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An excavation carried out by H. Ziegert in Assel, Stade district in the 1980s brought to light seven graves, which are presented in detail in this article. There are a total of eight inhumations, some of which were furnished with previously unknown, outstanding grave goods. Grave 1 stands out in particular- the buried woman was given a lavish necklace consisting of over 200 individual glass and amber beads in various colours and shapes as well as 21 amber pendants of unusual size and shape, with her grave. There are also objects made of notched and gilded silver Pressblech with a composed bowl brooch and an equal-armed brooch, as well as a glass nub cup, among other things. This combination creates an unusual ensemble that has only a few parallels and on the one hand emphasises the special status that the woman buried here must have had, but on the other hand also provides a new aspect with regard to the question of the regional and supra-regional significance and the integration of the site in the trade and communication system of the Roman Iron Age and migration period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeometallurgical direction in archaeology is defined as an interdisciplinary field that studies all aspects related to the reconstruction of the processes of production and use of metals by human groups. Being a complex interdisciplinary discipline, archaeometallurgy is capable of demonstrating expressive results provided that the methods of archaeology, geochemistry, materials science, mineralogy, geophysics, physical chemistry and a number of other disciplines are integrated. Recently, the constant increase in new archaeological information obtained during excavations of settlement and burial sites of the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages in the territory of the Southern Urals requires the formulation of new research tasks. The proposed article examines in detail six metal products (fragments of boilers, a bow, a bit, a spearhead and a mirror), which were analyzed using modern metallography methods. For the first time, an analysis of the chemical composition of the objects was performed and the features of the alloys used were established. Based on the analogies involved, the question was raised about the methods of producing cast iron utensils at the Yabalakly-1 settlement of the late Middle Ages, as well as non-ferrous metal products from monuments of the Early Iron Age, in addition, with regard to ferrous metallurgy.

In recent decades, there has been a significant increase at the number of studies aimed at the research into archaeological sites dating back to the period of active development of Siberian territories by Russian explorers. The indication of this process is the commenced Christianization of local indigenous population. The study of the burial objects of the Late Medieval and Modern Times allowed assembling representative collections of staurographic materials. The items retrieved during the study of the Num-hibya-siheri VIa burial ground reflect specific features of the use of Christian symbols in the funeral rite. Therefore, this site is considered to be an early Christian monument left behind by indigenous population of the Taz Subarctic, formed under the influence of Christian ideas that spread in the region in the 18th — early 20th century. The Num-hibya-siheri VIa burial ground is located on the right bank of the Num-hibya-siheri creek on the territory of the Mameyev Cape stow, which is 12.5 km south-east of the village of Tazovsky and 2.4 km north-west of the village of Gaz-Sale of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Tyumen Oblast. In 2017–2018, Tazovsky Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of the Problems of Northern Development of the Tyumen Scientific Research Center (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) uncovered 286 m2 of the site. Within the studied area, nine underground pits were investigated, containing the burial of an adult (?) and children (8) aged from newborn infants up to 5- to 7-year-olds. The main components of the funeral rite and inventory testify to the familiarity of the people, who left this burial ground behind, with Christian customs and Christian ritualism. The deceased children are buried in wooden coffins placed inside composite wooden structures, on their backs, with their heads oriented to the western side of the horizon. The interred children are accompanied by an icon pendant with an image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and crosses dedicated to the Great Martyr Barbara and crucified Jesus. The features of the funeral rite and the placement of the articles indicate an initial stage of the Christianization of autochthonous population, combining both Christian and pagan components in the process of burying children. A good preservation of the wooden funerary structures allowed selection of wood samples for dendrochronological (tree-ring) analysis, as a result of which the time interval of the functioning of the Num-hibya-siheri VIa burial ground was determined within the second quarter of the 19th — early 20th century.

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The article deals with the materials of the most unusual of the burial grounds of the Golden Horde Azak. It is located on the eastern border of the city's residential area and is part of the chain of the outer arc of necropolises that girdles it and emerged during the reign of Uzbek Khan. The burial ground is located on both sides of the headwaters of the Kirsanova Balka. 154 burials were investigated on 8 excavations. The burials are very shallow. The grave pits do not form rows, but are grouped in clusters. They include burials very different in rite and often cover each other. All possible variants of inhumation are found. The corpse position is equally variable – from stretched out on the back to severely bent over. Grave goods were found in 24% of the burials. Earrings, beads, rings, knuckle-bone, mirrors and their fragments, knives, fire lighter, scissors and ram's bones were found. Such elements of the ritual as the use of fire, copper ongons, ceramics, and fragmentation of mirrors were established. Some of the burials can be classified as Muslim. They do not form individual areas and are not the latest. Coins found in the burials and on the territory of the burial ground allow dating the necropolis to the first half of the XIV century. Only for some burials it is possible to determine the ethnic and cultural affiliation. The burial ground has no analogies among non-Muslim necropolises of large Golden Horde cities of the XIV century.

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The history of the rise, prosperity, decline and heritage of the Golden Horde has been in the center of attention of Russian and foreign specialists for many decades. In the XIV century the power of the khans of the Golden Horde covered the territory of a large part of modern Russia (except for Eastern Siberia, the Far East and the Far North), northern and western Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Moldova, part of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The modern Penza region territory was part of the Mukhsha Ulus, the northwestern district of the Golden Horde, bordering the Principality of Ryazan. Trade caravans to Rus and back from Bolgar, the Lower Volga cities and Khwarazm moved through the region. The study of archaeological sites of the Golden Horde period in the Penza Oblast began in the late XIX and continued in the early XX century. V.M. Teryokhin, A.A. Spitsyn, I.F. Sadin and A.A. Krotkov were the fi rst to identify the scientific potential of the Narovchat settlement and the nearby burial grounds for future generations of archaeologists and historians. Later, new settlements of the Golden Horde period, trade routes were found, and artifacts – jewelry, ceramics, numismatic finds were studied. Research results over the past thirty years were presented in scientifi c articles by G.N. Belorybkin, V.A. Vinnichek and K.M. Vinnichek, O.V. Golubev, Yu.A. Zeleneyev, E.D. Zilivinskaya, and O.V. Melnichenko. The study of already discovered and the search for new Golden Horde archaeological sites continues.

The article deals with the paleoanthropological analysis of the skeletons unearthed from the Myntobe necropolis and dated to the II – IV centuries AD. Myntobe necropolis is located 2 km south of Gani Muratbayev village in the Keles district of Turkestan province. The burial ground consists of more than 600 randomly located mounds of various sizes. All mounds have a dirt embankment. Archaeological excavations were carried out at the burial ground in 2017 and 2022, as a result of which burials in the catacombs and naus were unearthed. An analysis of the burial tradition and recovered material allows researchers to speak about the belonging of these burials to the Kangli tribes. Since the burials date back to the Kangli period, the theoretical part reveals the issues of the location and political structure of the tribes and, most importantly, the determination of the paleopathology of the Myntobints by conducting a macroscopic analysis of the discovered skeletons. The results of the analysis allowed for drawing preliminary conclusions about lifestyle, social life, and nutritional status. When writing the theoretical part of the article, electronic textbooks and resources from the book fund of the National Library of Kazakhstan and the library of the International Kazakh-Turkish University named after Kozh Ahmet Yasawi were used. In total, 9 skeletons were selected for paleoanthropological and paleopathological analysis, from mounds No. 3, No. 6, and No. 7. Paleoanthropological reasoning in the main section is written on the basis of materials in Turkish and English from the collections of Turkish libraries. The skeletons found were analyzed macroscopically and many diseases were identified, such as osteoarthritis (joint deformity), osteopathy, ankylosing spondylitis, heel spurs, thickening of the cranial bone, and deformity of the mandibular joint. Preliminary conclusions about the paleopathology of the discovered skeletons are made.

In 1988, in one of the burial mounds near the village. Rybinsk in the North-Eastern Azov region, a bone product was discovered, which was originally called a cheek-piece, but ultimately remained unidentified. Later it turned out that the cultural, and, consequently, the chronological position of the burial is undisputed. This short article again draws attention to an incomprehensible bone product from the North-Eastern Sea, because an analogy appeared – a bone product from a kind of Neolithic burial ground in the Bom Santo cave (southcentral Portugal), discovered in 1993 and partially explored in 1994-1995, 1997, 2001. The product from the Bom Santo cave was tentatively called a «flute», but the authors of the find are not sure that this is a musical instrument, and ultimately the find in this case also remained uncertain. Despite the significant territorial and cultural heterogeneity of the two bone finds, I consider it useful to compare them, especially since the chronological position of the item from the Sea of Azov can be significantly omitted and not differ so much now from the dating of the bone find from the Bom Santo cave.

The article discusses the results of rescue archaeological work on the territory of the identified object of cultural heritage "Bolshye Pamyaly village. Burial ground", located in the Kilemarsky district of the Republic of Mari El. The research was carried out by the archaeological expedition of the Mari State University under the leadership of B.S. Solovyov. Excavations were carried out on the territory of laying communications to the building of the school under construction. During the construction, part of the archaeological site was destroyed. During the work, two male and two female burials were discovered, oriented to the west. Ornaments and details of women's costume characteristic of the Mari culture were found within women's burials. Male burials are accompanied by household equipment and tools. All the burials contained numismatic material sufficient to date the burial ground to the second half of the XVIII century. The information obtained during the study of the burial ground is significant for characterizing the historical, cultural, religious and economic aspects of the life of the Mari population in the Russian Empire.

Introduction. Despite the long history of archaeological research in Central Kazakhstan, many aspects of culture inherent to its medieval nomadic population remain understudied. So, the ninety-year-long excavations of eighth-to-twelfth century sites have shaped certain ideas about the latter primarily on the basis of statuary objects and thirteen sanctuary-type facilities with varying structural patterns. Funeral rites can be traced only in one attributed burial discovered in cultural layers of the Bronze Age settlement of Kent. Goals. The study attempts a complete historical summary of investigations into eighth-to-twelfth century sites across Central Kazakhstan, and introduces into scientific circulation some newly discovered material from the site of Belagash. Materials and methods. All the studied objects of Belagash are rather similar graveside structures in the form of unsodded stone mounds sized 2–3 to 13 m. Unfortunately, facilities nos. 1–3 were looted and have yielded only scarce finds that provide insufficient data for any reconstruction of rituals. And since such graveside structures can to some extent be traced in both Early Iron Age and medieval monuments, the question of their dating shall be left open for the time being. Results. Facility no. 4 is of utmost interest. Its formal typological features attest to it may cluster with eighth/ninth-to-eleventh century sites. It was containing some scattered horse remains accompanied by an iron stirrup, a buckle, a bronze belt tip, and an appliqué plaque. Typological characteristics of the stirrup are crucial to identifying the historical period in question: analogues from the Irtysh River valley and the Altai may date the investigated site to the eighth/ninth throughout eleventh centuries CE. Conclusions. It is urgent to emphasize the significance of the material from Belagash since the latter does add to the meager data on the culture of Central Kazakhstan’s population at the final stage of the Early Middle Ages.

The article presents the results of studying of materials from the burials of the Eneolithic – Bronze Age in the White Sea basin and adjacent regions. An analysis of received data made it possible to identify for the first time changes in the composition of the burial goods and the spatial structure of the burial grounds of ancient hunters and fishermen who lived in the White Sea region in the IV – II millennium BC. The results of the study make it possible to judge the local and chronological features of the burial rite of the ancient population in the region, the directions and nature of its relationship and can serve as the basis for reconstructing the worldview of prehistoric people. The chronology of the burial grounds has been established mainly by identifying analogies in the burial goods and settlement complexes, dated on the basis of radiocarbon data and analysis of the altitudinal location of archaeological sites above sea level (Western White Sea region and Kola Peninsula). The author also publishes materials from five burial complexes, studied in the southwestern part of the White Sea basin.

The paper considers the red deer teeth and their replicas with through holes, according to the presence of which these items can be classified as adornments in burial complexes and hoards. Geographically applied sources cover the territories from the Dnieper–Dniester interfluve to the Volga region within the boundaries of the steppe and forest-steppe zones and the Caucasus. The chronological interval includes the Neolithic and the Eneolithic periods (VI–IV millennium BC). Deer teeth appeared as a "hunting" decoration detail of the burial costume in the burials of the Neolithic. During the Eneolithic these finds began to accompany buried individuals with prestigious sets of burial goods, emphasizing the special social status of their owner. The presence of deer teeth with holes and their replicas in the hoards from the agricultural area to the west of the Dnieper also indicates the special role of these findings. There is a tendency of spreading bone replicas – copies of adornments from the original deer teeth in the Eneolithic. This can be connected with the development of the producing economy, weakening of the role of hunting, shortage of raw materials, and also with the change of value orientations realized in burial practice. In the Bronze Age adornments, made of deer teeth, almost completely disappear throughout the territory under consideration.

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Copyright of Archaeologia Historica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Budapesten kora rézkori temetkezések csak településekről vagy elszórtan ismertek. Jelenleg egyedülálló a XVII. ker. Rákoscsaba-Majorhegy, észak lelőhelyen előkerült több sírt magában foglaló, önálló temetkezési hely. A temetkezések két területileg is elkülönülő csoportot alkotnak, közöttük a mellékletadásban és a halottakkal való bánásmódban is eltérések mutatkoznak. E jelenség mögött a térség összekötő és közvetítő szerepe, de társadalmi, identitás béli tényezők is meghúzódhatnak. Early Copper Age burials in the territory of Budapest had primarily been known from the contemporary settlements or were discovered as lone graves. The burial ground investigated at Rákoscsaba, Major-hegy north, in Budapest, District XVII., consisting of several inhumations is still unique in this regard. The discovered graves formed two separate groups; this spatial distinction was also reflected by the treatment of the deceased and the variety of grave goods present at the site. The distinction between burials could be explained either by the location and the role the site played in the network of interactions, or by social, economic factors, but it may also be considered as expressions of local identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Human skulls study occupies a special place in anthropology due to a significant informational role of this part of the skeleton in determining both general (group) and individual features enabling restoration of individual physical topology and lifetime appearance. The paper provides the anthropological type description of the ancient population from the Lower Volga region according to the data of craniology and sculptural anthropological reconstruction of the face from the skull. In the course of the study, two female and two male skulls were craniologically analyzed using the typological approach. Sculptural anthropological reconstructions were obtained for three skulls: the two female and one male. Reconstruction of the external appearance of the face from the skull of the second male skull was carried out using a digital method. Anthropological type featuring of the two female skulls from the Srubna culture and the pre-Sauromatian time burials allows us to determine their type as a Long-headed Caucasoids, predominant among the Late Bronze Age population. The male skulls of the Early Iron Age are also characterized by Caucasoid features, but they have a brachycranial skull and a weakened horizontal profiling of the face. The presence of a long-headed Caucasoid complex on the female skull from the pre-Sauromatian burial, combined with a crouched on the left side funeral rite, suggests that the studied individuals had a partial continuity from the Bronze Age population. The morphological features of the Sauromatian and Early Sarmatian skulls have analogies in the synchronous population of Western Kazakhstan, Southern Urals and the Lower Volga region. Visualization of the bone structures of the facial skull gives an idea of how the population from the Lower Volga region looked like in different eras.

For the first time, the article introduces into scientific circulation the materials obtained during the excavations of the Dal’niy (Vydrin) soil burial ground in the Bolshesoldatsky district of the Kursk region (the upper reaches of the Sudzhа River – the left-bank basin of the Dnieper). In the course of research in 2021, a burial of a man of 35–40 years old was discovered, accompanied by a large amount of pottery, a glass goblet and weapons. The article provides a detailed description of the burial and grave goods, which included 16 vessels (pots, bowls, a jug, a vase, pottery and glass goblets, two brass buckles, a brass fibula, an armchair, an amber mushroom-shaped pendant, a whip part, a cutout blade in a sheath with a belt ring. The data of the anthropological examination of the remains carried out by Irina Reshetova (the Institute of Archeology, Russian Academy of Sciences) demonstrating a physically developed male subjected to regular physical exertion and constant horse riding, which formed a complex of individual signs and features. The blade was placed at the head of the buried individual; due to preservation of the organic matter it was possible to identify it as a dagger in a wooden sheath made from a fragment of a Damascus steel sword with a complex pattern on the blade, the scabbard was suspended using a simple ring with a bracket. These observations introduce new important data into the discussion about the functional purpose of a category of finds widespread in Europe mainly related to the 4th – 5th centuries. Taking into account the traditions of the Chernyakhov funeral rite, the buried individual can be attributed to representatives of the military nobility. As a result of a detailed typological analysis of chronological indicators from the burial, and primarily buckles and a glass goblet, the authors have come to conclusion that the burial date is later relative to the chronology of Chernyakhov antiquities, most likely within late 4th century –early 5th century. The representative of the tribal nobility, as well as some other individuals buried in the burial ground, could have been serving in the court of highest nobility representatives in the barbarian society of the area. In the immediate vicinity of the necropolis, there is a unique single “princely” burial in the village of Bol’shoy Kamenets (known in the literature as the so-called “Starosudzhansky (Old Sudzha) treasures” of 1918/1927). For the present, the discovery of a military burial of such level with weapons and rich inventory is unique for the Dnieper left-bank area of the Chernyakhov culture.

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Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the history of the study of medieval Kasimov – the capital of the Kasimov Khanate (mid-15th – late 17th centuries). The stages of archaeological study have been highlighted. The results of archaeological research in 2008–2021 are presented. Historical objects of the medieval city have been localized. The original location of the city of Kasimov during the Khan period, also known as Gorodets Meshchersky, Tsarev Gorodok, Kasimov of the 13th – first half of the 16th centuries, is linked to the area of Old Posad. Geophysical studies of the Staroposadskoye Tatar cemetery revealed the remains of several mausoleums. The beginning of the formation of the cultural layer has been revealed – not earlier than the middle of the 16th century within the area of the Tatarskaya Gora and the Tatarskaya Sloboda. The continuity of the development of medieval settlements has been traced from the Kasimov archaeological complex (the settlement of Zemlyanoy Strug, the village of Dorofeyevo Pole) till the Gorodets Meshchersky (13th – first half of the 16th century) and the khan's capital. The time of the formation of the historical core of the medieval city and the stages of the development of territories have been established archaeologically. Prospects for further research are given.

The Tasmola Culture of Central Kazakhstan, dated to the 8th–5th centuries BC, was discovered more than half a century ago by M.K. Kadyrbaev. He studied dozens of kurgans, on the materials of which he characterized the mortuary rites and funerary equipment of the new culture at a high professional level. On the basis of the materials from the burial sites, he for the first time considered the features of the economic activity of the population of the Saka period in Central Kazakhstan. Recent materials, including those obtained from the settlements, make it possible to largely extend the existing conclusions and assumptions of those years. At the settlement of Abylai, located in the territory of the Karaganda Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, six seasons of archaeological excavations were carried out in 2016–2021. First results of the traceological analysis of stone tools from this site have already been published by the authors. In this paper, we report the results of the traceological study of a new series of stone tools from the Abylai settlement. In 2021, 254 stone objects were examined, functions of 202 of which were determined. As the analysis showed, 185 tools were used in various economic areas. The remaining 15 items were identified as kitchen utensils; there was also one mortar for grinding paints and one small altar (‘credence’), which is very often found in the burials of this culture. The 185 tools are divided into 5 classes, each of which belongs to a certain area of economic activity (ancient industries). Among those, 92 articles (49.73 % of the total number) are tools for the earthworks. Fifty articles (27.03 %) belong to the class of grinding tools. These are pestles and upper and lower grindstones, which were used for grinding plant products. Next 26 tools (14.05 %) were used in the processing of skins (tanning industry). Thirteen tools (7.03 %) were used in metalworking, including the work with iron products. Four tools (2.16 %) were used to process bone and wood. Among the results obtained, of a particular importance are the finds of numerous hoes and grating tools, as well as tools for metalworking, on which traces of iron surface are clearly identified. In addition to the whetstones, used for dressing knives and other iron objects, the new series of tools contains stone anvils, on the working surface of which some iron scale preserves.

The paper presents an overview of a unique Maeotian horse bridle assemblage from the cemetery of Starokorsunskaya settlement No. 2 located on the right bank of the Kuban river. The horse was buried lying with its abdomen in a ventral position, its legs folded up underneath its abdomen, its face turned east-north-east. The eastern part of the burial construction was damaged and collapsed into the storage reservoir. It is possible that the person‘s burial who was accompanied by the horse, also disintegrated. Two iron socketed arrowheads dating back to the 6th – 3rd centuries BC were found between the horse ribs. In the horse’s teeth there were two-piece iron bits with rigid check-devices; more than six sets of iron single-gnawed bits lay next to the horse. Two-piece iron bits were equipped with rigid check-devices in the form of short crosses, the ends of which were forged into blades with sharp small teeth (variant B). The check-devices of this variant were recorded in the Maeotian culture of the second quarter – middle 4th century BC, and possibly existed throughout the first half of the next century. However, the latest assemblages with such check-devices from the sites on the right bank of the Kuban river dating back precisely to the beginning – the first quarter of the 3rd century BC according to the amphorae containers. A group of single-gnawed bits consisted of six sets with cheek-pieces of different types. The bits themselves (except for one set) are pseudo-twisted, with a movable ring at one end and a cheek-piece at the other. Cheek-pieces with an 8-shaped widening in the middle are of two different types. Three pairs of bits are equipped with a pseudo-twisted rod-shaped cheek-pieces, the other three blade cheek-pieces with conical and moon-shaped pendants. Cheeks of these types do not yet have close analogies either in the Maeotian or in the Scythian culture, and the singlegnawed bits were never found anywhere before. According to cross-shaped rigid check-devices on two-piece bits, the chronology of the burial is limited to the second quarter of the 4th – beginning of the 3rd century BC. The set of single-gnawed bits was most likely intended for training young horses on the lane. The presence of six sets of such bits in the burial probably indicates that a horse-breaker was buried there

Abstract. According to available archaeological materials, there is no earthenware pottery in the Tasmola graves. This feature of the funeral rite was specifically noted in early publications of materials belonging to this culture discovered in 1966. In the 21st century, the available sources of the material significantly expanded, new categories of monuments, including the kurgans of the elite and settlements were discovered. The increased interest in Tasmola ceramics can be explained by the fact that some ceramics were found in the new mounds, and the possibility of comparing them with pottery from earlier settlements arose. New studies have confirmed the absence of earthenware pottery in the graves. At the same time, available data on “kurgan ceramics” are currently increasing. Occasionally whole vessels but more often their fragments were found in the course of excavations in the upper part of the kurgan. This situation is typical for the burial sites of the early Saka time of the Sayano-Altai. period, where fragments of earthenware pottery were also found in the upper part of the structure. The report presents the results of a technical and technological analysis of ceramics from the two kurgans of the Tasmola culture. Sixteen fragments belonging to 8 vessels were found in kurgan 1 of the Kyzylzhartas burial ground. There were 40 fragments from 7 vessels in kurgan 1 of the burial ground Karazhartas-2. Both burial grounds are located at a distance of 2.6 km from each other on the territory of the Shet district of the Karaganda region. The studied burial mounds date back to the 7th–5th centuries BC. According to external features, the ceramics from the two burial mounds are very close to each other. The results of technical and technological analysis showed that, in terms of manufacturing methods, this ceramics is similar to pottery from the settlements of Central Kazakhstan.

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Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the presented contribution, we are devoted to finds of Roman-provincial ceramics from the region of Moravia, Czech Republic, specifically the area of the present-day South Moravian, Zlín and Olomouc regions. In terms of time, the work is limited to the Roman period. In the region of Moravia, Roman-provincial pottery was discovered in 11 locations, in approximately 41 graves. In total, around 450 fragments/vessels were found in the burial grounds. In terms of numbers, it was most represented in the Šitbořice, Modřice and Velké Hostěrádky burial grounds. Roman-provincial ceramics were also found in the Kostelec na Hané, Mikulov, Nedakonice, Velatice, Hroznová Lhota, Miroslav and Znojmo burial grounds. Fine yellow-orange ceramics, fine gray ceramics, glazed ceramics and terra sigillata are mainly represented. Among the shapes, jugs, ring bowls and mortars are mainly represented. The role of this pottery in burials is question-able. As the finds from Šitbořice show, the ceramics found in the layers may not come from destroyed graves. It could be related to burial rituals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cemeteries are often seen as monofunctional spaces for burial and mourning and, within the dynamically changing urban fabric, as a planning conundrum. Long periods of stability have also turned these untouched and hidden places into refugia for nature and wildlife. In booming and dense cities with high land use pressures and housing shortages, in particular, as the amount of burial ground needed per citizen decreases and burial cultures change, the cemetery has become a contested nature, as a simultaneous space of emotion, commerce and community. We revisited the diversity and ontogenesis of cemeteries, and the interactions with neighboring uses of the urban matrix. Our review demonstrates a wide range of different ecosystem services of urban cemeteries, beyond potential as hotspots of culture and biodiversity. We highlight their multifunctional character and the need for a holistic and trans-disciplinary evaluation using multistakeholder approaches to further develop cemeteries as a crucial element of sustainable urban landscapes.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the preliminary results of studying of the Pinchuga-6 burial ground n the Lower Angara region. This site is the first large necropolis of the late Iron Age to be explored in the region. 16 cremated burials on the side were recorded at the necropolis. Eventually 30 individuals of different ages were identified. The research revealed single children’s and adults’ burials, collective and paired complexes. In the collective complexes the remains of three or five people are buried. Based on the results the main features of the funeral ceremony were identified. Among the finds from the burial ground and the inter-burial ground space are weapons, tools, ceramic vessels, objects of Western Siberian cult casting and adornments. According to the analogy, the burial ground dates back to the second quarter of the 1st millennium AD. In addition materials of the Tashtyk and Late Kulai guises have been collected at the site along with local elements of the Lower Angara region.

A comprehensive study of the Golden Horde costume involves the study of not only clothing, but also numerous elements of accessories indicating the social status, practically complementing and completing the image. One of these elements is a “boktag” – an intricate headdress of a noble married woman. In 1968-69, the Bashkir-Berkutov barrows were excavated in the Kugarchinsky region of the Republic of Bashkortostan by the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The purpose of the publication is to analyze the preserved details and jewelry from the “boktag” female headdress. The paper considers the birch bark frames from two burials, as well as an amulet box and preserved fragments of fabric. The analogies to this birch-bark structure revealed in the Novy Kumak III, Khabarny I sites as well as the burial mounds Kara-Oba, Shlyakhovsky III, Guva III mounds are detailed. The thorough study of this type of frames is a step towards a unifi ed typology for boktag headdress.

The paper presents an analysis of the most studied Neolithic cultures of the forest belt from Scandinavia and the Eastern Baltic States to the Volga-Kama region and the Urals (7th-4th Millennia BC). The analysis was carried out using the following elements of the Neolithic package: ceramics, polished woodworking tools, long-term dwellings, large burial grounds, shrines and imported items. In the course of the study, the materials representing 16 archaeological cultures of this region were collected by the author. As a result, the most developed Neolithic cultures of the forest belt were identified, with due account of the currently existing data. The most common features – ceramics and polished woodworking tools – were also identified. The rare feature is the presence of shrines. Conclusions are made on the level of development of the studied cultures.

The study of the peculiarities of the armament of the Pianobor tribes is an urgent direction of modern archaeological science. The purpose of this article is to isolate and then analyze the sets of weapons for the male burials of the Yuldashevsky burial ground of the Pyanobor archaeological culture of the Early Iron Age. The problem of the study is to reconstruct the nature of the military culture of one local group in the Pianobor society. The novelty of the work is the fact that the totality of weapons in the burial, the weapon set, is considered within the framework of one specific archaeological monument, and not as a whole in terms of culture.The Yuldashevsky burial ground belongs to one of the necropolises of the Pianobor culture, where an increased content of weapons is noted. The occurrence as well as the combination of a certain type of weapon in the burial inventory makes it possible to distinguish weapon sets, as well as to designate popular types of weapons among a specific group of the drunken population. Applying the comparative-historical method, including the method of statistics and chronology, it was possible to focus on the number of weapon sets, their filling with weapons, the time frame of some weapons, and its similarity with the Kara-Abyz set of weapons. As well as the Kara-Abyz, the Pianobor culture inherited a set of weapons characteristics of the Ananyin time. Its indispensable attributes are: a) polearms in the form of spears with small points; b) arrowheads made of different materials ‒ bronze, iron and bone, with the domination of the latter in quiver sets; c) long single-edged blades ‒ combat knives. Despite the relative proximity of the habitat of the Pianobor tribes to the Sarmatian world, the latter did not have a significant impact on the armament complex of the Pyanobor tribes. Moreover, in the drunken environment, its own standardized weapon set was formed, represented by various variations in the mutual occurrence of a bow, spear and a combat knife.

The article is devoted to typology and chronology of swords and daggers without a metal pommel from the Maeotian cemeteries of the right bank of the Kuban. We took into account 57 pieces of this type of weapon from closed complexes. In this paper, we use the typological scheme of A.M. Khazanov, developed on the materials of the Sarmatian armament. The Maeotian swords and daggers of mentioned group are divided into three types: 1 – swords and daggers with a rain-guard; 2 – swords and daggers without a rain-guard, the blade and the hilt make an obtuse angle; 3 – swords and daggers without rain-guards, the blade and the hilt make a right angle. Metal tangs of hilts differ by shape and size; thus they are divided into two variants: “a” – rectangular or triangular; “b” – a long pin. The swords of the “a” variant had wooden overlays on the handles, sometimes fastened with rivets or winding, and the handles of the “b” variant swords were mounted on a tang. Chronological dating of the burials indicates that bladed weapon of this type appears among the Maeotians of the Kuban right bank in the beginning of the 1st cent. AD and remains there until the middle of the 3rd cent. AD. And the main time of its use is the 1–2 cent. A.D. Swords and daggers of all types from Maeotian assemblages have existed at the same time, just like ones from the Sarmatian burials of the Lower Volga region. But, unlike the Sarmatian sites with no predominance of any particular sword type, the Maeotians show clear advantage of type 2 blades.

Copyright of CEDRUS is the property of Mediterranean Civilisations Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the materials from burial No. 53 of the Staroe Kirgizovo burial ground of the Pyany Bor culture from the territory of the Ik and Belaya interfluve (excavations of 2016). The burial is approximately dated to the second half of the 1st century BC – the 1st century AD. It was a burial of a 7–8–year old child which contained a large and partly unique inventory, which was vary different from the average children's burials with scarce inventory of this cultural community. The buried was accompanied with various costume adornments made of bronze and bone, bladed and ranged weapons (a combat knife and a set of iron and bone arrowheads). Of particular interest is the accompanying complex of carved upper and lower jaws of small carnivorous animals. This set of finds is interpreted by the authors of the paper as hunting trophies of the buried boy.

The Murzikha II burial ground is a multicultural necropolis which operated for several thousand years from the Eneolithic to the Early Iron Age. This paper addresses the burials of the Late Bronze Age belonging to the Lugovskaya culture. Most of the burials were performed with the deceased in a crouched position on the left side, and only one burial was performed using a cremation rite. The space between graves contained sacrificial complexes consisting of broken vessels. The burial items are represented by flat-bottomed ceramics and metal objects, whereby all metal items were found in burials which did not contain ceramics. Some of the vessels were decorated in the tradition of the Pozdniakovo culture. The most notable find is a double-edged dagger belonging to Loboikovka-Derbeden group of metal items of the Late Bronze Age. Another unusual metal find was a cast bronze bead. The stratigraphy and radiocarbon analysis data and analogies make it possible to suggest that two chronologically different groups of burials of the Lugovskaya culture exist in the burial ground: early, organized in groups, and late - single burials. For single burials, the following radiocarbon age was determined - 1538–1400 BC.

The paper for the first time publishes the Iron Age materials discovered as a result of archaeological research near the Raşcov village in the Middle Dniester left-bank region. A small site with a total area of 66 m² was investigated during the fieldwork. Constructions and artifacts, including fragments of hand-shaped pottery were found during the excavations. Among the discovered objects there are the remains of two archaeological structures. One of them, most likely was a dwelling structure, and the other was a household pit. The finds represent a fragment of an anthropomorphic figurine, two spindle whorls, and a well-preserved iron knife with a deer antler handle. Other finds are an assemblage of hand-shaped pottery, which includes fragments of pots, bowls, and cups. An urn found in situ together with human bones should be singled out among the hand-made pottery as the most significant find. Thus, the analysis of the material collected during the excavations showed that a new settlement of the Iron Age and a burial ground adjacent to it (?) were discovered in the surroundings of the village of Raşcov. The pottery assemblage from the site indicates its belonging to the Getae culture and, together with the discovered funerary urn, dates back to the 5th-3rd centuries BC.

Introduction. The article discusses the demographic characteristics of the population of the Crimean Tatar village of Karmysh-Kelechi of the 16th – 18th centuries based on the materials of Fontan-1 burial ground. Methods and materials. Research procedures included the construction of mortality tables that characterize the sequence of extinction of a certain generation of people or general patterns of changes in mortality for cohorts of the population with a similar order of extinction. The mortality tables contain various demographic indicators that were analyzed during the study. Results. As a result of the analysis, the author has found out the main demographic indicators of this population. These include a high mortality rate of children from newborn to 4 years with a predominance of children under 1 year; a slight predominance of the male population over the female; the average age of death for children was 20.6; the average age of death of the adult population – 36.5.; men lived three years longer than women. Moreover, in women, two peaks of mortality occur during the childbearing period and are probably associated with the stress that accompanies the female body during pregnancy and childbirth. The distribution of the male mortality reflects the natural process of aging and death. It is possible that the high infant mortality rate, as well as the lower average age of death, may be due to adverse external factors. The comparative analysis of the demographic indicators of the population who left Fountain-1 burial ground with synchronous groups shows that they all correspond to the indicators of populations of the Early Modern times and do not get out of the general context.

The paper addresses the historical topography of the medieval Kasimov – capital of Kasimov Khanate (mid-15th – late 17th centuries). The stages of archaeological studies are analyzed. The results of archaeological studies in 2008–2018 are presented. The historical sites of the medieval town are localized. The Stary Posad area is associated with the original location of the town of Kasimov in the Khan's period, also known as Gorodets Meshchersky of the 14thth – first half of the 15th centuries. No layers or items related to the period of the reign of Qasim Khan in the mid–15th – early 16th centuries have been identified in the area of the Khan's Court. The establishment of the cultural layer in the Khan’s court area occurs not earlier than the mid-16th century during the rule of Khan Shah Ali. The continuity of the development of medieval settlements is traced from the Kasimov archaeological complex (Zemlyanoy Strug settlement, Dorofeevo Pole village) to Gorodets Meshchersky (the 13th – first half of the 16th centuries) and the Khan's capital. The authors archaeologically established the time period of the establishment of the historical core of the medieval town, and the development stages of its areas.

The paper reports data on the reliable burials of the Eneolithic and Bronze Age in the territory of the Komi Republic. The author identified the circumstances that influenced the small number of this type of sites and poor information content. The context and inventory of the burials at the Ulyanovo site and Vis II settlement have been analyzed. As a result the question about the cultural affiliation and age of these burials arose. The author proposed solutions to this issue, among which it is most likely variant was considered that the buried persons were the representatives of the Garino culture. Time of these funeral events is determined by 3rd – 1st half of IId millennia BC – the period which in the north of the taiga zone corresponds to the Eneolithic, and in the regions to the south – the Bronze Age. It is also likely that these artifacts such as copper and amber decorations in the studied burials were status (prestigious) and therefore were objects of exchange, but were not the evidences of direct migrations of the creators of these items from one region to another. At the same time, the author does not exclude that such items could also appear in the environment of mobile taiga hunter-gatherers as a result of grave robberies, successful random finds, etc.

The article studies a stone bead bracelet found in an Early Bronze Age burial of the Elunino archaeological culture during the excavation of the Teleut Vzvoz-I burial ground (heterogeneous in time) in the south of Western Siberia (Forest-Steppe Altai). According to a series of calibrated radiocarbon dates, the Elunino burial ground at the Teleut Vzvoz-I site was used in the 22nd–18th centuries BC. The artefact under study was found in double burial No. 16 of the indicated burial ground, on the wrist of an adult (gender is not established). The bracelet in-cludes 66 stone beads, as well as one stone base. This piece of jewellery is unique in terms of technique, as well as the sacral meaning embedded in it. The ornament found on the beads bears no analogies to those discovered in the well-known Bronze Age archaeological sites of Western and Eastern Siberia. The present publication con-siders the morphological and raw material characteristics of the bracelet, as well as the specifics of its production and use. In this study, trace analysis was performed, i.e. the analysis of macro- and micro-traces left on the sur-face of the item as a result of its production and subsequent use. All traces were examined using an MBS-10 stereoscopic microscope at a magnification of ×16–56. It was found that some of the beads in the bracelet were made of serpentinite. The nearest sources of this stone are at least 250–300 km away from Teleut Vzvoz-I. The beads are made by counter-drilling, drilling of blind holes, polishing and grinding. This find is unique due to orna-mental compositions found on several beads in the form of oblique notches on side faces. The extremely small size of the beads (average diameter of 3.3 mm; average thickness of 1.4 mm) makes the pattern invisible to the naked eye. Thus, it is concluded that the ornament had a sacred meaning, and the bracelet itself served as an amulet. Despite no finds of ornamented bracelets dating back to the Bronze Age in Western Siberia and adjacent territories, typologically the bracelet bears analogies to the antiquities of the Okunevo culture, the Yamna cultural and historical community, as well as in the materials of the Bronze Age archaeological site of Gonur Depe (Turk-menistan). The study of the bracelet demonstrates the relevance of performing trace analysis of such items from other archaeological sites.

Magnetic prospecting of burial grounds is still a great challenge in the field of archaeological geophysics. Some graves appear as positive anomalies, whereas others do not generate any traces or even show up by negative anomalies. This study involves ground magnetic survey, rock magnetic and magnetic mineralogy examinations of soils to determine factors responsible for the formation of magnetic anomalies on Late Roman time burial grounds of Chernyakhiv–Sântana de Mureş archaeological culture located in the forest‐steppe of Ukraine. We surveyed these sites by a total magnetic field caesium magnetometer in order to target the archaeological excavations. We sampled infill from graves excavated under positive anomalies and profiles of background soils to analyse the enhancement of induced and remanent magnetization. In the laboratory, we examined magnetic mineralogy and measured various magnetic parameters and ratios characterizing concentration and granulometry of ferrimagnetic phase of soils. For further explanations of the magnetic anomalies, we created 3D synthetic magnetic models of the studied objects and compared the calculated total field anomalies with field measurements by their intensity and size. Here, we show how positive magnetic anomalies of destroyed burials are generated when a destruction pit remains open and later topsoil material gradually refilled it with aid of precipitation water. In this case, the infill layers acquire detrital remanence of the same intensity as the topsoil. Such burials are the best targets for magnetic survey. However, archaeological excavations revealed both intact and destroyed inhumations that caused no magnetic disturbance. Obviously, they were refilled immediately after digging/destruction, so that natural remanence of the infill remains mechanically destroyed. The study of this specific category of archaeological monuments brought us closer in the understanding the formation of magnetic anomalies in soil‐filled features and showed the potential and limitations of magnetic prospection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity is fundamental to the provision of ecosystem services that benefit urban communities, yet one type of green space is largely overlooked in ecological research and local governance: urban burial grounds. Their longevity, profound importance to society, and ubiquitous nature, provide unique opportunities for urban biodiversity. However, there has been little scientific exploration of their potentials. To quantify biodiversity in urban burial grounds, a low impact methodology for the capture of flying beetles was developed and deployed at 20 sites in southern England. To the authors' knowledge this work represents the largest sampling of burial grounds in a single study. We used Generalized linear Mixed Models to examine the influence of weather, local demographic variables, urban landscape and burial ground vegetation management on the abundance of flying beetles. We found significant variability in beetle assemblages over time and between burial grounds. Burial ground age was not significantly associated with flying beetle abundance, challenging long-standing assumptions about older burial grounds being more valuable for biodiversity. Increasing area of domestic gardens and hedgerows in the surrounding urban landscape was positively associated with beetle abundance, whereas the most significant negative association was with burial ground size. Additionally, management of burial grounds significantly influenced beetle abundance: more stringent regimes typically resulted in lower abundance, but sites with horticultural landscaping or biodiversity-focused regimes exhibited higher abundances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]