Search

The study proposed improving the arsenic encapsulation efficiency (EE) in liposomes and make it pH responsive. Liposomes were prepared using the ethanol injection method (EIM), thin film dispersion method (TFM), and CAGM with sodium arsenite (NaAsO2). The orthogonal experimental was used to optimize the preparation conditions of the CAGM. The arsenic-carrying liposomes were characterized by polydispersity index (PDI), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in vitro release experiments, and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrum (ICP). The toxicity was investigated by rat glioma cells (C6) and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). The results indicated that the CAGM can effectively improve the EE of NaAsO2 and has a pH response compared with EIM and TFM. The size of nanoparticles prepared by CAGM was 118.8±56.67 nm, the arsenic EE was 54.3±9.82%, the drug loading rate was 7.13±0.72% (P<0.01), pH sensitivity was shown at pH 5.5. The optimal parameters of the CAGM were 3 mg NaAsO2, 5:1 egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) to cholesterol (CHOL), and 240 mmol/L calcium acetate (CaAC2). The results showed that the CAGM has good biocompatibility and is one of the effective ways to improve the NaAsO2 encapsulation rate and pH response in liposome nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The increase in serum phosphorus level is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with chronic renal failure or undergoing dialysis due to end-stage renal disease. (1) Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the general name given to agents used to suppress stomach acid. In this study, the clinical benefit of using PPIs in addition to drugs used for phosphorus control was investigated. Methods: 153 patients with end-stage renal disease were included in the study. The data of the patients who had been on hemodialysis for at least 6 months and using calcium acetate for at least 1 month were recorded in the SPSS 21 program. The patients were analyzed in two groups according to whether they used PPI or not. Anamnesis, patient follow-up, laboratory, and treatment forms collected from hemodialysis centers were used. Results: Of the 153 patients in the study, 49% were males and the mean age was 65.11±11.23. The mean duration of patients on dialysis was 48.5 months. Hypertension was found to be the most common comorbidity with 75.8% prevalence among the patients. The mean phosphorus levels of the patients using calcium acetate together with PPI were found to be approximately 1.2 mg/dl lower (p= 0.000). Conclusion: It should be taken into account that the use of PPI together with calcium acetate, which is still common as a phosphorus binder in developing countries, can contribute to controlling phosphorus levels.

Abstract Biological wastes obtained from food, oyster shells, were recycled to calcium carbonate and then used as bio-green raw material to replace limestone/carbonate stone for calcium acetate (Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O) production. The conditions (ambient temperature occurred in an exothermic reaction, drying time, yield, and solubility) of the reaction between the bio-green CaCO3 and three different acetic (CH3COOH) concentrations (8, 10, and 12 M) were investigated. The product's maximum yield (93%) with a shorter drying time (18 h) was obtained from the reaction between the bio-green CaCO3 with 12 M acetic acid revealing a lower cost. The chemical compositions without any toxic metal impurity revealed by the X-ray fluorescence technique would be useful to suggest use in the specific application. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Thermogravimetric analysis data of Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O prepared by the bio-green CaCO3 obtained from oyster shell wastes in this work and those in previous works used other calcium sources were consistent. The morphologies with different sizes of the obtained Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O depend on the CH3COOH concentrations reported in this work and were different from those reported in previous works because of different calcium sources. According to the observation, it can be concluded that the low-cost and bio-green technique without the environmental effects was successfully applied to produce cheap Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can be used in the specific industry.

To address the global requirement for a phosphorus-free fire-extinguishing agent, this study elucidated the ability of calcium acetate to extinguish cup-burner flames. The inhibition efficiency of calcium acetate powder (<50 μm) was compared with that of silica-uncoated ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (<50 μm), a chemical contained in agents used in typical ABC fire extinguishers. Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate powders were also used to investigate the suppression mechanisms of calcium acetate. The cup-burner experiments demonstrated that (i) calcium acetate, calcium hydroxide, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate could extinguish cup-burner flames; (ii) calcium carbonate could not extinguish cup-burner flames; and (iii) the fire-suppression ability of calcium acetate was higher than that of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, which was in turn higher than that of calcium hydroxide. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that, although the calcium-compound powders decomposed and produced calcium oxide during flame extinction, significant differences existed among the fire inhibition efficiencies of the calcium compounds. TG and particle-size measurements proved that the high fire-suppression ability of calcium acetate resulted from the high ability of calcium acetate to generate inert gases during its decomposition, which diluted the oxygen concentration, thereby extinguishing the fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increase in serum phosphorus level is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with chronic renal failure or undergoing dialysis due to end-stage renal disease. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the general name given to agents used to suppress stomach acid. In this study, the clinical benefit of using PPIs in addition to drugs used for phosphorus control was investigated. Methods: 153 patients with end-stage renal disease were included in the study. The data of the patients who had been on hemodialysis for at least 6 months and using calcium acetate for at least 1 month were recorded in the SPSS 21 program. The patients were analyzed in two groups according to whether they used PPI or not. Anamnesis, patient follow-up, laboratory, and treatment forms collected from hemodialysis centers were used. Results: Of the 153 patients in the study, 49% were males and the mean age was 65.11±11.23. The mean duration of patients on dialysis was 48.5 months. Hypertension was found to be the most common comorbidity with 75.8% prevalence among the patients. The mean phosphorus levels of the patients using calcium acetate together with PPI were found to be approximately 1.2 mg/dl lower (p= 0.000). Conclusion: It should be taken into account that the use of PPI together with calcium acetate, which is still common as a phosphorus binder in developing countries, can contribute to controlling phosphorus levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological wastes obtained from food, oyster shells, were recycled to calcium carbonate and then used as bio-green raw material to replace limestone/carbonate stone for calcium acetate (Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O) production. The conditions (ambient temperature occurred in an exothermic reaction, drying time, yield, and solubility) of the reaction between the bio-green CaCO3 and three different acetic (CH3COOH) concentrations (8, 10, and 12 M) were investigated. The product's maximum yield (93%) with a shorter drying time (18 h) was obtained from the reaction between the bio-green CaCO3 with 12 M acetic acid revealing a lower cost. The chemical compositions without any toxic metal impurity revealed by the X-ray fluorescence technique would be useful to suggest use in the specific application. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Thermogravimetric analysis data of Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O prepared by the bio-green CaCO3 obtained from oyster shell wastes in this work and those in previous works used other calcium sources were consistent. The morphologies with different sizes of the obtained Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O depend on the CH3COOH concentrations reported in this work and were different from those reported in previous works because of different calcium sources. According to the observation, it can be concluded that the low-cost and bio-green technique without the environmental effects was successfully applied to produce cheap Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can be used in the specific industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of acetic acid, calcium acetate and sodium diacetate as technological feed additives (preservatives) for salmonids/fish. The additives are already authorised for use for all animal species other than fish. In previous opinions, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that a maximum concentration of 2,500 mg acetic acid/kg complete feed (or 1,000 mg/L water for drinking) was safe for poultry, pigs and pet animals. Ruminants were considered to exhibit a higher tolerance. Due to lack of data for salmonids, the Panel could not conclude on the safety of acetic acid and its salts for fish. The applicant has provided supplementary information consisting in a tolerance study in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and a literature search to support the safety of acetic acid in fish. Considering all the available information, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that acetic acid (and its salts by analogy) is considered safe for fish up to the maximum recommended supplementation level of 2,500 mg acetic acid/kg complete feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Calcium acetate monohydrate and calcium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous of food-grade additive purity, as well as corresponding eggshell membranes as a valuable by-product, has been produced from eggshell waste by commonly used industrial processes which might be easily transferable on the industrial scale level. The development of innovative transformation techniques for various wastes generated by the agri-food industry is one of the goals of sustainable waste management oriented toward "zero-waste" approach. This includes the production of bulk and fine chemicals, bioactive compounds, enzymes and functional materials from various waste. The present research shows the possibility of the production of value-added products from eggshell waste using chemical transformation by acetic and o-phosphoric acid at a laboratory scale level. Eggshell-derived calcium acetate monohydrate and calcium hydrogen phosphate, both of high purity, as well as corresponding eggshell membranes as valuable by-products, were produced. Chemical transformation of 100 g of eggshell waste with 10% (w/v) acetic acid resulted in 111.41 ± 2.13 g of calcium acetate monohydrate and 2.90 ± 0.14 g of eggshell membranes, with a chemical yield in calcium acetate monohydrate of 79.16 ± 1.98%. On the other hand, the transformation of 100 g of eggshell waste in 15% (w/v) o-phosphoric acid yielded 77.06 ± 6.21 g of calcium hydrogen phosphate and 2.94 ± 0.08 g of eggshell membranes, with a chemical yield in calcium hydrogen phosphate of 71.36 ± 5.58%. Eggshell-derived calcium hydrogen phosphate met all prescribed criteria for food-grade additive, as determined by physicochemical analysis. On the other hand, calcium acetate monohydrate met the majority, except water insoluble and formic acid and oxidizable impurities content. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the proposed eggshell waste transformation process by two different acids might be useful for the production of calcium acetate and calcium hydrogen phosphate as food-grade additives, as well as eggshell membranes as valuable by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to prepare calcium acetate (CaA) from the eggshell (ES) by the chemical reaction with aqueous acetic acid and to improve the dissolution properties of poorly soluble model drug, chloroxylenol (CXN), by solid dispersion (SD) system with CaA as a carrier. In the present study, SDs were prepared by two methods using various drug:carrier ratios. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermal analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were carried out to characterize the prepared SDs in comparison with pure drug and physical mixtures (PMs). FTIR analysis indicated that there was an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the terminal hydroxyl group of drug and water molecules of CaA. Decrease in crystallinity of SDs was observed in PXRD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) study showed the drug protected within SD. SEM images revealed the morphology of SDs prepared by the gel forming technique as a rod-like microstructure in which the drug was occupied. The rough surface of SD prepared by the wet granulation method was due to the adherence of drug particles on the surface of CaA. SDs prepared by the gel method exhibited superior performance for the dissolution of CXN with a release of 93-113% at 60 min compared to PMs and pure CXN, which could be due to its transformation from crystalline to amorphous form as well as the improved wettability. Therefore, CaA might be the potential candidate for the dissolution enhancement of poorly soluble drugs.

Bio mortar is used to deal with cracks by providing a special type of bacteria along with nutrients to the ingredients of the mortar during the mixing. Once the cracks appear, bacteria in the mortar are activated by oxygen and water and begin calcite precipitation, which automatically fills the cracks inside the mortar without any exterior interference. This research investigated the effects of varying proportions of (type of bacteria and nutrients; concentration of bacteria; bacteria and nutrient percentage) on the properties of self-healing mortar. Investigate the steps of preparation of cell suspensions of bacteria. Investigate obtaining self-healing of invisible cracks in mortar. Forty mortar mixtures were designed and tested. Three types of bacteria were utilized: Bacillus pasteurii DSM 33, Bacillus sphaericus DSM 396, and Bacillus subtilis H50620/9. Two concentrations (2×109 - 2×1010) Colony Forming Units per milliliter from DSM 33 and DSM 396 were used. Calcium lactate, calcium acetate, and urea were added as a nutrient to bacteria. Nutrients is added by in proportions ranging from 0.25, 0.50, and 1% of cement weight. Bacterial suspension is added by (0.5, 1, 4, and 10% of cement weight). Bacillus subtilis encapsulated in calcium alginate beads added by (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 4% of cement weight). The specimens were cracked by two different methods, which are visible artificial cracks and invisible natural cracks. Tests were performed for compressive strength and flexural strength. The microstructure analysis of the bacteria mortar has been done utilizing SEM to ensure that calcium carbonate (calcite) has indeed filled the cracks. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to determine the degree of hydration for bacteria paste. The ANOVA test was conducted on the compressive strength test results by the linear model. The results show all the independent variables affect the dependent variable (the compressive strength). The best results in the increase of compressive strength reached 69.8% and 66.4% at 7 days and 120 days, respectively, in mortar mix which contains 0.5% bacteria DSM 396 with 0.25% calcium lactate. The expected decrease in compressive strength as a result of loading did not occur significantly, that shows the bacteria are working, precipitating calcite at the onset of invisible cracks formation, which assures that self-healing in that case has occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of acetic acid, calcium acetate and sodium diacetate as technological feed additives (preservatives) for salmonids/fish. The additives are already authorised for use for all animal species other than fish. In previous opinions, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that a maximum concentration of 2,500 mg acetic acid/kg complete feed (or 1,000 mg/L water for drinking) was safe for poultry, pigs and pet animals. Ruminants were considered to exhibit a higher tolerance. Due to lack of data for salmonids, the Panel could not conclude on the safety of acetic acid and its salts for fish. The applicant has provided supplementary information consisting in a tolerance study in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and a literature search to support the safety of acetic acid in fish. Considering all the available information, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that acetic acid (and its salts by analogy) is considered safe for fish up to the maximum recommended supplementation level of 2,500 mg acetic acid/kg complete feed.

Microbial-induced CaCO3 precipitation (MICP) is an innovative and rapidly developing technology for sand solidification. The idea for this research project was built based on the concept of sustainable development and environmental protection. The specific material used for solidification was soluble calcium ions generated by the reaction of limestone waste, a kind of calcium-rich industrial waste from a quarry, and acetic acid. Using Ca(CH3COO)2 (prepared from limestone waste) as a calcium source resulted in a 31.87% lower MICP cost compared to using CaCl2. An unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test was conducted to characterize the macroscopic mechanical properties of bio-cured sand columns. The mineral composition and the microstructure of sand columns were examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). After response surface optimization, the optimal conditions for the reaction of limestone and CH3COOH were determined, and the calcium acetate yield was up to 96.81%. The UCS of sand samples treated with limestone/acetic acid was 10.61% higher than that of samples treated with calcium chloride. This research confirmed the feasibility of cheap limestone waste and soluble calcium ions generated by acetic acid as a calcium source, instead of calcium chloride, for solidifying sand columns in the MICP process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to prepare calcium acetate (CaA) from the eggshell (ES) by the chemical reaction with aqueous acetic acid and to improve the dissolution properties of poorly soluble model drug, chloroxylenol (CXN), by solid dispersion (SD) system with CaA as a carrier. In the present study, SDs were prepared by two methods using various drug:carrier ratios. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermal analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were carried out to characterize the prepared SDs in comparison with pure drug and physical mixtures (PMs). FTIR analysis indicated that there was an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the terminal hydroxyl group of drug and water molecules of CaA. Decrease in crystallinity of SDs was observed in PXRD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) study showed the drug protected within SD. SEM images revealed the morphology of SDs prepared by the gel forming technique as a rod-like microstructure in which the drug was occupied. The rough surface of SD prepared by the wet granulation method was due to the adherence of drug particles on the surface of CaA. SDs prepared by the gel method exhibited superior performance for the dissolution of CXN with a release of 93-113% at 60 min compared to PMs and pure CXN, which could be due to its transformation from crystalline to amorphous form as well as the improved wettability. Therefore, CaA might be the potential candidate for the dissolution enhancement of poorly soluble drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pteris vittata, the first discovered arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator, has great potential in Ascontaminated soil remediation. However, as a fern, it is sensitive to water deficiency. In this study, acetic acid and calcium acetate were added to As-contaminated soils in pots to investigate their effects on the drought tolerance, growth and As remediation efficiency of P. vittata. Comparing with the plants pretreated with municipal drinking water, plants pretreated with 20 mM acetic acid or calcium acetate solutions exhibited strikingly increased drought tolerance. In addition, 20 mM calcium acetate significantly increased shoot As concentration by 165% and the total shoot As amount by 55.1%, probably due to the elevated soil pH and a subsequent 14.2% increase of soil available As. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the appropriate application of calcium acetate can enhance both drought tolerance and As accumulation in P. vittata, which is of significance for the phytoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our recent study of gelation induced by laser ablation of CaO powders dispersed in ethanol proposed that CaO particle size composition would be an important factor affecting gelation because gelation is brought about by mixing a colloid composed of laser-fragmented particles and a raw CaO colloid. The present work was conducted to clarify this point. Results showed that, differing from our assumption, laser-fragmented particles are not necessary for gelation because gelation occurred even when laser-fragmented particles were removed from a laser-irradiated colloid before mixing it with a raw CaO colloid. Moreover, findings revealed that acetic acid generated by laser-induced oxidation of ethanol causes gelation, as confirmed by the fact that gelation also occurred when a proper amount of acetic acid was added to a raw CaO colloid. Results also revealed that nanofibers composed of calcium acetate hydrate play an important role in the gel structure formation. Results demonstrated that the gel structure and composition can be controlled simply by adjusting the amount of acetic acid without laser irradiation, suggesting that the results obtained from this study are useful as a newly developed and simple method of preparing calcium gel with various structures. [Display omitted] • We studied CaO particle gelation by laser ablation of CaO powder in ethanol. • Findings revealed that gelation does not require laser fragmentation. • Laser irradiation generates acetic acid via oxidation of ethanol. • Calcium acetate produced via reactions of acetic acid and CaO causes gelation. • Nanofibers and xerogel were obtained by adjusting the acetic acid amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 5 mM calcium acetate and calcium chloride were individually sprayed twice on rice leaves to study their function in antioxidant response under ozone stress (125 ± 25 ppb). Results showed that elevated O3 during rice cultivation impaired photosystem II (PSII) and carbon dioxide assimilation, as indicated by a decrease in effective quantum yield of PSII and electron transport rate and an increase in intracellular carbon dioxide. This occurrence led to growth inhibition resulting in rice yield and grain size (width and thickness) reduction, accompanied with the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in plant cells under O3 stress. Rice plant pretreated with calcium acetate could endure long-term O3 exposure through the enhancement of NAD kinase activity and NADPH content, leading to an increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and higher levels of reduced ascorbic acid (ASA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) under long-term O3 exposure. Consequently, the application of calcium acetate led to increase PSII efficiency and reduce cell damages (MDA content), resulting in an increase in rice yield and grain size under O3 stress. Under long-term O3 exposure, pretreatment of rice with calcium chloride resulted in a decrease in APX activity and an increase in MDA level, resulting in a rice yield similar to that of the non-pretreatment. It suggested that calcium acetate pretreatment of rice was more effective than pretreatment with calcium chloride in terms of reducing stress and maintaining antioxidant enzyme activities, and redox compounds in cells under long-term O3 exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: It has been proved that the gut microbiome is altered in patients with chronic kidney disease. This contributes to chronic inflammation and increases cardiovascular risk and mortality, especially in those undergoing hemodialysis. Phosphate binders may potentially induce changes in their microbiome. This trial aimed to compare the changes in the gut microbiome of hemodialysis patients treated with calcium acetate to those treated with sucroferric oxyhydroxide. Methods: Twelve hemodialysis patients were distributed to receive calcium acetate or sucroferric oxyhydroxide for 5 months. Blood samples (for biochemical analysis) and stool samples (for microbiome analysis) were collected at baseline, 4, 12, and 20 weeks after treatment initiation. Fecal DNA was extracted and a 16S rRNA sequencing library was constructed targeting the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions. Results: Regarding clinical variables and laboratory parameters, no statistically significant differences were observed between calcium acetate or sucroferric oxyhydroxide groups. When analyzing stool samples, we found that all patients were different (p = 0.001) among themselves and these differences were kept along the 20 weeks of treatment. The clustering analysis in microbial profiles grouped the samples of the same patient independently of the treatment followed and the stage of the treatment. Conclusion: These results suggest that a 5-month treatment with either calcium acetate or sucroferric oxyhydroxide did not modify baseline diversity or baseline bacterial composition in hemodialysis patients, also about the high-variability profiles of the gut microbiome found among these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease is a public health problem. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sevelamer and calciumbased binders on mortality of hemodialysis patients. PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched for related articles published before May 14, 2020. We included six studies with 43330 participants, of which 21147 and 22183 received calciumbased phosphate binders and sevelamer, respectively. In the analysis of unadjusted data, sevelamer could lower cardiovascular mortality. When adjusted HRs was pooled, the cardiovascular mortality did not differ significantly in the sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders groups. Additionally, the all-cause mortality rate in sevelamer group was different from that in calcium-based phosphate binders group. However, sevelamer could not lower all-cause mortality in terms of the adjusted data. No significant difference was found in calcium and phosphorus between calcium-based phosphate binders and sevalmer. Sensitivity analysis showed that partial results of the study were inconsistent. There was no difference in the effect of sevelamer and calciumbased phosphate binders on the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with hemodialysis, after adjusting confounders. However, given the instability of the results, the results need to be further confirmed by a large sample and high quality RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common side effects of calcium acetate include increased blood calcium levels, nausea-vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue, while side effects of unknown incidence include "swelling". We present the case of an allergic reaction limited to tongue swelling alone, not showing other anaphylactic symptoms. Our case was a female patient who applied to the emergency department with the complaint of isolated tongue swelling three hours after using calcium acetate for treatment. It should be kept in mind that calcium acetate, a food additive, may cause this in patients with the complaint of isolated tongue swelling, but the cause of which cannot be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of innovative transformation techniques for various wastes generated by the agri-food industry is one of the goals of sustainable waste management oriented toward “zero-waste” approach. This includes the production of bulk and fine chemicals, bioactive compounds, enzymes and functional materials from various waste. The present research shows the possibility of the production of value-added products from eggshell waste using chemical transformation by acetic and o-phosphoric acid at a laboratory scale level. Eggshell-derived calcium acetate monohydrate and calcium hydrogen phosphate, both of high purity, as well as corresponding eggshell membranes as valuable by-products, were produced. Chemical transformation of 100 g of eggshell waste with 10% (w/v) acetic acid resulted in 111.41 ± 2.13 g of calcium acetate monohydrate and 2.90 ± 0.14 g of eggshell membranes, with a chemical yield in calcium acetate monohydrate of 79.16 ± 1.98%. On the other hand, the transformation of 100 g of eggshell waste in 15% (w/v) o-phosphoric acid yielded 77.06 ± 6.21 g of calcium hydrogen phosphate and 2.94 ± 0.08 g of eggshell membranes, with a chemical yield in calcium hydrogen phosphate of 71.36 ± 5.58%. Eggshell-derived calcium hydrogen phosphate met all prescribed criteria for food-grade additive, as determined by physicochemical analysis. On the other hand, calcium acetate monohydrate met the majority, except water insoluble and formic acid and oxidizable impurities content. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the proposed eggshell waste transformation process by two different acids might be useful for the production of calcium acetate and calcium hydrogen phosphate as food-grade additives, as well as eggshell membranes as valuable by-products.

Recent studies on inorganic salt compounds are predominantly directed towards their utilisation as reinforcements for resins. However, the use of salt compounds besides phosphates as insulating layers has not been widely explored. Therefore, this study focuses on using salt compounds as insulating layers for soft magnetic composites (SMCs), revealing their numerous potential advantages. Fe–6.5 wt%Si/(CH 3 COO) 2 Ca composite powders were successfully synthesised using a hydrothermal method. Then, SMCs powders of Fe–6.5 wt%Si/CaCO 3 and Fe–6.5 wt%Si/CaO, along with their corresponding SMCs, were prepared using powder heat treatment and cold press moulding techniques. The effects of calcium acetate ((CH 3 COO) 2 Ca) addition on the structure and electromagnetic properties of Fe–6.5 wt%Si/CaCO 3 SMCs were further explored via an in-depth investigation of the formation mechanism of CaCO 3 and CaO insulating layers on the surface of the Fe–6.5 wt%Si matrix. Results showed that (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca, as a precursor, decomposed into CaCO 3 at 300 °C and CaO at 900 °C during heat treatment. Compared with the CaCO 3 insulating layer on the surface of the Fe–6.5 wt%Si matrix, the CaO insulating layer exhibited a tendency for flocculent agglomeration, with lower homogeneity and integrity. Furthermore, the addition of (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca considerably influenced the thickness of the CaCO 3 insulating layer in the Fe–6.5 wt%Si/CaCO 3 SMCs, thereby effectively modulating the magnetic properties of the materials. The prepared Fe–6.5 wt%Si/CaCO 3 SMCs had optimal magnetic properties when 4 wt% (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca was added. Under the conditions of a 25 mT external magnetic field and 100 kHz frequency, the material exhibited a relative magnetic permeability as high as 37.2, a total loss of merely 125.06 kW/m³, a saturation magnetic induction intensity of 178.15 emu/g and an electrical resistivity of 125.4 Ω∙m. The innovative material design and the proposed preparation method considerably enhanced the comprehensive magnetic properties of Fe–6.5 wt%Si-based SMCs, opening up a new avenue for the research and development of high-frequency SMCs. • SMCs with CaCO 3 or CaO insulating layers were successfully synthesised using (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca as a precursor for the first time. • The formation mechanism of CaCO 3 and CaO insulating layers CaCO 3 and CaO insulating layers were studied. • The impact of (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca addition on the microstructure and electromagnetic properties of SMCs were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While delivery of chemotherapeutics to cancer cells by nanomedicines can improve therapeutic outcomes, many fail due to the low drug loading (DL), poor cellular uptake and endosomal entrapment. This study investigated the potential to overcome these limitations using pH-sensitive liposomes (PSL) empowered by the use of calcium acetate. An acidic dinitrobenzamide mustard prodrug SN25860 was used as a model drug, with non pH-sensitive liposomes (NPSL) as a reference. Calcium acetate as a remote loading agent allowed to engineer PSL- and NPSL-SN25860 with DL of > 31.1% (w/w). The IC50 of PSL-SN25860 was 21- and 141-fold lower than NPSL and free drug, respectively. At 48 h following injection of PSL-SN25860, NPSL-SN25860 and the free drug, drug concentrations in EMT6-nfsB murine breast tumors were 56.3 µg/g, 6.76 µg/g and undetectable (< 0.015 µg/g), respectively (n = 3). Meanwhile, the ex vivo tumor clonogenic assay showed 9.1%, 19.4% and 42.7% cell survival in the respective tumors. Live-cell imaging and co-localization analysis suggested endosomal escape was accomplished by destabilization of PSL followed by release of Ca2+ in endosomes allowing induction of a proton sponge effect. Subsequent endosomal rupture was observed approximately 30 min following endocytosis of PSL containing Ca2+. Additionally, calcium in liposomes promoted internalization of both PSL and NPSL. Taken together, this study demonstrated multifaceted functions of calcium acetate in promoting drug loading into liposomes, cellular uptake, and endosomal escape of PSL for efficient cytoplasmic drug delivery. The results shed light on designing nano-platforms for cytoplasmic delivery of various therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is one of the widely used building material in the world and chief agent which does the binding of all the compounds is cement. Deterioration of concrete structure takes place due to cracks in the concrete. In order to minimize the crack formation an attempt is made to incorporate self-healing compound. Few of the self-healing compounds that can be introduced are urea, calcium formate and calcium acetate. Various dosage of urea was added and its effect on three parameters consistency, setting time and compressive strength was evaluated. Optimum dosage of urea was found to be 2.5% beyond which incorporation in cement paste will lead to decrease in compressive strength. Similarly, when 2.5% of cement is replaced by calcium formate and calcium acetate it will lead to significant change in compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calciphylaxis is a deadly disease that is currently diagnosed through a skin biopsy of resultant necrotic lesions despite many cases lacking this characteristic finding. Recently, research has demonstrated the ability of various radiologic techniques to detect calciphylaxis and have promoted their capabilities in earlier diagnosis without tissue invasion. In this case, an obese 55-year-old female with end stage renal disease, and a long history of dialysis, complained of weeks of persistent abdominal pain that was accompanied by a mottled, lacey, net-like rash that resembled livedo reticularis. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed extensive arterial calcification and subcutaneous calcium deposition. These radiologic findings, coupled to a high clinical suspicion, prompted treatment for suspected calciphylaxis. Remarkably, after 1 week the patient reported substantial improvement. Hopefully, this publication in conjunction with previous and future research will raise awareness on the role Radiologists can play in expediting the diagnostic process for a lethal disease, especially when a tissue biopsy is not a feasible option.

A procedure for the synthesis of calcium oxide has been developed, which consists in heat treatment of an aqueous solution of calcium acetate and d -glucose at 350 and then at 700 °C. The process parameters have been determined. It has been shown that when d -glucose is used and the reaction mixture is heat treated at 700 °C, highly dispersed calcium oxide with an average particle size of 77 nm is formed. CaO formed has been used as a precursor for the synthesis of priceite (Ca 2 (B 5 O 7)(OH) 5 · H 2 O) during hydrothermal treatment of CaO in an aqueous solution of boric acid. It has been found that the optimal conditions for the synthesis of monophase priceite under hydrothermal conditions include the temperature range of 170–200 °C and the heating time of 12 h. When heating priceite at 800 °C in air for 1 h, highly dispersed powder calcium bis(borate) Ca(BO 2) 2 has been isolated as the final product. It is shown that the use of synthesized powder CaO leads to the formation of fine-crystalline powders of calcium borates. Samples obtained at each stage of the proposed synthesis of highly dispersed calcium oxide and calcium borates, using the example of priceite and calcium bis(borate), have been studied by powder X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, BET, IR spectroscopy, and DTA. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial-induced CaCO3 precipitation (MICP) is an innovative and rapidly developing technology for sand solidification. The idea for this research project was built based on the concept of sustainable development and environmental protection. The specific material used for solidification was soluble calcium ions generated by the reaction of limestone waste, a kind of calcium-rich industrial waste from a quarry, and acetic acid. Using Ca(CH3COO)2 (prepared from limestone waste) as a calcium source resulted in a 31.87% lower MICP cost compared to using CaCl2. An unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test was conducted to characterize the macroscopic mechanical properties of bio-cured sand columns. The mineral composition and the microstructure of sand columns were examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). After response surface optimization, the optimal conditions for the reaction of limestone and CH3COOH were determined, and the calcium acetate yield was up to 96.81%. The UCS of sand samples treated with limestone/acetic acid was 10.61% higher than that of samples treated with calcium chloride. This research confirmed the feasibility of cheap limestone waste and soluble calcium ions generated by acetic acid as a calcium source, instead of calcium chloride, for solidifying sand columns in the MICP process.

Plasma electrolytic oxidation is a powerful technique allowing the formation of ceramic coatings with a high degree of functionalization. Plasma–chemical interactions, resulting from the application of a high voltage in a conductive electrolyte, like 0.5 M NaOH, favor the development of a porous surface, which deserves to be sealed to obtain proper corrosion resistance. In the present work, the effect of temperature employed during sealing in calcium acetate is investigated, finding 85°C as an optimum temperature to allow pores closure. Furthermore, a comparison with sealing performed in hot water is presented, which demonstrated similar sealing efficiency. Scanning electron microscope and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are the tools selected to investigate sealing effects. Impedance spectra are fitted according to feasible electrochemical equivalent circuits finding two‐time constants when applied to sealed samples indicative of the presence of barrier and porous layer, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium acetate eco-friendly deicer was prepared using waste oyster shell as a raw reactant material and its physicochemical properties were investigated. The waste oyster shells were converted to a calcium acetate deicer by reaction with acetic acid at ambient temperature. The physicochemical properties of the prepared calcium acetate deicer were analysed using various analytical method. The ice melting and metal corrosion characteristics of the calcium acetate deicer synthesized from the waste oyster shell were evaluated by comparison with those of the calcium chloride and sodium chloride deicers. The chloride deicers severely corroded the metal, but the calcium acetate deicer prepared from the waste oyster shell did not cause metal corrosion. The ice melting performance of calcium acetate prepared from the waste oyster shell was lower than that of calcium chlorides, however, the addition of sodium hydroxide could significantly improve the ice melting capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformations undergone by the high-molecular-weight heteroatomic compounds (resins, asphaltenes) of the Novokuibyshevsk Refinery vacuum residue during thermal cracking at 500°C in the presence of additives such as calcium carbonate and calcium acetate were studied. The characteristic changes in the composition of the cracking products depending on the amount of the additive were demonstrated. Based on the data from 1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and molecular weight measurements, the structural-group parameters of the resin and asphaltene molecules in the original vacuum residue and in the products of its cracking in the presence of different amounts of the additives were determined. The heterogeneous additives (≤0.5 wt %) afforded deeper degradation of resins and asphaltenes. The resin molecules underwent compaction due to destruction of the saturated rings and aliphatic moieties, followed by an increase in the content of oils in the liquid cracking products composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive and selective method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative estimation of aluminum, magnesium, potassium, strontium and sodium in calcium acetate active pharmaceutical ingredient by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is an advanced technique which is capable of analyzing multiple elements simultaneously with high selectivity, sensitivity and much lower detection limit. The test sample was prepared with microwave assisted acid digestion and introduced into optimized instrumental parameters for use of a quadrupole based Agilent 7800 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrument. Scandium is used as an internal standard in the study. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and ruggedness. The results for recoveries of all elements were found between 85.3 to 103.9 %. The relative standard deviation for precision was within 15 %. Calibration plots were linear. The low relative standard deviation values and high recoveries of the method confirm the suitability of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone (O3) and heat stresses induce oxidative damage of plant cells; consequently, this causes reductions in yield of crop plants. As one of the most important staple crops, rice also suffers from these stresses. The aims of this study were to explore the effect of the growing season (rainy and summer season) on rice yield and the effect of calcium acetate (CA) on rice via foliar spraying, under both O3 and heat stresses experienced in the summer season. Results showed that O3‐induced cell damages are indicated by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level as well as rice yield losses. Moreover, it was found that rice yield under O3 exposure was reduced, around 88.72%, when comparing between rice grown in the summer and rainy season. Pretreatment of rice with 5 mM CA under O3 and heat stresses stimulated activity and expressions of ascorbate peroxidase (APX); consequently, this mitigated oxidative damage by lowering MDA content. In addition, CA pretreatment in rice under the ozone and heat stresses enhanced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) contents and chlorophyll content resulting in higher rice yield in comparison with non‐CA pretreatment. Thus, foliar application of CA on rice relieved yield losses caused by the combined O3 and heat stresses by modulating the major antioxidant enzyme, APX and contents of NADPH, which are important compounds for cell growth and detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disease that is common in society, does not threaten life, impairs quality of life, and causes serious economic losses. Gastrointestinal system complaints and especially IBS are common in patients with chronic kidney disease. It has also been shown that psychiatric diseases are more common in patients with IBS. In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of IBS in hemodialysis patients and to investigate the factors associated with IBS. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, the questionnaire prepared to evaluate depression, anxiety, and abdominal pain was administered face‐to‐face to 686 patients by the same researcher in seven dialysis centers; 404 patients without exclusion criteria were included in the study. The diagnosis of IBS was made according to Rome IV criteria. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors that are significantly related to IBS. Findings In 69 (17.1%) of the patients included in the study, symptoms were consistent with IBS. Binominal logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of age, dialysis duration, diabetes, proton pump inhibitor, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, calcium acetate use, Hamilton depression and anxiety scores associated with IBS in the presence of IBS of the participants. The logistic regression model was statistically significant, χ2 (3) = 69.748, P < 0.001. Independent risk factors for IBS in hemodialysis patients were determined as anxiety, long‐term dialysis treatment, and using calcium acetate as a phosphorus binder. Discussion In hemodialysis patients, IBS occurs approximately twice as often as in a healthy population. Independent risk factors for IBS in hemodialysis patients are anxiety, long‐term dialysis treatment, and using calcium acetate as a phosphorus binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, PEO process of tantalum has been developed as a method of producing corrosion-resistant, hard, wear-resistant, and biocompatible as well as having good adhesion coatings. In this review, we present the results of PEO process of tantalum in three main electrolytes. This review tries to measure the effect of electrolyte composition and voltage that were used within PEO procedure on the surface behavior of the produced oxide coatings on Ta. The results of the PEO treatment of Ta in H4SiW12O40 electrolyte revealed that the morphology of oxide coatings really depends on the PEO procedure time. Density of discharge channels declines as their diameter rises. This leads to an increase in the oxide coating roughness within the PEO procedure of tantalum. In electrolytes of β-glycerophosphate disodium and calcium acetate, the results indicated that the employed voltage significantly affected morphologies, the coatings bond strength and the phase components. However, it affected surface chemical species a little. Finally, in 0.5 M Ca (H2PO2)2 electrolytes, the results revealed that using a precise control on the procedure voltage, tuning the obtained coatings thickness is possible in addition to their roughness, adhesion strength and relative values of the electrolyte type inside the modified surfaces of tantalum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]