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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a major global health concern, representing a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This review provides a comprehensive examination of CVDs, encompassing their pathophysiology, diagnostic biomarkers, advanced imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions, and the emerging role of herbal remedies. The review covers various cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, and congenital heart defects. The review presents a wide range of cardiac biomarkers such as troponins, C-reactive protein, CKMB, BNP, NT-proBNP, galectin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α, miRNAs, and oxylipins. Advanced molecular imaging techniques, including chest X-ray, ECG, ultrasound, CT, SPECT, PET, and MRI, have significantly enhanced our ability to visualize myocardial perfusion, plaque characterization, and cardiac function. Various synthetic drugs including statins, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, and antiarrhythmics are fundamental in managing CVDs. Nonetheless, their side effects such as hepatic dysfunction, renal impairment, and bleeding risks necessitate careful monitoring and personalized treatment strategies. In addition to conventional therapies, herbal remedies have garnered attention for their potential cardiovascular benefits. Plant extracts and their bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and alkaloids, offer promising cardioprotective effects and enhanced cardiovascular health. This review underscores the value of combining traditional and modern therapeutic approaches to improve cardiovascular outcomes. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers by integrating a broad spectrum of information on CVDs, diagnostic tools, imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments and their side effects, and the potential of herbal remedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There has been increasing evidence of association between cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Most of complications and mortality in these patients are due to development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) rather than due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) by itself. Though cardiac biomarkers are available but due to lack of clinical symptoms in early stages and delayed diagnosis mortality rate has increased. The present study was conducted to detect the cardiovascular dysfunction measured by various cardiac biomarkers like serum Cardiac high sensitivity Troponin I, Creatinine kinase and creatinine Kinase MB with eGFR in CKD patients to correlate the association of cardiovascular dysfunction in patients with CKD for early detection and initiation of aggressive treatment to reduce mortality. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 patients of chronic kidney disease (CKD) at tertiary care hospital, Hyderabad. Cardiac HS Troponin I, Creatine Kinase (CPK) and Creatine Kinase- MB (CK-MB) were analysed and correlated with e-GFR, Urea and creatinine levels. Results: There was statistically significant association between Hs Troponin I, CK-MB and CPK with Chronic kidney disease. There was negative corelation of cardiac biomarkers with eGFR and positive correlation with Urea and creatinine. Multivariate regression analysis for predictors of cardiac dysfunction was done using ANOVA with renal parameters in patients with CKD which showed strong association between e-GFR and cardiac markers. Conclusion: High morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD is observed due to Cardiovascular disease. It is important to diagnose CVD with high index of suspicion and evaluate with commonly available biochemical cardiac markers. In our study there was significant elevation in Hs Trop I, CK MB and CPK in CKD patients which correlated negatively with eGFR. Routine use of these markers during follow-up of CKD patients helps in risk assessment, prevention of complications and timely interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is performed via three different techniques, conventional, on-pump beating heart CABG (ONBHCAB), or off-pump CABG (OPCAB), data are limited to compare ONBHCAB with OPCAB. Methods We retrospectively investigated the postoperative cardiac biomarkers, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and troponin I (cTnI), and early and late outcomes in 806 patients undergoing isolated ONBHCAB or OPCAB between February 2008 and September 2022. To eliminate the bias between different groups, propensity score matching was conducted to validate the findings. Results After matching, the number of each study group totaled 270 patients. In both complete and matched cohorts, early outcomes, including morbidities and mortalities, were similar. However, cTnI and CK-MB levels were significantly higher after ONBHCAB than after OPCAB with median peak cTnI of 9.85 versus 4.60 ng/mL and median peak CK-MB of 48.45 versus 17.10 ng/mL in the matched cohort, which were quite low, below the threshold for values defining perioperative myocardial infarction. At follow-up of 73 ± 45 months, the overall actuarial survival rates were similar between the ONBHCAB and OPCAB patients (86 vs. 87% at 5 years and 64 vs. 68% at 10 years, respectively, in the matched cohort). Conclusion ONBHCAB may be a comparable alternative to OPCAB with similar early and late outcomes, despite higher elevation of postoperative cardiac biomarkers. ONBHCAB provides more efficient hemodynamic support, providing a better surgical visual field, than OPCAB while reducing the risk of incomplete revascularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary embolisms (PEs) are obstructions of the pulmonary arteries by thrombi, which are emboli and they most frequently originate from the deep venous system of the inferior limbs. Emboli can also come from the inferior vena cava, abdominal and pelvic veins, or the upper body venous system from the right atrium or ventricle of the heart. Thrombi can form in situ inside pulmonary arteries as well. A cancer patient is at a higher risk for thromboembolic phenomena given both the oncological pathological context and also due to the associated medical or surgical treatment they receive. PE is a high-risk medical emergency that is associated with an increased risk of early mortality, with sudden death occurring in 25% of patients. The long-term presence of this condition can result in thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The risk of mortality, both in the acute and long-term, is dependent on the severity of the acute form, the recurrence of the embolism and the associated conditions. The majority of deaths associated with PE can be prevented by early diagnosis. The aim of the present review was to describe the various biological and cellular parameters, together with known paraclinical investigations, to assist in the rapid diagnosis of PE. Mortality in patients with PE and neoplastic conditions may be reduced by initiating anticoagulant treatment as soon as possible. PE may be the first manifestation of an underlying silent malignancy or may represent a complication of an already diagnosed malignancy. Exclusion or confirmation of the diagnosis is of utmost importance to avoid unnecessary anticoagulant treatment associated with a high risk of bleeding or to start immediate anticoagulant treatment if required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the global high prevalence of MASLD and its poor CVD prognosis, it is essential to perform risk stratification for MASLD patients. The specific impact of High Sensitivity Troponins (hs-cTn) on mortality in MASLD patients remains unexplored. The NHANES databases from 1999 to 2004, which include data on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) levels and comorbidities, were linked with the most recent mortality dataset. Myocardial injury was determined using the 99th upper reference limits (URL) for hs-cTn. Our study included 3460 MASLD patients. The mean follow-up duration was 192 months, during which 1074 (23%) MASLD participants died from all-cause mortality, and 363 (7.3%) died from CVD mortality. Our findings indicate that MASLD patients with elevated levels of hs-cTnT (> 99th URL) exhibit increased risks of all-cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.93] and CVD mortality (aHR = 2.4). Similar results were observed for hs-cTnI, where the aHRs for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality were 2.03 and 2.97, respectively. Furthermore, we identified a nonlinear dose-response relationship between hs-cTn levels and the risk of mortality (P for nonlinearity < 0.001). Our findings suggest that hs-cTn can predict mortality risk in MASLD, aiding clinicians in risk-stratifying this population. Therefore, we recommend considering hs-cTn detection in individuals with MASLD to effectively assess their future mortality risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is a critical procedure for patients with aortic valve diseases. This study compares the effectiveness of three minimally-invasive surgical approaches for AVR: totally thoracoscopic (TT), right anterior mini-thoracotomy, and upper mini-sternotomy. We analyzed retrospective data from 130 patients who underwent one of these surgeries, focusing on various factors such as duration of hospital stay, operation time, times for cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamping, postoperative complications, levels of cardiac biomarkers, pain intensity using the Visual Analog Scale, and mid-term survival rates. Results show that while the TT method had the longest operation times, it also had the shortest hospital stays and faster pain reduction post-surgery. Although the TT group initially showed higher cardiac biomarker levels after surgery, these levels normalized by the third day, similar to the other groups. There were no significant differences in mid-term survival and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) rates among the groups. These findings suggest that the TT method, despite longer surgical times, offers a quicker initial recovery, making it a viable option for AVR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of this Inter-Society Document describes the mechanisms involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases, particularly arterial hypertension, in adults and the elderly. It will also examine how consistent physical exercise during adolescence and adulthood can help maintain blood pressure levels and prevent progression to symptomatic heart failure. The discussion will include experimental and clinical evidence on the use of specific exercise programs for preventing and controlling cardiovascular diseases in adults and the elderly. In the second part, the clinical relevance of cardiac-specific biomarkers in assessing cardiovascular risk in the general adult population will be examined, with a focus on individuals engaged in sports activities. This section will review recent studies that suggest a significant role of biomarkers in assessing cardiovascular risk, particularly the presence of cardiac damage, in athletes who participate in high-intensity sports. Finally, the document will discuss the potential of using cardiac-specific biomarkers to monitor the effectiveness of personalized physical activity programs (Adapted Physical Activity, APA). These programs are prescribed for specific situations, such as chronic diseases or physical disabilities, including cardiovascular diseases. The purposes of this Inter-Society Document are the following: 1) to discuss the close pathophysiological relationship between physical activity levels (ranging from sedentary behavior to competitive sports), age categories (from adolescence to elderly age), and the development of cardiovascular diseases; 2) to review in detail the experimental and clinical evidences supporting the role of cardiac biomarkers in identifying athletes and individuals of general population at higher cardiovascular risk; 3) to stimulate scientific societies and organizations to develop specific multicenter studies that may take into account the role of cardiac biomarkers in subjects who follow specific exercise programs in order to monitor their cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac involvement in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) purports to worse clinical outcomes, and therefore early identification is important. Research has focused on blood biomarkers and basic investigations such as ECG and echocardiography, which have the advantage of wide availability and low cost but are limited in their sensitivity and specificity. Imaging the myocardium to directly look for inflammation and scarring has therefore been explored, with a number of new methods for doing this gaining wider research interest and clinical availability. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) with contemporary multiparametric mapping techniques and late gadolinium enhancement imaging, is an extremely valuable and increasingly used non-invasive imaging modality for the diagnosis of myocarditis. The recently updated CMR-based Lake Louise Criteria for the diagnosis of myocarditis incorporate the newer T1 and T2 mapping techniques, which have greatly improved the diagnostic accuracy for IIM myocarditis.18F-FDG-PET/CT is a well-utilized imaging modality in the diagnosis of malignancies in IIM, and it also has a role for the diagnosis of myocarditis in multiple systemic inflammatory diseases. Endomyocardial biopsy, however, remains the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of myocarditis and is necessary for the diagnosis of specific cases of myocarditis. This article provides an overview of the important tests and imaging modalities that clinicians should consider when faced with an IIM patient with potential myocarditis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the use of cardiac biomarkers to diagnose Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), a condition characterized by abnormal left ventricular wall motion. The study validates previously proposed ratios of cardiac biomarkers in distinguishing TTS from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using data from the International Takotsubo (InterTAK) Registry. The results indicate that these ratios have moderate success in accurately diagnosing TTS, with values ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 on the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The study emphasizes the need for new biomarkers to improve TTS diagnosis. The article also includes financial disclosures from the authors, ensuring transparency and avoiding conflicts of interest. The authors state that they have no funding for the current contribution and have obtained ethical approval for the study, providing the pre-registered clinical trial number. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Given the global high prevalence of MASLD and its poor CVD prognosis, it is essential to perform risk stratification for MASLD patients. The specific impact of High Sensitivity Troponins (hs-cTn ) on mortality in MASLD patients remains unexplored. The NHANES databases from 1999 to 2004, which include data on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) levels and comorbidities, were linked with the most recent mortality dataset. Myocardial injury was determined using the 99th upper reference limits (URL) for hs-cTn. Our study included 3460 MASLD patients. The mean follow-up duration was 192 months, during which 1074 (23%) MASLD participants died from all-cause mortality, and 363 (7.3%) died from CVD mortality. Our findings indicate that MASLD patients with elevated levels of hs-cTnT (> 99th URL) exhibit increased risks of all-cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.93] and CVD mortality (aHR = 2.4). Similar results were observed for hs-cTnI, where the aHRs for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality were 2.03 and 2.97, respectively. Furthermore, we identified a nonlinear dose-response relationship between hs-cTn levels and the risk of mortality (P for nonlinearity

Abstract Purpose Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a new revolutionary method for treating refractory or relapsed hematologic malignancies, CAR T-cell therapy has been associated with cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and cardiotoxicity. We directed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the incidence and predictors of cardiovascular events (CVE) with CAR T-cell therapy. Methods We investigated PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies reporting cardiovascular outcomes in CAR-T cell recipients. The study protocol was listed in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023478602). Twenty-three studies were included in this study. Results The pooled incidence of CVE was 54% for arrhythmias, 30% for heart failure, 20% for cardiomyopathy, 10% for acute coronary syndrome, and 7% for cardiac arrest. Patients with CVE had a higher incidence of cytokine release syndrome grade ≥ 2 (RR 2.36, 95% CI 1.86–2.99). The incidence of cardiac mortality in our meta-analysis was 2% (95% CI: 1%–3%). Left ventricular ejection fraction decline was greater in the CVE group (-9.4% versus -1.5%, p

Abstract Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is a critical procedure for patients with aortic valve diseases. This study compares the effectiveness of three minimally-invasive surgical approaches for AVR: totally thoracoscopic (TT), right anterior mini-thoracotomy, and upper mini-sternotomy. We analyzed retrospective data from 130 patients who underwent one of these surgeries, focusing on various factors such as duration of hospital stay, operation time, times for cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamping, postoperative complications, levels of cardiac biomarkers, pain intensity using the Visual Analog Scale, and mid-term survival rates. Results show that while the TT method had the longest operation times, it also had the shortest hospital stays and faster pain reduction post-surgery. Although the TT group initially showed higher cardiac biomarker levels after surgery, these levels normalized by the third day, similar to the other groups. There were no significant differences in mid-term survival and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) rates among the groups. These findings suggest that the TT method, despite longer surgical times, offers a quicker initial recovery, making it a viable option for AVR.

Abstract Background In people, obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, associated with systemic hypertension, cardiac remodelling and systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Weight reduction can reverse myocardial remodelling and reduce risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease. In cats, far less is known regarding the effects of obesity and subsequent weight reduction on cardiovascular morphology and function. This prospective study aimed to assess cardiac morphology and function, heart rate variability, cardiac biomarkers and body composition before and after controlled weight reduction in cats with obesity. Body composition analysis (by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, DEXA) and cardiovascular assessment (echocardiography, systemic arterial systolic blood pressure, electrocardiography, plasma cardiac biomarkers) were performed prior to weight management in twenty cats with obesity. These investigations were repeated in eleven cats that reached target weight. Results At baseline, systemic hypertension was not documented, but the majority of cats with obesity (15 out of 19) showed echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction. Eleven of 20 cats had increased maximal end-diastolic septal or left ventricular free wall thickness (≥ 6.0 mm) at baseline. Median (interquartile range) percentage of weight lost in the cats reaching target weight was 26% (17–29%), with a median reduction in body fat mass of 45% (26–64%). Both the end-diastolic left ventricular free wall (median magnitude of change -0.85 mm, IQR -0.05 mm to -1.55 mm, P = 0.019; median percentage reduction 14.0%) and end-diastolic interventricular septum (median magnitude of change -0.5 mm, IQR -0.2 mm to -1.225 mm, P = 0.047; median percentage reduction 7.9%) thickness decreased after weight reduction. Following weight reduction, pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging of the left ventricular free wall was consistent with improved diastolic function in 4 out of 8 cats, however there was no significant difference in overall diastolic function class. Further, there was no change in heart rate variability or cardiac biomarkers with weight reduction. Conclusion An increase in left ventricular wall thickness and diastolic dysfunction were common echocardiographic features in cats with obesity within our study and may be reversible with successful weight and fat mass loss. Further studies are required to clarify the clinical consequences of these findings.

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major cause of death across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In parallel, non-communicable disease and especially cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden has increased substantially in the region. Cardiac manifestations of TB are well-recognised but the extent to which they co-exist with pulmonary TB (PTB) has not been systematically evaluated. The aim of this study is to improve understanding of the burden of cardiac pathology in PTB in those living with and without HIV in a high-burden setting. Methods This is a cross-sectional and natural history study to evaluate the burden and natural history of cardiac pathology in participants with PTB in Lusaka, Zambia, a high burden setting for TB and HIV. Participants with PTB, with and without HIV will be consecutively recruited alongside age- and sex-matched TB-uninfected comparators on a 2:1 basis. Participants will undergo baseline assessments to collect clinical, socio-demographic, functional, laboratory and TB disease impact data followed by point-of-care and standard echocardiography. Participants with PTB will undergo further repeat clinical and functional examination at two- and six months follow-up. Those with cardiac pathology at baseline will undergo repeat echocardiography at six months. Discussion The outcomes of the study are to a) determine the burden of cardiac pathology at TB diagnosis, b) describe its association with patient-defining risk factors and biochemical markers of cardiac injury and stretch and c) describe the natural history of cardiac pathology during the course of TB treatment.

Abstract Aims Biochemical markers are fundamental in cardiac evaluation, and various novel assays have recently been discovered. We prospectively evaluated the hearts of newly diagnosed people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) using cardiac biomarkers, compared them with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐uninfected controls, and correlated our prospective findings with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Methods and results Newly diagnosed, antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐naïve PLWH were recruited along with HIV‐uninfected, age‐matched, and sex‐matched controls. All participants underwent measurement of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT), N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), soluble ST2 (sST2), and galectin‐3, as well as a CMR study with multiparametric mapping. The HIV group started ART and was re‐evaluated 9 months later. The cardiac biomarkers and their correlation with CMR parameters were evaluated in and between groups. Compared with controls (n = 22), hs‐cTnT (4.0 vs. 5.1 ng/L; P = 0.004), NT‐proBNP (23.2 vs. 40.8 ng/L; P = 0.02), and galectin‐3 (6.8 vs. 9.0 ng/mL; P = 0.002) were all significantly higher in the ART‐naïve group (n = 73). After 9 months of ART, hs‐cTnT (5.1 vs. 4.3 ng/L; P = 0.02) and NT‐proBNP (40.8 vs. 28.5 ng/L; P = 0.03) both decreased significantly and a trend of decrease was seen in sST2 (16.5 vs. 14.8 ng/L; P = 0.08). Galectin‐3 did not demonstrate decrease over time (9.0 vs. 8.8 ng/mL; P = 0.6). The cardiac biomarkers that showed the best correlation with CMR measurements native T1, T2, and extracellular volume were NT‐proBNP (rs ≥ 0.4, P

Salmonid fish include some of the most valued cultured fish species worldwide. Unlike most other fish, the hearts of salmonids, including Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout, have a well-developed coronary circulation. Consequently, their hearts' reliance on oxygenation through coronary arteries leaves them prone to coronary lesions, believed to precipitate myocardial ischemia. Here, we mimicked such coronary lesions by subjecting groups of juvenile rainbow trout to coronary ligation, assessing histomorphological myocardial changes associated with ischemia and scarring in the context of cardiac arrhythmias using electrocardiography (ECG). Notable ECG changes resembling myocardial ischemia-like ECG in humans, such as atrioventricular blocks and abnormal ventricular depolarization (prolonged and fragmented QRS complex), as well as repolarization (long QT interval) patterns, were observed during the acute phase of myocardial ischemia. A remarkable 100% survival rate was observed among juvenile trout subjected to coronary ligation after 24 wk. Recovery from coronary ligation occurred through adaptive ventricular remodeling, coupled with a fast cardiac revascularization response. These findings carry significant implications for understanding the mechanisms governing cardiac health in salmonid fish, a family particularly susceptible to cardiac diseases. Furthermore, our results provide valuable insights into comparative studies on the evolution, pathophysiology, and ontogeny of vertebrate cardiac repair and restoration. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Juvenile rainbow trout exhibit a remarkable capacity to recover from cardiac injury caused by myocardial ischemia. Recovery from cardiac damage occurs through adaptive ventricular remodeling, coupled with a rapid cardiac revascularization response. These findings carry significant implications for understanding the mechanisms governing cardiac health within salmonid fishes, which are particularly susceptible to cardiac diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effects of normobaric hypoxia and intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on the physiological condition of the cardiac muscle in swimmers. Hypoxia has been reported to elicit both beneficial and adverse changes in the cardiovascular system, but its impact on the myocardium during acute exercise and altitude/hypoxic training remains less understood. We aimed to determine how a single bout of intense interval exercise and a four-week period of high-intensity endurance training under normobaric hypoxia affect cardiac marker activity in swimmers. Sixteen young male swimmers were divided into two groups: one undergoing training in hypoxia and the other in normoxia. Cardiac markers, including troponin I and T (cTnI and cTnT), heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), and myoglobin (Mb), were analyzed to assess the myocardium's response. We found no significant differences in the physiological response of the cardiac muscle to intense physical exertion between hypoxia and normoxia. Four weeks of IHT did not alter the resting levels of cTnT, cTnI, and H-FABP, but it resulted in a noteworthy decrease in the resting concentration of CK-MB, suggesting enhanced cardiac muscle adaptation to exercise. In contrast, a reduction in resting Mb levels was observed in the control group training in normoxia. These findings suggest that IHT at moderate altitudes does not adversely affect cardiac muscle condition and may support cardiac muscle adaptation, affirming the safety and efficacy of IHT as a training method for athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athlete's heart is generally regarded as a physiological adaptation to regular training, with specific morphological and functional alterations in the cardiovascular system. Development of the noninvasive imaging techniques over the past several years enabled better assessment of cardiac remodeling in athletes, which may eventually mimic certain pathological conditions with the potential for sudden cardiac death, or disease progression. The current literature provides a compelling overview of the available methods that target the interrelation of prolonged exercise with cardiac structure and function. However, this data stems from scientific studies that included mostly male athletes. Despite the growing participation of females in competitive sport meetings, little is known about the long-term cardiac effects of repetitive training in this population. There are several factors--biochemical, physiological and psychological, that determine sex-dependent cardiac response. Herein, the aim of this review was to compare cardiac adaptation to endurance exercise in male and female athletes with the use of electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and biochemical examination, to determine the sex-specific phenotypes, and to improve the healthcare providers' awareness of cardiac remodeling in athletes. Finally, we discuss the possible exercise-induced alternations that should arouse suspicion of pathology and be further evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies have reported the association between cardiac markers and hepatic disorders. The main objective of this review article was to elucidate the significance of important cardiac indicators such as ischemia-modified albumin, cardiac troponin, cardiac natriuretic peptides, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, osteopontin, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, C-reactive protein, and lipoprotein(a) in the development of hepatic disorders. In addition, it highlighted recent notable discoveries and accomplishments in this field and identified areas requiring further investigation, ongoing discussions, and potential avenues for future research. Early identification and control of these cardiac markers might be helpful to control the prevalence of hepatic disorders associated with cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Marathon running poses unique cardiovascular challenges, sometimes leading to syncopal episodes. We present a case series of athletes who experienced pre-/syncope during the Zurich Marathon 2023, accompanied by elevated cardiac biomarkers. Case summary Eight athletes (2 females, 6 males) aged 21–35 years, with pre-/syncope and various additional diverse symptoms such as dizziness and palpitations during the (half-)marathon, were admitted to two emergency departments in Zurich, Switzerland. Clinical evaluations included electrocardiogram, echocardiography, telemetry, coronary computed tomography (CT) scans, and cardiac biomarker assessments. High-sensitive troponin T (hs-cTnT) was elevated in all cases at initial assessment and returned to normal at follow-up. All athletes who received CT scans had normal coronary and brain CT results. None of the eight athletes had underlying cardiovascular disease. Renal function normalized post-admission, and neurological symptoms resolved within hours. Creatinine levels indicated transient acute kidney injury. A common feature was inexperience in running, inadequate race preparation, particularly regarding fluid, electrolyte, and carbohydrate intake, along with pacing issues and lack of coping strategies with heat. Discussion From a clinician perspective, the case series highlights the challenge in the management of patients with a pre-/syncopal event during strenuous exercise and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Diverse initial symptoms prompted tailored investigations. Adequate training, medical assessments, and awareness of syncope triggers are essential for marathon participants. Caution and pacing strategies are crucial, especially among novices in competitive running. This information is pertinent given the growing popularity of marathon events and prompts a standardized diagnostic approach after these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In people, obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, associated with systemic hypertension, cardiac remodelling and systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Weight reduction can reverse myocardial remodelling and reduce risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease. In cats, far less is known regarding the effects of obesity and subsequent weight reduction on cardiovascular morphology and function. This prospective study aimed to assess cardiac morphology and function, heart rate variability, cardiac biomarkers and body composition before and after controlled weight reduction in cats with obesity. Body composition analysis (by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, DEXA) and cardiovascular assessment (echocardiography, systemic arterial systolic blood pressure, electrocardiography, plasma cardiac biomarkers) were performed prior to weight management in twenty cats with obesity. These investigations were repeated in eleven cats that reached target weight. Results: At baseline, systemic hypertension was not documented, but the majority of cats with obesity (15 out of 19) showed echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction. Eleven of 20 cats had increased maximal end-diastolic septal or left ventricular free wall thickness (≥ 6.0 mm) at baseline. Median (interquartile range) percentage of weight lost in the cats reaching target weight was 26% (17–29%), with a median reduction in body fat mass of 45% (26–64%). Both the end-diastolic left ventricular free wall (median magnitude of change -0.85 mm, IQR -0.05 mm to -1.55 mm, P = 0.019; median percentage reduction 14.0%) and end-diastolic interventricular septum (median magnitude of change -0.5 mm, IQR -0.2 mm to -1.225 mm, P = 0.047; median percentage reduction 7.9%) thickness decreased after weight reduction. Following weight reduction, pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging of the left ventricular free wall was consistent with improved diastolic function in 4 out of 8 cats, however there was no significant difference in overall diastolic function class. Further, there was no change in heart rate variability or cardiac biomarkers with weight reduction. Conclusion: An increase in left ventricular wall thickness and diastolic dysfunction were common echocardiographic features in cats with obesity within our study and may be reversible with successful weight and fat mass loss. Further studies are required to clarify the clinical consequences of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To survey the World Wide Web for critical limits/critical values, assess changes in quantitative low/high thresholds since 1990–93, streamline urgent notification practices, and promote global accessibility.We identified Web-posted lists of critical limits/values at university hospitals. We compared 2023 to 1990–93 archived notification thresholds.We found critical notification lists for 26 university hospitals. Laboratory disciplines ranged widely (1–10). The median number of tests was 62 (range 21–116); several posted policies. The breadth of listings increased. Statistically significant differences in 2023 vs. 1990 critical limits were observed for blood gas (pO2, pCO2), chemistry (glucose, calcium, magnesium), and hematology (hemoglobin, platelets, PTT, WBC) tests, and for newborn glucose, potassium, pO2, and hematocrit. Twenty hospitals listed ionized calcium critical limits, which have not changed. Fourteen listed troponin (6), troponin I (3), hs-TnI (3), or troponin T (2). Qualitative critical values expanded across disciplines, encompassing anatomic/surgical pathology. Bioterrorism agents were listed frequently, as were contagious pathogens, although only three hospitals listed COVID-19. Only one notification list detailed point-of-care tests. Two children’s hospital lists were Web-accessible.Urgent notifications should focus on life-threatening conditions. We recommend that hospital staff evaluate changes over the past three decades for clinical impact. Notification lists expanded, especially qualitative tests, suggesting that automation might improve efficiency. Sharing notification lists and policies on the Web will improve accessibility. If not dependent on the limited scope of secondary sources, artificial intelligence could enhance knowledge of urgent notification and critical care practices in the 21st Century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major cause of death across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In parallel, non-communicable disease and especially cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden has increased substantially in the region. Cardiac manifestations of TB are well-recognised but the extent to which they co-exist with pulmonary TB (PTB) has not been systematically evaluated. The aim of this study is to improve understanding of the burden of cardiac pathology in PTB in those living with and without HIV in a high-burden setting. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and natural history study to evaluate the burden and natural history of cardiac pathology in participants with PTB in Lusaka, Zambia, a high burden setting for TB and HIV. Participants with PTB, with and without HIV will be consecutively recruited alongside age- and sex-matched TB-uninfected comparators on a 2:1 basis. Participants will undergo baseline assessments to collect clinical, socio-demographic, functional, laboratory and TB disease impact data followed by point-of-care and standard echocardiography. Participants with PTB will undergo further repeat clinical and functional examination at two- and six months follow-up. Those with cardiac pathology at baseline will undergo repeat echocardiography at six months. Discussion: The outcomes of the study are to a) determine the burden of cardiac pathology at TB diagnosis, b) describe its association with patient-defining risk factors and biochemical markers of cardiac injury and stretch and c) describe the natural history of cardiac pathology during the course of TB treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clinical settings, cardiac biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity can be used to predict or diagnose heart disease. In humane clinical practice, troponins I and T have been used as predictors of heart disease, and the concentration of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is also considered the most reliable predictor of heart disease. Veterinary cardiac biomarkers are not yet widely used by practitioners in the diagnosis of heart disease, but this does not negate the high informative value of specific cardiac parameters such as canine N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (cNT-proBNP) and canine cardiac troponin I (ccTnI). Given the above, there is a need to conduct biochemical blood tests for cardiac pathology in dogs. The aim of the study was to determine specific parameters (cNT-proBNP and ccTnI) and blood lipidogram of domestic dogs with cardiomyopathy in the setting of obesity. The analysis of blood tests showed an increase in the content of ccTnI by more than 20 times (Р < 0.001) and cNT-pro BNP by 17.6 times (Р < 0.001) in domestic dogs with cardiomyopathy in the setting of obesity. According to the results of lipidogram determination, the dogs of the experimental group showed an increase in total cholesterol by 66.9 %, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 8.4 times, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) by 4.2 times. The studies showed significant changes in blood biochemical parameters in cardiomyopathy in domestic dogs with obesity, which confirms the diagnostic value of these biomarkers. The research results deserve the attention of the veterinary community of practitioners and can be used in the diagnosis and subsequent prognosis of heart disease in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Biochemical markers are fundamental in cardiac evaluation, and various novel assays have recently been discovered. We prospectively evaluated the hearts of newly diagnosed people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) using cardiac biomarkers, compared them with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐uninfected controls, and correlated our prospective findings with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Methods and results: Newly diagnosed, antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐naïve PLWH were recruited along with HIV‐uninfected, age‐matched, and sex‐matched controls. All participants underwent measurement of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT), N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), soluble ST2 (sST2), and galectin‐3, as well as a CMR study with multiparametric mapping. The HIV group started ART and was re‐evaluated 9 months later. The cardiac biomarkers and their correlation with CMR parameters were evaluated in and between groups. Compared with controls (n = 22), hs‐cTnT (4.0 vs. 5.1 ng/L; P = 0.004), NT‐proBNP (23.2 vs. 40.8 ng/L; P = 0.02), and galectin‐3 (6.8 vs. 9.0 ng/mL; P = 0.002) were all significantly higher in the ART‐naïve group (n = 73). After 9 months of ART, hs‐cTnT (5.1 vs. 4.3 ng/L; P = 0.02) and NT‐proBNP (40.8 vs. 28.5 ng/L; P = 0.03) both decreased significantly and a trend of decrease was seen in sST2 (16.5 vs. 14.8 ng/L; P = 0.08). Galectin‐3 did not demonstrate decrease over time (9.0 vs. 8.8 ng/mL; P = 0.6). The cardiac biomarkers that showed the best correlation with CMR measurements native T1, T2, and extracellular volume were NT‐proBNP (rs ≥ 0.4, P < 0.001) and galectin‐3 (rs ≥ 0.3, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Our cardiac biomarker data support the presence of subclinical myocardial injury, remodelling, and fibrosis at HIV diagnosis, and ART had a positive influence on these blood markers. It remains unclear if the underlying pathological processes were fully addressed by ART. The ability of cardiac biomarkers to detect and track tissue abnormalities diagnosed with CMR showed promise. With additional research, this could lead to improvements in screening and monitoring myocardial abnormalities, even in CMR‐limited settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential goal in the diagnostic approach to chronic coronary syndromes is to identify patients with significant stenoses in the coronary arteries who could benefit from invasive treatment while avoiding exposure to unnecessary interventional treatments or diagnostic procedures for patients who are unlikely to have significant stenoses in their coronary arteries. Early myocardial ischemia leads to a dynamic molecular response in the affected myocardium. A promising minimally invasive strategy is to access changes of concentrations of certain biomarkers circulating in blood during stress test-induced myocardial ischemia. This novel approach may change the landscape of non-invasive assessment of cardiac ischemia. However, there is a need for careful selection of possible candidates to be evaluated in future clinical trials. Several biomarkers have been proposed as potentially useful in this context and they are discussed in this review paper.

Abstract Aims Oncological patients suspected at risk for cardiotoxicity are recommended to undergo intensified cardiological surveillance. We investigated the value of cardiac biomarkers and patient‐related risk factors [age, cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), and cardiac function] for the prediction of all‐cause mortality (ACM) and the development of cardiotoxicity. Methods and results Between January 2016 and December 2020, patients with oncological diseases admitted to the Cardio‐Oncology Unit at the Heidelberg University Hospital were included. They were evaluated by medical history, physical examination, 12‐lead electrocardiogram, 2D echocardiography, and cardiac biomarkers [high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT) and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP)]. The primary endpoint was defined as ACM and the secondary endpoint was defined as cardiotoxicity, as defined by the European Society of Cardiology. Of the 1971 patients enrolled, the primary endpoint was reached by 490 patients (25.7%) with a median of 363.5 [interquartile range (IQR) 121.8, 522.5] days after presentation. Hs‐cTnT of ≥ 7 ng/L [odds ratio (OR) 1.82, P

Heart failure (HF) represents a significant global health challenge, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, and imposes considerable burdens on healthcare systems and patient quality of life. Traditional management strategies, primarily relying on clinical assessments and standard biomarkers like natriuretic peptides, face limitations due to the heterogeneity of HF. This review aims to delve into the evolving landscape of non-natriuretic biomarkers and the transformative potential of omics technologies, underscoring their roles in advancing HF treatment towards precision medicine. By offering novel insights into the biological underpinnings of HF, including inflammation, myocardial stress, fibrosis, and metabolic disturbances, these advancements facilitate more accurate patient phenotyping and individualized treatment strategies. The integration of non-natriuretic biomarkers and omics technologies heralds a pivotal shift in HF management, enabling a move towards tailored therapeutic interventions. This approach promises to enhance clinical outcomes by improving diagnostic accuracy, risk stratification, and monitoring therapeutic responses. However, challenges such as the variability in biomarker levels, cost-effectiveness, and the standardization of biomarker testing across different healthcare settings pose hurdles to their widespread adoption. Despite these challenges, the promise of precision medicine in HF, driven by these innovative biomarkers and technologies, offers a new horizon for improving patient care and outcomes. This review advocates for the further integration of these advancements into clinical practice, highlighting the need for ongoing research to fully realize their potential in transforming the landscape of heart failure management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The effectiveness of biomarkers in predicting cardiovascular events in community-based populations has been inconsistent, often failing to provide additional information beyond standard risk factors. Many previously studied biomarkers lack cardiovascular specificity. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the predictive value of three novel biomarkers induced by cardiovascular stress, soluble ST2, growth differentiation factor-15, and high-sensitivity troponin I, we measured them in 134 participants. Using multivariable-adjusted proportional hazards models, we assessed the individual and combined ability of these biomarkers to predict adverse outcomes. Additionally, we created a "multimarker" score comprising the three biomarkers along with B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Results: In multivariable-adjusted models, the three new biomarkers were associated with each endpoint except for coronary events. Individuals in the highest quartile of multimarker scores had a three-fold risk of death, a six-fold risk of heart failure, and a two-fold risk of cardiovascular events. Conclusion: Various biomarkers of cardiovascular stress are detectable in ambulatory individuals and enhance the prognostic value of standard risk factors for predicting death, overall cardiovascular events, and heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Intrapartum NT-proBNP was nearly doubled in patients with severe preeclampsia. • More patients with severe preeclampsia had detectable serum concentration of hs-cTnT. • Subclinical cardiac dysfunction may be present at severe preeclampsia diagnosis. Preeclampsia with severe features (SPE) is a multisystem syndrome associated with long-term cardiovascular morbidity. Serum concentrations of N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high sensitivity cardiac troponin-T (hs-cTnT) are sensitive markers of cardiac stretch and ischemia, respectively. Our aim was to examine NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT in patients with SPE during labor. We hypothesized that patients with severe preeclampsia would have increased serum concentrations of these analytes as compared with normotensive laboring patients. Study Design. This was a prospective cohort study of intrapartum patients with SPE and normotensive controls. Patients were recruited at the time of SPE diagnosis or admission to the labor unit, and those with medical conditions that could predispose to baseline cardiac dysfunction were excluded. Serum from venous blood was collected for NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT measurement at three time points: 0–2 h, 4 h, and 12 h after admission. A mixed random effects regression model was used to compare analyte levels at each time point and to compare trends over time. The primary outcome was NT-proBNP concentration at each collection time point in patients with severe preeclampsia as compared to normotensive controls. Power analysis yielded a goal sample of 25 patients with a 12 h and at least 1 other sample in each arm. Two-tailed P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. P value adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed. Of 78 patients analyzed, 36 had severe preeclampsia and 42 were normotensive controls with 25 in each cohort having a 12 h and at least 1 other sample. The NT-proBNP trend was significantly different in the two cohorts (P < 0.001). After adjustment for multiple comparisons, the mean serum concentration of NT-proBNP was elevated in the severe preeclampsia group at 0–2 and 4 h, but not at 12 h. After similar adjustment, detectable serum concentrations of hs-cTnT were more frequent in patients with severe preeclampsia at all three timepoints. Intrapartum serum concentrations of NT-proBNP were elevated nearly twofold in patients with SPE when compared with normotensive controls, with the most pronounced differences found during early labor. Detectable but low serum concentrations of hs-cTnT were more common in women with severe preeclampsia as compared with normotensive controls. These findings suggest cardiac dysfunction with SPE may be present at the time of admission and contribute to features of maternal cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is a need for better understanding the factors that modulate left atrial (LA) dysfunction. Therefore, we determined associations of clinical and biochemical biomarkers with serial changes in echocardiographic indexes of LA function in the general population. Methods: We measured LA maximal and minimal volume indexes (LAVImax and LAVImin) by echocardiography and LA reservoir strain (LARS) by two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking in 627 participants (mean age 50.8 years, 51.2% women) at baseline and after 4.8 years. Results: During follow‐up, LARS decreased significantly in men (−.90%, P =.033) but not in women (−.23%, P =.60). In stepwise regression analysis, stronger decrease in LARS over time was associated with male sex, a higher age, body mass index (BMI), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and serum insulin at baseline and with a greater increase in BMI and MAP over time (P ≤.018). Similarly, an increased risk of developing or retaining abnormal LARS was observed in older participants, in subjects with a higher baseline BMI, MAP, heart rate (HR), troponin T and ΔMAP, and in those who used β‐blockers at baseline. Both LAVImax and LAVImin increased significantly over time (P ≤.0007). This increase was associated with a higher baseline age, pulse pressure and a lower HR at baseline and a greater increase in pulse pressure over time (P ≤.029). Higher serum insulin and D‐dimer were independently associated with a stronger increase in LAVImin (P ≤.0034). Conclusion: Subclinical worsening in LA dysfunction was associated with older age, hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance and troponin T levels. Cardiovascular risk management strategies may delay LA deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Oncological patients suspected at risk for cardiotoxicity are recommended to undergo intensified cardiological surveillance. We investigated the value of cardiac biomarkers and patient‐related risk factors [age, cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), and cardiac function] for the prediction of all‐cause mortality (ACM) and the development of cardiotoxicity. Methods and results: Between January 2016 and December 2020, patients with oncological diseases admitted to the Cardio‐Oncology Unit at the Heidelberg University Hospital were included. They were evaluated by medical history, physical examination, 12‐lead electrocardiogram, 2D echocardiography, and cardiac biomarkers [high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT) and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP)]. The primary endpoint was defined as ACM and the secondary endpoint was defined as cardiotoxicity, as defined by the European Society of Cardiology. Of the 1971 patients enrolled, the primary endpoint was reached by 490 patients (25.7%) with a median of 363.5 [interquartile range (IQR) 121.8, 522.5] days after presentation. Hs‐cTnT of ≥ 7 ng/L [odds ratio (OR) 1.82, P < 0.001] and NT‐proBNP (OR 1.98, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of ACM, while reduced left ventricular ejection fraction was not associated with increased ACM (P = 0.85). The secondary endpoint was reached by 182 patients (9.2%) with a median of 793.5 [IQR 411.2, 1165.0] days. Patients with multiple CVRFs (defined as high risk, n = 886) had an increased risk of cardiotoxicity (n = 100/886, 11.3%; hazard ratio 1.57, P = 0.004). They showed elevated baseline values of hs‐cTnT (OR 1.60, P = 0.006) and NT‐proBNP (OR 4.00, P < 0.001) and had an increased risk of ACM (OR 1.43, P = 0.031). Conclusions: In cancer patients, CVRF accumulation predicts cardiotoxicity whereas elevated hs‐cTnT or NT‐proBNP levels are associated with ACM. Accordingly, less intensive surveillance protocols may be warranted in patients with low cardiac biomarker levels and absence of CVRFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a form of heart failure, often severe, that occurs in previously healthy women at the end of their pregnancy or in the first few months after delivery. In PPCM, the recovery of heart function reaches 45–50%. However, the all-cause mortality in long-term observation remains high, reaching 20% irrespective of recovery status. The incidence of PPCM is increasing globally; therefore, effort is required to clarify the pathophysiological background of the disease, as well as to discover specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The etiology of the disease remains unclear, including oxidative stress; inflammation; hormonal disturbances; endothelial, microcirculatory, cardiomyocyte and extracellular matrix dysfunction; fibrosis; and genetic mutations. Currently, antiangiogenic 16-kDa prolactin (PRL), cleaved from standard 23-kDa PRL in the case of unbalanced oxidative stress, is recognized as the main trigger of the disease. In addition, 16-kDa PRL causes damage to cardiomyocytes, acting via microRNA-146a secreted from endothelial cells as a cause of the NF-κβ pathway. Bromocriptine, which inhibits the secretion of PRL from the pituitary gland, is now the only specific treatment for PPCM. Many different phenotypes of the disease, as well as cases of non-responders to bromocriptine treatment, indicate other pathophysiological pathways that need further investigation. Biomarkers in PPCM are not well established. There is a deficiency in specific diagnostic biomarkers. Pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal BNP are the best, however unspecific, diagnostic biomarkers of heart failure at the moment. Therefore, more efforts should be engaged in investigating more specific biomolecules of a diagnostic and prognostic manner such as 16-kDa PRL, galectin-3, myeloperoxidase, or soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor ratio. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge and future directions of exploring PPCM pathophysiology, including microRNA and heat shock proteins, which may improve diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and the development of specific treatment strategies, and consequently improve patients' prognosis and outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic heart diseases (IHDs) remain a global health concern. Many IHD cases go undiagnosed due to challenges in the initial diagnostic process, particularly in cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays have revolutionized myocardial injury assessment, but variations in diagnostic cut-off values and population differences have raised challenges. This review addresses essential laboratory and clinical considerations for hs-cTn assays. Laboratory guidelines discuss the importance of establishing standardized 99th-percentile upper reference limits (URLs) considering factors such as age, sex, health status, and analytical precision. The reference population should exclude individuals with comorbidities like diabetes and renal disease, and rigorous selection is crucial. Some clinical guidelines emphasize the significance of sex-specific URL limits while others do not. They highlight the use of serial troponin assays for AMI diagnosis. In addition, timely reporting of accurate hs-cTn results is essential for effective clinical use. This review aims to provide a clearer understanding among laboratory professionals and clinicians on how to optimize the use of hs-cTn assays in clinical settings in order to ensure accurate AMI diagnosis and thus improve patient care and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential goal in the diagnostic approach to chronic coronary syndromes is to identify patients with significant stenoses in the coronary arteries who could benefit from invasive treatment while avoiding exposure to unnecessary interventional treatments or diagnostic procedures for patients who are unlikely to have significant stenoses in their coronary arteries. Early myocardial ischemia leads to a dynamic molecular response in the affected myocardium. A promising minimally invasive strategy is to access changes of concentrations of certain biomarkers circulating in blood during stress test-induced myocardial ischemia. This novel approach may change the landscape of non-invasive assessment of cardiac ischemia. However, there is a need for careful selection of possible candidates to be evaluated in future clinical trials. Several biomarkers have been proposed as potentially useful in this context and they are discussed in this review paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAnthracyclines are effective in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but limited by cardiotoxicity. CPX-351, a liposomal daunorubicin and cytarabine, may provide therapeutic benefit with less cardiotoxicity. Acute changes in left ventricular systolic function and cardiac biomarkers were evaluated after a cycle of CPX-351 in children with relapsed AML treated on the phase 1/2 Children's Oncology Group study, AAML1421.MethodsSubjects received 135 units/m2/dose of CPX-351 on days 1, 3, and 5 as cycle 1. Echocardiograms were performed and centrally quantitated at baseline and at the end of cycle 1 (day 29 +/− 1 week). High sensitivity troponin (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were measured at baseline and serially through the end of cycle 1 (days 5, 8, 15, 22 and 29). Differences between baseline and post-CPX-351 echo/biomarker measures were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Linear regression was used to model post-CPX-351 left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with cTnT/NT-proBNP at each time point, controlling for baseline LVEF. Cancer therapy related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) was defined as a decline in LVEF of ≥10%–

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a major global health concern, representing a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This review provides a comprehensive examination of CVDs, encompassing their pathophysiology, diagnostic biomarkers, advanced imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions, and the emerging role of herbal remedies. The review covers various cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, and congenital heart defects. The review presents a wide range of cardiac biomarkers such as troponins, C-reactive protein, CKMB, BNP, NT-proBNP, galectin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α, miRNAs, and oxylipins. Advanced molecular imaging techniques, including chest X-ray, ECG, ultrasound, CT, SPECT, PET, and MRI, have significantly enhanced our ability to visualize myocardial perfusion, plaque characterization, and cardiac function. Various synthetic drugs including statins, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, and antiarrhythmics are fundamental in managing CVDs. Nonetheless, their side effects such as hepatic dysfunction, renal impairment, and bleeding risks necessitate careful monitoring and personalized treatment strategies. In addition to conventional therapies, herbal remedies have garnered attention for their potential cardiovascular benefits. Plant extracts and their bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and alkaloids, offer promising cardioprotective effects and enhanced cardiovascular health. This review underscores the value of combining traditional and modern therapeutic approaches to improve cardiovascular outcomes. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers by integrating a broad spectrum of information on CVDs, diagnostic tools, imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments and their side effects, and the potential of herbal remedies.

ObjectivesThe analytical sensitivity of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hsTnT) assays has enabled rapid myocardial infarction rule-out algorithms for emergency department (ED) presentations. Few studies have analyzed the real-world impact of hsTnT algorithms on outcomes and operations.MethodsComparison of ED length of stay (LOS) and 30-day outcomes (return to ED, inpatient admission, and mortality) for patients presenting with chest pain during 2 separate 208-day periods using a 0/1-hour hsTnT-enabled algorithm or fourth-generation TnT.ResultsDischarge, 30-day readmission, and 30-day mortality rates were not significantly different with fourth-generation TnT vs hsTnT. Thirty-day return rates were significantly decreased with hsTnT (17.4% vs 14.9%; P

Most commonly diagnosed cancer pathologies in the pediatric population comprise leukemias and cancers of the nervous system. The percentage of cancer survivors increased from approximatively 50% to 80% thanks to improvements in medical treatments and the introduction of new chemotherapies. However, as a consequence, heart disease has become the main cause of death in the children due to the cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapy treatments. The use of different cardiovascular biomarkers, complementing data obtained from electrocardiogram, echocardiography cardiac imaging, and evaluation of clinical symptoms, is considered a routine in clinical diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification, and differential diagnosis. Cardiac troponin and natriuretic peptides are the best-validated biomarkers broadly accepted in clinical practice for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and heart failure, although many other biomarkers are used and several potential markers are currently under study and possibly will play a more prominent role in the future. Several studies have shown how the measurement of cardiac troponin (cTn) can be used for the early detection of heart damage in oncological patients treated with potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs. The advent of high sensitive methods (hs-cTnI or hs-cTnT) further improved the effectiveness of risk stratification and monitoring during treatment cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the source of the global pandemic known as coronavirus disease 2019, and the disease prognosis is also linked to the prevalence of cardiac problems. In our study, we aimed to contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment of cardiac complications by evaluating ischemic modified albumin levels in adults with coronavirus disease 2019 disease. Methods: Our study was conducted with a total of 176 cases: group 1 (n=70) with cardiac injury and coronavirus disease 2019 (+), group 2 (n=57) with cardiac injury and coronavirus disease (−), and group 3 (n=49) with healthy volunteers. The Mann–Whitney U test, the average, SD, minimum and maximum values, intergroup comparison of the results, and statistical significance were evaluated with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: As a result of the bilateral comparisons, ischemic modified albumin measurements of the coronavirus disease 2019 (+) and coronavirus disease 2019 (−) groups were higher than the control group (P=.006 and P=.006, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between ischemic modified albumin measurements of coronavirus disease 2019 (+) and coronavirus disease 2019 (−) groups. Conclusion: Ischemic modified albumin measurement accelerates the diagnosis and treatment process in the evaluation of cardiac injuries in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prospective cohort studies have implied associations between blood levels of troponin T, troponin I, NT-proBNP, GDF15, dementia, and cognitive function, without providing evidence favoring possible causality. We aimed to assess the causal associations of these cardiac blood biomarkers with dementia and cognition using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Independent genetic instruments (p < 5e−7) for troponin T and I, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and growth-differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) were obtained from previously-performed genome-wide association studies of predominantly European ancestry. Summary statistics for gene-outcome associations in European-ancestry participants, for the two-sample MR analyses, were obtained for general cognitive performance (n = 257,842) and dementia (n = 111,326 clinically diagnosed and "proxy" AD cases, and 677,663 controls). Two-sample MR analyses were performed using inverse variance-weighted (IWV) analyses. Sensitivity analyses to evaluate horizontal pleiotropy included weighted median estimator, MR-Egger, and MR using cis-SNPs only. Using IVW, we did not find evidence for possible causal associations between genetically influenced cardiac biomarkers with cognition and dementia. For example, per standard deviation (SD) higher cardiac blood biomarker, the odds ratio for risk of dementia was 1.06 (95%CI 0.90; 1.21) for troponin T, 0.98 (95%CI 0.72; 1.23) for troponin I, 0.97 (95%CI 0.90; 1.06) for NT-proBNP and 1.07 (95%CI 0.93; 1.21) for GDF15. Sensitivity analyses showed higher GDF15 was significantly associated with higher dementia risk and worse cognitive function. We did not find strong evidence that cardiac biomarkers causally influence dementia risk. Future research should aim at elucidating the biological pathways through which cardiac blood biomarkers associate with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Myocarditis is a rare immune-related adverse events (irAEs) with high mortality rates, with few reports on its clinical characteristics and prognostic impact. This study designed to explore the associations between cardiac parameters and outcomes of myocarditis in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). Fourteen patients diagnosed with ICI-associated myocarditis by clinicians were admitted to the study analysis. By Cox univariate and multivariate survival analyses, potential risk factors for the development of severe myocarditis were identified. Survival analysis was also performed to explore the prognosis of patients with myocarditis. Among patients with myocarditis, higher B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels (P = 0.04) and conduction block (P = 0.03) were associated with progression to severe myocarditis. In addition, high lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) levels (P =.04) and myocarditis onset within 2 months (P = 0.02) were prognostic factors of severe myocarditis. The median progression-free survival (PFS) time and median overall survival (OS) time for all patients were 5.9 months and 18.5 months, respectively. However, there were no statistical differences between mild and severe cohorts in terms of PFS and OS (PFS: 4.5 vs. 8.5 months, P = 0.17; OS: 21.3 vs. 18.5months, P = 0.36). And we found that the earlier occurrence of myocarditis, worse PFS prognosis (4.5 months vs. 10.5 months, P = 0.008), while no difference in OS (18.5 months vs. 21.3 months, P = 0.35). Compared to mild myocarditis, severe myocarditis presented with higher BNP levels and cardiac conduction abnormalities. In addition, patients with mild and early myocarditis tended to have better survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dots with unconventional properties can bring massive opportunities in multidirectional applications. Herein, borophene quantum dots (BQDs) have been synthesized that exhibit nanozymatic activity in addition to their conventional fluorescence emission nature and antibacterial activity. Fluorescence emission peak position and decay time were 450 nm and 2.8 ns, respectively. The average size of the BQDs was 5.2 nm. A significant 5-fold enhancement of the nanozymatic activity of BQDs was observed through an electrochemical process that enabled H2O2 detection with an exceptional limit of detection (LOD) value of 3.5 nM. A mechanism study revealed that two factors, for example, radical scavenging and electroassisted oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) have played significant roles in enhancing detection sensitivity and reducing detection time. BQDs possessed over 80% radical scavenging ability and, under an electrochemical field, demonstrated a 50-fold increase in the oxidation reaction of TMB compared with the conventional method. These remarkable findings were further utilized for the quantification of cholesterol and choline in a simulated blood sample with LOD values of 0.13 and 0.38 μM, respectively. The groundbreaking results presented in this study have the potential to open a pathway to move from the conventional nanozymatic detection method to an electroassisted one in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the symptomatic status and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) play a crucial role in aortic stenosis (AS) assessment. However, the symptoms are often subjective, and LVEF is not a sensitive marker of left ventricle (LV) decompensation. Over the past years, the cardiac structure and function research on AS has increased due to advanced imaging modalities and potential therapies. New imaging parameters emerged as predictors of disease progression in AS. LV global longitudinal strain has proved useful for risk stratification in asymptomatic severe AS patients with preserved LVEF. The assessment of myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance is the most studied application and offers prognostic information on AS. Moreover, the usage of biomarkers in AS as objective measures of LV decompensation has recently gained more interest. The present review focuses on the transition from compensatory LV hypertrophy (H) to LV dysfunction and the biomarkers associated with myocardial wall stress, fibrosis, and myocyte death. Moreover, we discuss the potential impact of non-invasive imaging parameters for optimizing the timing of aortic valve replacement and provide insight into novel biomarkers for possible prognostic use in AS. However, data from randomized clinical trials are necessary to define their utility in daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, our aim was to investigate the role of cardiac biomarkers in predicting the presence of significant coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. Methods: The study population was composed of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients who underwent coronary angiography at a single center between June 2021 and March 2023, and whose cardiac biomarkers were evaluated before the procedure. HCM patients were screened retrospectively. Significant CAD was defined as > 50% stenosis of the left main coronary artery or > 70% stenosis in a major coronary vessel. Demographic, echocardiographic and cardiac biomarker values were compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 123 patients were evaluated. Significant CAD was detected in 39 (31.7%) patients. Patients with significant CAD had higher CK-MB values than those without CAD [2.8 (2.1–4.0) vs. 3.4 (2.8–4.6), p = 0.036], and a higher level of high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) than those without CAD (24 vs. 17.8, p = 0.022). the NT-proBNP/hs-TnT ratio was found to be significantly lower in patients with CAD than in those with CAD (31.4 vs. 21.4, p = 0.019). In multivariate anaylsis, NT-proBNP/hs-TnT was determined as an independent predictor for significant CAD. In ROC analysis, NT-proBNP/hs-TnT ratio lower than the cut-off value of 30.7 could detect the presence of significant CAD with 76.9% sensitivity and 53.6% specificity (AUC: 0.632, 95% CI: 0.528–0.736, p = 0.019). Conclusion: To sum up, we suggest that cardiac biomarkers were valuable and simple parameters in terms of significant CAD in HCM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Cardiac biomarkers' predictive value of contrast‐associated acute kidney injury (CA‐AKI) remains unclear. We analysed whether creatine kinase isoenzyme‐MB (CKMB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and preoperative N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) are tied to CA‐AKI patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Methods: In the multi‐center study, we included 3553 people underwent cardiac catheterization for analysis. CA‐AKI was defined as the absolute increase of over 0.3 mg/dL or an increase of more than 50% compared with the baseline serum creatinine within 48 hours following cardiac catheterization. Logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to examine the association between cardiac biomarkers and CA‐AKI and the efficacy of Mehran risk score (MRS) model on CA‐AKI prediction with and without cardiac biomarkers. Results: Among 3553 people, 200 people eventually developed CA‐AKI. The logistic regression model showed that log10CKMB (odds ratio (OR): 1.97, 95%CI:1.51–2.57, p <.001), cTnI (OR: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.02–1.04, p <.001) and log10NT‐proBNP (OR: 3.19, 95%CI: 2.46–4.17, p <.001) were independent predictors of CA‐AKI. The ROC curve demonstrated that area under the curve (AUC) of MRS was 0.733. CKMB, cTnI and NT‐proBNP all significantly improved the AUC value in combination with MRS model. (NT‐proBNP: 0.798, p <.001; CKMB: 0.758, p =.003; cTnI: 0.755, p =.002), among which the NT‐proBNP had the best predictive efficacy improvement. Conclusion: Cardiac biomarkers of CKMB, cTnI and NT‐proBNP are all independently associated with CA‐AKI among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization while NT‐proBNP remains the best indicator. Adding CKMB, cTnI and NT‐proBNP to MRS improved the prognostic efficacy and may be considered effective tools to predict the risk of CA‐AKI in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article review is to analyze some models and clinical issues related to the implementation of accelerated diagnostic protocols based on specific cardiac biomarkers in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms compatible with acute cardiac disorders. Four specific clinical issues will be discussed in detail: (a) pathophysiological and clinical interpretations of circulating hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT levels; (b) the clinical relevance and estimation of the biological variation of biomarkers in patients admitted to the ED with acute and severe diseases; (c) the role and advantages of the point-of-care testing (POCT) methods for cardiac-specific biomarkers in pre-hospital and hospital clinical practice; and (d) the clinical role of specific cardiac biomarkers in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). In order to balance the risk between a hasty discharge versus the potential harms caused by a cardiac assessment in patients admitted to the ED with suspected acute cardiovascular disease, the measurement of specific cardiac biomarkers is essential for the early identification of the presence of myocardial dysfunction and/or injury and to significantly reduce the length and costs of hospitalization. Moreover, specific cardiac biomarkers (especially hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT) are useful predictors of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients admitted to the ED with suspected acute cardiovascular disease. To guide the implementation of the most rapid algorithms for the diagnosis of Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) into routine clinical practice, clinical scientific societies and laboratory medicine societies should promote collaborative studies specifically designed for the evaluation of the analytical performance and, especially, the cost/benefit ratio resulting from the use of these clinical protocols and POCT methods in the ED clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Assessment of cardiovascular risk is critical for patients with cancer. Previous retrospective studies suggest potential cardiotoxicity of CAR T cell therapies. We aimed to prospectively assess cardiotoxicity and the predictive value of cardiac biomarkers and classical risk factors (age, cardiac function, diabetes, arterial hypertension, smoking) for cardiac events and all-cause mortality (ACM). Methods: In this prospective cohort study, all patients treated with CAR T cell constructs (axi-cel, tisa-cel, brexu-cel, ide-cel, or the 3rd generation CAR HD-CAR-1) from Oct 1, 2018, to Sept 30, 2022 at the University Hospital Heidelberg were included. Surveillance included cardiac assessment with biomarkers (high-sensitive Troponin T (hs-cTnT), N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)), 12-lead-ECG, and 2D echocardiography. ACM was defined as the primary study endpoint, while cardiotoxicity, defined by clinical syndromes of heart failure or decline in ejection fraction, served as a secondary endpoint. Findings: Overall, 137 patients (median age 60, range 20–83, IQR 16), were included in the study. 46 patients died during the follow up period (median 0.75 years, range 0.02–4.33, IQR 0.89) 57 month, with a median survival of 0.57 years (range 0.03–2.38 years, IQR 0.79). A septal wall thickness above 11 mm (HR 2.48, 95%-CI = 1.10–5.67, p = 0.029) was associated with an increased risk of ACM, with a trend seen for reduced left ventricular ejection fraction prior to therapy (LVEF