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Why do some perceive a partner's response as heartening while others interpret the same response as demoralizing? This study examined how attachment anxiety and avoidance influence perceived partner responses toward capitalization attempts (PRCA) and perceived mattering (PM) among married couples (N = 103 dyads). Dyadic analyses delineating the actor and partner effects revealed that wives' attachment avoidance predicted own PRCA, PM, and their husbands' PRCA. Whereas husbands' attachment avoidance predicted own PM and their wives' PRCA and PM, husbands' attachment anxiety predicted only their PRCA and PM. The interaction between wife and husband attachment anxiety also predicted the husbands' PRCA and PM. Husbands, but not wives, perceived the lowest level of PRCA and PM when both couples had high attachment anxiety. The results were discussed in the context of the interplay between attachment orientations and partner responsiveness in Turkish culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction High-quality evidence is crucial for guiding effective humanitarian responses, yet conducting rigorous research, particularly randomised controlled trials, in humanitarian crises remains challenging. The TISA (“traitement intégré de la sous-nutrition aiguë”) trial aimed to evaluate the impact of a Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) intervention on the standard national treatment of uncomplicated Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) in children aged 6–59 months. Implemented in two northern Senegalese regions from December 22, 2021, to February 20, 2023, the trial faced numerous challenges, which this paper explores along with the lessons learned. Methods The study utilised trial documentation, including field reports, meeting minutes, training plans, operational monitoring data and funding proposals, to retrace the trial timeline, identify challenges and outline implemented solutions. Contributions from all TISA key staff—current and former, field-based and headquarters—were essential for collecting and interpreting information. Challenges were categorised as internal (within the TISA consortium) or external (broader contextual issues). Results The TISA trial, executed by a consortium of academic, operational, and community stakeholders, enrolled over 2000 children with uncomplicated SAM across 86 treatment posts in a 28,000 km2 area. The control group received standard outpatient SAM care, while the intervention group also received a WASH kit and hygiene promotion. Initially planned to start in April 2019 for 12 months, the trial faced a 30-month delay and was extended to 27 months due to challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic, national strikes, health system integration issues and weather-related disruptions. Internal challenges included logistics, staffing, data management, funding and aligning diverse stakeholder priorities. Discussion and conclusion Despite these obstacles, the trial concluded successfully, underscoring the importance of tailored monitoring, open communication, transparency and community involvement. Producing high-quality evidence in humanitarian contexts demands extensive preparation and strong coordination among local and international researchers, practitioners, communities, decision-makers and funders from the study’s inception. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04667767 .

The article describes the tax system in the Annam under colonial period and the project of reforming capitation and land tax of the French protectionist government in 1938. The work clarifies the process by which the parliamentarians in the Chambre des représentants du peuple de l’Annam (The Chamber of Representatives of the people of Annam) rejected the Government’s new tax reform project at its 1938 annual meeting which took place from September 12 to September 21 at Hue. Since then, we have analyzed the subjective and objective causes leading to the aforementioneds success of the Chamber. One of the main contributions that the research results have made is to prove that parliamentary struggle was a peaceful and lawful tactic for the colonial people to achive some legitimate and democratic rights. Thereby, the study significantly contributes to demonstrate that parliamentary struggle is an inseparable part of the patriotic and revolutionary movement in Viêt Nam during the French colonial period.

The relevance of the research is justified by the need to search for new factors of business value formation, which are taken into account by stakeholders when making decisions. The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of S- and G- factors on the value formation of Russian public companies in the manufacturing sector and to substantiate the importance of disclosing the indicators of sustainable development of companies as a factor of business growth. The study uses methods and tools of correlation, causal and comparative analysis. It was found that the position occupied in the RAEX ranking by S- and G- factors and the amount of capitalization are significantly correlated for companies in the extractive and manufacturing industries. There was found no statistically significant relationship between the considered indicators in relation to the companies of the agro-industrial complex. It is confirmed that the influence of sustainable development components on the formation of the companies’ value is different depending on their industry affiliation. The necessity to take into account ESG factors in the methods of comparative and income approaches is substantiated. The directions of ESG factors accounting in the methods of comparative and income approaches are highlighted. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the substantiation of the necessity of separate accounting of the sustainable development components in the formation and assessment of business value. The practical significance of the study is that the results obtained by the author can be used by investors, owners and practicing appraisers in making managerial decisions and assessing and determining business value.

After two decades of implementing top-down grassland restoration projects focused on reducing livestock numbers and pastoralist populations, the Chinese government's well-funded efforts have not significantly reversed grassland degradation. This study reviews the institutional changes in grassland management over the past forty years, highlighting the Livestock and Grassland Double Contract Household Responsibility System of the early 1980s and the Grassland Ecological Reward and Compensation Policy introduced in 2011. It demonstrates how these institutional transformations have shaped pastoralists' evolving understanding of grassland value and reveals that commodifying grassland's economic and ecological value has led to the capitalization of nature, disembedding husbandry from grassland production, and undermining the effectiveness of conservation projects. This article also showcases the development of grassland ecology research in China, noting its increasing detachment from a holistic understanding of ecosystems and the interdisciplinary needs of management practices. The disjunction between grassland ecology research and practical management has resulted in a lack of techniques aligned with local ecological and socioeconomic contexts. This article champions active engagement with and protection of pastoralist communities to reintegrate grasslands' true economic and ecological value into management practices, thereby effectively restoring degraded grasslands and achieving sustainable management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of direct and indirect written corrective feedback (WCF) on EFL students’ use of prepositions, articles, punctuation, and capitalization. The importance of focusing on WCF is due to its role in enhancing students’ writing accuracy and making their writing more suitable to their respective discourse communities. Using a quantitative approach, data was collected over a period of two months in a university in the Sultanate of Oman through pre- and post-tests including two stages of treatments. A total of 45 students voluntarily participated in the study: control group (n=15), direct group (n=15), and indirect group (n=15). While the control group (CG) received no feedback and did not receive interventions, the direct group (DG) received feedback on their pre-test, treatment one and treatment two. For DG, errors were underlined and correct forms were given immediately. The indirect group (IG) received feedback on their pre-test, treatment one and treatment two, as well, but their errors were only underlined with no corrections given to encourage students to find the correct forms themselves. The results of this study suggest that direct written corrective feedback (WCF) is more effective than indirect feedback in improving the use of prepositions, articles, punctuation, and capitalization among Omani undergraduate students majoring in literature. The control group did not show any significant improvements, indicating that written corrective feedback is necessary for improving writing skills among EFL students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capitalization of agricultural subsidies is highly relevant to sustainable agricultural development. This study applies meta-analysis to systematically investigate the overall mean effects of capitalization of agriculture subsidies in China, the EU, and the USA. We explore capitalization rates across different types and recipients, including potential sources of heterogeneity. Our primary objective is to address the debate of whether agricultural subsidies are ultimately capitalized into land rental prices. Results show that the overall mean effect of subsidies on land capitalization in the European Union (5.5%) is greater than that in the United States (2.9%), with no significant and positive effects observed in Chinese markets. Additionally, we conclude that decoupled payments may not reduce the capitalization of agricultural subsidies in the European Union and the USA. Notably, agricultural subsidies received by landowners/contractors tend to be lower than those received by tenants. Finally, the capitalization of agricultural subsidies is influenced by several potential sources of heterogeneity, including farmland scales, aggregated data, sample sizes, lagged subsidies, and the starting and ending dates of publications. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the capitalization of agricultural subsidies and offer practical policy recommendations for the effective mitigation of capitalization rates.

Writing is a skill that is considered difficult because many aspects must be considered. The aim of this research is to investigate and analyze the use of capitalization, punctuation, and spelling in the abstracts of theses. Understand the impact of these errors on written communication and provide concrete recommendations to enhance the quality of academic writing. This research was qualitative approach with text analysis, the population involves undergraduate students from English Department of IAIN KERINCI, and the sample was taken from the theses of the last 5 years, number of tenth theses on abstracts. Data was collected through manual analysis of thesis texts, focusing on capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. Based on the results of the researcher finding capitalization errors are the most prevalent, totaling 60 instances. On the other hand, punctuation errors, specifically in the abstract section of the theses, are comparatively lower, with only 25 occurrences. Meanwhile, spelling errors identified in the abstracts of the theses amount to 30 mistakes.

Initial evidence suggests that sharing positive news with others on social media may have short-term emotional benefits for young people. However, little is currently known about whether these capitalization processes have long-term implications for adolescent well-being. Drawing upon the broaden-and-build theory of positive psychology, this study examined the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between capitalization on social media and adolescent life satisfaction. The moderating role of trait optimism was also determined. Three-wave panel data were collected from Belgian adolescents between January and October 2020 (N = 1,125; M age = 15.38, SD = 1.44; Girls = 48.4%), and data were analyzed using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. No significant cross-lagged relationships were found between capitalization on social media and adolescent life satisfaction at the within-person level. Moreover, the relationships were not moderated by trait optimism. Null results suggest that the antecedents and effects of capitalization on social media may be momentary in nature rather than manifested in long-term associations. Findings therefore add to the limited literature regarding social media's positive role in adolescent well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners face various challenges when writing, including mechanics such as spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. If the mechanics are incorrect, understanding a text can be difficult, and the meaning can be distorted. Moreover, understanding how EFL students and instructors perceive these errors is vital for enhancing language instruction and providing targeted feedback. This study explored the perceptions of EFL students and instructors regarding mechanical errors in paragraph writing employing a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative surveys. According to the findings, instructors and students had different opinions about mechanical errors. Male and female EFL learners also differed in their perceptions. Their perspectives on spelling and punctuation diverged. Students thought their spelling issues were the most severe, but their instructors believed that punctuation was the biggest problem, including commas and full stops. Furthermore, EFL instructors provided potential reasons and suggested strategies to address these issues. The results offer practical implications for curriculum development, instructional design, and instructor training in EFL contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This think piece looks at the traditional reporting for intangibles and concludes that the measuring and reporting of intangibles needs a structural rethinking to incorporate 21st-century technology involving new forward-looking information and methods to provide information that is consistent with current capabilities (e.g., apps, bots, multiple databases, artificial intelligence). Traditional measurement methods, first published by Fra Luca Pacioli, satisfied business needs for centuries, but they limit modern external stakeholders' ability to evaluate and compare firms' current performance or predict their future performance. The traditional concepts of articulation, consolidation, and valuation of intangibles are inadequate, and sometimes blatantly misleading. Further, empirical research has ignored the emergence of new circumstances in business operations and accounting technology. The goal of this think piece is to discuss the traditional backward-looking approach to financial reporting for intangibles and to outline some considerations for developing a new system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We test whether local retail services are considered a nuisance or an amenity and how this distinction is capitalized into residential property values. Using a rich, micro-spatial dataset on property sales transactions and business activity in New York City, we estimate the impact of access to neighborhood retail services on residential sales prices. We construct two instruments to channel supply-side drivers of retail change and to address concerns of endogeneity between changes in retail activity and property values. Results show that retail services that are more frequently consumed and experiential, and are located in relatively more mixed-use neighborhoods are positively capitalized into property values. Residents also pay more to be closer to more diverse retail clusters, and relatively less to be closer to chains. This is true across smaller 1-to-4 family homes as well as larger condos/coops and multi-family rental buildings. The price effects from certain classifications of retail, like restaurants and personal services, are mixed depending on the kind of residential property and the local concentration of the retail. Therefore, the relative strength of the amenity or nuisance effect is very much conditioned on the type of service and the localized neighborhood context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of natural resources in facilitating financial activity is crucial in achieving a nation's sustainable economic advancement. This research directed to investigate the consequences of economic growth, rents of natural resources, and capitalization on financial development within the context of the United States (US). The investigation utilized the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) simulation, employing a dataset spanning the years 1970–2021. The outcome of the ARDL bound test supported the occurrence of cointegration midst the factors. The conclusions of the empirical analysis suggest that an outgrowth of 1% in natural resource rent, economic expansion, and capitalization would lead to a corresponding long-term increase of 0.30%, 0.26%, and 0.25% in financial development. Additionally, in the near term, these factors would contribute to an expansion of 0.22%, 0.22%, and 0.19% in financial development. Besides, the probe employed the Granger causality check to inspect the causal liaison concerning the factors. The investigation's results would stipulate visions for legislators in formulating a complete policy intended at augmenting the connection between finance and economy, with a specific focus on operating natural resources as a means to achieve sustainable development.

The article is aimed at researching the capitalization of intellectual potential based on the analysis of the indicators of the created multi-level model to increase the efficiency of the use of human resources both in individual organizations and in the country as a whole. Theoretical aspects of intellectual capital management, structural components and approaches to its evaluation have been considered and summarized. It has been determined that insufficient attention is paid to intellectual potential as a capitalization resource in modern research, and the assessment of the capitalization of intellectual potential from the point of view of the income approach causes conflicting opinions among scientists. At the institution of systematization of scientific research, its own view on the concept of “capitalization of intellectual potential” has been substantiated and formed. It has been proven that the management of capitalization processes of human resources at the micro and macro levels is a determining factor of economic development, as it contributes to the growth of the value of assets and the quality and well-being of the population. A multi-level model of the process of capitalization of human potential has been proposed in order to reflect the cyclical transformation of human capital in the creation of added value and to reveal the possibilities of improving the management of the process of capitalization of human potential when combining the resources of education and entrepreneurship. It has been established that the level of capitalization of the intellectual capital of Slovakia is several times lower than the level of capitalization of the labor potential, which indicates a decrease in the prestige of education and the need to deepen the knowledge and skills obtained at the level of general secondary education. Based on the results of the analytical observation, a number of negative factors affecting the indicators of the level of capitalization of intellectual potential have been revealed. It has been established that at the global level, Slovakia’s economy has three times less ability to capitalize intellectual potential than most developed European countries, which indicates a much lower level of competitiveness of Slovakia in terms of attraction, use and development of intellectual potential. Strategies for the development of higher education have only a formal nature, which affects the real management of the system, and long-term priorities are not translated into other areas of the functioning of institutions, such as marketing, partnership development and strategic management of human resources. To date, the topic of cooperation between the educational and business sectors remains one of the most controversial and problematic, since the education system, which has been operating for years, has been rather slow in implementing the latest management methods and does not take into account mutual readiness for cooperation. The need to implement and improve cooperation measures between educational institutions, the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports and the business sector is substantiated.

The object of the study is Russian industrial companies whose shares are traded on the Moscow Exchange. The study’s subject is financial and financial connections in the field of using intellectual capital’s competence component as an important factor in business growth. The relevance of the study is important for the increasing role of intellectual capital and its components as a determining factor in business growth, as well as the need to identify new determinants that influence company capitalization. In the context of overcoming the consequences of sanctions, intellectualization and digitalization of the economy, the problem of the study of the dependency of the capitalization of Russian companies on the state of the components of intellectual capital is significantly updated. The purpose of the study is to assess and model the impact of the competence component of intellectual capital and financial efficiency on the capitalization of Russian manufacturing companies.Methods of comparative and statistical analysis, calculation of financial and economic indicators, correlation and regression analysis, and the Farrar-Glauber test were used. According to correlation analysis, the capitalization of Russian public companies in the production sector is influenced by an internal factor such as patent activity. The constructed multifactor linear regression model allows for the conclusion that a 1% increase in the number of patents raises the company’s market capitalization by 1.23% while all other factors remain constant. It is concluded that in the Russian market the importance of material assets as a factor in business growth significantly prevails over the influence of the competence component of intellectual capital. Recommendations are given, the implementation of which in the practice of Russian manufacturing companies will maximize their capitalization by taking into account the financial and economic advantages from the use of the competence component of intellectual capital.

The paper aims to define the specifics of the mutual interconnection between bank capitalization and indicators of macroeconomic stability. This is achieved by the following methods: grouping, analysis and synthesis, analysis of descriptive statistics, and canonical correlation analysis. The study was carried out based on eight bank capitalization indicators and five macroeconomic stability indicators in seventeen South-West Asian countries from 2010 to 2020. The information base of the research is the dataset from the World Bank. The selected list of indicators is determined by the availability of statistical information for the countries participating in the study. It was found that there is a close canonical correlation between the level of bank capitalization and the macroeconomic stability of the countries under investigation – 0.97 (2010) and 0.99 (2020). The variation of the investigated indicators of macroeconomic stability (68.95% (2010) and 70.64% (2020)) is determined by the change in bank capitalization indicators. On the other hand, the difference in macroeconomic stability indicators of countries by 48.66% (2010) and 42.79% (2020) is due to changes in bank capitalization indicators. Four indicators exert the most significant favorable influence on the level of bank capitalization: Bank return on assets – 0.303 (2010) and 13.033 (2020), Bank return on equity – 0.446 (2010) and 13.387 (2020), Bank regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets – 0.812 (2010), and Bank deposits to GDP – 1.580 (2020). The macroeconomic stability of countries is determined by two indicators: GNI – 3.311 (2010) and 3.461 (2020); GDP – 4.748 (2010) and 4.672 (2020).

BackgroundObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionsPhysical activity (PA) provides physical and psychosocial benefits for people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). However, practice levels remain below recommendations and strategies for promoting PA in specialist centers need to be better identified. The socio-ecological model of health emphasizes the central role of policies and environment in influencing individuals’ health behaviors. This model provides a basis for understanding how health professionals perceive the promotion of PA in their centers.The aim of this study was to explore intervention components of PA promotion in specialized CF centers in France that are “experienced” in PA promotion, to identify elements that can be transferable to other centers.A descriptive qualitative study was conducted with 16 healthcare professionals and pwCF. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using inductive and deductive methods classically used in psychology.Five themes were extracted: the action and its context, the partnerships established around this action to promote physical activity, the evaluation of the action, its reproducibility, and the changes induced by COVID-19.Some factors emerged as essential for promoting PA among pwCF, notably the dialogue between the health professionals and patients, the presence of adapted PA instructors, and the involvement of partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at researching the capitalization of intellectual potential based on the analysis of the indicators of the created multi-level model to increase the efficiency of the use of human resources both in individual organizations and in the country as a whole. Theoretical aspects of intellectual capital management, structural components and approaches to its evaluation have been considered and summarized. It has been determined that insufficient attention is paid to intellectual potential as a capitalization resource in modern research, and the assessment of the capitalization of intellectual potential from the point of view of the income approach causes conflicting opinions among scientists. At the institution of systematization of scientific research, its own view on the concept of “capitalization of intellectual potential” has been substantiated and formed. It has been proven that the management of capitalization processes of human resources at the micro and macro levels is a determining factor of economic development, as it contributes to the growth of the value of assets and the quality and well-being of the population. A multi-level model of the process of capitalization of human potential has been proposed in order to reflect the cyclical transformation of human capital in the creation of added value and to reveal the possibilities of improving the management of the process of capitalization of human potential when combining the resources of education and entrepreneurship. It has been established that the level of capitalization of the intellectual capital of Slovakia is several times lower than the level of capitalization of the labor potential, which indicates a decrease in the prestige of education and the need to deepen the knowledge and skills obtained at the level of general secondary education. Based on the results of the analytical observation, a number of negative factors affecting the indicators of the level of capitalization of intellectual potential have been revealed. It has been established that at the global level, Slovakia’s economy has three times less ability to capitalize intellectual potential than most developed European countries, which indicates a much lower level of competitiveness of Slovakia in terms of attraction, use and development of intellectual potential. Strategies for the development of higher education have only a formal nature, which affects the real management of the system, and long-term priorities are not translated into other areas of the functioning of institutions, such as marketing, partnership development and strategic management of human resources. To date, the topic of cooperation between the educational and business sectors remains one of the most controversial and problematic, since the education system, which has been operating for years, has been rather slow in implementing the latest management methods and does not take into account mutual readiness for cooperation. The need to implement and improve cooperation measures between educational institutions, the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports and the business sector is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How relevant are government-owned banks in the economy, especially during recessions? We study the role of government-owned banks in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with heterogeneous financial intermediaries, heterogeneous households, and minimum capital requirement constraints. We show that the capitalization of government-owned banks during recessions smooths the effects of a negative shock and helps the economy recover more quickly. However, these stabilizing effects could be partially offset by banks' inefficiency in transforming one unit of capital into loans. Therefore, ignoring the heterogeneity between private and government-owned banks may lead to misleading assessments and conclusions regarding the effects of economic policies on the macroeconomic and banking variables. This is particularly important for evaluating the effectiveness of macroprudential policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to estimate the determinants of bank stability in the Czech banking sector. The effect of selected bank-specific and macroeconomic variables on bank stability measured by Z-score is examined using econometric analysis. The data set consists of a sample of the Czech banks operating together with macroeconomic factors, and the period of observation is from 2001 to 2020 on an annual basis. Using generalized method of moments, it was found that the determinants that affect the banking stability include the ratio of classified loans to total loans of the bank, capitalization and inflation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between female CEOs and insolvency risk of US property‐casualty insurance companies. We show that female CEOs are associated with lower insurer insolvency propensity, higher z‐score, and lower standard deviation of return on assets. These findings are robust to alternative econometric specifications to address potential endogeneity concerns and self‐selection issues, including propensity score matching, the instrumental variable approach, and the difference‐in‐difference approach. Furthermore, we find that the impact of female CEOs on insurer insolvency risk is moderated by firm capitalization, the presence of female directors, and political conservatism of insurers' home states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to highlight the key aspects necessary for the formation of a methodology for designing systems for managing trading operations over cryptocurrencies. The methodology of designing digital asset management systems defines a set of rules for using methods, models and algorithms required to build systems that solve the complex problem of managing trading operations over digital economy assets. For this purpose, the dynamics and trends of pricing of digital investment and financial assets are investigated to identify the peculiarities and specific patterns of cryptocurrency, taking into account the mathematical model of issuance in the conditions of a dynamic crypto-asset market, functioning continuously and forming cyclicality and wave structures.Materials and methods. The object of the study is the dynamics of value indicators of the market of digital financial assets and digital currencies. The subject of the study is methods, models and algorithms for automated monitoring and management of digital financial assets and cryptocurrencies. The methodological basis of the research is formed by blockchain technologies, modeling and mathematical statistics methods, artificial intelligence methods. The statistical information base of the research is formed on the basis of the history of Tradingview’s value quotations from international trading exchanges of digital currencies, as well as by Coinmarketcap and Coingecko cryptoasset market integrators. Problems of modeling processes in economic systems are considered, the problem of optimal control is defined. A critical analysis of the state in the tasks of economic modeling is carried out, taking into account the uncertainty caused by social and psychological reasons.Results. The proposed methodology offers a comprehensive solution to the problem of managing digital financial assets and other financial instruments based on blockchain technology. Digital currencies act as the management object of the proposed methodology, the initial information is a vector of parameters that determine the sensitivity of the system to the perturbing influences of the external environment and the requirements for the expected management results. In accordance with the scientific novelty of the research and methodology, a set of interrelated research stages is formed, consisting of an ordered cascade of methods, models and algorithms that perform preliminary analysis, processing and forecasting of financial time series of value indicators.Conclusion. New blockchain technologies and the emergence of Chat GPT (generative pre-trained transformer) pose new challenges to society, which hopes to utilize such solutions, including for economic tasks. With the help of prediction-free methods and artificial neural networks it is possible to design software systems, thanks to which it is possible to increase the efficiency of trading operations at optimal risks in automatic and automated mode of trade execution. The proposed methodology of management with auxiliary intellectual analysis of time series and application of combined method of decision-making allows managing the portfolio of a new asset class of digital currencies based on blockchain technologies. Taking into account the technical similarity of digital currencies with digital financial assets, it is possible to use the methodology also for the creation of digital financial asset management systems.

The paper presents a fragment of a research in the framework of up-to-date linguistic branch – onomastics, and deals with ergonyms based on visualization of different type. Linguistic landscape forms the material for the research as it reflects the developing language. The aim of the investigation was to analyze visualization-based ergonyms. The first stage of the research was to collect ergonyms on busy streets of central Moscow using continuous sampling method. 2700 units were found and sorted out according to the visualization means, such as pictograms, bright font, supragraphemic, capitalization, syntactic game, codographisation, paragraphemic signs, numerals. Besides it was found out what commercial enterprises’ nominations are mostly attractive to the citizens and which of them evoke positive, neutral or negative attitude. To meet the goal 90 respondents from various age groups were surveyed. The results obtained were systemized with the help of statistical analysis’ elements. It was stated that the most positive estimations were given to ergonyms with pictograms, the same units were claimed to be the most attractive. Bright signboards especially in yellow colour gained more positive remarks. Young people prefer laconic signboards more than the seniors do. Respondents of elder age tend to estimate ergonyms with codographisation rather negatively. Results obtained can be the base for signboards’ authors’ recommendations aimed at different age groups of potential consumers. Moreover, the data has some potential to be used in teaching several theoretical and practical disciplines, such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, linguaculturology, fundamentals of cross-cultural communication, professional and cross-cultural communication practicums, etc.

After two decades of implementing top-down grassland restoration projects focused on reducing livestock numbers and pastoralist populations, the Chinese government’s well-funded efforts have not significantly reversed grassland degradation. This study reviews the institutional changes in grassland management over the past forty years, highlighting the Livestock and Grassland Double Contract Household Responsibility System of the early 1980s and the Grassland Ecological Reward and Compensation Policy introduced in 2011. It demonstrates how these institutional transformations have shaped pastoralists’ evolving understanding of grassland value and reveals that commodifying grassland’s economic and ecological value has led to the capitalization of nature, disembedding husbandry from grassland production, and undermining the effectiveness of conservation projects. This article also showcases the development of grassland ecology research in China, noting its increasing detachment from a holistic understanding of ecosystems and the interdisciplinary needs of management practices. The disjunction between grassland ecology research and practical management has resulted in a lack of techniques aligned with local ecological and socioeconomic contexts. This article champions active engagement with and protection of pastoralist communities to reintegrate grasslands’ true economic and ecological value into management practices, thereby effectively restoring degraded grasslands and achieving sustainable management.

The paper aims to present aspects regarding stock indices on the national capital market (Bucharest Stock Exchange, BVB). The pages of this article contain information on the importance of stock indices, the ways of forming the twelve stock indices, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine on their evolution.

The scientific study identified the importance of the activities of communal enterprises to provide the necessary services to individuals and legal entities in settlements. The article examines the issues of analysis of capital formation of communal enterprises and pays attention to the development of a system of indicators for assessing the efficiency of capital provision of enterprises in this sphere. It is determined that domestic enterprises generally have a small amount of equity. This circumstance is due to the formation of the prevailing amount of borrowed capital and growing dependence on external creditors. However, this trend is not always inherent in domestic enterprises. For example, the capital city’s enterprises in the field of improvement, school meals and the provision of services have the most risky capital structure. At such enterprises, the average financial risk index ranges from 2.41 to 3.35, which is evidence of a significant share of borrowed capital in the capital structure. This publication outlines the reasons for the low share of capitalized profit. Among the existing reasons can be highlighted the following: low profitability compared to investments in the development of the enterprise; high costs, both production and administrative; low performance of activities, which may be results of consequences of military aggression on the part of the Russian Federation, rising energy costs, depreciation of the national currency. The authors do not support the thesis on returning to the depreciation fund, but substantiate the position on the development of a depreciation policy at each communal enterprise, which would not only declare the methods of calculating depreciation, but also determine the directions of effective use of incoming cash flows from depreciation. Thus, domestic communal enterprises should have sufficient financial resources for the repair and maintenance of fixed assets, allowing to provide high-quality, qualified services and necessary goods to community residents.

A well-capitalized banking system is crucial for maintaining macroeconomic stability, preventing financial crises, and bolstering the economy's resilience to shocks. Governments often strive to ensure adequate bank capitalization to foster stable economic growth. This article aims to assess the relationship between bank capitalization and macroeconomic stability in 34 European countries from 2010 to 2021, based on World Bank statistics. The study utilizes the principal components method to identify relevant indicators of bank capitalization and macroeconomic stability, canonical analysis and regression analyses to detail the interconnections between these blocks. The canonical analysis confirms a link between bank capitalization and macroeconomic stability indicators with a coefficient of determination of 0.617 signifying that 61.8% of the variance in macroeconomic stability is explained by fluctuations in bank capitalization. The article presents one fixed-effect and two random-effect regression models detailing the directions and strength of influence of independent variables (NPL, ROA, ROE - indicators of the bank capitalization level) on dependent variables (INFLATION, UNEMPL, GINI - indicators of macroeconomic stability). The Wald criteria and a p-value less than 0.05 indicated that the models with random effects (UNEMPL, GINI) were statistically significant. The results reveal that a 1% increase in non-performing loans correlates with a 0.25% rise in the unemployment rate, and a 1% increase in return on assets leads to a 0.08% increase in the unemployment rate. Additionally, a 1% increase in non-performing loans raises the Gini index by 0.05%, while a 1% increase in return on equity decreases the Gini index by 0.03%. Notably, the impact of return on assets on the unemployment rate and the Gini coefficient is not statistically significant (p-value greater than 0.05). These results can inform the forecasting of national indicators, the development of tools to ensure sufficient bank capitalization, and the formulation of effective macroeconomic policies, taking into account fluctuations in banks' capitalization levels as key financial intermediaries.

People often self-disclose news about themselves. Respondents may have similar news and feel conflicted about whether to share that news in the moment – that is, to reciprocally self-disclose. On the one hand, reciprocally self-disclosing could enable them to convey that they understand the recipient's experience. On the other hand, reciprocally self-disclosing could dishonor the recipient's contribution in a manner akin to stealing the spotlight. What contextual variables do respondents consider when navigating this conflict? How do recipients perceive reciprocal self-disclosures (RSDs) relative to non-disclosures – and what contextual variables moderate recipients' perceptions? In this paper, we report four studies (N = 1200 Reddit conversations, 733 MTurk and 701 Prolific users) examining how people use and perceive RSD across a variety of contexts. We focus principally on context valence (positive vs. negative) and news similarity (similar vs. more extreme). Across experimental and naturalistic studies, respondents were highly context-sensitive and particularly reluctant to reciprocally self-disclose in positive contexts. Yet, recipients were less context-sensitive. Recipients evaluated similar RSDs as comparably responsive as non-disclosures in positive contexts and more responsive than non-disclosures in negative contexts. Furthermore, recipients perceived more extreme RSDs as more responsive than non-disclosures in negative contexts and less responsive than non-disclosures in positive contexts. Exploratory analyses suggested privacy, gender of respondent, and closeness predicted whether respondents used RSD but not whether recipients perceived RSD as responsive. In short, people often refrain from RSD to avoid committing communication errors – but our research suggests RSD can be highly responsive and incurs few costs relative to non-disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effect on housing values of cutting funding for the maintenance of local parks and recreational areas. It is the first study we find on house prices and park maintenance spending, and only the second open space study we find that uses regression discontinuity. We study tax votes with exogenous timing for renewing current expense spending on parks and recreation, adding to the vibrant literature on house price capitalization of environmental amenities. We find that otherwise similar communities that barely vote to cut taxes suffer an 11% drop in house prices, compared to communities that barely vote to renew tax funding. The capitalization discount grows to 13% and 16% in later periods. Voting against spending saves $70 a year for a typical house but cuts house values by over $30,000. We find stronger effects for large tax levies and more expensive houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplementary signs are essential to improve riders' understanding of road signs. In order to attract the rider's attention and ensure the information on the supplementary sign is effectively delivered, a study on the effective ways to display the information in the supplementary sign is needed. The current study examined the effects of capitalization and information length in supplementary signs on road sign comprehension among riders. A randomized 2 (capitalization: all letters capitalized vs the first letter capitalized) × 2 (information length: long vs. short) factorial design experiment was conducted on 131 young motorcyclists in the Jakarta area. Road sign comprehension was measured using sign comprehension time and sign comprehension level. A 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA analysis showed a significant effect of information length on sign comprehension time: less information in supplementary signs can increase sign comprehension time. Additionally, a significant interaction was found between capitalization and information length on sign comprehension level: sign comprehension levels would be improved if supplementary signs were presented with capitalization at the beginning of each word and had a long information length. This study suggests that there is a need to consider the capitalization and length of information in designing supplementary traffic signs. The effective design of supplementary signs could help riders to comprehend the road sign quickly and accurately, thus improving traffic safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to assess the role of ESG assumptions in dealing with complex crises that are both economic and financial in nature. The research problem is excessive fluctuations in the quotations of the WIG-ESG index, which includes listed companies characterized by adherence to the principles of socially responsible business. An attempt will be made to verify the research hypothesis, which assumes a positive impact of selected stock market indicators on the stabilization of quotations of the analyzed index. The research method will be the estimation of an econometric model built from dependent variable Y describing changes in the quotations of the WIG-ESG index and six independent variables describing selected stock market indicators exerting a greater or lesser influence on the changes in the quotations included in the monthly time interval in the research period January 2014-November 2023. It is concluded that the relationship between stock market capitalization and the value of equity estimated at the end of the last quarter is the basis for stabilizing the quotations of the index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on bank capitalization and macroeconomic stability, including corruption and the shadow economy. A well-capitalized banking system and a low corruption level are important for maintaining macroeconomic stability and reducing the size of the shadow economy. The paper is aimed at assessing the relationship between bank capitalization and macroeconomic stability, which includes corruption and shadow economy through canonical analysis. The research is conducted on the basis of financial and economic reporting of 35 countries with different levels of socio-economic development during 2010–2021 based on data from the World Bank and the European Central Bank. The main input blocks macroeconomic stability – corruption – shadow economy are characterized. During the research, the following tools were used: – methods of grouping, analysis and comparison in determining the characteristics of the elements of the chain «level of capitalization of the banking system – macroeconomic stability – corruption – shadow economy»; – factor analysis by applying the method of principal components in the selection of statistically significant indicators of the bank capitalization level and macroeconomic stability. The quantitative assessment of the bank capitalization level revealed the following dependencies: there is a strong correlation between return on assets and the level of non-performing loans, return on assets and return on equity. Using the principal components method, the following statistically significant indicators of macroeconomic stability were identified: GDP, Gini index, corruption perception index, corruption control index, and political stability index. Research, based on the canonical analysis, determined that 71.1 % of changes in macroeconomic stability indicators are explained by fluctuations in the level of bank capitalization. The level of non-performing loans has a negative impact on macroeconomic stability, while the volatility of return on assets and return on equity has a greater positive impact on the development of the country’s economy. The obtained results can be used by banks in the development of their resource and management policies, in the analysis of the volatility of capitalization level, by state bodies in the development of national policies of the country’s economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus pandemic has influenced relationship dynamics due to heightened stress, increased isolation, and the need for social distancing. Prior work suggests receiving support for positive events ("capitalization support") during this time could boost well‐being, but only if it is provided in a manner that is active (involved) and constructive (supportive), as opposed to passive (uninvolved) and/or destructive (discouraging). Given the need for reduced social contact, we predicted the pandemic would make providing active, constructive support more challenging and might increase the frequency of passive support. We conducted two studies to explore how perceptions of capitalization methods may have shifted during the pandemic using an online participant pool (MTurk). Overall, we found that participants reported receiving significantly less active‐constructive capitalization support and receiving more passive‐constructive support during the pandemic (compared to pre‐pandemic perceptions). In addition, we found that those who reported receiving and providing more active‐constructive support tended to report more positive well‐being outcomes. Interestingly, passive‐constructive support was also associated with greater well‐being for recipients (counter to prior research that has shown it associated with only costs). Overall, our data suggests that capitalization support perceptions are associated with well‐being even during the pandemic, but methods of capitalization support perceived may have shifted during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]