal to 1.95, an average generation interval (GI) of 10.87 years, mean inbreeding coefficient (F) of 0.32%, an average relatedness coefficient (AR) of 0.09% and an effective population size (Ne) of 204. For the analyses, animals were divided into fourteen breed groups. Additionally, in order to study the evolution of these breeds over time and their influence on CDE pedigree, five different periods were considered according to the year of birth of the animals. Performance data used in the analyses were the estimated breeding values (EBV) of the Show Jumping sport discipline of 12,197 horses in the CDE pedigree, available from the 2020 routine genetic evaluations of the CDE breeding program (starting in 2004). Dressage and Eventing EBV values were also assessed. Results showed values of F higher than expected under random mating; this pointed to some degree of inbred matings. With regard to the evolution of breeding values, we found that, in general, EBVs of offspring were higher than the EBVs of parents. Notwithstanding, there is still a need for improvement in population management and the coordination of the breeders to get higher responses but controlling the loss of genetic diversity in the CDE breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian, especially Durio zibethinus, is an agricultural commodity with high economic value, both in local and global markets. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity, relationships and correlation of superior cultivars of D. zibethinus(‘Likol’, ‘Sahang’ and ‘Si Japang’)native to South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using the rbcL marker, and compare them with other 48 cultivars from the GenBank database. All durian rbcL markers were analyzed using the MEGA-X software and phylogenetically reconstructed using two approaches: maximum likelihood (ML) and neighbor-joining (NJ). The durian phylogenetic tree was assessed by bootstrap analysis, and their relationships by Pearson’s correlation and principal component analysis. The durian showed a low genetic diversity (π% = 0.056); however, unique relationships were revealed. Following the rbcL region, this germplasm was grouped into five clades using ML and NJ. In this case, ‘Si Japang’ and ‘Sahang’ showed to be closely related to ‘T16’ from Malaysia, whereas ‘Likol’ was related to ‘Monthong’ from Thailand. However, based on the genetic divergence analysis, ‘Sahang’ had the farthest relationship with three durians from Thailand (‘MetnaiKanyao’,‘Chok Loi’and ‘Malet Ar-Ri’).

Butana is one of the local dairy cattle breeds of Sudan commonly kept by smallholder producers. This breed has been strongly promoted to advance the dairy production sector in the country. The main problem, however, is the lack of a systematic breeding program that involves smallholder producers. The aim of the current study was to identify the most promising design for a breeding program to improve the milk yield performance of Butana cattle under smallholder production conditions. In total, 3 breeding scenarios, including (1) the use of farm bulls, (2) the use of village bulls, and (3) the rotational use of village bulls within village groups, were simulated using a stochastic simulation approach. For each breeding scenario, 3 selection methods for bulls were considered, namely random mating, phenotypic selection, and selection based on estimated breeding value (EBV). The results showed that no genetic gain was realized with random mating in all breeding scenarios. In the farm bull breeding scenario, annual genetic gain (standard deviation units) ranged from 0.01 to 0.19 (phenotypic selection) and from 0.01 to 0.39 (selection based on EBV). In the village bull breeding scenarios, the annual genetic gain ranged from 0.01 to 0.21 (phenotypic selection) and 0.01 to 0.45 (selection based on EBV). The lowest genetic gain was realized for the rotational use of village bulls among villages within groups. Through the rotational use of village bulls, however, a higher genetic variance was maintained than in the farm and village bull breeding scenarios. We concluded that a village bull breeding program with selection based on EBV of young bulls was the most promising breeding design for achieving the breeding goal. Further studies are needed to assess the organizational feasibility of such a breeding program to ensure the participation of smallholder producers and its sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]