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The relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the diabetes population still needs to be clarified. This study aimed to explore the association of 25(OH)D with CVD and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chinese population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This cross-sectional study was performed with 1378 hospitalized patients with T2DM. Participants were classified into three groups according to the serum 25(OH)D levels: vitamin D adequate, vitamin D insufficiency and vitamin D deficient. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, stratified analysis and interaction analysis were performed to determine the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and CVD outcome. After adjusting for confounders, serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly negatively associated with cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients [OR: 0.97 (0.94, 0.99), p = 0.0131]. Taking the vitamin D-sufficient group (≥ 20 ng/mL) as a reference, the vitamin D-deficiency group (< 12 ng/mL) was associated with a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular disease, with a 1.25-fold increased risk after adjusting for all potential confounders [OR: 2.25 (1.33, 3.79), p = 0.0023]. Stratification analysis showed that the association between vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of cardiovascular disease was particularly significant in women [OR: 4.32 (1.54, 12.12), p = 0.0055], older adults [OR: 4.14 (1.10, 15.56), p = 0.0355], normal-weight [OR: 4.09 (1.51, 11.10), p = 0.0056] and obese subjects [OR: 3.66 (1.03, 13.05), p = 0.0453]. Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity [OR: 1.57 (1.10, 2.24), p = 0.0134], hypertension [OR: 1.81 (1.30, 2.51), p = 0.0004], hypertriglyceridemia [OR: 1.56 (1.12, 2.16), p = 0.0078] and reduced HDL-C [OR: 1.67 (1.19, 2.35), p = 0.0033]. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly negatively associated with CVD in T2DM patients and vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background We investigated the association between sleep problems and cardiometabolic risks and the potential linking effect of metabolites and metabolic pathways based on multi-layered research, including observational, mendelian randomization (MR), and metabolomics analysis. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of the 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset was conducted to identify the association between sleep problems and cardiometabolic risks. A subsequent MR study based on genetic data was performed to explore the causal correlation of significant associations in the NHANES study. The underlying alteration of metabolism was explored by constructing zebrafish models and wide-targeted metabolomics analysis. Results The cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES database revealed a significant association of snoring with obesity [OR = 2.65, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.87, 3.74]; sleep apnea with hypertension (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.48) and obesity (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.96); trouble sleeping with hypertension (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.86), obesity (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.26), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.25). MR analysis verified the causal relationship between genetically proxied sleep apnea or snoring and obesity. The decreased activity levels and altered expression levels of six circadian genes (bmal1b, cry1aa, cry1ab, clock1a, per1b, per2) were identified in the zebrafish of the sleep disorder group. Multiple metabolites related to disturbed glucose metabolism (e.g., 20-HETE), lipid metabolism (e.g., inosine), and vascular-related metabolites (e.g., riboflavin) were finally identified, indicating the latent effect of metabolism. Conclusions This study identified the chain of sleep-circadian rhythm-metabolism-cardiometabolic risks. These findings can promote improved prevention implementation and therapeutic strategies.

Objectives: To ascertain the direct and indirect link between elevated uric acid (eUA) and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) in Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) American adults. Design: Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to disentangle the U.S. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2015–2018 NHANES) dataset and investigate the connection between eUA and components of MetSyn as per the criteria from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III. The association between eUA and MetSyn was determined using odds ratios from sex-specific multivariable logistic regression analysis. The analysis was adjusted for age, physical activity, alcohol use, and smoking. SEM coefficients were used to measure the strength of the link between eUA and MetSyn components. Results: NHB American men with eUA had 1.41-fold greater odds of MetSyn, and NHB American women with eUA had 2.70-fold greater odds of MetSyn after adjusting for confounding factors. Elevated uric acid was more strongly and directly linked to abdominal obesity (β = 0.320, p < 0.01) in NHB American men, and with abdominal obesity (β = 0.423, p < 0.01), dyslipidemia (β = 0.151, p < 0.01) and hypertension (β = 0.121, p < 0.01) in NHB American women than between eUA and other components of MetSyn. Conclusions: This study's finding linking eUA to MetSyn components in NHB American adults needs reaffirmation through a robust prospective study design. If validated, eUA could help predict and prevent MetSyn in NHB American adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigated the association between sleep problems and cardiometabolic risks and the potential linking effect of metabolites and metabolic pathways based on multi-layered research, including observational, mendelian randomization (MR), and metabolomics analysis. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of the 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset was conducted to identify the association between sleep problems and cardiometabolic risks. A subsequent MR study based on genetic data was performed to explore the causal correlation of significant associations in the NHANES study. The underlying alteration of metabolism was explored by constructing zebrafish models and wide-targeted metabolomics analysis. Results: The cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES database revealed a significant association of snoring with obesity [OR = 2.65, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.87, 3.74]; sleep apnea with hypertension (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.48) and obesity (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.96); trouble sleeping with hypertension (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.86), obesity (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.26), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.25). MR analysis verified the causal relationship between genetically proxied sleep apnea or snoring and obesity. The decreased activity levels and altered expression levels of six circadian genes (bmal1b, cry1aa, cry1ab, clock1a, per1b, per2) were identified in the zebrafish of the sleep disorder group. Multiple metabolites related to disturbed glucose metabolism (e.g., 20-HETE), lipid metabolism (e.g., inosine), and vascular-related metabolites (e.g., riboflavin) were finally identified, indicating the latent effect of metabolism. Conclusions: This study identified the chain of sleep-circadian rhythm-metabolism-cardiometabolic risks. These findings can promote improved prevention implementation and therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Maternal and postnatal overnutrition has been linked to an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases in offspring. This study investigated the impact of adult-onset voluntary wheel running to counteract cardiometabolic risks in female offspring exposed to a life-long high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet. Methods: Dams were fed either an HFHS or a low-fat, low-sucrose (LFLS) diet starting from 8 wk before pregnancy and continuing throughout gestation and lactation. Offspring followed their mothers' diets. At 15 wk of age, they were divided into sedentary (Sed) or voluntary wheel running (Ex) groups, resulting in four groups: LFLS/Sed (n = 10), LFLS/Ex (n = 5), HFHS/Sed (n = 6), HFHS/Ex (n = 5). Cardiac function was assessed at 25 wk, with tissue collection at 26 wk for mitochondrial respiratory function and protein analysis. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Although maternal HFHS diet did not affect the offspring's body weight at weaning, continuous HFHS feeding postweaning resulted in increased body weight and adiposity, irrespective of the exercise regimen. HFHS/Sed offspring showed increased left ventricular wall thickness and elevated expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid transport (CD36, FABP3), lipogenesis (DGAT), glucose transport (GLUT4), oxidative stress (protein carbonyls, nitrotyrosine), and early senescence markers (p16, p21). Their cardiac mitochondria displayed lower oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) efficiency and reduced expression of OXPHOS complexes and fatty acid metabolism enzymes (ACSL5, CPT1B). However, HFHS/Ex offspringmitigated these effects, aligning more with LFLS/Sed offspring. Conclusions: Adult-onset voluntary wheel running effectively counteracts the detrimental cardiac effects of a lifelong HFHS diet, improving mitochondrial efficiency, reducing oxidative stress, and preventing early senescence. This underscores the significant role of physical activity in mitigating diet-induced cardiometabolic risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin, derived from turmeric root, exhibits notable anti-inflammatory effects. These anti-inflammatory properties might also provide advantages in reducing cardiovascular complications, such as atherosclerosis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin in reducing the risk of atherogenesis in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. The study employed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design with 227 participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The parameters used to assess atherogenic risk reduction included pulse wave velocity and metabolic profiles, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Measurements were recorded at baseline and at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month intervals. After 12 months, participants receiving curcumin exhibited a significant reduction in pulse wave velocity (p < 0.001). This group showed significantly reduced levels of cardiometabolic risk biomarkers, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, all with p values less than 0.001. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were also significantly lower in the curcumin group, with p values less than 0.001. The curcumin intervention significantly reduced pulse wave velocity and improved cardiometabolic risk profiles. These findings suggest that curcumin treatment may effectively reduce atherogenic risks in type 2 diabetes patients with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The landscape of cancer survivorship is increasingly populated by individuals facing a spectrum of cardiometabolic risks, attributed to both their oncological history and treatment regimens. This manuscript synthesizes findings from various studies, highlighting the prevalence of traditional risk factors—hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes—as well as emergent concerns like obesity and metabolic syndrome among survivors. The impact of demographic variables, specific cancer types, and treatment modalities on cardiometabolic health is explored. Through a lens of multidisciplinary management and future research directives, we advocate for an integrative approach to cardiometabolic health in cancer survivors, aiming to ensure their victory over cancer extends into long-term well-being. Graphical Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a prolonged daily eating window (EW) are associated with circadian rhythm disruption and increased cardiometabolic risk. Misalignment between circadian timing system and daily rhythms of food intake adversely impacts metabolic regulatory mechanisms and cardiovascular function. Restricting the daily EW by imposing an eating–fasting cycle through time-restricted eating (TRE) can restore robust circadian rhythms, support cellular metabolism, and improve cardiometabolic health. The aim of this study was to assess a feasibility of 12-week TRE intervention with self-selected 10 h EW and effects of TRE on EW duration, cardiometabolic outcomes, daily rhythms of behavior, and wellbeing in Polish patients with MetS and EW ≥ 14 h/day. Dietary intake was monitored with a validated myCircadianClock application (mCC app). Adherence to TRE defined as the proportion of days recorded with mCC app in which participants satisfied 10-h TRE was the primary outcome. A total of 26 patients (aged 45 ± 13 years, 62% women, 3.3 ± 0.5 MetS criteria, EW 14 ± 1.5 h/day) were enrolled. Coexistence of increased waist circumference (WC) (96% of patients), elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (77%), and elevated blood pressure (BP) (69%) was the most common MetS pattern (50%). TRE intervention (mean duration of 81.6 ± 12.6 days) led to reducing daily EW by 28% (p < 0.0001). Adherence to TRE was 87 ± 13%. Adherence to logging food intake on mCC app during TRE was 70 ± 27%. Post TRE, a decrease in body weight (2%, 1.7 ± 3.6 kg, p = 0.026), body mass index (BMI) (1%, 0.5 ± 1.2 kg/m2, p = 0.027), WC (2%, 2.5 ± 3.9 cm, p = 0.003), systolic BP (4%, 4.8 ± 9.0 mmHg, p = 0.012), FPG (4%, 3.8 ± 6.9 mg/dL, p = 0.037), glycated hemoglobin (4%, 0.2 ± 0.4%, p = 0.011), mean fasting glucose level from continuous glucose monitor (CGM) (4%, 4.0 ± 6.1 mg/dL, p = 0.002), and sleepiness score (25%, 1.9 ± 3.2 points, p = 0043) were observed. A significant decrease in body weight (2%), BMI (2%), WC (3%), mean CGM fasting glucose (6%), sleepiness score (27%), and depression score (60%) was found in patients with mean post-TRE EW ≤ 10 h/day (58% of total), and not in patients with EW > 10 h/day. Adherence to TRE was higher in patients with post-TRE EW ≤ 10 h/day vs. patients with EW > 10 h/day (94 ± 6% vs. 77 ± 14%, p = 0.003). Our findings indicate that 10-h TRE was feasible in the European MetS population. TRE resulted in reducing daily EW and improved cardiometabolic outcomes and wellbeing in patients with MetS and prolonged EW. Use of the mCC app can aid in implementing TRE. This pilot clinical trial provides exploratory data that are a basis for a large-scale randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy and sustainability of TRE for reducing cardiometabolic risks in MetS populations. Further research is needed to investigate the mechanisms of TRE effects, including its impact on circadian rhythm disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimsLifestyle modifications and healthy behavioural regimens are critical in preventing coronary artery disease (CAD) and other important health conditions. Little is known about the risk for CAD and health behaviour among older adults (>60 years) living in rural areas in the Philippines. Compare risk profiles and health behaviours of Filipinos at low- vs. moderate-to-high-risk for CAD and examine the association between demographic variables, risk profiles, and health behaviours.Methods and resultsA comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenient sample of 427 Filipinos (≥60 years old). Data on sociodemographic characteristics, risk profiles, and health behaviours (e.g. diet, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol use) were collected. Ten-year CAD risk was estimated using the non-laboratory-based Framingham algorithm. Of the 427 participants [mean age was 69.2 ± 6.7 years, primarily women (65%), married (52.8%)], 319 (75%) were at low risk, and 108 (25%) were at moderate-to-high-risk for CAD. Filipinos at moderate to high risk were more likely to have cardiometabolic diseases (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, and obesity, all P's < 0.001). Health behaviours did not differ between the two groups except for the consumption of ≥5 servings of fruit, higher in the low-risk group.ConclusionData showed highly consistent and convergent evidence among older Filipinos living in rural areas at high risk for CAD and other health conditions. These findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive guidance to improve CAD outcomes for moderate to high-risk older adults living in rural areas, including education and counselling on risk and risk-reducing strategies.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and erratic eating patterns are associated with circadian rhythm disruption which contributes to an increased cardiometabolic risks. Restricting eating period (time-restricted eating, TRE) can restore robust circadian rhythms and improve cardiometabolic health. We describe a protocol of the Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic and Neuroendocrine homeostasis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress (TREMNIOS) pilot clinical trial in Polish adult patients with MetS and eating period of ≥14 h/day. The study aims to test the feasibility of TRE intervention and methodology for evaluating its efficacy for improving metabolic, neuroendocrine, inflammatory, oxidative stress and cardiac biomarkers, and daily rhythms of behavior for such population. Participants will apply 10-h TRE over a 12-week monitored intervention followed by a 12-week self-directed intervention. Changes in eating window, body weight and composition, biomarkers, and rhythms of behavior will be evaluated. Dietary intake, sleep, activity and wellbeing will be monitored with the myCircadianClock application and questionnaires. Adherence to TRE defined as the proportion of days recorded with app during the monitored intervention in which participants satisfied 10-h TRE is the primary outcome. TREMNIOS will also provide an exploratory framework to depict post-TRE changes in cardiometabolic outcomes and behavior rhythms. This protocol extends previous TRE-related protocols by targeting European population with diagnosed MetS and including long-term intervention, validated tools for monitoring dietary intake and adherence, and comprehensive range of biomarkers. TREMNIOS trial will lay the groundwork for a large-scale randomized controlled trial to determine TRE efficacy for improving cardiometabolic health in MetS population.

Structured lifestyle interventions through cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are critical to improving the outcome of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiometabolic risk factors. CR programs' variability in real-world practice may impact CR effects. This study evaluates intensive CR (ICR) and standard CR (SCR) programs for improving cardiometabolic, psychosocial, and clinical outcomes in high-risk CVD patients undergoing guideline-based therapies. Both programs provided lifestyle counseling and the same supervised exercise component. ICR additionally included a specialized plant-based diet, stress management, and social support. Changes in body weight (BW), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and exercise capacity (EC) were primary outcomes. A total of 314 patients (101 ICR and 213 SCR, aged 66 ± 13 years, 75% overweight/obese, 90% coronary artery disease, 29% heart failure, 54% non-optimal LDL-C, 43% depressive symptoms) were included. Adherence to ICR was 96% vs. 68% for SCR. Only ICR resulted in a decrease in BW (3.4%), LDL-C (11.3%), other atherogenic lipids, glycated hemoglobin, and systolic blood pressure. Both ICR and SCR increased EC (52.2% and 48.7%, respectively) and improved adiposity indices, diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol intake, depression, and quality of life, but more for ICR. Within 12.6 ± 4.8 months post-CR, major adverse cardiac events were less likely in the ICR than SCR group (11% vs. 17%), especially heart failure hospitalizations (2% vs. 8%). A comprehensive ICR enhanced by a plant-based diet and psychosocial management is feasible and effective for improving the outcomes in high-risk CVD patients in real-world practice.

Independently of the total body fat mass, upper body fat mass deposition is strongly associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities. The mechanisms underlying fat mass localisation are not fully understood, but evidences indicate sex-specific fat mass distribution. Currently, data on women are scarce and the link between hormonal status changes during their life and fat mass distribution is overlooked. For this narrative review, literature data were extracted from the PubMed and CENTRAL databases to examine the relationship between hormonal status and adipose tissue localisation in women. Menopause strongly influences fat mass localisation, while the effect of the menstrual cycle phases, oral contraception use and pregnancy has not been unambiguously determined. Reliable data are lacking on the relationship between hormonal variations throughout the lifespan and body fat mass localisation in women. Future studies should take into account the hormonal status of women to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe study findings investigated uric acid reference values and their association with a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors among adolescents using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the KNHANES database from 2016 to 2018, involving a total of 2,462 participants aged between 10 and 18 years. Based on age- and sex-specific percentile curves for serum uric acid (SUA) levels from the KNHANES, we examined the correlation between cardiometabolic risk factors and serum uric acid levels.ResultsThe percentile values of SUA varied with sex and age. In male subjects, SUA levels tended to increase from 10 to 14 years of age and plateaued after 14 years of age. Moreover, the overall uric acid level in females was found to be lower than that in males; the levels tended to increase at approximately 10 to 12 years old but were relatively consistent according to age. Mean uric acid levels increased according to obesity status in both males and females. However, correlation analysis revealed that SUA levels were associated with several metabolic risks even after adjusting for obesity. The detailed metabolic syndrome (MetS) components that were observed to be associated with an increase in uric acid levels were different between males and females, but overall, high uric acid levels increased MetS risk. Additionally, a significant increase in MetS-related odds ratio (OR) for components, including waist circumference (WC), triglyceride (TG) levels, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), was observed. However, differences between sexes were apparent, with a more pronounced increase in OR based on SUA levels in girls.DiscussionSUA levels were closely associated with MetS and its components, even in nonobese subjects. Therefore, high SUA levels in children and young adolescents should be closely monitored to prevent MetS.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens have been shown to cause metabolic changes in people living with HIV (PLWH), predisposing them to cardiometabolic disease (CVMD). However, such evidence is less established in pregnant women living with HIV (pWLWH) on ART. Pregnancy-induced cardiometabolic risks (CMR) can predispose to unfavourable pregnancy outcomes and further persist in the postpartum period, resolve, and recur in subsequent pregnancies, or emerge as newly diagnosed chronic diseases of ageing. Therefore, this systematic review aimed at synthesizing evidence on CMR and perinatal outcomes among pWLWH in the era of ART. We considered prospective and retrospective cohorts, case-control, cross-sectional, and interventional studies published in English. Specific keywords were used to conduct a thorough literature search on PubMed-Medline and Scopus following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guideline. Two investigators independently screened the search outputs and reviewed full texts of potentially eligible articles. Data extraction was conducted by one investigator and verified by the second investigator. Thirty-one relevant studies conducted on 20,904 pWLWH on ART across Africa, Asia, Europe, and America were included. Studies demonstrate inconclusive findings, especially on perinatal outcomes, but significant risks of gestational hypertension and dyslipidemia were reported in pWLWH on ART compared to the control group. Therefore, future studies should focus more on these perinatal outcomes, and their impact on postpartum maternal health and growth trajectories of uninfected infants born from pWLWH who are either on ART or ART-naïve in comparison to infants born of HIV-negative mothers over the life course, especially in HIV-burdened African countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundChronic dehydration is associated with complications and mortality in acute ischemic stroke patients. Prior literature indicates that farmers and fishery workers are commonly affected by cardiometabolic diseases and there is a need for early prevention of stroke. This study explores the prevalence of dehydration and the association of cardiometabolic risk profiles in agricultural and aquaculture workers.MethodsWe conducted a community-based, cross-sectional study of agriculture and aquaculture workers in Yunlin County of Taiwan between August 1 and December 31, 2021. Data on demographic characteristics and health-related lifestyles were collected through one-on-one interviews using a questionnaire. The threshold for dehydration is defined as serum osmolality ≥295 mOsm/kg, and physiological biomarkers were collected from a collaborating hospital. Multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographic characteristics were performed to investigate the association between dehydration levels, cardiometabolic risks, and health-related behaviors.ResultsA total of 962 Taiwanese agriculture and aquaculture workers who were predominantly women (65%) with a mean age of 64 years (SD = 13.8) were enrolled. The findings showed a high prevalence of dehydration (36%), metabolic syndrome (44.5%), abnormal waist circumference (64.4%), and abnormal blood pressure (68.5%). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that dehydration was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (p

Abstract Background Family history (FamH) of type 2 diabetes might indicate shared genotypes, environments, and/or behaviors. We hypothesize that FamH interacts with unhealthy behaviors to increase the risk of early onset of diabetes and poor cardiometabolic control. Methods In a cross-sectional analysis of the prospective Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation Register including patients from 427 clinics in 11 Asian countries/regions in 2007–2021, we defined positive FamH as affected parents/siblings and self-management as (1) healthy lifestyles (balanced diet, non-use of alcohol and tobacco, regular physical activity) and (2) regular self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Results Among 86,931 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean±SD age: 56.6±11.6 years; age at diagnosis of diabetes: 49.8±10.5 years), the prevalence of FamH ranged from 39.1% to 85.3% in different areas with FamH affecting mother being most common (32.5%). The FamH group (n=51,705; 59.5%) was diagnosed 4.6 years earlier than the non-FamH group [mean (95% CI): 47.9 (47.8–48.0) vs. 52.5 (52.4–52.6), logrank p

BackgroundThe increasing severity of obesity is expected to lead to more serious health effects. However, there is limited information on the prevalence and clinical characteristics of cardiometabolic risk factors in severely children affected by obesity in Malaysia. This baseline study aimed to investigate the prevalence of these factors and their association with obesity status among young children.MethodsIn this study, a cross-sectional design was employed using the baseline data obtained from the My Body Is Fit and Fabulous at school (MyBFF@school) intervention program involving obese school children. Obesity status was defined using the body mass index (BMI) z-score from the World Health Organization (WHO) growth chart. Cardiometabolic risk factors presented in this study included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood pressure, acanthosis nigricans, insulin resistance (IR), and MetS. MetS was defined using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2007 criteria. Descriptive data were presented accordingly. The association between cardiometabolic risk factors, such as obesity status, and acanthosis nigricans with MetS was measured using multivariate logistic regression, which was adjusted for gender, ethnicity, and strata.ResultsOut of 924 children, 38.4% (n = 355) were overweight, 43.6% (n = 403) were obese, and 18% (n = 166) were severely obese. The overall mean age was 9.9 ± 0.8 years. The prevalence of hypertension, high FPG, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, and the presence of acanthosis nigricans among severely children affected by obesity was 1.8%, 5.4%, 10.2%, 42.8%, and 83.7%, respectively. The prevalence of children affected by obesity who were at risk of MetS in 10-year-old was observed to be similar at 4.8%. Severely children affected by obesity had higher odds of high FPG [odds ratio (OR) = 3.27; 95% confdence interval (CI) 1.12, 9.55], hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 3.50; 95%CI 1.61, 7.64), low HDL-C (OR = 2.65; 95%CI 1.77, 3.98), acanthosis nigricans (OR = 13.49; 95%CI 8.26, 22.04), IR (OR = 14.35; 95%CI 8.84, 23.30), and MetS (OR = 14.03; 95%CI 3.97, 49.54) compared to overweight and children affected by obesity. The BMI z-score, waist circumference (WC), and percentage body fat showed a significant correlation with triglycerides, HDL-C, the TG: HDL-C ratio, and the homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) index.ConclusionsSeverely children affected by obesity exhibit a higher prevalence of and are more likely to develop cardiometabolic risk factors compared to overweight and children affected by obesity. This group of children should be monitored closely and screened periodically for obesity-related health problems to institute early and comprehensive intervention.

OBJECTIVE: High body fat ratio is known as one of the main reasons that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study examined the relationship between body composition and cardiometabolic risks in hemodialysis (HD) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted with chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who received HD treatment between March 2020 and September 2021. Anthropometric measurements of the individuals and their body composition analyses were performed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. Framingham risk scores were calculated in order to determine the cardiometabolic risk factors of individuals. RESULTS: According to the Framingham risk score, 15.96% of individuals were found to have a high cardiometabolic risk. The lean-fat tissue index (LTI)/(FTI), body shape index (BSI) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) (female-male) values of individuals with high risk according to the Framingham risk score were found to be 11.34±2.29, 13.52±2.88, 8.50±3.89, 9.60±3.07, 0.086±0.024, respectively. The effect of anthropometric measurements in estimating the Framingham risk score was examined using the linear regression analysis. The regression analysis performed with BMI, LTI, VAI values, it was determined that 1-unit increase in VAI increased the Framingham risk score by 1,468 units (OR: 0.951-1.952) (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: It has been discovered that indices indicating adipose tissue increase the Framingham risk score in HD patients, independent of BMI. It is recommended to evaluate the ratios showing body fat ratio in cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest gynecological endocrinopathy. Little is known about the exact etiopathogenesis and cardiometabolic mortality and morbidity in women with PCOS. PCOS is beyond the cosmetic concerns of an adolescent and fertility concerns of an adult and can cause serious unhealthy consequences in perimenopausal and postmenopausal age. This area needs to be assessed and addressed since the majority of these patients are lost to follow-up after completion of their families. Good evidence suggests that there are significant racial and ethnic differences in prevalence, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, hyperandrogenemia and the related cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demonization of seed oils "campaign" has become stronger over the decades. Despite the dietary guidelines provided by nutritional experts recommending the limiting of saturated fat intake and its replacement with unsaturated fat-rich food sources, some health experts ignore the dietary guidelines and the available human research evidence, suggesting the opposite. As contrarians, these individuals could easily shift public opinion so that dietary behavior moves away from intake of unsaturated fat-rich food sources (including seed oils) toward saturated fats, which is very concerning. Excess saturated fat intake has been known for its association with increased cholesterol serum levels in the bloodstream, which increase atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risks. Furthermore, high saturated fat intake may potentially induce insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, based on human isocaloric feeding studies. Hence, this current review aimed to assess and highlight the available human research evidence, and if appropriate, to counteract any misconceptions and misinformation about seed oils., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objectives: This study aimed to summarize evidence on the economic outcomes of prenatal and postpartum interventions for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), assess the quality of each study, and identify research gaps that may inform future research.Methods: Electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from January 1, 2000, to October 1, 2021. Selected studies were included in narrative synthesis and extracted data were presented in narrative and tabular forms. The quality of each study was assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards and Consensus on Health Economic Criteria list.Results: Among the 22 studies identified through the systematic review, 19 reported favorable cost-effectiveness of the intervention. For prenatal management of HDP, home blood pressure monitoring was found to be cost-effective compared with in-person visits in improving maternal and neonatal outcomes. For postpartum care, regular screening for hypertension or metabolic syndrome followed by subsequent treatment was found to be cost-effective compared with no screening in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus or HDP.Conclusions: Existing economic evaluation studies showed that prenatal home blood pressure monitoring and postpartum screening for hypertension or metabolic syndrome were cost-effective. Nevertheless, limitations in the approach of the current economic evaluations may dampen the quality of the evidence and warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family history (FamH) of type 2 diabetes might indicate shared genotypes, environments, and/or behaviors. We hypothesize that FamH interacts with unhealthy behaviors to increase the risk of early onset of diabetes and poor cardiometabolic control.Methods: In a cross-sectional analysis of the prospective Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation Register including patients from 427 clinics in 11 Asian countries/regions in 2007-2021, we defined positive FamH as affected parents/siblings and self-management as (1) healthy lifestyles (balanced diet, non-use of alcohol and tobacco, regular physical activity) and (2) regular self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG).Results: Among 86,931 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean±SD age: 56.6±11.6 years; age at diagnosis of diabetes: 49.8±10.5 years), the prevalence of FamH ranged from 39.1% to 85.3% in different areas with FamH affecting mother being most common (32.5%). The FamH group (n=51,705; 59.5%) was diagnosed 4.6 years earlier than the non-FamH group [mean (95% CI): 47.9 (47.8-48.0) vs. 52.5 (52.4-52.6), logrank p<0.001]. In the FamH group, patients with both parents affected had the earliest age at diagnosis [44.6 (44.5-44.8)], followed by affected single parent [47.7 (47.6-47.8)] and affected siblings only [51.5 (51.3-51.7), logrank p<0.001]. The FamH plus ≥2 healthy lifestyle group had similar age at diagnosis [48.2 (48.1-48.3)] as the non-FamH plus <2 healthy lifestyle group [50.1 (49.8-50.5)]. The FamH group with affected parents had higher odds of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia than the FamH group with affected siblings, with the lowest odds in the non-FamH group. Self-management (healthy lifestyles plus SMBG) was associated with higher odds of attaining HbA1c<7%, blood pressure<130/80mmHg, and LDL-C<2.6 mmol/L especially in the FamH group (FamH×self-management, pinteraction=0.050-0.001).Conclusions: In Asia, FamH was common and associated with young age of diagnosis which might be delayed by healthy lifestyle while self management  was associated with better control of  cardiometabolic risk factors especially in those with FamH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In the U.S., the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension are higher among African American/Black (Black), Latinx, and Filipino adults than non-Hispanic White (White) and Chinese adults. We compared the racial/ethnic-specific prevalence of several modifiable cardiometabolic risks in an insured adult population to identify behaviors that may drive racial/ethnic differences in cardiometabolic health. Methods This cross-sectional study used data for middle-aged (35–64) and older (65–79) Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) adult health plan members. Smoking status and BMI were derived from electronic health record data. Weighted pooled self-reported data from the 2014/2015 and 2017 KPNC Member Health Survey cycles were used to estimate daily number of servings of fruits/vegetables, general sodium avoidance, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption frequency, alcohol use within daily recommended limit, weekly exercise frequency, and number of hours of sleep daily. Age-standardized estimates of all cardiometabolic risks were produced for middle-aged and older-aged women and men in the five racial/ethnic groups. Analyses focused on racial/ethnic differences within age-gender groups and gender and age group differences within racial/ethnic groups. Results In both age groups, Black, Latinx, and Filipino adults were more likely than White and Chinese adults to have overweight and obesity and were less likely to engage in health promoting dietary (fruit/vegetable and SSB consumption, sodium avoidance (women only)) and sleep behaviors. Middle-aged Black and Filipino men were more likely than White men to be current smokers. Less racial/ethnic variation was seen in exercise frequency. Significant gender differences were observed for dietary behaviors overall and within racial/ethnic groups, especially among middle-aged adults; however, these gender differences were smaller for sleep and exercise. Age differences within gender and racial/ethnic groups were less consistent. Racial/ethnic and gender differences in these behaviors were also seen in the subsample of adults with diabetes and/or hypertension and in the subsample of adults who reported they were trying to engage in health promoting behaviors. Conclusions Black, Latinx, and Filipino adults were more likely than White and Chinese adults to report dietary and sleep behaviors associated with development and worsening of cardiometabolic conditions, with men exhibiting poorer dietary behaviors than women.

Abstract Background Early detection and prevention of cardiometabolic risk factors in an increasingly aging society are a global public health concern. Maintaining adequate lung function is important for healthy aging. Few studies exist on lung function impairment and decline in primary healthcare settings, especially among rural adults with cardiometabolic risks. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of impaired lung function and its association with cardiometabolic risks among rural adults. Methods A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted between March and December 2019 in western coastal Yunlin County, Taiwan. The lung function test was measured by spirometry, based on the American Thoracic Society recommendations. Three lung function parameters were obstructive lung impairment, restrictive lung impairment, and mixed lung impairment. Restrictive, obstructive, and mixed type lung function was categorized as impaired. Cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome were based on the national standard and include five abnormal biomarkers, including abdominal obesity, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and decreased high-density cholesterol levels. Results The median age of the 1653 (92.9%) participants with complete data was 66 years (interquartile range: 55 to 75 years). The prevalence of impaired lung function was 37%, including 31.7% restrictive, 2.5% obstructive, and 2.7% mixed type. Adults with impaired lung function (86% restrictive type) engaged more in smoking and betel nut chewing, ate fewer vegetables and fruit, and drank less water compared to the normal lung function group. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cardiometabolic risk factors were independently associated with restrictive lung impairment, while cigarette smoking (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.14–4.53) and betel nut chewing (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.09–5.01) were significantly associated with the obstructive type of lung impairment. Conclusions A high prevalence of restrictive lung impairment, cardiometabolic risks, and unhealthy lifestyles among rural adults were found in this study. For adults with cardiometabolic risks in rural areas, initiating lifestyle modifications with culture-tailored programs to improve lung function should be an important issue for clinicians and primary healthcare providers.

INTRODUCTION: It is reported that there are more than 340 million people who are either overweight or obese aged between 5-19. Obesity starting in childhood and adolescence leads up to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and hastens the atherosclerotic process. The aim of our study is to evaluate risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese adolescents. METHODS: The study population comprised overweight and obese adolescents aged 11–18 years. After taking all anthropometric measurements and blood samples; cardiovascular risk according to the REGODCI scoring system and prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation were examined. RESULTS: 150 overweight and obese adolescents were included. 115 (76.70%) subjects were determined as obese. MetS was seen in 22% (n=33); cardiometabolic risk (CMR) was seen in 46.60% (n=80) of the participants. A statistically significant difference between systolic blood pressure, TG/HDL, and BMI of participants diagnosed with MetS was detected (p = 0.040, p= 0.012, p < 0.001, respectively). A significant correlation was found between CMR and participants' BMI, TG/HDL, waist-hip ratio (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p= 0.034, respectively). According to the ROC analysis for MetS, the area under the curve was 0.826, the cutoff value was 2.59 with 72% sensitivity and 72% specificity; and for the CMR the area under the curve was 0.652, the cutoff value was 2.06 with 65% sensitivity and 63% specificity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Obesity is an independent risk factor for both MetS and CMR, and it should be treated immediately after diagnosis. TG/HDL ratio may use as a predictor factor for MetS (over 2.59) and for CMR (over 2.06) in overweight and obese adolescents.

Abstract Background An increased osteoprotegerin (OPG) level has been reported in both type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diease (CVD) that are linked to sympathovagal imbalance (SVI). We explored the link of osteoprotegerin with cardiovagal modulation in T2DM. Methods We assessed fasting serum OPG, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), glucose, insulin and lipid profile in patients having T2DM receiving oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) (n = 42) compared with age, gender and body composition-matched healthy participants without diabetes (n = 42). Rate pressure product (RPP), spectral indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and body composition were recorded in both the groups. Association of HOMA-IR and OPG with various parameters were assessed. Results Osteoprotegerin, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, coronary lipid risk factor were significantly increased, markers of cardiovagal modulation (TP, SDNN, RMSSD) were considerably decreased, ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency (LH-HF ratio), the indicator of SVI, and RPP, the marker of myocardial work stress were significantly higher in patients with diabetes, suggesting an overall elevated CVD risks in them. HOMA-IR was correlated with RMSSD, lipid risk factors and OPG. Rise in OPG was correlated with decreased cardiovagal modulation in patients with diabetes. There was significant contribution of OPG in decreasing TP, suggesting impaired cardiovagal modulation. Conclusion T2DM patients receiving OAD had higher cardiometabolic risks compared to age, gender and body composition-matched healthy individuals. Increased level of OPG is linked to decreased cardiovagal modulation in T2DM patients.

Background In Western developed countries, food-based dietary patterns have been associated with the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, but little is known about such associations in less developed ethnic minority regions (LEMRs), where the cardiometabolic disease burden is growing rapidly and food patterns differ substantially.Methods Between May 2018 and September 2019, we recruited 99556 participants aged 30-79 years from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) Study. We measured habitual dietary intake with validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and then calculated dietary pattern scores for two of the most studied a priori dietary patterns, i.e., Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and alternative Mediterranean (aMED) style diets, and three a posteriori dietary patterns. Four cardiometabolic risks, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and metabolic syndrome (MetS), were newly diagnosed by medical examination and blood tests. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) relating various dietary pattern scores to cardiometabolic risks using marginal structural models under the guidance of directed acyclic graphs. For the above associations, we further calculated the proportion mediated by overweight (PM) using regression-based mediation analysis for better public health implications.Findings The final study sample consisted of 68834 participants. Among them, we newly diagnosed 12803 hypertension, 3527 diabetes, 16342 hyperlipidaemia, and 8198 MetS cases. Overall, all 5 dietary patterns showed considerable associations with risks of hypertension and MetS. Comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles, the DASH score showed the strongest inverse associations with risks of hypertension (OR=0.74, 95% CI:0.70-0.79; PM=10%) and MetS (OR=0.79, 95% CI:0.74-0.85; PM=35%); conversely, scores of the localized a posteriori Yunnan-Guizhou plateau dietary pattern in LEMRs showed the strongest positive associations with risks of hypertension (OR=1.44, 95% CI:1.35-1.52; PM=10%) and MetS (OR=1.35, 95% CI:1.26-1.46; PM=33%), with all P values for trend

Objective: To investigate the effects of 12 weeks practice of a structured yoga module on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiometabolic risks in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving similar kind of oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) with yoga therapy and without yoga therapy, matched for all the known confounders. Design: Parallel design interventional (randomized control trial) study. Subjects: Eighty treatment-naive males with T2D were randomized into control group (n = 40) and study group (n = 40). Intervention: Study group participants received a structured yoga therapy that included asana and pranayama practice for 12 weeks in addition to OAD, whereas control group participants received OAD alone. Outcome measures: Before and after intervention, BP parameters, rate pressure product (RPP) as the marker of myocardial stress, total power (TP) of HRV, low-frequency to high-frequency (LF–HF) ratio of HRV, homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile and lipid risk factors, malondialdehyde (MDA), and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured. TP of HRV was defined as the primary outcome. Association of TP (the marker of HRV) and LF–HF ratio (the marker of sympathovagal balance) with cardiometabolic parameters was assessed by correlation and regression analyses. Results: After 12 weeks yoga therapy, there was significant reduction in cardiometabolic risks (TP of HRV, RPP, lipid risks factors, levels of MDA, and hsCRP) in study group subjects compared with control subjects that did not receive yoga therapy. All cardiometabolic risk factors were significantly correlated with TP in study group, having maximum significance with homeostatic model of insulin secretion (r = 0.502, p £ 0.001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated the independent contribution of decrease in RPP, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, and MDA to increased TP and decreased LF–HF ratio in T2D patients after yoga therapy. Conclusion: From the results of this study, the authors conclude that 12 weeks practice of a structured yoga module improves TP of HRV, sympathovagal balance, and metabolic functions, and reduce cardiovascular (CV) risks in patients with diabetes who received routine antidiabetic medicines along with yoga therapy, compared with the patients with diabetes who received antidiabetic medicines alone. The reduction in cardiometabolic risks in these patients is linked to the improvement in TP of HRV. Future studies should also include a control group with rapid walking or a similar exercise program of equal time to the yoga intervention group to discern whether it is in fact yoga that is leading to these results and not simply increased CV activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo determine the activities of oxidative stress markers and lipid profiles of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria.MethodsThis was a nested case-control study consisting of 50 PCOS patients and 50 healthy women of the same age range without any evidence of PCOS. The study measured the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (TAC); concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) using standard spectrophotometric methods. Anthropometric indices were also assessed. P-values of

Objective: Lacunae in literature persist regarding the mechanisms connected with the progression from metabolic syndrome (MetS) to Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). To validate heart rate variability (HRV), as a tool for progression of CVD in patients visiting cardiovascular outpatient clinic. Material and Methods: This crosssectional study involved screening of 126 patients for the presence of one or more cardiometabolic risk factors and followed with HRV measurement after categorizing them as MetS+ or control MetS-. Results: Time domain analysis showed a significant reduction between male and female of MetS- and MetS+ While frequency domain analysis in MetS+ male showed no difference, MetS+ female showed significant difference in TP and HF indices. With increasing number of metabolic components, the MetS+ males exhibited significant decrease in the time domain and increase in frequency domain indices of HRV. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride (TG) were associated with time and frequency domain of HRV among MetS+ and MetS- males and females. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was a significant predictor of SDNN, RRSSD, and NN50 in patients with MetS+ while HDL was a significant predictor of Standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) and pNN50. BMI was significant predictor of SDNN and pNN50 in MetS-patients and NN50 in MetS+ patients. In MetS+, the significant predictor of HF was WC, TG, HDL and LDL and that of LF were TG and LDL while in MetS-, WC was significant predictor of LF and HDL of LF/HF. Conclusion: MetS+ females showed lower vagal activity and decreased sympathetic predominance as compared to MetS males suggesting greater cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the U.S., the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension are higher among African American/Black (Black), Latinx, and Filipino adults than non-Hispanic White (White) and Chinese adults. We compared the racial/ethnic-specific prevalence of several modifiable cardiometabolic risks in an insured adult population to identify behaviors that may drive racial/ethnic differences in cardiometabolic health.Methods: This cross-sectional study used data for middle-aged (35-64) and older (65-79) Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) adult health plan members. Smoking status and BMI were derived from electronic health record data. Weighted pooled self-reported data from the 2014/2015 and 2017 KPNC Member Health Survey cycles were used to estimate daily number of servings of fruits/vegetables, general sodium avoidance, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption frequency, alcohol use within daily recommended limit, weekly exercise frequency, and number of hours of sleep daily. Age-standardized estimates of all cardiometabolic risks were produced for middle-aged and older-aged women and men in the five racial/ethnic groups. Analyses focused on racial/ethnic differences within age-gender groups and gender and age group differences within racial/ethnic groups.Results: In both age groups, Black, Latinx, and Filipino adults were more likely than White and Chinese adults to have overweight and obesity and were less likely to engage in health promoting dietary (fruit/vegetable and SSB consumption, sodium avoidance (women only)) and sleep behaviors. Middle-aged Black and Filipino men were more likely than White men to be current smokers. Less racial/ethnic variation was seen in exercise frequency. Significant gender differences were observed for dietary behaviors overall and within racial/ethnic groups, especially among middle-aged adults; however, these gender differences were smaller for sleep and exercise. Age differences within gender and racial/ethnic groups were less consistent. Racial/ethnic and gender differences in these behaviors were also seen in the subsample of adults with diabetes and/or hypertension and in the subsample of adults who reported they were trying to engage in health promoting behaviors.Conclusions: Black, Latinx, and Filipino adults were more likely than White and Chinese adults to report dietary and sleep behaviors associated with development and worsening of cardiometabolic conditions, with men exhibiting poorer dietary behaviors than women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early detection and prevention of cardiometabolic risk factors in an increasingly aging society are a global public health concern. Maintaining adequate lung function is important for healthy aging. Few studies exist on lung function impairment and decline in primary healthcare settings, especially among rural adults with cardiometabolic risks. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of impaired lung function and its association with cardiometabolic risks among rural adults.Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted between March and December 2019 in western coastal Yunlin County, Taiwan. The lung function test was measured by spirometry, based on the American Thoracic Society recommendations. Three lung function parameters were obstructive lung impairment, restrictive lung impairment, and mixed lung impairment. Restrictive, obstructive, and mixed type lung function was categorized as impaired. Cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome were based on the national standard and include five abnormal biomarkers, including abdominal obesity, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and decreased high-density cholesterol levels.Results: The median age of the 1653 (92.9%) participants with complete data was 66 years (interquartile range: 55 to 75 years). The prevalence of impaired lung function was 37%, including 31.7% restrictive, 2.5% obstructive, and 2.7% mixed type. Adults with impaired lung function (86% restrictive type) engaged more in smoking and betel nut chewing, ate fewer vegetables and fruit, and drank less water compared to the normal lung function group. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cardiometabolic risk factors were independently associated with restrictive lung impairment, while cigarette smoking (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.14-4.53) and betel nut chewing (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.09-5.01) were significantly associated with the obstructive type of lung impairment.Conclusions: A high prevalence of restrictive lung impairment, cardiometabolic risks, and unhealthy lifestyles among rural adults were found in this study. For adults with cardiometabolic risks in rural areas, initiating lifestyle modifications with culture-tailored programs to improve lung function should be an important issue for clinicians and primary healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The effectiveness of lifestyle intervention for weight loss on cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and obese individuals in the community setting remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a 6-month weight loss lifestyle intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and obese women and the sustainability of the changes in those markers at 12-month follow-up, comparing an intervention group with a control group. Methods A total of 243 participants from MyBFF@home were included in this study. Fasting blood samples at baseline, 6- and 12-month were assessed for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides. The effect of the intervention on cardiometabolic risk markers were investigated within and between study groups using t-test and general linear model (GLM) repeated measure ANOVA. Results Results from repeated measures ANOVA showed intervention effect only in TC where significant reduction was found in the intervention group (− 0.26 mmol/L [95% CI: – 0.47 to − 0.06], p

Objectives: Determination of trends in diet-related behaviors and their interactions with cardiometabolic diseases is an important research endeavor. Methods: We analyzed food categories, weight, eating frequency, eating location, cooking methods, time of food intake, dietary knowledge, food preference, nutritional structure over time, and their interaction with cardiometabolic risks, using t tests and χ² tests, based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey packages from 1997 to 2011. Results: Consumption of fruits, dairy products, snacks, fast food, and beverages has increased significantly, as a concomitant and marked decrease in rice consumption has occurred. Food categories, eating frequency, cooking methods, and at-home eating are gradually increasing and diversifying. Persons not only prefer to consume carbohydrate-rich foods like fruits and vegetables, but also enjoy energy-dense foods like meat, snacks, and beverages. There has been a switch from a predominantly plant-based diet to a Western style diet high in fat and animal-based foods. People have undergone significant changes in reducing the intake of energy, carbohydrates, and protein, but significantly increased their fat intake. Conclusion: Chinese dietary patterns and diet-related behaviors have undergone significant transition in the past few decades, trending towards diversification and modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: An increased osteoprotegerin (OPG) level has been reported in both type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diease (CVD) that are linked to sympathovagal imbalance (SVI). We explored the link of osteoprotegerin with cardiovagal modulation in T2DM.Methods: We assessed fasting serum OPG, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), glucose, insulin and lipid profile in patients having T2DM receiving oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) (n = 42) compared with age, gender and body composition-matched healthy participants without diabetes (n = 42). Rate pressure product (RPP), spectral indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and body composition were recorded in both the groups. Association of HOMA-IR and OPG with various parameters were assessed.Results: Osteoprotegerin, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, coronary lipid risk factor were significantly increased, markers of cardiovagal modulation (TP, SDNN, RMSSD) were considerably decreased, ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency (LH-HF ratio), the indicator of SVI, and RPP, the marker of myocardial work stress were significantly higher in patients with diabetes, suggesting an overall elevated CVD risks in them. HOMA-IR was correlated with RMSSD, lipid risk factors and OPG. Rise in OPG was correlated with decreased cardiovagal modulation in patients with diabetes. There was significant contribution of OPG in decreasing TP, suggesting impaired cardiovagal modulation.Conclusion: T2DM patients receiving OAD had higher cardiometabolic risks compared to age, gender and body composition-matched healthy individuals. Increased level of OPG is linked to decreased cardiovagal modulation in T2DM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Globally, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is high in Punjabi population. This could due to the increased cardiometabolic risks associated with diets high in dietary fats and refined grains. However, studies on the relationship between dietary pattern and cardiometabolic risks involving Malaysian Punjabis population are scarce. Hence, this study aims to determine the associations between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risks in Malaysian Punjabi adults. Methods: Socio-demographic, lifestyle and dietary intake information was collected using self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements: weight and height for body mass index (BMI) calculation, waist circumference (WC); systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP); and biomarkers: blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 and B100 were obtained. Major dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. Association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors were performed using ANCOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: A total of 164 (35.4% males and 64.6% females) Punjabis were included in this study. Four dietary patterns were extracted, namely ''fruits and vegetables diet' (FVD), 'whole grains, condiments and beverages diet' (WCBD), 'protein diet' (PD) and 'rice, noodles, cereals and meat diet' (RNCMD). Significant associations were obtained for FVD with BMI (p=0.012), WC (p=0.011), SBP (p=0.020) and DBP (p=0.009); WCBD with TC (p=0.010), LDL-C (p=0.015) and apolipoprotein B100 (p=0.038). Conclusion: Dietary pattern comprised of fruits, vegetables and beverages containing antioxidant-rich spices, ginger, and black tea may lower cardiometabolic risks in Malaysian Punjabis, particularly in obesity, high blood pressure and hyperlipidaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Objectives: This study aims to examine associations between SSB intake and cardiometabolic risks among Chinese children and adolescences. Methods: Data from 3958 participants aged 6‐17 years old were obtained in Shanghai, China, from September to October 2015. A 3‐day dietary record and a food‐frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were applied to assess SSB consumption and frequency. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were conducted to measure cardiometabolic indicators. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, daily energy intake, pubertal stage, sedentary time, maternal education, and household income, SSB consumption was positively associated with serum total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C), while it was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure (P <.05). The participants in the highest intake category (≥201.7 mL/day) of SSB consumption had 0.10 (95%CI, 0.02‐0.18) mmol/L higher total cholesterol and 0.09 (95%CI, 0.03‐0.16) mmol/L higher LDL‐C levels than the nonconsumption group (0 mL/day). There was a quasi‐U‐shaped trend in LDL‐C across the categories of >0 mL/day SSB consumption. SSB frequency was positively associated with BMI (P =.04). Conclusions: SSB intake was positively associated with serum cholesterol and was weakly associated with BMI in Chinese children and adolescents, independent of energy intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Despite the proven evidence of high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) diets to increase cardiometabolic risks, knowledge about the meta-evidence for carbohydrate quality within world geographic regions is limited. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the evidence of GI/GL studies and carbohydrate quality, gathering additional exposures for carbohydrate, high glycemic carbohydrate, total dietary fiber, and cereal fiber and risks for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and mortality, grouped into the US, Europe, and Asia. Secondary aims examined cardiometabolic risks in overweight/obese individuals, by sex, and dose-response dietary variable trends.Methods and Results: 40-prospective observational studies from 4-Medline bibliographical databases (Ovid, PubMed, EBSCOhost, CINAHL) were search up to November 2019. Random-effects hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for highest vs. lowest categories and continuous form combined were reported. Heterogeneity (I2>50%) was frequent in US GI/GL studies due to differing study characteristics. Increased risks ((HRGI,T2DM,US=1.14;CI:1.06,1.21), HRGL,T2DM,US=1.02 (1.01, 1.03)), HRGI,T2DM,Asia=1.25;1.02,1.53), and HRGL,T2DM,Asia=1.37 (1.17, 1.60)) were associated with cardiometabolic diseases. GI/GL in overweight/obese females had the strongest magnitude of risks in US-and Asian studies. Total dietary fiber (HRT2DM,US = 0.92;0.88,0.96) and cereal fiber (HRT2DM,US = 0.83;0.77,0.90) decreased risk of developing T2DM. Among females, we found protective dose-response risks for total dietary fiber (HR5g-total-dietary-fiber,T2DM,US = 0.94;0.92,0.97), but cereal fiber showed better ability to lower T2DM risk (HR5g-cereal-fiber,T2DM,US = 0.67;0.60,0.74). Total dietary-and cereal fibers' dose-response effects were nullified by GL, but not so for cereal fiber with GI.Conclusions: Overweight/obese females could shift their carbohydrate intake for higher cereal fiber to decrease T2DM risk, but higher GL may cancel-out this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of lifestyle interventions (LSIs) on cardiometabolic risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of LSI on cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS. We reviewed five databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2012 and December 2016, evaluating the effect of LSI among adult, reproductive age group, overweight, and obese women with PCOS. Outcome measures included weight change, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). A total of 564 studies were screened; 35 full text studies assessed for eligibility, 20 excluded with reasons, 15 included in the systematic review, and 9 studies from 8 RCTs included in a meta-analysis. LSI resulted in significant reduction in weight in sensitivity analyses [study 5 dietary arm as intervention: standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.81 (95% confidence interval {CI} = −1.24 to −0.39); study 5 combination arm as intervention: SMD = −0.85 (95% CI = −1.26 to −0.45)], HOMA-IR overall [study 5 dietary arm: SMD = −1.46 (95% CI = −2.72 to −0.20); study 5 combination arm SMD = −1.50 (95% CI = −2.76 to −0.23)], and LDL overall [SMD = −1.06 (95% CI = −2.00 to −0.12)]. LSI was more beneficial than Metformin in decreasing LDL [SMD = −2.60 (95% CI = −5.15 to −0.05)] but similar to comparator group in terms of TC, TG, and HDL (P > 0.05). Short-term LSI can effectively improve weight, insulin resistance, and lipid profile and could be recommended as first-line therapy in overweight and obese PCOS women to reduce cardiometabolic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BMI is widely used as a measure of weight status and disease risks; it defines overweight and obesity based on statistical criteria. BMI is a score; neither is it biologically sound nor does it reflect a suitable phenotype worthwhile to study. Because of its limited value, BMI cannot provide profound insight into obesity biology and its co-morbidity. Alternative assessments of weight status include detailed phenotyping by body composition analysis (BCA). However, predicting disease risks, fat mass, and fat-free mass as assessed by validated techniques (i.e., densitometry, dual energy X ray absorptiometry, and bioelectrical impedance analysis) does not exceed the value of BMI. Going beyond BMI and descriptive BCA, the concept of functional body composition (FBC) integrates body components into regulatory systems. FBC refers to the masses of body components, organs, and tissues as well as to their inter-relationships within the context of endocrine, metabolic and immune functions. FBC can be used to define specific phenotypes of obesity, e.g. the sarcopenic-obese patient. Well-characterized obesity phenotypes are a precondition for targeted research (e.g., on the genomics of obesity) and patient-centered care (e.g., adequate treatment of individual obese phenotypes such as the sarcopenic-obese patient). FBC contributes to a future definition of overweight and obesity based on physiological criteria rather than on body weight alone.

A body shape index (ABSI) is a novel anthropometric measure associated with body obesity. However, the research on the relationship between the new anthropometric risk index and metabolic disorders and cardiovascular alterations in the pediatric population is limited. The aim of the study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the associations between cardiometabolic risk and ABSI and evaluate its discrimination capacity., Materials and Methods: A systematic search and analysis of the available scientific literature were conducted to identify relevant articles published up to March 2024 in Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, ResearchGate, and PubMed. All full-text publications reporting an association between cardiometabolic risk and ABSI in children and adolescents were considered eligible and reviewed in detail. The reported results and statements were summarized using meta-analysis methods., Results: A systematic review of 17 cross-sectional studies involving 31,849 children and adolescents, predominantly from Asian countries, was conducted. Nine studies included fewer than 1,000 subjects, raising questions about the representativeness of the samples and the reliability of the reported results. The data regarding the relationship between ABSI and cardiometabolic risk remain controversial. Even when applying age- and sex-adjusted ABSI, and when compared with other established or newly introduced anthropometric measurements, the discriminatory capacity of ABSI remains uncertain., Conclusions: The findings to date highlight the variable discriminating capacity of ABSI as a predictor of cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest. The author declares no conflict of interest.

Introduction: Hyperuricemia (HUA) is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the general population. Military individuals who perform high-intensity physical training might have lower rates of MetS. The present study aimed to investigate whether HUA might be associated with the prevalence of MetS in military individuals.Material and Methods: We retrospectively collected data from the annual military exam and randomly selected a single unit to represent the overall study population. The study population consisted of 460 military individuals between January 2016 and December 2016. We divided this cohort into the HUA group and the normouricemic group. Hyperuricemia is defined as a serum uric acid level of 7 mg/dL or more in men or 6 mg/dL or more in women.Results: The cohort consisted of 460 individuals with a mean age of 35.9 yr old; 80% were male and 15% were diagnosed with MetS between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016. The prevalence of MetS was greater in the HUA group than in the normouricemic group (32.5% vs. 8.8%, p < 0.001). HUA was independently associated with the prevalent MetS after adjusting for age, gender, creatinine, alanine transaminase, and hemoglobin (adjusted OR: 4.305, 95% CI: 2.370-7.818, p < 0.001). Given that the cohort was predominantly male, we divided the cohort into men and women for a subgroup analysis. A significant association was found in men but not in women (adjusted OR: 3.59 95% CI: 1.905-6.765, p < 0.001 for men and adjusted OR: 16.7 95% CI: 0.295-946, p = 0.172 for women, respectively).Conclusion: Hyperuricemia was independently associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a military cohort from Taiwan. Future studies should look at whether hyperuricemia in individuals without metabolic syndrome can predict the future onset of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematised and synthesised the results of observational studies that were aimed at supporting the association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors among adolescents. Relevant scientific articles were searched in PUBMED, EMBASE, SCIENCE DIRECT, LILACS, WEB OF SCIENCE and SCOPUS. Observational studies that included the measurement of any CMR factor in healthy adolescents and dietary patterns were included. The search strategy retained nineteen articles for qualitative analysis. Among retained articles, the effects of dietary pattern on the means of BMI (n 18), waist circumference (WC) (n 9), systolic blood pressure (n 7), diastolic blood pressure (n 6), blood glucose (n 5) and lipid profile (n 5) were examined. Systematised evidence showed that an unhealthy dietary pattern appears to be associated with poor mean values of CMR factors among adolescents. However, evidence of a protective effect of healthier dietary patterns in this group remains unclear. Considering the number of studies with available information, a meta-analysis of anthropometric measures showed that dietary patterns characterised by the highest intake of unhealthy foods resulted in a higher mean BMI (0·57 kg/m²; 95 % CI 0·51, 0·63) and WC (0·57 cm; 95 % CI 0·47, 0·67) compared with low intake of unhealthy foods. Controversially, patterns characterised by a low intake of healthy foods were associated with a lower mean BMI (−0·41 kg/m²; 95 % CI −0·46,−0·36) and WC (−0·43 cm; 95 % CI −0·52,−0·33). An unhealthy dietary pattern may influence markers of CMR among adolescents, but considering the small number and limitations of the studies included, further studies are warranted to strengthen the evidence of this relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among all racial and ethnic populations in the USA. Cardiovascular risks and cardioprotective factors have been disparately estimated among Asian American subpopulations. Aims: The study’s purpose was to describe the cardiometabolic risks and lifestyle health behaviors associated with cardiovascular disease, considering age and gender, in Filipinos, the second largest Asian American population. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted of behavioral (smoking, walking, body mass index and soda, fast food and fruit/vegetable consumption), cardiometabolic (hypertension and diabetes) and heart disease variables in the 2011–2012 California Health Interview Survey. The metropolitan sample of Filipino American adults included 57.3% women and had a mean age of 47.9 ± 18.3 years (n = 555). Results: Among the sample, 7.4% had heart disease, 38.9% had hypertension, 16.6% had diabetes, 12.4% smoked cigarettes, 83.2% were insufficiently active, 54.2% were overweight/obese, 21.8% routinely ate fast food, 13.2% routinely drank soda and 90.3% did not meet the fruit/vegetable consumption recommendation. Age (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.0, p < 0.0001), hypertension (unadjusted OR = 4.8, p < 0.0001) and diabetes (unadjusted OR = 3.3, p = 0.001) were associated with heart disease. Hypertension was the single greatest heart disease risk, controlling for diabetes, age and gender (adjusted OR = 3.1, p = 0.006). Conclusions: Primary and secondary prevention and treatment of hypertension should be paramount, along with promotion of glucose control, regular moderate-intensity physical activity, weight management and increased fruit and vegetable consumption in the Filipino American population. A multidisciplinary, chronic care model that is population-specific, emphasizes integrated, comprehensive care and provides linkages between primary healthcare and community resources is recommended for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cocoa has been known for many health benefits, but its lipid-lowering activity still remains unresolved.Objectives: To investigate effects of varying amounts of defatted cocoa on serum lipids in cholesterol-fed rats.Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four cholesterol-free (control) and four cholesterol-supplemented (experimental) diets containing 0, 1, 2 or 3% defatted cocoa (DC) and given ad libitumto the rats for ten weeks. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low- and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and VLDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were quantified, atherogenic index (AI) was calculated, and other biological parameters were assessed.Results: Food intake and body weight did not respond to DC. Compared to 0% DC, 3% DC had the most prominent effect on serum lipids inducing significant fall in LDL-C and TG, and rise in TC/TG in cholesterol-deprived rats, and increase in VLDL-C and AI, and decrease in HDL-C in cholesterol-fed rats. Compared to cholesterol-deprived rats, 3% DC caused significant rise in VLDL-C, AI and TC/TG, and fall in TG in cholesterol-fed rats. This lipid-modifying effect was markedly substantiated by corresponding linear trend responses to DC. Differences in lipid variables of rats fed on DC diets were less evident.Conclusions: Results suggest that, in contrast to cholesterol-free situations, defatted cocoa is seemingly incapable of counteracting the atherogenic effect of cholesterol in rats, perhaps in an interaction that is likely to have clinical implications in cardiometabolic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Individuals of African origin in Europe and the Caribbean have a lower prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) than do Europeans and European Americans; however, African Americans, especially women, do not possess the same low CHD prevalence as Africans. As such, this study was designed to determine whether highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fitness (V˙O2max) cluster with other cardiometabolic risks (CMRs) or whether their influence is independent of other CMRs in African American women.Methods: Fifty African American women were compared on fasting glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and adiposity-based hsCRP classifications (low <1, group 1; moderate >1, group 2). Participants were obese but metabolically healthy.Results: Oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) was correlated with systolic blood pressure, and percentage of fat in group 1. V˙O2max was related to systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and percentage of fat, and hsCRP was related to triglycerides, and percentage of fat was related to diastolic blood pressure in group 2. These data indicate that CMRs are inversely related to V˙O2max at moderate hsCRP values in African American women. Inflammation and obesity are relatively independent of other CMRs.Conclusions: Inflammation along with sedentary lifestyles may contribute to the disparity observed for CHD morbidity and mortality in African American women. Adding the CMR profile may improve the prediction of CHD in African American women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]