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Salicylic acid is one of the internal growth regulators derived from phenols with multiple functions, this acid was found in Salix spp. (willow tree) and extracted naturally since 1928 by the scientist John Buchner, it’s produced from the amino acid phenylalanine. Salix plant contain the salicin compound by 9-11%. It’s plays an important role in the growth and development of the plant for physiological effect such as increasing the plant’s response to stress conditions (biotic and abiotic). salicylic acid also involved in many bio processes including growth, photosynthesis, cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, stomatal closure and gas exchange, as well as strengthening the defense system protects the plant against various diseases and increases the effectiveness of antioxidants and enzymes. It's also work as stimulating the flowering, ion absorption, nutrient transfer within the plant. Numerous experiments have indicated that spraying or soaking many bulbs with salicylic acid gave the best results for vegetative and flowering growth, as well as giving the best diameter and size of the bulbs formed for many plants such as gladiolus, tuberose, amaranth, lilium, tulipa, narcissus and lycoris.

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The genus Fritillaria is characterized by the production of alkaloids, primarily of the isosteroidal type. The aim of this preliminary study was to perform a histolocalization screening aimed at revealing the presence of alkaloids in the bulbs of F. meleagris, cultured in vitro under different growth regimes and at different developmental stages, as a powerful tool to identify preferable in vitro plant material for alkaloid isolation. Histochemical localization of alkaloids was performed using Wagner's and Dragendorff's reagents in fresh sections of bulbs cultured at 24 °C or 7 °C for 4 weeks, as well as those cultured at 24 °C following the 4-week chilling treatment, which were sampled at the beginning of sprouting. A positive reaction was observed with both reagents and was particularly intense in cold-treated bulbs. Alkaloids were mainly distributed in the bulbs and partly in the sprouts of the in vitro grown F. meleagris. The most intense staining, indicative of high alkaloid content, was observed in the bulb scales of pre-chilled bulbs that sprouted at 24 °C, rendering them preferable as in vitro plant material for alkaloid isolation. The results suggest that alkaloid production in the bulbs of F. meleagris can be improved by manipulating growth in the microenvironment of in vitro cultures, in order to meet the increasing industrial demand for medicinally or commercially important metabolites used as traditional medicines and herbal remedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium plants (especially garlic and onions) are useful condiments in most kitchens for the preparation of delicacies and in the preparation of decoctions in traditional medicine for the treatment of some emanating ailments, have its shoots sprouted for vegetables while the bulbs are usually discarded. The commonly discarded bulbs may have improved the antioxidant potentials. These improved properties could be utilized to treat or manage some degenerative and non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sprouting on the antioxidant potentials of garlic (Allium sativum) and onions (Allium cepa). The samples of garlic and bulbs were sprouted for 0 to 10 days. The phytochemicals, phenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid; and the antioxidant activities such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity were investigated on the garlic and bulbs using standard methods. A significantly (P<0.05) higher total flavonoid content was observed in methanol extract of onions sprouted for eight days (7.84 mg/g RE) and in methanol extract of garlic sprouted for 10 days (20.16 mg/g RE). The onions extracts expressed higher phenolic content on day eight of sprouting, while that of garlic revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase till day 10. The DPPH scavenging activity of sprouted garlic and onions recorded the minimum activity on day eight. Garlic highest ascorbic acid content of 8.820 mg/g was recorded on the 10th day, while that of onions was 6.29 mg/g on the 6th day. The results from this study revealed that sprouting of onions and garlic vegetables may be an effective means of improving the antioxidant potential of some Allium plants. The results from this study revealed that sprouting of onions and garlic vegetables might be an excellent means of improving the antioxidant potential of Allium plants. This study conclude that sprouting should be between four to six days for onions and up to 10 days for garlic before processing for consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis remains one of the severe ailments that affect both man and woman in South Africa. It is caused by blood fluke, and the rate at which it causes death is alarming in some areas of America, Asia as well as in African countries. It is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with grave impact on social and economic situation of countries with low sanitation awareness. Thus, the search for lasting solution to this menace, has drawn the attention of many global researchers using phytochemicals from Scilla natalensis via in silico approach. The studied compounds were optimized using Spartan 14. Docking study was executed via Pymol, Autodock tool, Auto dock vina and discovery studio. Compound 9 with –8.2 kcal mol–1 and –9.4 kcal mol–1 as binding affinity proved to possess highest ability to inhibit glutathione S-transferase and thioredoxin-glutathione reductase than other compounds. Also, ADMET properties for compound 9 and praziquantel were explored and reported. Our findings may open the door for the design of novel drug-like molecules with better efficiency.

Onions, essential in various salads and cooked dishes, are sought after by producers for high yields, while consumers value their quality, particularly the presence of antioxidant compounds. This study investigates the impact of production methods and biostimulants on the biomass yield and quality of onions. The two-year experiment was conducted in Vojvodina, Serbia, and compared directly seeded (DS) and from-set (FS) onions with four biostimulant treatments: control (C), seaweed extracts (T1), humic and fulvic acids (T2), and Trichoderma sp. (T3). DS onions yielded significantly more biomass, while FS onions had higher dry matter content. DS onions treated with T1 showed a significant increase in phenols (↑ 5.30%), while T2 and T3 led to declines (↓ 8.66% and ↓ 7.55%, respectively). All biostimulants reduced phenol content in FS onions. T1 and T2 significantly increased the flavonoid concentration in DS onions, with no significant changes in FS onions. T1 enhanced antioxidant properties in DS onions and reduced them in FS onions. Additionally, T2 and T3 decreased antioxidant activity in both DS and FS onions, as evidenced by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS tests. These findings guide onion production, advocating for the fresh consumption of DS onions with higher biomass and industrial processing suitability for FS onions, emphasizing the potential of bio-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shallot (Allium cepa L. var. Aggregtum group) production fluctuates duo to use of synthetic fertilizer. The effect of how Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPK affect growth and yield of shallot in a pot experiment were examined. The first factor consisted of 0, 10, 20, and 30 mL·L−1 of PGPR, the second treatment consisted of 0.8, 1.2, or 1.6 g of NPK per pot. There was no interaction between PGPR and synthetic fertilizer on growth and yield. The PGPR increased growth and yield of shallot when PGPR doses rose. The 30 mL·L−1 basal dose of PGPR increased plant height (39.96 cm), number of leaves per plant (42.33), fresh bulb weight per plant (53.46 g), and number of bulbs per plant (9.78). The 1.8 g NPK increased number of leaves (42.17) and number of fresh bulbs per plant (9.25), which gradually decreased when doses were reduced. Increasing applied synthetic fertilizer produced improved growth and yield of shallot. Under sustainable crop management, PGPR application could further enhance growth and yield of shallot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University is the property of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and aims: In the process of urbanization, fragmentation of environments leads to the loss of habitats and native species diversity. Rescue of plants for ex situ conservation can be an early intervention measure after disturbance. We analyzed the effect of soil removal on the population of the bulbous geophyte Zephyranthes gilliesiana (Herb.) Nic. García (Amaryllidaceae) and assessed the success of rescuing specimens for ex situ conservation. M&M: In a recently urbanized sector immersed in the steppe east of Bariloche city (Río Negro, Argentina), the frequency, cover, and density of Z. gillesiana plants were calculated and estimated in degraded and undisturbed reference areas. Sixty Z. gilliesiana plants were rescued, the depth localization of the bulb was recorded, and the relationship between bulb weight and early survival (60 days after transplanting) was evaluated. Results: Species richness and vegetation cover were lower in the degraded area than in the reference area. The frequency, cover and density of Z. gilliesiana were higher in the degraded area. Survival was 47% in plants with heavier bulbs (25% developed reproductive structures). Conclusions: We consider that the rescue of Z. gilliesiana was successful and its documentation together with the study of agamic and sexual propagation would contribute to generate conservation plans for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fritillaria meleagris is a horticulturally and medicinally valuable bulbous plant that requires a period of low temperatures for proper growth and flowering. Since conventional methods of propagation are ineffective and very slow, tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach to mass production of this valuable geophyte. In this study, we investigated the effects of various auxin–cytokinin combinations on different morphogenetic pathways in bulb scale culture. Bulbs obtained in vitro were cut longitudinally, and bulb scales were cultured for four weeks at 7 °C on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations in order to investigate the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on different morphogenetic responses. Regeneration percentage, number of shoots per explant, shoot length, number of bulbs and number of somatic embryos were monitored weekly. After chilling, bulb scales were transferred to 24 °C, and all parameters were recorded again. Low PGR concentrations were very effective for shoot multiplication, yielding up to 5.5 shoots per explant. 2,4-D (at 2 mg/L) in combination with low BAP (0.25 mg/L) produced the highest number of bulbs (11.00 ± 0.00), while PGR-free medium was extremely effective in somatic embryo formation (13.50 ± 2.90). Detached somatic embryos and bulblets continued to grow and develop on fresh PGR-free medium. We present data demonstrating that low auxin–cytokinin concentrations and PGR-free medium provide an effective method for a combined morphogenetic pathway in F. meleagris that is suitable for large-scale propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porang is a tuber plant that has the opportunity to be developed in Indonesia. Efforts have been made to increase the production potential of porang, including through nurseries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tuber origin and concentration of gibberellin growth regulators on porang growth. The research was conducted in Wonosobo Village, Srono District, Banyuwangi Regency from August to November 2020. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors, namely the origin of the seeds and the concentration of gibberellin growth regulators with three replications. Factors of seed origin consisted of tubers (B1) and air bulbs (B2) while ZPT gibberellin concentration factors were 1 ml/l (A1), 2 ml/l (A2), 3 ml/l (A3), 4 ml/l ( A4) and 5 ml/l (A5), resulting in 10 treatment combinations. Observational variables include shoot height and number of leaves. On the seedling origin factor, the B2 treatment was the highest in terms of the observed parameters of shoot height and number of leaves. In the ZPT gibberellin concentration factor, it was shown that factor A1 was the highest in the observed variable of shoot height 20 dap (days after planting), while in the variable number of leaves 50 dap, factors A4 and A5 had the highest number of leaves. The interaction of seed origin and gibberellin concentrations showed that factor B1A4 had the highest shoot height at 20 dap observations, while B1A5 had the highest number of leaves at 40 and 50 dap observations.

Purpose: In the first stage to produce open pollinated and hybrid onion cultivars, identification of compatible genotypes as breeding base populations with the climatic conditions is of special importance. Thus, this research was performed to evaluate short day onion hybrids and achieve a breeding base population by identifying the best genotypes in terms of quantity and quality traits and also for studying the reaction of genotypes to the climatic conditions of Isfahan and Khuzestan. Research method: Fifteen onion genotypes were evaluated as complete block design with three replications in two locations (Isfahan and Khuzestan) under field condition during the 2017-2018 growing season. The traits evaluated included: bulb yield, average bulb weight, dry matter content, total soluble solids, and weight loss. Findings: According to the results of Isfahan location, Savannah Sweet and Saba hybrids had the highest bulb yield (42.72 t/ha and 41.05 t/ha, respectively) and Vania hybrid with high significant different (p< 0.05) was showed the lowest bulb yield (19.77 t/ha). In Khuzestan location, SV6326, Saba and Savannah Sweet for bulb yield (92.38, 89.71 and 89.14 t/ha, respectively) were recognized as super hybrids, in contrast, hybrids: Early Super Select, Behbahan improved population, Super Perfect, Sahar and Vania, were considered as weak hybrids (bulb yields

Onions, essential in various salads and cooked dishes, are sought after by producers for high yields, while consumers value their quality, particularly the presence of antioxidant compounds. This study investigates the impact of production methods and biostimulants on the biomass yield and quality of onions. The two-year experiment was conducted in Vojvodina, Serbia, and compared directly seeded (DS) and from-set (FS) onions with four biostimulant treatments: control (C), seaweed extracts (T1), humic and fulvic acids (T2), and Trichoderma sp. (T3). DS onions yielded significantly more biomass, while FS onions had higher dry matter content. DS onions treated with T1 showed a significant increase in phenols (↑ 5.30%), while T2 and T3 led to declines (↓ 8.66% and ↓ 7.55%, respectively). All biostimulants reduced phenol content in FS onions. T1 and T2 significantly increased the flavonoid concentration in DS onions, with no significant changes in FS onions. T1 enhanced antioxidant properties in DS onions and reduced them in FS onions. Additionally, T2 and T3 decreased antioxidant activity in both DS and FS onions, as evidenced by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS tests. These findings guide onion production, advocating for the fresh consumption of DS onions with higher biomass and industrial processing suitability for FS onions, emphasizing the potential of bio-based products.

The genus Fritillaria is characterized by the production of alkaloids, primarily of the isosteroidal type. The aim of this preliminary study was to perform a histolocalization screening aimed at revealing the presence of alkaloids in the bulbs of F. meleagris, cultured in vitro under different growth regimes and at different developmental stages, as a powerful tool to identify preferable in vitro plant material for alkaloid isolation. Histochemical localization of alkaloids was performed using Wagner’s and Dragendorff’s reagents in fresh sections of bulbs cultured at 24 °C or 7 °C for 4 weeks, as well as those cultured at 24 °C following the 4-week chilling treatment, which were sampled at the beginning of sprouting. A positive reaction was observed with both reagents and was particularly intense in cold-treated bulbs. Alkaloids were mainly distributed in the bulbs and partly in the sprouts of the in vitro grown F. meleagris. The most intense staining, indicative of high alkaloid content, was observed in the bulb scales of pre-chilled bulbs that sprouted at 24 °C, rendering them preferable as in vitro plant material for alkaloid isolation. The results suggest that alkaloid production in the bulbs of F. meleagris can be improved by manipulating growth in the microenvironment of in vitro cultures, in order to meet the increasing industrial demand for medicinally or commercially important metabolites used as traditional medicines and herbal remedies.

Colchicum autumnale L. is a perennial herb from the Colchicaceae family with an unusual life cycle, and it is characterized by an underground corm and hypogynous flowers that appear in autumn. Its medicinal importance is represented by its primary alkaloid, colchicine, which has been studied for its antiinflammatory and antimitotic properties and used in the treatment of some diseases and artificial polyploidy induction in plants. This study aims to determine and evaluate the biological effects induced by treatment with C. autumnale extracts on tissue development in test plants, represented by two Ocimum basilicum L. varieties: 'Italiano Classico' and 'Aromat de Buzău'. Morphoanatomical observations and measurements and photosynthetic pigments analyses were employed. Results show unusual shapes of leaves, differences in stomata size and density, and heteromorphic cells in leaves and epicotyl's structure in both studied varieties of basil treated with C. autumnale extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colchicum autumnale L. is a perennial herb from the Colchicaceae family with an unusual life cycle, and it is characterized by an underground corm and hypogynous flowers that appear in autumn; its medicinal importance is represented by its primary alkaloid, colchicine, which has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and antimitotic properties and used in the treatment of some diseases and artificial polyploidy induction in plants. This study aims to determine and evaluate the biological effects induced by treatment with C. autumnale extracts on tissue development in test plants, represented by two Ocimum basilicum L. varieties: ‘Italiano Classico’ and ‘Aromat de Buzău’. Morpho-anatomical observations and some biochemical and physiological analyses were employed. Results show unusual shapes of leaves, differences in stomata size and density, and heteromorphic cells in leaves and epicotyl’s structure in both studied varieties of treated basil test plants.

Fritillaria meleagris is a horticulturally and medicinally valuable bulbous plant that requires a period of low temperatures for proper growth and flowering. Since conventional methods of propagation are ineffective and very slow, tissue culture techniques offer an integrated approach to mass production of this valuable geophyte. In this study, we investigated the effects of various auxin–cytokinin combinations on different morphogenetic pathways in bulb scale culture. Bulbs obtained in vitro were cut longitudinally, and bulb scales were cultured for four weeks at 7 °C on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations in order to investigate the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on different morphogenetic responses. Regeneration percentage, number of shoots per explant, shoot length, number of bulbs and number of somatic embryos were monitored weekly. After chilling, bulb scales were transferred to 24 °C, and all parameters were recorded again. Low PGR concentrations were very effective for shoot multiplication, yielding up to 5.5 shoots per explant. 2,4-D (at 2 mg/L) in combination with low BAP (0.25 mg/L) produced the highest number of bulbs (11.00 ± 0.00), while PGR-free medium was extremely effective in somatic embryo formation (13.50 ± 2.90). Detached somatic embryos and bulblets continued to grow and develop on fresh PGR-free medium. We present data demonstrating that low auxin–cytokinin concentrations and PGR-free medium provide an effective method for a combined morphogenetic pathway in F. meleagris that is suitable for large-scale propagation.

Earth ovens, hearths, and middens are common archaeological features in western North America that contain the residues of everyday activities. Ethnographic and archaeological research indicates that these in-ground food preparation features were frequently reused over many months and years. These quotidian features therefore can be productively thought of as having use-lives or biographies. Here we present a framework for interpreting these archaeological food preparation feature biographies and the palimpsest nature of earth oven features. We illustrate the value of this framework through paleoethnobotanical analysis of archived soil samples from a bulk food processing site on the Columbia-Fraser Plateau in northeastern Washington State. While this site and other food preparation sites throughout the Plateau are largely interpreted as remains of intensive geophyte processing, our finds indicate that a wide range of economic plants were processed at this location, indicative of a dynamic and flexible subsistence system. We suggest that residents and visitors to the Pend Oreille Valley from ca. 2700 to 500 cal BP frequently returned to and reused earth oven features as they processed multiple plant food taxa including nodding onion (Allium cernuum), camas (Camassia quamash), goosefoot chenopod seeds (cf. Chenopodium atrovirens), and pine nuts (Pinus spp.). We see a biographical approach as a potential solution to the common “palimpsest problem” and suggest that this framework may be a fruitful way of investigating multiple food preparation recipes, methods, and events, as well as adding paleoenvironmental datasets to biographical or life-history archaeological rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tulip is one of the most important bulbous genera in the world's floriculture. It is known that cold exposure of bulbs before planting is required to break the bulb dormancy and to promote the plant's flowering. Preparation procedures performed by breeders differ in the duration and the thermal level, and the choice of the procedure depends on the genotype's sensitivity to temperature; however, little is known about the metabolic responses underlying the different behaviours of the numerous commercial hybrids. We evaluated the influence of two bulb-preparation procedures, 15–18 weeks at 5 ÷ 9 °C, and 9–14 weeks at 2 ÷ 5 °C, in two hybrids of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.), 'Royal Virgin' and 'Ad Rem', grown hydroponically in a floating system. Tulip plants of the two hybrids responded differently to bulb exposure to low temperatures in terms of early flowering, as this was unaffected by the preparation procedure in 'Royal Virgin' (27.1 days from transplanting, on average), while it was earlier after treatment at higher temperatures compared with lower temperatures in 'Ad Rem' (24.1 vs. 26.7 days at 5 °C vs. at 9 °C). This different flowering earliness may be related to the diverse metabolic responses enacted by the bulbs for cold acclimation that depended on hybrid x thermal treatment. Plant leaf area and flower stem characteristics were similar in the hybrids and were unaffected by the bulb-preparation procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilium rhodopaeum Delip. (Liliaceae) is a Balkan endemic, with limited distribution in Bulgaria and Greece, in the Rhodopes Mts. The species is included in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria as critically endangered, and protected by the national Biodiversity Act. The present study aimed to multiply L. rhodopaeum by in vivo or in vitro regeneration of bulblets and to accelerate their growth using soilless cultivation. An average of 7.2 ± 2.7 in vitro bulblets per half bulb scale was obtained for 4 mo on the best medium (MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/l α-naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) and 0.1 mg/l kinetin (Kin)). More than 800 bulblets were gradually ex vitro adapted in a phytotron, but only a few survived in the greenhouse. Growth of 72 in vitro bulblets evenly distributed in 3 variants was compared: on a flood and drain hydroponic system (with perlite as substrate); cutting board hydroponic system (deep water culture system, peat cubes as substrate); and control (soil substrate, wick system). Besides, a combination of natural sponges as substrate and rooting agents in the solution was tested on the cutting board hydroponic system. Classification by ABC analysis according to the final bulblet weights resulted in three non-overlapping groups. Statistics revealed a lack of correlation between the initial and the final bulblets' weights. Roots' elongation and bulblets' survival and growth were proved to depend on the hydroponic system type, the substrate type, and the composition of the nutrient solution. Best results were obtained in group A of the flood and drain hydroponic system, where bulblets increased their initial weights more than 21 times for 8 mo. Some hydroponically grown bulblets developed stems and the first 10 plants have been successfully acclimated outdoor in the IBER ex situ collection and have bloomed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Selecting bulbs based on their quality as planting materials is a critical point in obtaining high qualified growth and development of lilies, however published reports in re-using bulbs on cultivation of lilies were still limited. Objective of the research was to reveal effect of re-using vernalization bulbs on growth and development of lily. The research was conducted in plastic house of Segunung Experimental Gerden, Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute. Research Method: Materials used in the study were lily bulbs harvested from the third cultivation period of Asiatic lily, Lilium ‘Delina’, L. ‘Liana’, L. longiflorum and L. ‘Renata’; two bulb sizes of them were grade A and B. The experiment was arranged in split plot design with three replications. Main plot was two bulb sizes of the grade A and B; while sub-plot was five lily varieties of Asiatic, Delina, Liana, Longiflorum and Renata. Findings: Results of the study revealed that re-utilizing lily bulbs harvested from third cultivation period still had high potential in obtaining better growth and development of lily both vegetatively and generatively. The such bulbs kept resulting in optimal growth performances in all lilies tested. Higher bulb sizes produced better lily performances vegetatively and generatively; grade A > grade B in the most varieables observed, while lily varieties indicated varied responses in all variables observed. The best variety of lily growth and preformances vegetatively was showed by Longiflorum, however better generative growth and performances was noted on Liana. While in interaction effect, grade A of Delina gave better results in initial influorescent formation after 71.3 days after culture with 102.3 days initial flower buds opened, 100% plants flowered, 3 flower buds per plant, 18.7 cm flower bud diameter and 45mm bulb diameter. The results of the study gave evidents that re-utilizing lily bulbs derived from third cultivation period still could be applied to produce better quality and quantity of lily flowers. Limitations: The limitations of the research are apparent to the fact that the research was only focused on re-utilization of lily bulbs harvested from third cultivation period. Originality/ Value: Results of the research can be used as important considerations for growers and farmers on producing maximal lily flower on fulfilling market and customer demand under re-utilization of lily bulbs.

Lilium davidii var. unicolor is an important variety of lily with high economic, ornamental, edible, and medicinal values. Up to now, the research on polysaccharide as the main active substance is not vast, especially the effect of potassium on lily polysaccharide. Here, we investigated the effects of potassium fertilizer application on the growth and development, polysaccharide accumulation in the bulb, and differential metabolites in L. davidii var. unicolor. It was treated with fixed amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and four K concentrations comprising K0 (0 mg·L−1), K1 (447.6 mg·L−1), K2 (671.4 mg·L−1), or K3 (895.2 mg·L−1). The growth indexes were determined for L. davidii var. unicolor under different K concentrations in different growth stages. The polysaccharide contents of the bulbs were determined using the sulfuric acid−phenol method. An analysis of the differential polysaccharide metabolites was also conducted. The application of potassium promoted the growth and increased the bulb polysaccharide content of L. davidii var. unicolor, and the most suitable K concentration of 671.4 mg·L−1 had the most significant effects. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis screened 37 differential polysaccharide metabolites under K0 and K2, where 25 were significantly upregulated and 12 were significantly downregulated. Three metabolic pathways were enriched in polysaccharide-related differential metabolites, i.e., the galactose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The results could provide a theoretical basis for an improved fertilization management and the high-quality cultivation of L. davidii var. unicolor.

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is one of the important targets in reducing β- amyloid accumulation in the brain and increasing acetylcholine utilization in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Damage to neurons and metal accumulation in the brain by free radicals caused by oxidative stress is directly related to the pathogenesis of AD. Galantamine, which is contained by members of the Amaryllidaceae family (Galanthus, Leucojum, etc.), is one of the AChE inhibitors used in the treatment of senile dementia. In this study, the total phenolic substance and polyphenol contents of the methanol: chloroform (1:1 (v:v)) extracts of narcissus (Narcissus L.) cultivar bulbs', which the genus belongs to the mentioned family, were determined. Also, the investigation of the relationship between in vitro antioxidant activities, AChE, and BChE inhibitions of the extracts and Alzheimer's treatment was aimed. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined between 20.78 ± 0.25 and 57.97 ± 0.49 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, and it was observed that 'Golden Ducat' had the richest one for total phenolic contentDetermined phenolic acids by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (DDD) for 'Golden Ducat' cultivar were gallic acid and protocatechuic acid; for 'Golden Harvest' cultivar was para-hydroxybenzoic acid; for 'Carlton' cultivar was chlorogenic acid; for 'Cheerfulnes' cultivar was paracoumaric acid and for 'Einstein' cultivar was ferulic acid. In terms of DPPH• radical scavenging activity, the inhibition value of the cultivar 'Einstein' was 23.65 ± 0.73 (at 9.6 x 10-4 concentration), the inhibition value of the cultivar 'Cheerfulnes' was 26.69 ± 1.04 (at 1.8 x 10-3 concentration) and 28.51 ± 0.1 (3.6 x 10-3 concentration). The extract obtained from the cultivar 'Carlton' showed the highest metal-chelating antioxidant activity with 14.61% at 0.2 mg/mL concentration (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA): 77.84). The extract of 'Strong Gold' variety showed higher activity on reducing power measurement with a 50% Effective Concentration (EC50) value of 1.19 (mg/mL) compared to other species (50% Effective Concentration of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) (EC50): 0.21), ascorbic acid EC50: 0.094). The inhibitory activity of AChE was found to be 53.36% (donepezil 92.077% at the same concentration) in the cultivar 'Tête-à-Tête' at 200 µg/mL concentration. For the BChE inhibitory activity, the cultivar 'Tête-à-Tête' was showed 30.25% inhibition at 200 µg/mL and 26.8% inhibition at 100 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleoethnobotanical assemblages from the Northwestern region of North America often yield geophyte subterranean organs, but these carbonized remains are difficult to identify to species or genus level. We examine 11 species (8 genera) of the most ethnographically prevalent Northwest geophyte foods for macro- and micro-morphologic geophyte features, with a focus on bulbs from the Asparagales and Liliales orders. In this contribution, we discuss ethnographic practices which may affect archaeological material and provide digital photographic and quantitative references for both fresh and carbonized geophytes. We determine that pavement epidermal cells are the most diagnostic criteria for identifying bulbs in paleoethnobotanical assemblages. These identification standards provide researchers with comparative material to address questions of plant use, preparation, and stewardship across the greater Northwest Coast and Columbia-Fraser Plateau cultural and geographic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulip is one of the most important bulbous genera in the world’s floriculture. It is known that cold exposure of bulbs before planting is required to break the bulb dormancy and to promote the plant’s flowering. Preparation procedures performed by breeders differ in the duration and the thermal level, and the choice of the procedure depends on the genotype’s sensitivity to temperature; however, little is known about the metabolic responses underlying the different behaviours of the numerous commercial hybrids. We evaluated the influence of two bulb-preparation procedures, 15–18 weeks at 5 ÷ 9 °C, and 9–14 weeks at 2 ÷ 5 °C, in two hybrids of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.), ‘Royal Virgin’ and ‘Ad Rem’, grown hydroponically in a floating system. Tulip plants of the two hybrids responded differently to bulb exposure to low temperatures in terms of early flowering, as this was unaffected by the preparation procedure in ‘Royal Virgin’ (27.1 days from transplanting, on average), while it was earlier after treatment at higher temperatures compared with lower temperatures in ‘Ad Rem’ (24.1 vs. 26.7 days at 5 °C vs. at 9 °C). This different flowering earliness may be related to the diverse metabolic responses enacted by the bulbs for cold acclimation that depended on hybrid x thermal treatment. Plant leaf area and flower stem characteristics were similar in the hybrids and were unaffected by the bulb-preparation procedure.

Hyacinths are used in flowerbed in cities. Plants are exposed to difficult urban conditions prevailing in winter, including notably to soil salinity resulting mainly from the use of sodium chloride. The aim of the study was analysed the response of Hyacinthus orientalis ‘Delft Blue’ to increased concentrations of sodium chloride in the soil. Pots with bulbs were each treated with 100 cm3 of NaCl aqueous solution at a concentration of either 10 g .dm-3 (dose level 1) or 20 g. dm-3 (dose level 2). Pots were irrigated with the NaCl aqueous solution in September or in January of the following year. After keeping the bulbs at a cool temperature for 12 weeks, the plants were grown in a greenhouse where they were assessed in terms of growth parameters and free proline content. The obtained results showed that the growth and the ornamental qualities of Hyacinthus orientalis ‘Delft Blue’ after treatment with sodium chloride were sufficient for recommending this plant for growing in flower beds exposed to salinity of 6.1-8.6 g dm-3. The leaf greenness index and proline content (in the second season) were greater and the length of forcing period was longer (in the second season), when the sodium chloride was applied to the soil on the day of planting bulbs.

Amaryllis belladonna L. is recorded for the first time as a naturalized non-native geophyte new to Tunisian and continental North African flora. Additional information on its current distribution and habitat, a brief morphological description, as well as some taxonomic notes, are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For successful survival and reproduction in various environmental conditions, over the course of evolution, plants have formed a complex of regulatory mechanisms that control their development depending on environmental changes. The transition of plants to sexual reproduction is an important stage in their life cycle, and depending on the growing conditions, different groups of plants choose optimal periods to induce this development program. The initiation of flowering in angiosperms is controlled by a series of complex regulatory pathways that integrate information from the environment, primarily temperature and photoperiod, which are indicators of the changing seasons and thus signals for starting the flowering program. In Arabidopsis thaliana, one of the key regulators of flowering is the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein, a florigen, whose homologs have been found in other angiosperms. This review considers molecular mechanisms of flowering regulation with the participation of FT-like proteins in different plant groups, as well as the role of these proteins in other developmental processes. Particular attention is paid to the evolutionary changes that occurred in FT-like genes during adaptation to certain environmental conditions, as well as during plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lilium spp. is one of important ornamental plant commodities in Indonesia, however development of the plant commercially is constrained by availability of qualified-planting materials. Objective of the study was to test responses of lily types in different vernalization periods on vegetative and generative growth performances under plastic house. Materials used in the research were Lilium bulbs of Lilium longiflorum, L. 'Renata', L. 'Delina', L. 'Liana', Asiatic and local Cipanas lily in 3.5-4.5 cm in diameter. These bulbs were vernalized in 4°C from 6, 7, 8 and 9 weeks, respectively. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications, where lily types were as main plot and vernalization periods as subplot. Results of the study revealed that each type of lily exhibited different performances compared to others. More uniform performances with 8.3 and 5.7 plants flowered per replication, 71.8 and 84.3 days initial flower buds opened and 4.5 and 4.9 cm bulb diameter, respectively were noted on L. 'Renata' and L. 'Delina'. The 4°C for 6 weeks was the optimal vernalization period in producing 6.3 plants flowered per replication with 2.9 flower buds per plant and 4.5 cm bulb diameter. Results of the study implicated that each lily types need different specific conditions for optimal growth performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polianthes tuberosa L. (Amaryllidaceae) is an ornamental and medicinal plant. Its flowers and bulbs are used traditionally as a diuretic, emetic, against rashes and gonorrhea. The aim of this work was, to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bulbs and bulbils alkaloid extracts of P. tuberosa. Antiradical effect was assessed against DPPH radical. However, antimicrobial activity was measured through the disc diffusion method against Escherichae coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus resistant to Methicillin (MRSA) and Candida albicans ATCC 90028. The scavenging effect against DPPH showed that the bulbs and bulbils alkaloids extracts exhibited an antiradical effect with IC50 = 0.231±0.017 mg/mL and 0.233±0.093 mg/mL respectively, less than the effect of vitamin C with IC50 = 0.0194±0.0002 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity results reveal that both alkaloid bulbs extracts at 50 mg/mL did not have any inhibitory effect against the studied strains using the disc diffusion method. According to this work, bulbs and bulbils alkaloid extracts show a moderate antioxidant effect; that could be recommended as a natural antioxidant. Although tuberose bulbs were used traditionally as a soap substitute; bulbs alkaloid extract has no antimicrobial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the chemical profile obtained by HPLC-ESI-MSn analysis, the inhibitory activity of enzymes linked to obesity (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase) and the antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and β-carotene bleaching tests) of ethanol extracts of bulbs (BE) and aerial parts (APE) from Allium commutatum Guss. (known in Italy as "aglio delle isole"). The chemical profile revealed alliin as the main abundant compound with values of 31.5 and 38.8 mg/g extract for BE and APE, respectively. APE is rich also in quercetin (38.5 mg/g extract) and luteolin (31.8 mg/g extract). Bulbs extract exhibited the highest activity as inhibitor of enzymes linked to obesity. Except for DPPH test, APE showed the highest antioxidant potential with IC50 of 7.6 and 56.6 μg/mL in ABTS and β-carotene bleaching test after 60 min of incubation, respectively. In conclusion, the present investigation revealed A. commutatum bulbs and aerial parts as a promising source of inhibitors of enzyme linked to the obesity and of antioxidant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyacinths are used in flowerbed in cities. Plants are exposed to difficult urban conditions prevailing in winter, including notably to soil salinity resulting mainly from the use of sodium chloride. The aim of the study was analysed the response of Hyacinthus orientalis 'Delft Blue' to increased concentrations of sodium chloride in the soil. Pots with bulbs were each treated with 100 cm3 of NaCl aqueous solution at a concentration of either 10 g .dm-3 (dose level 1) or 20 g. dm-3 (dose level 2). Pots were irrigated with the NaCl aqueous solution in September or in January of the following year. After keeping the bulbs at a cool temperature for 12 weeks, the plants were grown in a greenhouse where they were assessed in terms of growth parameters and free proline content. The obtained results showed that the growth and the ornamental qualities of Hyacinthus orientalis 'Delft Blue' after treatment with sodium chloride were sufficient for recommending this plant for growing in flower beds exposed to salinity of 6.1-8.6 g dm-3. The leaf greenness index and proline content (in the second season) were greater and the length of forcing period was longer (in the second season), when the sodium chloride was applied to the soil on the day of planting bulbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]