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Seismic design of water retaining structures relies heavily on the response of the retained water to shaking. The water dynamic response has been evaluated by means of analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches. In practice, it is common to use simplified code-based methods to evaluate the added demands imposed by water sloshing. Yet, such methods were developed with an inherent set of assumptions that might limit their application. Alternatively, numerical modeling methods offer a more accurate way of quantifying the water response and have been commonly validated using 1 g shake table experiments. In this study, a unique series of five centrifuge tests was conducted with the goal of investigating the hydrodynamic behavior of water by varying its height and length. Moreover, sine wave and earthquake motions were applied to examine the water response at different types and levels of excitation. Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element models were then developed to reproduce 1 g shake table experiments available in the literature in addition to the centrifuge tests conducted in this study. The results of the numerical simulations as well as the simplified and analytical methods were compared to the experimental measurements, in terms of free surface elevation and hydrodynamic pressures, to evaluate their applicability and limitations. The comparison showed that the numerical models were able to reasonably capture the water response of all configurations both under earthquake and sine wave motions. The analytical solutions performed well except for cases with resonance under harmonic motions. As for the simplified methods, they provided acceptable results for the peak responses under earthquake motions. However, under sine wave motions, where convective sloshing is significant, they underpredict the response. Also, beyond peak ground accelerations of 0.5 g., a mild nonlinear increase in peak dynamic pressures was measured which deviates from assumed linear response in the simplified methods. The study confirmed the reliability of numerical models in capturing water dynamic responses, demonstrating their broad applicability for use in complex problems of fluid-structure-soil interaction.

The high-throughput, plasma-based, mass separation techniques of nuclear waste are still an active research topic due to the theoretical and practical complexity of processing such waste. The nuclear waste can be separated according to its masses by plasma centrifugation technique. Because of this, the present research has been performed by setting up $ \vec{E} \times \vec{B} $ E→×B→ rotation in cold cylindrical plasma surrounded by an ideally conducting homogenous shell inside a plasma centrifuge device. The results obtained are useful in analyzing the magneto-rotational instability (MRI) and trajectories of the plasma particles which are beneficial for improving the throughput and separation factor of the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to insufficient backfilling and compaction, voids existing around the bottom of a buried pipe can have a negative effect on the mechanical behavior of the pipe. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) has been widely utilized in civil engineering as fill, backfill, moisture cutoff, and impact mitigation materials for falling rocks because of its light weight and workability. In this study, centrifuge model tests were conducted in order to investigate the possibility of pipe failure when voids existed around the bottom of the buried pipe, and the effect of installing EPS blocks as a countermeasure. In the test, a model polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe having a diameter of 140 mm was buried in the dry sand and loaded at the ground surface in a centrifugal field of 21G. Cases with voids around the bottom of the buried pipe and with EPS blocks were studied, and the differences in the pipe mechanical behavior under standard backfill conditions were discussed. The loading conditions and the shape of the EPS were varied. The test results showed that the loss of soil around the bottom of the pipe caused a stress concentration by a factor of more than 2.5 compared to the typical burial condition, and could directly cause pipe failure. In addition, it is clear that EPS installation was an effective countermeasure to avoid the risk of insufficient compaction, because it did not significantly affect pipe deformation and strain distribution, although the earth pressure tended to concentrate slightly at the bottom of the pipe. Practical Applications: Pipelines that are buried in the ground usually need to be backfilled uniformly with soil around the pipe. However, due to difficulties in construction, the backfilling and compaction may be insufficient on the bottom sides of the pipe, resulting in voids or localized low-density areas. In this study, centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the behavior of pipes buried in such nonuniform ground and the effectiveness of a countermeasure to install expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) blocks as a foundation instead of backfilling with soil. In the tests, a 150-mm-diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe was buried in a container, and the strain of the pipe was measured in detail when a vertical load of up to 140 kPa was applied to the ground surface in a 20G centrifugal force field. As a result, when the soil in the lower part of the pipe is not uniform, a large strain is concentrated at the bottom of the pipe, which may lead to the pipe failure. Then, when EPS was installed, no large strains were measured, indicating that EPS installations are effective as a countermeasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to solving the problem of correctly determining capillary pressure functions during mathematical modeling of oil displacement processes during flooding of productive formations. It is shown that the use of these functions, determined in laboratory conditions using traditional methods using capillarimeters and high-speed centrifuges, when modeling processes of oil displacement from low-permeability productive reservoirs can lead to significant errors. The work notes that when conducting laboratory studies in rock samples, there is no formation of residual oil in a stationary form, while in real conditions of displacement of oil by water from productive formations, residual oil is formed in the rock, and in low-permeability formations the residual oil saturation can reach 50% or more of the pore volume. To obtain capillary pressure curves that more reliably reflect the real processes in productive formations during their flooding, it is proposed that when preparing rock samples for laboratory research, it is proposed to provide for the process of preliminary formation of residual oil saturation in these samples. This will make it possible to more reliably simulate the processes of oil displacement during waterflooding of productive formations in real conditions, especially when developing low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cooling performance of a centrifuge was enhanced using a perforated windshield. The windshield spatially separates the rotor and the chamber, reducing turbulence and air resistance. On the other hand, during centrifuge rotation, heat is generated by friction between the internal structure and air. Optimizing the windshield shape and facilitating efficient heat exchange with the chamber wall are essential for cooling the sample container inside the windshield. This study examined the cooling performance of the perforated windshield through analysis and experiment. The effects of the presence, location, and diameter of the perforations were compared using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and considering temperature and flow characteristics. These results suggest that the perforated windshield enhances the cooling performance of the centrifuge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fat grafting is a popular procedure that provides a physician with a range of aesthetic, reconstructive, and regenerative clinical applications. It involves the harvest of fat tissue from one region of the body and transfer to another. The indications and techniques of fat grafting have undergone dramatic changes over time and. This review revisits the important milestones in the historical evolution of fat grafting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-radius centrifugation (SRC) is a promising and economically feasible countermeasure in space flight and applies to gravity therapy in terrestrial medicine. The potential occurrence of undesirable orthostatic and vestibular reactions limits the use of this method. One way to minimize these risks is the ability of a human to adapt to the effects of overload. It is known that artificial gravity training may improve orthostatic tolerance. New data demonstrated that cardio-postural interactions and muscle-pump baroreflex activation are present during short-arm centrifugation. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that repeated SRC in the interval training mode with angular velocities from 22 to 28 rpm may also improve postural tolerance. Six healthy male volunteers were observed before and immediately after five consecutive SRC sessions. The rest between SRC was at least three days. The SRC mode was an interval and included five 300-second platforms with 1.27 g at the feet and four 300-second platforms with 2.06 g at the feet. We registered the main postural characteristics and ground reaction forces data when the participant kept the center of pressure at a given point in a standing position with biofeedback and without this. After the first SRC session, there was a significant posture decondition. The SRC training effect was already noticeable after the second SRC session and was stable until the end of the experiment. The results demonstrate the development of postural tolerance to artificial gravity exposure in this mode and expand the understanding of sensorimotor adaptation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypergravity can be realized by creating a field imposed by centripetal acceleration in a centrifuge apparatus. Such an apparatus is often used to test soil response in geotechnical engineering problems. Here we present the potential usage of a centrifuge apparatus to study various topics in hydrodynamics. The scaling law associated with hydrodynamics is first reviewed, and the advantage of controlling the body force is described. One of the perceived disadvantages in such experiments is the unwanted presence of the Coriolis effect in the centrifuge. However, we propose exploiting this effect to our advantage to study geophysical fluid-dynamic problems that occur particularly in the equatorial region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary toppling usually occurs in layered rock slopes with large anti-dip angles. In this paper, the block toppling evolution was explored using a large-scale centrifuge system. Each block column in the layered model slope was made of cement mortar. Some artificial cracks perpendicular to the block column were prefabricated. Strain gages, displacement gages, and high-speed camera measurements were employed to monitor the deformation and failure processes of the model slope. The centrifuge test results show that the block toppling evolution can be divided into seven stages, i.e. layer compression, formation of major tensile crack, reverse bending of the block column, closure of major tensile crack, strong bending of the block column, formation of failure zone, and complete failure. Block toppling is characterized by sudden large deformation and occurs in stages. The wedge-shaped cracks in the model incline towards the slope. Experimental observations show that block toppling is mainly caused by bending failure rather than by shear failure. The tensile strength also plays a key factor in the evolution of block toppling. The simulation results from discrete element method (DEM) is in line with the testing results. Tensile stress exists at the backside of rock column during toppling deformation. Stress concentration results in the fragmented rock column and its degree is the most significant at the slope toe.

Copyright of Petroleum Refinery Engineering is the property of Petroleum Refinery Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess lameness in dogs with advanced osteoarthritis of the hip and knee joints after a single autologous point‐of‐care transplantation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) into the affected joint. Materials and methods: During a minilaparotomy, 10 g of falciform fat was removed from each patient for each joint to be treated. A modern and time‐saving procedure (ARC TM System, InGeneron GmbH, Houston, USA) was used for the in‐house preparation of the SVF, so that the isolated cells could be applied to the respective joint within 2 h after fat removal. In total, five knee joints of five patients and seven hip joints of four patients were treated. Results: Improvement in lameness according to owner questionnaires was seen in 3 of 5 patients with knee joint arthritis and 2 of 4 patients with hip joint arthritis. Based on gait analysis, only one dog with gonarthrosis and one dog with coxarthrosis showed improvement up to a maximum of 3 months after surgery. Conclusion: This is the first case series on the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the knee or hip joint using point‐of‐care transplantation of the SVF. In individual cases, this method may represent a therapeutic approach for the treatment in dogs with advanced cox‐ or gonarthrosis, although only a short‐term effect can be expected, which calls into question the effort and costs involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new approach to analyzing the components of centrifuge rotor vibrograms using a 2D trajectory fractal analysis based on the Detrended Moving Average method. The method identifies the different noise oscillatory behavior of the rotor depending on the rotation frequencies, ranging from non-stationary unbounded and 1/f pink noise to correlated and uncorrelated noise. Fractal characteristics of the vibrograms were computed for the first time and demonstrated differences for rotation frequencies close to the eigenfrequencies and far from them. This paper also discusses the influence of gyroscopic effects on the natural frequencies of centrifuge oscillations and the excitation of second harmonics when the centrifuge rotates at higher frequencies. The main cause of rotor vibration is identified as the mass imbalance of the rotors, and this paper proposes a vibration classification according to source nodes to diagnose serviceable and faulty technical systems. Finally, the possibility of anisotropy of the vibrogram is discussed, and the oriented fractal scaling components analysis method is applied to pave the way for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory centrifuges are used in various industries. During operation, vibrations occur that lead to resonant frequencies, which in turn impair functionality. This paper presents an overview of the computational model of the HERMLE Z306 laboratory centrifuge used in medical laboratories to separate mixtures of different fractions to determine the dynamic characteristics. The zones of stable operation of the centrifuge and the influence of the rotation speed on the natural frequencies are analytically determined. Experimental results are presented with the influence of imbalances on the dynamic characteristics of the HERMLE Z306 centrifuge. As a result of the modeling, the amplitude-frequency characteristics are determined and a Campbell diagram is constructed. Modeling of dynamic processes in laboratory centrifuges by studying the influence of imbalances on the quality of mixture separation. Determination of zones of stable operation of the centrifuge. Construction of amplitude-frequency characteristics of the centrifuge, determination of zones of stable operation of the laboratory centrifuge during separation and Campbell diagram showing the dependence of natural frequencies on the rotation speed of the HERMLE Z306 centrifuge. This diagram makes it possible to determine the resonance zones. Based on the use of the Lagrange equation of the second kind, a model is obtained that makes it possible to determine the zones of stable operation of the centrifuge. Using experimental equipment, determine the frequency response of the centrifuge and analyze the Campbell diagram to determine the resonance zones. The zones of stable operation of a laboratory centrifuge were analytically determined. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the HERMLE Z306 centrifuge were constructed, the trajectories of the free end of the shaft were built taking into account the corresponding imbalances, and the resonance zones were experimentally determined. Experimental studies have shown that the free end of a laboratory centrifuge shaft moves along a surface whose shape and, accordingly, the path of movement depend on both the angles of rotation and translational movement that arise as a result of deformations of elastic supports. The analytical and experimental studies made it possible to identify unstable modes and thereby determine the areas of the centrifuge’s operating modes. The separation process will be stable if the roots of the equation have a negative real part, and moreover, the motion will be asymptotically stable in the presence of resistance forces. An experimental technique for determining the dynamic parameters of the centrifuge has been developed. On its basis, the effect of the rotation speed on the natural frequencies was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bearing is the property of Bearing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presence of pre‐existing fabrics at all lithospheric scales has been proven to be of primary importance in controlling the evolution of continental rifts. Indeed, observations from natural examples show that even in conditions of orthogonal rifting, when extension should result in simple fault patterns dominated by normal faults orthogonal to extension vectors, inherited fabrics induce complex arrangements of differently‐oriented extension‐related structures. This paper explored the influence of inherited fabrics on rift‐related structures by using a series of analog models deformed in a centrifuge. The models reproduced a brittle‐ductile crustal system and considered the presence of pre‐existing discrete fabrics in the brittle crust in conditions of orthogonal narrow rifting. These fabrics were reproduced by cutting the brittle layer at different orientations with respect to the extension direction. Modeling shows pre‐existing fabrics have a significant influence on rift‐related faults, provided that the angle between inherited fabrics and the rift trend is less than 45°. In these conditions, fabrics cause prominent segmentation of rift‐related faults and induce the development of isolated depocenters. Pre‐existing fabrics strongly influence the geometry of extension‐related structures, resulting in curved fault patterns and en‐echelon arrangement of oblique faults. These findings provide insights into the development of continental rift systems in nature: our modeling shows indeed significant similarities (i.e., peculiar fault architecture and geometries) with the faults in different sectors of the East African Rift System (e.g., the Magadi and Bogoria basin, Kenya Rift), testifying that reactivation of inherited fabrics is a paramount process in shaping continental rifts. Key Points: Centrifuge analog models show that inherited fabrics strongly influence rift structures when their angle to the rift trend is <45°Inherited fabrics affect the top‐view geometry of rifts, leading to curvature and segmentation of faults as well as isolated depocentersOur models display strong similarities with different examples in the East African Rift System, well explaining the fault pattern evolution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of flight simulators in investigating an aviation incident or accident related to human errors has been identified as an important part of a strategy to improve safety. This study aimed to replicate a real flight of the MiG-29 aircraft using a centrifugebased dynamic flight simulator and to determine the simulator's accuracy in recreating inflight aircraft performance. A 60-second recording of the real flight of the MiG-29 aircraft, captured by the flight data recorder, was chosen for replication in the HTC-07 human training centrifuge simulator. To evaluate how accurately the simulator replicates the performance of the aircraft, the linear accelerations and angular velocities acting on a pilot during the real flight were compared with those during the replication of that flight in the simulator. The fit of these parameters was assessed using the root mean square percentage error (RMSPE) and the correlation coefficient (r). The highest replication accuracy was achieved for the vertical component of the linear acceleration (RMSPE=2068; r=0.98), while the worst result was obtained for the longitudinal component (RMSPE=14205; r=0.31). Inaccuracies were much more pronounced for the angular velocity. The roll angular velocity had the lowest replication error (RMSPE=12640). However, its correlation with the recorded velocity during the real flight was very weak (r=-0.02). Despite some inaccuracies in replicating other components of the acceleration and angular velocity vectors, the HTC-07 simulator seems valuable for investigating aviation incidents or accidents related to human factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analysis of the results of experimental studies of bulk materials mixing process in a developed laboratory centrifuge having an adapter with alternating radial channels, nozzles and blades showed that the operating parameter of the device (rotation speed) has a significant effect on the pattern of distribution of the number of particles of each bulk component (in case of formation of rarefied component flows) along the height of the vertical trap. Particularly, with increase of the rotor speed by 1.67 times the maximum mass fraction of all particles of the descending rarefied flow shifts by one cell of the vertical trap. It was observed that for two types of mixtures (with 0.67 and 0.62 ratios of true densities of the substances of the key and transporting components) the conditions of their quality mixing are met. The obtained results may be useful for verification of stochastic models of formation of rarefied flows of particles of components being mixed using a rotating adapter with radial channels, nozzles and blades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the design of a centrifuge for the separation of fat from meat–bone slurry to produce fat-extracted animal feed. The characteristics of the main components of the equipment and the principle of its operation were presented. The productivity of the centrifuge depending on duration and speed of rotation was determined. Data were provided for different drum speeds (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 rpm) and centrifugation durations (5, 7, 10 and 15 min), with the yield (output) of defatted slurry measured as a percentage. Among the various conditions tested, the maximum yield of slurry was observed when the drum was rotated at 2000 rpm for 5 min, with a yield of 68.97%, while the lowest yield was observed when the drum was rotated at 1000 rpm for 15 min, with a yield of 55%. On the basis of modeling, a physical model including centrifugal separation with simultaneous centrifugal filtration was presented in the form of a system of differential, algebraic, and criterion equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel production processes, such as gravity settling, have limitations in terms of biodiesel yield, purification efficiency, operating time in the separation process, and more extensive equipment. Therefore, this study has focused on using a recently developed centrifuge machine for biodiesel separation to address these challenges due to its compact design, high efficiency, and simplicity. Additionally, this study aimed to optimize the separation efficiency of glycerol from biodiesel using a centrifuge machine, employing response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The optimum conditions for separating glycerol from biodiesel via centrifuge machine are a rotation speed of 1800 rpm, a mixture flow rate of 192.25 ml/min, and a temperature of 55 °C, respectively. In optimum conditions, 94.52% separation efficiency was achieved. Biodiesel production can be improved, leading to higher yields and greater purity. The utilization of RSM proved valuable in determining the optimum conditions for separation. Furthermore, the machine successfully separated the biodiesel to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214 standards. The results highlight the potential of the centrifuge machine for efficient and reliable biodiesel production, contributing to the advancement of the biodiesel industry.

The article substantiates the effect of the concentration of polymer thickener on such basic properties of the plastic lubricant as dripping temperature (td.p., ℃) and adhesive properties (ADG). It was defined that, unlike (td.p., ℃), the ADG indicator is more informative for defining the optimal concentration of the polymer thickener in plastic lubricants produced from secondary raw materials. Determination of the ADG indicator was performed in a laboratory centrifuge, based on the amount of plastic lubricant that remained on the metal plate after the study. This amount should be at the level of 50 % of the initial value. Experimental studies have shown that the optimal concentration in the composition of the lubricant is: in the case of HDPE, 5.0 % for SAE15W-40 oil, 4.3 % for SAE 75W-90 oil, 6.3 % for BP Energol CS68 and HLP-46 oil; in the case of LDPE, this concentration is equal to 7.0 % for SAE15W-40 oil, 5.2 % for SAE 75W-90 oil, 7.4 % for BP Energol CS68 and HLP-46 oil; in the case of PP, this concentration is equal to 7.5 % for SAE15W-40 oil, 6.2 % for SAE 75W-90 oil, 8.0 % for BP Energol CS68 and HLP-46 oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ordnance Industry Automation is the property of Editorial Board for Ordnance Industry Automation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Monopiles are the favored foundation type for offshore wind turbines due to a relatively simple design and installation process. This paper investigates using coupled three-dimensional finite-element analysis the load-deformation behavior of extra-large (XL) and extra-extra-large (XXL) monopiles in low-shear strength overconsolidated kaolin clay subjected to monotonic lateral loading at varying load eccentricities. The subloading tij constitutive model, robustly calibrated using data from centrifuge tests carried out by the authors, has been adopted in these analyses. For the 16 cases analyzed, a detailed discussion is provided on the behavior of XL/XXL monopiles, including their mode of deformation, lateral capacity, deflection, rotational stiffness, bending moment and shear force, and the response of the clay in terms of soil resistance and excess pore pressure. It is also demonstrated that the p-y method is inaccurate in designing monopiles in this size range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower oil is a very valuable product for the body and human health. It is rich in macro- and microelements, vitamins and minerals, and also has antioxidant properties. The primary purification of safflower oil is an important stage of its production and directly affects the quality of the final product and its storage ability. Purifying safflower oil using a combination of filtration and sedimentation processes in an experimental cone-shaped centrifuge is a new direction in its processing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flax fiber as a filter material for safflower oil. The Akmai variety of the safflower was tested. The results showed that the quality indicators of safflower oil before and after filtration through flax fiber are different. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (18.31 ± 0.874%) and cis-linoleic acid (82.52 ± 1.854%) increased, as well as the content of arginine (2.1), tyrosine (0.57), methionine (0.4), cystine (2.5), tryptophan (2.6), and other amino acids (in oil g per 100 g of protein). The increase in the total amount of phenols (322.12 ± 6 mgEAG/kg of oil) was observed, which directly caused the higher antioxidant activity (42.65 ± 8%) of the safflower oil. These results demonstrate that flax fiber can enrich safflower oil. To find the optimal conditions for safflower oil centrifugation in a cone-shaped sedimentary-filtering centrifuge, the thickness of the flax fiber and the distance between the inner and outer perforated filter rotor were tested. It was found that the optimal and effective thickness of the flax fiber is 1.5 × 107 nm, while the thickness of the sediment is 0.5 × 107 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in exploring new types of cultivated plants that offer unique health benefits. Safflower is a promising plant nutrition resource that has gained popularity in Kazakhstan and worldwide. However, one of the pressing issues is improving the consumption pattern of food products, including vitamins and microelements. This article aims to develop a small‐scale processing line for safflower oil production in small enterprises of the cereal‐processing industry. The primary focus is on purifying safflower from impurities and husks, as well as compressing and centrifuging the oil raw material for high‐quality and biologically valuable product. The authors developed a processing line consisting of a sheller‐compress and a centrifuge of original constructions for separating husks from the kernel and compressing and centrifuging the oil raw material. The process combines husking, compressing, filtration, and sedimentation to ensure primary purification of plant oils and the removal of mechanical impurities. The production of safflower oil has become an urgent task due to its rich composition of vitamins and phospholipids. The newly developed processing line ensures the production of high‐quality safflower oil and has great potential for small enterprises in the cereal‐processing industry. The article highlights the importance of primary purification of plant oils and its impact on the quality of the final product. Practical applications: The following conclusions emerged from the research. The relevance of fat oil growing, including signs of increased popularity of safflower oil in Kazakhstan and in the world has been studied. Various types (husking, compressing, sedimentation, centrifuging and filtering) of primary purification of safflower and purification of oil from mechanical impurities have been investigated. The dependence of extraction of pressed safflower oil on the speed of rotation of the filter and settling rotor and the equipment structure itself has been studied. The sheller‐compress for purification of safflower has been developed to combine husking and compressing processes to increase the oil content of the processed oil raw material and the productivity of the processing equipment. The centrifuge is designed for primary purification of safflower oil from mechanical impurities, allowing to combine the sedimentation and filtering processes due to rotors and to obtain purified safflower oil. The problem of intensification of the purification process is characterized by the ratio of different defined parameters. As a result, optimum parameters were determined and a processing line was developed with the use of a sheller‐compress and a centrifuge with a filtering and pre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to compare three methods used for the evaluation of water absorption of wheat flour: a) a direct method consisting of a standard procedure on a Farinograph-E device and b) two indirect methods, namely NIR spectroscopy and centrifugation. Forty-four samples of Czech food wheat were collected from the harvest year 2021. Namely, 23 samples of food wheat from the standard maturity collection ‘SM2’ and 21 samples from the early maturity collection ‘EM2’. All wheat samples were ground to obtain wheat flour of fine granulation. The flour samples were characterised by protein and ash content of 10.55-14.75% and of 0,59-0.63%, respectively. The water absorption ranged from 55.7% to 63.2% flour weight (Farinograph standard procedure), 60.1-67.1% flour weight (NIR spectroscopy), and 67.6-77.2% flour weight (centrifugation). Based on the results obtained by ANOVA statistical analysis, no significant difference was found for all qualitative parameters of SM2 and EM2 (p = 95%). According to the mentioned methods for both indirect determinations of water absorption in the sets SM2 and EM2, the prediction of the standard farinograph water absorption was more accurate using the NIR technique (minimal and maximal pair differences of 1.01 and 6.86 percentage points, in contrast to 1.78 and 14.87 percentage points for the centrifugation method). Linear regression confirmed the primary importance of protein content for the water absorption values. Also, the ash content should be considered because it reflects the dietary fibre level, and the fibre influences the water absorption values as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite-type breakwaters are reinforced by piling rubble stones and constructing counterweight fillings (known as reinforcing embankments) behind caissons. Important performance requirements for breakwaters include minimal damage and high strength, even when the external forces exceed the design forces. In this study, the failure process and final state of breakwaters with reinforcing embankments are investigated via centrifuge model tests, and the cross-sectional configuration of the reinforcing embankment for improving the tenacity of breakwaters is determined. The results show that, in the overturning mode, when the number of rubble stones decreases, the reinforcing embankment deforms in accordance with the inclination of the caisson; subsequently, the caisson overturns and mounts onto the embankment. When balance is not maintained at that position, the caisson slides down the slope surface, resulting in catastrophic failure. A series of centrifuge model tests qualitatively show that placing more rubble stones adjacent to the caisson is less likely to result in such catastrophic failure. Furthermore, the stability of the breakwaters is evaluated via circular slip analyses, which demonstrate the importance of increasing the volume of the reinforcing embankment adjacent to the caisson in terms of the stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of dynamic centrifuge tests carried out on sandy models alternatively equipped with vertical or horizontal drains. The main aim of the experimentation was to investigate the use of horizontal drains to mitigate the liquefaction susceptibility of sandy deposits and to validate their applicability as a remediation technique applicable in urban and industrial areas to protect existing buildings from liquefaction. The assessment and validation were carried out by comparing the seismic behavior of models treated with horizontal drains with that of the untreated model and models equipped with vertical drains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 9-m and 1-m radius geotechnical centrifuges at the Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) facility at the University of California at Davis provide the national research community with open access to unique and versatile modeling capabilities for advancing methods to predict and improve the performance of soil and soil-structure systems affected by earthquake, wave, wind, and storm surge loadings. Large-scale centrifuge models are particularly effective for the building of basic science knowledge, the validation of advanced computational models from the component to the holistic system level, and the validation of innovative soil remediation strategies. The capabilities and unique role of large-scale centrifuge modeling are illustrated using three example research projects from the shared-use NHERI facility. Education impacts stemming from operations activities and coordination of activities by the center’s user base are discussed. Future directions and opportunities for research using the NHERI facilities are discussed.

The study aims to compare three methods used for the evaluation of water absorption of wheat flour: a) a direct method consisting of a standard procedure on a Farinograph-E device and b) two indirect methods, namely NIR spectroscopy and centrifugation. Forty-four samples of Czech food wheat were collected from the harvest year 2021. Namely, 23 samples of food wheat from the standard maturity collection ‘SM2’ and 21 samples from the early maturity collection ‘EM2’. All wheat samples were ground to obtain wheat flour of fine granulation. The flour samples were characterised by protein and ash content of 10.55-14.75% and of 0,59-0.63%, respectively. The water absorption ranged from 55.7% to 63.2% flour weight (Farinograph standard procedure), 60.1-67.1% flour weight (NIR spectroscopy), and 67.6-77.2% flour weight (centrifugation). Based on the results obtained by ANOVA statistical analysis, no significant difference was found for all qualitative parameters of SM2 and EM2 (p = 95%). According to the mentioned methods for both indirect determinations of water absorption in the sets SM2 and EM2, the prediction of the standard farinograph water absorption was more accurate using the NIR technique (minimal and maximal pair differences of 1.01 and 6.86 percentage points, in contrast to 1.78 and 14.87 percentage points for the centrifugation method). Linear regression confirmed the primary importance of protein content for the water absorption values. Also, the ash content should be considered because it reflects the dietary fibre level, and the fibre influences the water absorption values as well.

Anchor-type foundations are one of the foundation types used in structures subject to tensile forces. These anchors are generally designed according to the weight of the soil on them depending on the depth they are buried at and the frictional resistance obtained from the failure surfaces during failure. One method of increasing the uplift capacity of the foundation without increasing the burial depth is the use of geogrid material. In this study, the uplift capacities of strip anchor plates at different embedment depths were investigated by considering the geogrid effect placed in different combinations. The aim of the study is to investigate whether a more economical solution can be obtained by using geogrid without increasing the embedment depth of the anchor plate. Experiments were carried out using centrifugal experimental setup, which gives values closer to the real results. The tests were performed on sand of two different densities for anchor burial depths H/B = 2 and H/B = 5. According to the results, the uplift capacity is significantly improved when geogrid is used. As the reinforcement configuration, the use of a single geogrid layer placed just above the anchor plate with an inclination angle of 45 degrees gave more effective results than using the geogrid horizontally and vertically. In the study, up to 98% increases in uplift capacity were obtained with reinforcement. In addition, the prototype model was analyzed with a numerical program based on the finite element method, and the results were compared with the experimental results. As a result of the comparison, it was observed that the experimental and numerical results were compatible with each other. Suggestions for practice are presented using the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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