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The author introduces into scientific circulation a collection of bronze celts kept in the Novosibirsk State Local Lore Museum. Found almost a hundred years ago, they have not yet become the subject of scientific research, and only two brief mentions in the press in 1941 and 1974 do not allow us to completely forget them. The circumstances of the find are unknown, and little can be said about the person who found it. It is difficult to speak about the type of the site where the objects were preserved: a hoard? A settlement? A ruined burial ground? A random accumulation? A metallurgical workshop? It is only indisputable that the location of the village Baturino (Kozhevnikovsky district of the Tomsk region) in the area where the Celts were found can be considered as one of the Upper Ob centers of distribution of metallurgical products in the Late Bronze Age.

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This article studies the racialized construction of Celtic-speaking peoples in racial pseudo-science and literature in the period up to the early twentieth century, and how this construction was deployed by H. P. Lovecraft as part of his literary project. It is shown that stereotypes about 'Celts' and their supposed essential sensitivity to the spiritual and supernatural were key to how writers from the Celtic Revival constructed their ideal of Celtic culture in literature, and how Lovecraft drew upon this in his development of the Weird in both his supernatural horror fiction and his critical work and correspondence with Robert E. Howard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drudry is a religion that professes a faith inspired by the druids, the members of a priestly class that existed among the ancient Celts. Based on the data obtained in a field research with the contemporary druid Alexandre Malhado and on images posted by Brazilian druidic groups on the Internet, we discuss, after a historical contextualization, the presence of druidical iconography at Brazilian cultic spaces, altars and digital spaces. We also discuss how this iconography, largely originating in English-speaking countries, spreads through the Internet, sometimes accommodating, when arriving in Brazil, elements of Brazilian culture, fauna and flora, whose presence is encouraged by the druidic doctrines of sacredness of nature and the so-called three families (soul family, earth family and blood family), which emphasizes the connection with the original Brazilian peoples as much as with the ancient Celts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing is a base operation in the description of foreigners. Yet, its role in Hellenistic ethnography is still understudied. The paper looks at practices of comparing in the ethnographic texts of Polybius, Posidonius and Strabo in the 2nd and 1st century BC, which served to integrate the (newly discovered) peoples of western Europe into Greek views of the world. It shows both that the conquest of these areas by the Romans changed Greek perceptions of western ‘barbarians’ and that older ethnographic traditions were still retained.

The article describes a cultural and chronological analysis of artifacts from the late La Tène period, which were discovered in the Prosna and Warta rivers in Poland. Imported items such as brooches, painted ceramics, mirrors, and knot rings were found, while coins and blacksmithing products were locally produced. Gold coins were also found in the Janków II settlement, indicating the presence of a mint. In addition, rich graves of blacksmiths and armed individuals were discovered, indicating a flourishing power center of the Celtic Rix. The findings suggest that the area between the Prosna and Warta rivers was controlled by a Celtic faction within the Przeworsk culture at the end of the La Tène period. [Extracted from the article]

Dietary reconstruction using carbon and nitrogen isotopes has been applied to the La Tène population buried at Prosmyky, a large cemetery of the 4th-3rd centuries BCE in northwest Bohemia. The analysis of bone collagen from 55 individuals showed a diet that did not differ noticeably from other contemporary sites in the region. However, chronologically sensitive development in diet, with gradually increasing δ13C values, was present, signifying a growing reliance on millet for sustenance through the cemetery’s lifespan. Moreover, a rather unusual higher δ15N in individuals older than ca. 30 years of age was also observed. Possible explanations are examined, along with a comparison with other published data from the region, suggesting the influence of regionally based developments that might be linked with the societal shifts that led towards the Late La Tène period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi (OAD) is the property of Ortacag Arastirmalari Dergisi (OAD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on an archaeological dig in Wedowee, Alabama, where participants uncovered artifacts and learned about Native American history. Topics include the involvement of local students and teachers, the discovery of various tools like celts and a greenstone hoe, and the importance of teamwork and educational experiences in archaeology.

The theme of Celts and Celticism has attracted fierce controversy over more than two centuries. Passing over the question of ancient origins, this article places the birth of Celticism in the modern period, in line with current understandings of nationalism. Examining the construction of the Celt in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Galicia and Cornwall, it traces a movement from culture into politics in the course of the nineteenth century. Political pan-Celticism was ultimately a failure not because it was 'artificial' but because of the political conditions of the times and the force of competing projects. Like other nationalisms it relies on myth and tradition but these are social realities not easily to be dismissed by appeal to scientific history. After two hundred years, moreover, Celticism has a history of its own and continues to resonate both in culture and in politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Golasecca Celtic Civilization (GCC) developed in the Italian Iron Age, between the 9th and 4th centuries BCE, and is characterized by the predominant use of cremation as a funerary ritual in the Italian area. Reconstructing the steps of the cremation ritual in archaeology is a complex challenge, as many anthropic actions leave only faint traces in cremated remains. Within the funerary rituals of prehistoric and protohistoric Italy, the skull has received particular attention from numerous archaeological cultures and civilizations. The context of via Marconi 2020 (Sesto Calende, Varese, northern Italy) has allowed hinting at this practice also in GCC, through the anthropological analysis of cremated remains found in two different but spatially close tombs. The analysis of the cremated remains identified the selection of some elements of the skull of an adult individual and the post‐cranium of a non‐adult individual in the first tomb, and the presence of only the skull of the non‐adult individual in the second tomb. The possibility of a ritual attention of the GCC reserved for the skull has been proven for the first time thanks to the analysis of these subjects. This work provides new data on funerary ritual behaviors of the GCC, allowing for a better understanding within the Italian and European panorama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing is a base operation in the description of foreigners. Yet, its role in Hellenistic ethnography is still understudied. The paper looks at practices of comparing in the ethnographic texts of Polybius, Posidonius and Strabo in the 2nd and 1st century BC, which served to integrate the (newly discovered) peoples of western Europe into Greek views of the world. It shows both that the conquest of these areas by the Romans changed Greek perceptions of western 'barbarians' and that older ethnographic traditions were still retained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tanulmány a Győr-Kálvária összevont lelőhelyen feltárt húsz csontvázas és két hamvasztásos késő vaskori kelta temetkezésből előkerült emberi maradványok klasszikus embertani és makroszkópos paleopatológiai eredményeit mutatja be. Here we present the results of the anthropological and macroscopic paleopathological examination of the human remains from a Late Iron Age Celtic burial excavated at Győr-Kálvária merged site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper examines a sword dated in the La Tène Period, currently exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Durrës, Albania. According to the scientific staff of the Museum the archaeological context of the sword has not been specified but the blade had been found in the necropolis of the city. The analysis of the sword is based on its typological features but also the historical, the archaeological and ethnological aspects of the region had been taken into consideration. The most significant feature of the blade is of course the bending. This feature led us to correlate the examined object with the Celts, who practiced this ritual of the intentional destruction “killing” a weapon. This is the first folded sword which had been found in the territory of the modern-day Albania.

In this contribution the author will proceed in three steps. First, he will raise questions about the various rhetorical approaches one might follow in order to study the argumentative development of Galatians, considering the different methodological options. Second, he will offer a survey of existing rhetorical research on Galatians. Then he will seek to outline the argumentative structure and development of Galatians, in order to understand what is really at stake in this Pauline letter. At the end it will be proven that the literary rhetorical approach in studying Galatians is highly useful for a deep understanding of the text of the letter and its aim: Paul wants to re-evangelise the addressees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of a Celtic oppidum near Stradonice in Central Bohemia attracted the attention of the Czech archaeologist J. L. Píč at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and then of the French oppidum researcher J. Déchelette, who translated Píč's book on Stradonice into French. The controversy about the dating of the site was significant for further research, in which Píč tried to interpret Stradonice as the seat of the Germanic ruler Marobuduus from around the turn of the eras, while Déchelette, supported by archaeological finds, correctly identified Stradonice as a Celtic oppidum that had disappeared before the end of the 1st century BC. The article proves that both of these interpretations did not originate only then, but had a deeper tradition in Czech archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demonyms (words expressing affiliation to an ethnic group, nation, state, city, etc.) need to be capitalized in the Czech language. However, research in various disciplines in recent decades has shown that some names that have been clearly understood as designations of the affiliation to a nation or an ethnic group do not correspond to the current understanding of these terms. Such designations include the words Keltové (Celts) and Germáni (ancient Germans), which in fact represent constructs artificially created by ancient Greek and Roman authors to denote large groups of barbarians regardless of what these barbarians called themselves, how they identified themselves, what languages they spoke, etc. If we regard the Celts or the ancient Germans as artificial constructs rather than ethnic groups, however, they need to be written with small initial letters according to the rules of the Czech orthography - keltové and germáni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for dating archaeological structures, based on their astronomical alignments, is presented. In this method, the number of alignments falling within a tolerance band is calculated in suitable time bins. These data are then converted into the probability for the alignments to be random. The time corresponding to the center of the (inverted) probability peak is taken as the structure dating, to which a confidence interval is attributed. Through the analysis of an elliptical enclosure in the Bergamo province (Lombardy, Northern Italy), more details of which were provided elsewhere, we show that the structure had two building phases and in each phase the structure was realigned. In particular, we respectively date the site to 510±20 BC and 340±20 BC.

The scope of this article is to discuss the main components of the social structures which characterized the “Celtic” and the “Dacian” cultural and chronological horizons, and to identify, on the basis of the available archaeological evidence, the means and practices through which social hierarchy and competition was expressed within the communities of each horizon. The rural society specific to the “Celtic” horizon was largely heterarchic, whereas the “Dacian” horizon was characterized by a hierarchic social organization. The differences between these two horizons can be observed in the funerary practices, the organization of the landscape, and the range of visual symbols used in the expression of social status and power by the local elites.

Introduction. This article is an attempt to extract information about the interactions of dialects of the Indo-European dialect continuum with each other using a comparative analysis of the basic vocabularies of some Indo-European (IE) descendant languages.The search for external borrowings and influence of a common substrate would help to clarify the ethno-linguistic surrounding of the area where the IE proto-dialects developed.In turn, these data are actual being pro and contra arguments of the well-known hypotheses about the IE ancestral home.Methodology and sources. The number of mutually understandable basic lexemes taken in relation to the number of lexemes in the compared lists was chosen as a measure of the interaction of IE dialects, indicators of their commonality.207-word Swadesh lists of 12 languages in their possibly more ancient states were analysed.For geographical binding of the IE language areal we have selected cross-borrowings from/to neighboring / substrate non-IE languages, the ancient settlement areas of native speakers of which are considered well-known.Results and discussion. The results of the comparison of the basic vocabularies of 12 IE languages have been interpreted in the form of a graph demonstrating the relative location of areas of the corresponding IE dialects. Lexemes meaning 'predator (bear, lion, etc.)', 'cattle (bull, ox)' determined the ethno-linguistic surrounding of the IE areal.Conclusion. The relevant linguistic data permitted to identify in the IE dialect continuum the core of proto-dialects: Baltic, Slavic, Aryan and Italic – and partially superimposed dialect subcontinua:– Balto-Greco-Aryo-Tocharo-Anatolian subcontinuum in the northern part of the IE areal;– Tocharo-Celto-Germanic subcontinuum in the eastern part;– Germano-Celto-Italo-Greco-Armeno-Baltic subcontinuum in the southern part;– Balto-Slavo-Italo-Aryan subcontinuum in the western part.The representation of the Proto-IE areal as a dialect continuum solves a number of difficulties inherent in the most common model of a single IE proto-language.

The article deals with the etymology of toponyms “Rome”, “Italy” and Etruscan toponyms. The author concludes that the modern toponymic model of Rome, its environs and the Etruscan region were formed in the Celtic-speaking environment. The meanings of toponyms reflect the geographical features of the area and the architectural features of fortified cities. The results of the study allow us to take a fresh look at the migration processes of the pre-Roman era on the Apennine Peninsula.

Copyright of Kronika is the property of Kronika, Casopis za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanitas: Revista de Estudos Greco-Latinas is the property of Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tyragetia is the property of National Museum of History of Moldova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Shakespeare alludes twice to Irish bards. In Richard III, the king mentions a prophecy by one of his imminent death; in As You Like It, Rosalind jokes on how Irish bards can supposedly rhyme rats to death. Both refer to supposed bardic powers of seeing the future and of ritual cursing of enemies. A survey of the literature shows satire and prophecy as going back to ancient times. There is in addition ample material on the (sometimes deadly) effects of satire in medieval and later Ireland, where it is known from chronicles, legal tracts, handbooks of poetry, and various surviving poems. There are in addition comic tales on how bards exploited their power, including an eleventh-century one on King Guaire's Burdensome Company, wherein the poet Senchan rhymes to death certain mice that had spoiled an egg reserved for him. Shakespeare's references can thus be related to traditions well-known in Gaul and medieval (or early modern) Ireland and Scotland.

In 2015, the grandchildren of Endre Orosz, a self-thought archaeologist and collector who operated mainly in Cluj County, donated his archaeological collection to the Mureş County Museum. Cremated human remains of one of the Late Iron Age graves in Apahida, Transylvania were also found among the finds. From the nearly one hundred Late Iron Age graves, this is the only known find suitable for anthropological analyses [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the actual problem of cultural contact for modern historical knowledge on the example of the origin and development of the legends about King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. The main purpose of the research is to reflect the understanding of historically important images and symbols of European society through the subjective ideas, thoughts and intentions of a person of the Middle Ages. The main method of research is the socio-cultural approach, focused on the relations of people of the time, characterized by cultural diversity. Christianity in the Arthurian legends of the Middle Ages was one of the elements that had a significant impact on their formation and further development. This was influenced by the early and peaceful Christianization of the British Isles, as well as the cultural and religious contact of the Celtic settlers with the population of Armorica. This article examines two branches of the development of Arthurianism, the Christian origins of the legend of the Holy Grail, as well as the influence of Christian morality and homiletics on the plot-forming motifs of the medieval chivalric novel. In the course of the study, it is traced what influence on the development of the Arthurian cycle, in addition to the ancient Celto-Welsh tradition, was exerted by the early Christianization of the British Isles and how the combination of these factors turned Arthurian into a significant cultural tradition of European civilization.

This article offers a new interpretation of the Académie celtique. Active between 1804 and 1813, the Académie sought out megaliths and collected popular customs, songs and stories, which they understood as the vestiges of the ancient Celtic inhabitants of Gaul. The Académie has often been associated with nation-building projects, either as a manifestation of concern with the cultural diversity of the French population, or as a search for the nation's glorious ancestors. Based on close reading of the Académie's publications, manuscript correspondence and minute books, this article argues that the Académie was also a vehicle for the enthusiasm of its members for a vision of the Druids as Deist Philosophes, an aspect hitherto overlooked in the literature. In doing so it demonstrates the complexities of French nation-building projects, revealing both the crucial role of religion in debates over popular culture in France during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period, and the contested place of the Gauls in the memory culture of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is relatively easy to find some mention of the Druids, priests of the Celtic cultures, but much information about them is generalist, unaccompanied by sources and only rarely produced by scholars specialists in the field, especially in Portuguese. The druids are usually represented at the narratives wrapped in mysteries, secrets and legends, often are related to mysticism and neopaganism. Moreover, even among the specialists of the subject, no great attention has been given to the understanding of the educational system of the Druids, at least in Portuguese. This article was devoted to this question and, from the analysis of the classical sources, with emphasis on the commentaries on the Gallic wars written by the Roman general Julius Caesar, was able to identify that the 'educational system' of the druids, especially as these sources represents it, intercalates orality and literacy and was devoted to a wide range of themes, enough to impress the Greek and Roman authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Late Iron Age in continental Europe featured complex demographic processes including, among others, the establishment of transalpine "Celtic" communities on the Italian peninsula between the 4th and 1st centuries BCE. To date, only few data are available about mobility and migration in these populations. Here we explore these topics among the Cenomani of Seminario Vescovile (SV‐Verona, Italy, 3rd–1st c. BCE) through a multi‐isotopic approach and test the possible associations with sex, age and funerary treatment. Materials and methods: We analyzed isotopic ratios of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) from bone phosphate and collagen, respectively, of 49 individuals (23 males, 17 females, and 9 nonadults). In addition, we explored possible intraindividual lifetime changes by comparing collagen δ13C from bone and dentine of 26 individuals. We assessed nonlocality based on individual deviation of isotopic values from the population mean plus three times the median absolute deviation from the median (±3MAD). We then checked for isotopic differences between sexes and type of funerary treatment using Mann–Whitney tests. Results: One individual shows isotopic values consistent with a nonlocal origin. Five more individuals may have originated from a different locality. No statistical differences separate sexes and types of funerary treatment. Discussion: Results suggest a local origin of most of the individuals of SV with the few exceptions pointing especially to an Alpine origin. The low frequency of nonlocals at SV suggest a reduced mobility in this population, or the preeminence of short distance movements undetected by our analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the publication is a coin hoard containing 179 imitations known as “East Celtic”. They repeat the iconographic type of the tetradrachms of Philip II. The coin type is well known and falls into the classifications of all researchers of the so-called Celtic coinage. The authors of this material do not comment on the issue of the ethnic origin of the issuer. Also the about question of the center of this abundant coinage. The purpose of the publication is to present one of the most voluminous finds of this coin type discovered south of the Danube River. Another important aim of the material is introduce into scientific circulation some results from the study of the weight and metal content of the coins. According to previous research, the range of distribution of this imitative type is mainly north of the Danube River. They are included in all catalogs of Celtic coins, but information on their location is scarce. Often the authors present information only from which collection the coins are from. It is only in his work devoted to the so-called “Ghetto-Dacian” coinage that K. Preda gives a comprehensive picture of the main hoards and the areas where they were discovered. It also offers information on treasures south of the Danube River. The place of storage of the coin treasure published here is extremely unusual. It is in the collection of the Haskovo Regional History Museum. No similar finds, including single coins, have been found in the region of Haskovo district, as well as on the territory of today's Southern Bulgaria. The authors have unconfirmed information about the location of this coin hoard. The coins were discovered in today's Northeastern Bulgaria.

If the distribution of amber in Europe has been studied quite fully, then the study of the distribution of amber in Eurasia is replete with white spots. This also applies to amber jewelry among the nomads. The focus of the present article is amber jewelry among the nomads of Asian Sarmatia in the context of its distribution in Eurasia in the Early Iron Age. In this regard, the distribution of amber beads in Central Europe, Italy, the Balkans, and Scythia in the 7th — 4th centuries BCE, in the necropoleis of the ancient cities of the North Pontic region of the 6th — 4th centuries BCE, Colchis — of the 5th — 4th centuries BCE, in the Near East, Central Asia, in Siberia and Mongolia is considered. No later than the 4th century BCE items made of amber, mainly originating from the territory of Ukraine and the Baltics, rare in this period in the North Pontic area and unknown in Scythia, appear in the Sarmatian burials of the Southern Urals, where they are found more often and in larger numbers in the complexes of the 3rd and 3rd — 2nd centuries BCE. Two possible ways of distribution are considered. One — across the Northern and Eastern Black Sea regions, further on via Caucasus, Caspian Sea and the old bed of Uzboy, which seems preferable, and the second — via Western Asia, which hardly correlates with the provenance of the material of the majority of beads from Prokhorovka in the Urals. In the burial complexes of Asian Sarmatia of the 2nd — 1st centuries BCE amber beads are extremely rare and are presented in single quantities both in the Trans-Volga region and in the Lower Don. It is not excluded that such beads found their way via both Western Asia and Central Europe (through Tanais). No later than the 1st century BCE amber beads are beginning to be used both in Hindustan and Central Asia, as well as in Eastern Siberia and China. Attention is drawn to their rather wide distribution in the burials of the Xiongnu in Mongolia in the late 1st century BCE — 1st century CE. In this region and probably in Bactria, judging by the finds from the Tillya-tepe, amber was also used as a material of inlays in jewelry and belt buckles. Despite the fact that it is obvious that amber beads could have come to the Xiongnu and China from the west (as Baltic amber was used to make beads from the early Scythian Burial-mound Arzhan-2 in Tuva), the fact that it may not have necessarily been of Baltic origin, but originate from Burma, was confirmed by the study of amber objects from the 1st century CE tomb M18 in Nanyang. In the 1st — first half of the 2nd century CE amber beads are widespread both in the necropoleis of ancient cities and settlements of the North Pontic region, as well as in the barbarian burials of the Crimea, Sarmatian burials in the Bug and Dnieper regions. There are relatively few of them in the burials of the nomads of the Lower Don region — they are more often found in the interfluve of the Volga and Don. Amber beads are especially common in burials of the Late Sarmatian period, when they are known practically throughout the territory of Sarmatia from the Carpathian-Danube basin to the steppes of the Southern Urals. In Asian Sarmatia, three clusters are distinguished: first of all — the Lower Don region and the southern part of the Volga-Don interfluve, as well as — the South Urals and the interfluve of the Khoper and Volga. During this period amber was widely used for the manufacture of pommels of swords and daggers. Starting from the 2nd — 1st centuries BCE amber beads in burials are quite often found together with coral beads and pendants (in 40—47% of cases). This may indicate a common source of beads made from these exotic materials. In the 4th — 3rd centuries BCE, when jewelry made of amber and coral appeared among the Sarmatians of the Southern Urals, it is likely that the ways of their distribution were different. Corals were more likely to arrive through Western Asia.

The archaeobotanical research of the macrobiotic remains from archaeological sites provides a valuable insight into the plant economy of the continental Celtic (Gaulish or Galatian) tribe of Scordisci, which lived around the rivers of Sava, Drava and Danube during the last three centuries before Christ. The field crop production of Scordisci was based upon cereals, grain legumes and oil crops. The importance of spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) in the everyday diets of Scordisci has been underestimated so far. Recent researches proved the presence of Byzantine oat (Avena byzantina K. Koch) at the Celtic tilths in the northern Balkans. Cereals were stored in mud-plastered granary baskets. The spectrum of grain legumes is as diverse as that of cereals. The latest analyses expand the list of oil plants with a new species-dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.). There is also the first evidence of a beer production facility in one of the Scordisci oppida, Čarnok.

This work is devoted to the socio-philosophical analysis of the military confrontation between civilized and barbaric societies. The authors examine antique and ancient Chinese ideas about the phenomenon of barbarism, and also highlight common cultural features inherent in the Germans and Celts and opposed to Rome, and the Far Eastern nomads who were adjacent to imperial China. Having analyzed the military potential of civilized societies, the authors come to the conclusion that the victory of barbarism is possible only in the case of civilization internal collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work re-approaches the origins of "the Celts" by detailing the character of their society and the nature of social change in Europe across 700–300 BC. A new approach integrates regional burial archaeology with contemporary classical texts to further refine our social understanding of the European Iron Age. Those known to us as "Celts" were matrifocal Early Iron Age groups in central Gaul who engaged in social traditions out of the central European salt trade and became heavily involved in Mediterranean politics. The paper focuses on evidence from the Hallstatt–La Tène transition to solve a 150-year-old problem: how the Early Iron Age "Celts" became the early La Tène "Galatai," who engaged in the Celtic migrations and the sacking of Rome at 387 BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study brings to the foreground of discussions a certain type of artifacts, the importance of which in the process of analyzing archaeological finds is difficult to overestimate, but which, unfortunately, was not used by the researchers to the proper extent. Thus, in the archaeological literature there is no single work on the Iron Age fibulae that were discovered on the present-day territory of the Republic of Moldova. Moreover, even when some specimens were introduced into scientific circulation, their publication was very short, often without a clear and precise presentation of the context, and the images accompanying incomplete texts in most cases are not clear enough for detailed analysis. Based on this situation, we decided to fill this historiographic gap and at the first stage we devoted our research to the iron fibulae of the early La Tène scheme found on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. As a result of the investigation, a lot was allocated, consisting of 12 fibulae, most of which were found on the territory of the Getic hillforts on the right bank of the Dniester. The degree of preservation of the items leaves much to be desired. The number of undamaged fibulae is relatively small, and those preserved fragmentarily create sufficient impediments for the possibilities of classification. Despite these circumstances, a catalogue of early La Tène scheme fibulae was developed, on the basis of which the main analogies were identified both in the neighboring areas (Romania and Ukraine), and in the Central Europe. We suggested to trace the chronological landmarks for the existing analogies, as well as to evaluate the chronological framework of the presented artifacts. At the same time, we set out to follow the ways and means by which these fibulae reached the Prut-Dniester area and, where possible, to highlight probable phenomena and processes that were behind the respective distribution of this type of artifacts.

Against the backdrop of the various attestations of the ethnonym “Boii” in the ancient world, this work aims to explore the subject of the Cisalpine boicity on the basis of textual sources consisting of epigraphs written in different languages and, above all, of Greek and Latin literary passages. We will analyse both the exoethnic representation of the Cisalpine Boii recorded in classical literature and, as far as possible, the ethnic phenomena inside the human community made up of the Cisalpines who, in Antiquity, were defined and/or possibly defined themselves as Boii. The investigation will be conducted by applying the analytical tools of a post-essentialist, relational and dynamic theory of ethnicity.

Marzabotto (prov. Bologna/I) is one of the most important archaeological sites for research on the mobility of Celtic women. Since the 19th century, six undecorated ‘Hohlbuckelringe’ (anklets with hollow hemispheres/ knobbed rings) have been found and studied. This type of jewellery arises in the middle La Tène period in Central Europe, where certain variants developed in different regions. Due to the studies of the anklets from Marzabotto, a Celtic influence can be assumed in LT B2 in Emilia -Romagna, which has its origins in the area of Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. For the first time in Marzabotto, the La Tène woman’s jewellery is the focus of the provenance debate.

The article deals with chonology, provenance, typology and development of the reverse images of 1/3-staters of the so called insect type which had evolved from the late Bohemian issues of the Athena Alkidemos type during the pre-Stradonice Period already, and was subsequently struck simultaneously with the 1/3-staters of the so-called Muschel type with zigzag line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Late Iron Age biritual cemetery from Fântânele-Dealul Iuşului / La Gâța the remains of 43 individuals from 41 graves have been excavated to this day. The analysis of inhumation and cremation burials allowed for a paleodemographic study of this community settled on the fringes of the Celtic world. In addition to data on the sex and age or intravital body height of the deceased, pathological changes and epigenetic traits were also observed in some cases. Furthermore, analyses of the cremated human remains also brought to light different characteristics of burial habits, such as burning temperature or the rate of collection of the remains from the pyre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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