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The modern approach in the development of programs for the reintroduction of red deer was applied for the first time in Serbia. We compared the most important planned and implemented activities in the period 2018-2021, and assessed the results achieved in the Mt. Tara area. The plan was to hold the red deer (5♂ + 15♀) in the acclimatisation enclosure for several months and release them into the selected favourable area (150 km2) during three consecutive years. Bark stripping occurred mainly on thinner common hazel stems of coppice origin (≤ 9.9 cm). Total mortality among the 72 red deer that were transported to the acclimatisation enclosure was 8.3%. The longest movement of a 4-year-old female (held for 15 weeks) was 24 km. During the study period, no bark stripping was observed outside the acclimatization enclosure, nor were any deaths of the released red deer registered. In the period 2019-2021, 74 red deer were released from the acclimatization enclosure into the Mt. Tara area, which is about 60% of the estimated capacity of the selected favourable area., Suvremeni pristup u izradi programa za reintrodukciju jelena običnog bio je primijenjen po prvi put u Srbiji. U radu je dan prikaz planiranih i primijenjenih aktivnosti obnove populacije jelena običnog na lokalitetu Tara tijekom razdoblja 2018.-2021., kao i procjena ostvarena na području Tara. Plan je bio da se jelen obični (5♂ + 15♀) drži u prihvatilištu nekoliko mjeseci, a nakon toga ispusti u odabrano povoljno područje (150 km2) tijekom tri uzastopne godine. Jelen obični je uglavnom gulio koru tanjih stabala obične lijeske (≤ 9.9 cm). Tijekom razdoblja transporta i boravka u prihvatilištu, od 72 jedinke jelena običnog uginulo ih je 6 (8.3%). Nakon ispuštanja iz prihvatilišta, četiri godine stara košuta (držana 15 sedmica u prihvatilištu) imala je najdulje pravocrtno kretanje od 24 km. Tijekom proučavanog razdoblja, izvan prihvatilišta nije evidentirano guljenje kore, niti su evidentirana uginuća ispuštenih jedinki jelena običnog. U razoblju 2019.-2021., 74 jedinke su ispuštene iz prihvatilišta u područje planine Tara, što iznosi oko 60% od procijenjenog kapaciteta odabranog povoljnog područja.

Transition from summer to winter changes red deer digestive tract physiology and digestive processes. The objective of the trial was to determine the effects of season on in vitro apparent (ivADMD) and true dry matter (ivTDMD) digestibility, in vitro gas production parameters and short-chain fatty acid synthesis (SCFA) in red deer hinds of eleven substrates naturally occurring in Slovenia (chestnut fruits, acorns of common and sessile oak, two fresh grasses) and those frequently used in supplemental red deer feeding (two grass hays and two grass silages, apple pomace and sugar beet roots). There were no differences in ivADMD, ivTDMD, determined by incubation of feeds in buffered rumen fluid, as there were no differences in majority of gas production parameters between autumn and winter season. Only the parameter “C” (specific gas production rate) was frequently higher (p p p

The objectives of this study were to analyse seasonal activities of male and female red deer in relation to the mating season, lunar phases and air temperature. Sensory cameras for tracking game were installed. Greater activity of red deer was observed during the mating season than in the pre-mating season. With regard to lunar phases, deer activity significantly increased in the phases from the new moon to the full moon during the mating season. There was a significant correlation of deer activity with minimum air temperatures during the mating season.

V nalogi so proučevali reprodukcijo prostoživečih košut (Cervus elaphus L.) v Sloveniji. Material za raziskavo so iz rednega odstrela prispevala lovišča s posebnim namenom. Košute, ki so jih obravnavali v raziskavi, so bile odvzete iz populacije, v času med 12. 11. in 30. 12. 2008, na območju kočevske in kamniške regije ter Pohorja. V laboratoriju, na Oddelku za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire, so opravili pregled maternic in zarodkov. Starost košut je bila ugotovljena z metodo brušenja zob. Podatke o košutah in zarodkihso, skupaj z okoljskimi podatki iz območja, kjer je bila posamezna košuta odstreljena, statistično obdelali. Ugotovili so, da telesna masa košut vpliva na njihov reprodukcijski uspeh, medtem ko niti starost košute, niti populacijsko območje iz katerega je izhajala, nista pokazala vpliva na reprodukcijo. Analiza je pokazala, da noben izmed okoljskih dejavnikov ni povezan z reprodukcijo. Izpostaviti pa je treba, da je vzorec analiziranih košut za tovrstne analize zelo majhen (n = 55). Na podlagi študija literature o reprodukciji jelenjadi so ugotovili, da so rezultati primerljivi z rezultati tako domačih, kot tujih raziskav. The subject of research was the reproduction of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in Slovenia. Material was sampled as a part of regular yearly shooting plan by the special intent hunting grounds. Hinds included into research were harvested from the 12th of November 2008 to the 30th of December 2008. Harvesting was conducted in the Kočevje, Kamnik and Pohorje region. The examination of uteruses and fetuses took place in the laboratory in the Department of forestry and renewable resources. Exact age of sampled hinds wasdetermined using the molar eruption prediction method. The data on hinds and fetuses have been statisticaly processed together with the environmental data from the area where hinds were harvested. They have established that hindbodymass does influence their reproductive success, however there was no evident correlation of reproductive success to hind age, nor the population area. In the course of the research they could not link any of the analysed ecological constraints to reproductive success, mainly because of a small sample (n = 55). With the study of literature they have come to a conclusion that the results are comparable to domestic as well as foreign researches.

Eden največjih problemov, s katerimi se spopadajo lastniki in gojitelji slovenskih gozdov, je prekomerna objedenost gozdnega mladja. Najpomembnejši izmed ukrepov za zmanjševanje oziroma preprečevanje škod v gozdovih naj bi bila krmišča, oziroma zimsko dopolnilno krmljenje. Namen naloge je bil preučiti vplive zimskega dopolnilnega krmljenja na prostorsko razporeditev in obseg poškodb gozdnega mladja. V ta namen je bilo obdelanih pet krmišč, okrog katerih so položili po štiri transekte, ki so paroma oklepali 90 stopinj. Na različnih oddaljenostih od centralnih krmišč so v nadaljevanju postavili vzorčne ploskve. Skupno so v analizo zajeli 142 ploskev, na katerih so popisali 4078 osebkov gozdnega mladja, od katerih je bilo poškodovanih 1838 osebkov, oziroma 45 %. Najbolj poškodovane vrste so bile gorski javor, jelka in jerebika. Največjo poškodovanost je bila zabeležena v višinskem razredu od 30 do 50 centimetrov. Rezultati so pokazali, da zimsko dopolnilno krmljenje nima večjega vpliva na razporeditev in obseg poškodb gozdnega mladja. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da z oddaljenostjo od krmišč gostota osebkov narašča, delež objedenosti pa se pri manj priljubljenih drevesnih vrstah manjša, pri bolj priljubljenih pa ostaja ne glede na oddaljenost zelo visok. Na podlagi teh ugotovitev sklepajo, da so gostote osebkov na obravnavanem območju visoke,sodijo tudi, da so prav gostote najpomembnejši dejavnik pri visoki objedenosti. One of the biggest problems that forest owners and silviculture experts in Slovenia have to deal with is the excessive damage to forest saplings caused by game. The most important measure to mitigate or prevent damage in the forest are supposed to be supplemental feeding places or winter supplemental feeding. This thesis aimed to study the effects of winter supplemental feedingon the spatial distribution and extent of damage to forest saplings. Tothis purpose, we examined five feeding places with four transects laid out in pairs around them at an angle of 90 degrees. Sample plots were then specified at various distances from the central feeding places. In total we analyzed 142 plots and listed 4078 forest sapling specimens, of which 1838 specimens or 45% were damaged. The most damaged species were sycamore maple, fir and rowan berry trees. The highest damage rate was recorded in the 30 to 50 cm height class. The results showed that winter supplemental feeding has nosignificant effect on the distribution and extent of damage to forest saplings. We established that the density of specimens increased the farther away we moved from the feeding places, while the share of damage caused by game decreased with less popular tree species. The share remained very high with more popular tree species regardless of their distance from the feeding places, giving us ground to conclude that the density of specimens in the areaunder investigation was high. We are also convinced that density represents the most important factor for excessive damage caused by game.

Številčnost parkljaste divjadi se je v Sloveniji v preteklih desetletjih vseskozi povečevala. Z naraščanjem populacij parkljarjev so se vseskozi večale tudi škode po divjadi, posledično pa tudi izplačila odškodnin s strani upravljavcev lovišč. Škodo povzročata predvsem jelenjad in divji prašič. Z namenom zmanjševanja škod se divjad dodatno krmi, zato pa se v okolici krmišč povečajo lokalne gostote divjadi in lahko nastanejo žarišča poškodb, ki jih sicer ne bi bilo. Namen naloge je bil ugotoviti, ali so krmišča v Posavskem lovsko-upravljavskem območju ustrezno razmeščena, če so v okolici krmišč poškodbe večje kot v ostalih območjih ter vpliv krmišč na prostorsko razporeditev jelenjadi in divjega prašiča. V 500-metrskem pasu okoli krmišč smo analizirali deleže površin razvojnih faz in ugotavljali, kolikšen je delež sestojev (mladovja, drogovnjaki, sestoji v obnovi), ki so občutljivi na poškodbe. Ugotovili smo, da je 50,3 % krmišč neustrezno razmeščenih, če ne upoštevamo drogovnjakov kot občutljiv sestoj pa 44 %. Potrdili smo, da objedenost gozdnega mladja upada z oddaljenostjo od krmišča, vendar so vplivi divjadi močneje izraženi le v neposredni okolici krmišč. Vpliv krmišč na prostorsko razporeditev divjadi se kaže v odvzemu, saj je v radiu 1 km od krmišča odvzetih 87,1 % divjih prašičev in 74,6 % jelenjadi. Na podlagi rezultatov sklepamo, da vsa krmišča z gozdno-gospodarskega vidika niso ustrezno razmeščena in so potencialna žarišča poškodb. Abundance of cloven-hoofed game was in Slovenia in the past decades constantlyincreasing. With rising populations of ungulates, has consistently increasing the damage caused by game and also compensation from hunting grounds. Damage is mainly caused by red deer and wild boar. Additional feedingof the game should, in theory, reduce the possibility of still greater damage in forrests and on agricultural land. Because of additional feeding, local densitys of game around suplemental feeding places are much higher. Purpose of research was to find out, if the suplemental feeding places in Posavsko LUO are appropriatly placed, and olso if the damages of game are greater in the surroundings of suplemental feeding places than in other parts of forests, and impact of suplemental feeding places on local density of red deer and wild boar. We have analyzed a development phases of forest within a radius of 500-metres and observed what is the proportion of on damage sensitive stands. We found that 50,3 % of suplemental feeding places are not appropriatly placed. We confirmed that young growth browsing is decreasing with the distance from suplemental feeding places. Impact of suplemental feeding places on local densitys of game, is reflected in the game, taken fromhunting grounds. In radius of 1 km is taken 87,1 % of wild boars and 74,6 % of red deer. On the basis of results we deduce, that from forest-economic point of vieiw all suplemental feeding places are not appropriatly placed and are potential at risk of damages.

Spring census of red deer population decreased from 1882 to 1343. In the same period density on 100 ha of hunting ground decreased from 16.0 to 11.4. In the last year, proportion in the mature part of population was 1.17 mail : 1 female (593 mail : 507 female). Level of usage was between 19.0 and 30.7% of spring census. U radu je prikazana analiza brojnog stanja i strukture odstrela jelenske divljači u lovištu „Kozara". Prolećno brojno stanje jelenske divljači smanjilo se od 1882 grla (1992. god.) na 1343 grla (2003. god.). U istom periodu gustina naseljenosti na 100 ha površine lovišta smanjila se od 16,0 na 13,4 grla. Odnos polova reproduktivnog delà populacije karakteriše stalna prevaga muškog pola koja u poslednjoj godini iznosi 1,17 M : 1 Ž (593 M : 507 Z). Godišnji stepen korišćenja varirao je u intervalu 19,0-30,7 % od prolećnog brojnog stanja.

Red deer trophy values in hunting place "Dragićev hat" are very high. Five trophies are valued higher than 170 points (CIC) during hunting season 2002/2003, while most valuable was 231 point. In the class of 6 tin antlers there are incensement in all analyzed parameters of trophy evaluation while circumference of antler shown significant differences related to last year. Trofejna vrednost jelena u ograđenom delu lovišta Deliblatske peščare "Dragićev hat"je vrlo visoka. U toku 2002/2003 godine odstreljeno je 5 jelena sa trofejom u medalji pri čemu najjači trofej je ocenjen sa 231 poenom. Kod parogova sa 6 parožaka došlo je do povećanja svih analiziranih elemenata ocene trofeja, od kojih su obimi paroga pokazali i statistički značajne razlike u odnosu na prethodnu godinu.

Durch die Untersuchung der Harder'schen Druse und der Tranendruse beim Hirsch fanden wir bei einem Hirsch einem Tumor an der Tranendruse.Durch die pathohistologischen Befunde und durch verschiedene Farbungsmethode(HE, Trichrom-Methode nach Mallory, Kombinationsfarben mit Alzianblau pH 2, 5 und PAS-Methode sowie Immunocithochemischer Methode) stellten wir fest , das die Tumorzellen uberwiegend polygonal sind und eine ausgepragte, Karyorrhexie sowie Karyopyknose aufweisen.Auserdem handelt es sich um ein Adenom der Tranendruse, das epithelialer Herkunft ist.