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[Display omitted] In this study, we employed lock-in amplifier-based surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy to identify bandgap excitations, bound exciton states, and defect excitations in Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9. This method, combined with SPV phase spectroscopy, enabled the evaluation of deep-level and shallow-level defects, correlating with charge-transfer transitions and defect-induced broad tailing absorption observed in the absorption spectrum. We found that deep-level defects in Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 films can produce both positive and negative SPV signals, allowing for the simulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in neural networks and potential applications in robotic eye implants. By integrating Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 thin films rich in deep-level defects, robotic eyes can generate execution and cancellation commands based on SPV responses to different light wavelengths. Our results demonstrate that defect states in Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 are preparation-dependent, leading to broad tailing absorption and enabling the conversion of SPV signals via wavelength modulation. These results highlight the potential of Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 in advanced optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The non‐prewhitening computational model observer with eye filter (NPWE) has been shown to reasonably predict human observer performance in general radiography and is an appropriate substitute when real clinical trials are not feasible. In this study, the NPWE model observer is used to detect specific tasks (circular designer nodules) ranging between 1 and 30 mm in diameter using chest and abdomen phantom images acquired across the diagnostic energy range (60–125 kVp) with and without an anti‐scatter grid. Purpose: The aim of this study was to derive tube voltage (kVp) settings that return maximal NPWE detectability (d') of designer nodules, for digital radiography (DR) chest and abdomen imaging. Methods: Images of a chest phantom (LucAl phantom) and a surrogate for an abdomen (18.5 cm PMMA) were acquired across the diagnostic energy range (60–125 kVp) with matched effective dose (for the respective anatomies), with and without an anti‐scatter grid, on a general x‐ray system. Images were captured using an Agfa DX‐D 40C wireless indirect caesium iodide (CsI) imaging panel. Modulation transfer function (MTF), normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS), and contrast (C) were measured in each image and the detectability index d' was calculated for circular designer nodules with diameters ranging from 1 to 30 mm (in steps of 1 mm). Results: The calculated d' peaked at a nodule diameter of 3 mm irrespective of tube voltage, for both chest and abdomen images. A tube voltage of 80 kVp returned maximal d' for chest imaging across all nodule diameters both with and without an anti‐scatter grid. A tube voltage of 70 kVp returned maximal d' for abdomen imaging. Conclusion: The NPWE observer model has been used to derive tube voltages (kVp) that return maximal detectability (d') of designer nodules for chest and abdomen radiography using a modern DR imaging system. This will provide the medical physicist with a starting point in the task of optimising tube voltage range for chest and abdomen imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar modules (PSMs) show outstanding power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), but long-term operational stability remains problematic. We show that incorporating N, N-dimethylmethyleneiminium chloride into the perovskite precursor solution formed dimethylammonium cation and that previously unobserved methyl tetrahydrotriazinium ([MTTZ]+) cation effectively improved perovskite film. The in situ formation of [MTTZ]+ cation increased the formation energy of iodine vacancies and enhanced the migration energy barrier of iodide and cesium ions, which suppressed nonradiative recombination, thermal decomposition, and phase segregation processes. The optimized PSMs achieved a record (certified) PCE of 23.2% with an aperture area of 27.2 cm2, with a stabilized PCE of 23.0%. The encapsulated PSM retained 87.0% of its initial PCE after ~1900 hours of maximum power point tracking at 85°C and 85% relative humidity under 1.0-sun illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary cuprous (Cu+)‐based metal halides, represented by cesium copper iodide (e.g., CsCu2I3 and Cs3Cu2I5), are garnering increasing interest for light‐emitting applications owing to their intrinsically high photoluminescence quantum yield and direct band gap. Toward electrically driven light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), it is highly desirable for the light emitters to have a high structural dimensionality as it may favor efficient electrical injection. However, unlike lead‐based halide perovskites whose light‐emitting units can be facilely arranged in three‐dimensional (3D) ways, to date, nearly all ternary Cu+‐based metal halides crystallize into 0D or 1D networks of Cu−X (X=Cl, Br, I) polyhedra, whereas 3D and even 2D structures remain mostly uncharted. Here, by employing a fluorinated organic cation, we report a new kind of ternary Cu+‐based metal halides, (DFPD)CuX2 (DFPD+=4,4‐difluoropiperidinium), which exhibits unique 2D layered crystal structure. Theoretical calculations reveal a highly dispersive conduction band of (DFPD)CuBr2, which is beneficial for charge carrier injection. It is also of particular significance to find that the 2D (DFPD)CuBr2 crystals show appealing properties, including improved ambient stability and an efficient warm white‐light emission, making it a promising candidate for single‐component lighting and display applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic lead-free metal halide perovskites are being rigorously explored as a substitute for organic lead-based materials for various energy device applications. Germanium as a replacement for lead has been proven to give exemplary results theoretically, and there have been promising results. The current work presents the investigation of CsGeI3 (CGI) polycrystals grown using a solution-free melt-growth technique with low-cost precursors. A soak-ramp profile was designed to synthesize polycrystalline powders, which were evaluated for stability. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analysis suggest the formation of CsGeI3 perovskite powders, matching the reported literature. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements showed the bandgap of the polycrystals to be around 1.6 eV. A prominent photoluminescence peak was obtained at 767 nm. The powders were examined using thermogravimetric analysis to assess the thermal degradation pathways. The as-grown inorganic perovskite polycrystals were relatively stable during storage under ambient conditions. Theoretical studies were also carried out to support the experimental data. Calculations were performed with different approximations, including local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA), and Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof (HSE) approximation, out of which the HSE approximation yielded the most accurate results that matched the experimental findings. Moreover, for the CGI device with Ag electrodes simulated using SCAPS-1D software, highest incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency was observed. The obtained optical and structural properties indicate the suitability of the synthesized CsGeI3 perovskite polycrystals for photovoltaic applications, specifically solar cells and light-emitting diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag3BiI6 (ABI) is one of the most widely explored lead‐free perovskite‐inspired materials for eco‐friendly solar cell applications. However, despite the intense research efforts, the photovoltaic performance of ABI‐based devices remains very modest, primarily due to poor film morphology and ineffective charge extraction. This work aims at investigating the potential benefits of a thermally evaporated cesium iodide (CsI) interlayer on the performance of ABI‐based solar cells. Upon the addition of CsI atop the ABI layer in the device stack, the solar cells deliver a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.27%. This is the highest efficiency reported for ABI solar cells employing a similar device architecture. It is found that the enhancement in PCE is largely due to improvement in the ABI|hole transport layer interface upon the introduction of CsI interlayer. The improvement is largely ascribed to enhanced surface coverage upon introduction of CsI interlayer, as evidenced by our comprehensive microscopy studies. Furthermore, impedance spectroscopy analysis is employed to provide further insights into the changes in charge transfer dynamics interlayer that dictate the enhancement of fill factor and short‐circuit current density in the devices. The findings indicate that the addition of CsI promotes charge transfer and minimizes recombination losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) is a significant initiative for accelerator-based particle physics in China. Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is one of the important detectors of STCF, which is tasked with the accurate measurement of photons. STCF ECAL employs pure Cesium iodide (pCsI) as its scintillation crystal and uses a large-area avalanche photodiode (APD) as a photoelectric conversion device. High luminosity of STCF results in significant background levels, leading to pileups challenging conventional signal processing. In this paper, a pile-up correction algorithm called “pipeline optimal filtering” is proposed, and a background simulation platform is built to verify the measurement effect of the algorithm on energy and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion migration adversely affects perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance by upsetting film stability, inducing hysteresis, and light-induced halide segregation. Ion migration is also substantially influenced by residual strains, which are prevalent in fabricated PSCs. This study thus utilizes molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the influence of uniaxial, biaxial, and isotropic states of compressive and tensile stresses on ion migration in single-crystal cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) and bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskites. Furthermore, nudged elastic band simulations are used to reveal energy barriers associated with ion migration under mechanical deformation. Tensile and compressive strains are observed to intensify and inhibit ion migration, respectively, in these metal halide perovskites (MHPs), with the extent of this alteration becoming more drastic on progressing from uniaxial to isotropic state of stress. We also reveal that uniaxial and biaxial states of stresses induce anisotropic ion migration in CsPbI3, while ion migration remains isotropic under these loading conditions in CsPbBr3. The heightened ion migration under tension in these MHPs is deciphered to arise from lowering of the energy barrier, while migration inhibition under compression arises from increase in barrier height. This study thus provides direct evidence of tensile and compressive strains influencing ion migration in MHPs and highlights that methods such as lattice-strain tailoring that are aimed at mitigating this phenomenon may need to be customized to the MHP of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smooth, solventless and solid state debromination of C70Br10 can be achieved in a CsI matrix with quantitative restoration of the pristine C70 in quantitative yields. The debromination kinetics was studied with FT-IR spectroscopy and according to the pseudofirst order kinetics law, the rate constant was found in the range 3.6–5.2 × 10−5 s−1. The compound C70Br10 was studied with TGA and its thermal decomposition by DSC analysis. From the DSC data both the activation energy for the thermal decomposition of C70Br10 was determined as well as its enthalpy of formation, which has led to some considerations on the relative weakness of C–Br bonds in brominated fullerenes compounds. The debromination mechanism is discussed in terms of unimolecular elimination reaction (E1) in a concerted mechanism which leads to the restoration of the pristine C70 fullerene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the lead-free perovskite has shown remarkable progress in solar cell development owing to its outstanding properties. Here, we report on the structural, optical, and photovoltaic properties of methylammonium bismuth iodide ((CH3NH3)3Bi2I9, MBI) and cesium bismuth iodide (Cs3Bi2I9, CBI) hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPeSCs) fabricated using the hot immersion method (HIM) with changing the composition x, ((CH3NH3)1-xCsx)3Bi2I9; from x = 0 to x = 1.0. The compact MBI and CBI films were successfully fabricated on FTO glass substrates at x = 0 and x = 1, respectively. On the other hand, the CBI/MBI mixed structure with a rough surface was obtained in the range from x = 0.2 to x = 0.8. An incorporation of CBI in MBI showed improvement, especially in optical properties, indicating that the absorption region was extended toward a longer wavelength region with increasing x. Interestingly, the open-circuit voltage of the hybrid cell was higher than that of the MBI or CBI cell, whereas the short-circuit current was lower than that of the MBI or CBI cell. This work provides alternative ways to fabricate lead-free PeSCs using a simple and low-cost method in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising candidates in PV research due to their exceptional photovoltaic properties. However, the toxicity and environmental concerns associated with lead‐based perovskites have led to the exploration of lead‐free alternatives. In this study, the performance of lead‐free bismuth PSCs, specifically PSCs based on Cesium Bismuth Iodide (Cs3Bi2I9) and Methyl Ammonium Bismuth Iodide (MA3Bi2I9), is investigated. Numerical simulations using the solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS) are conducted to comprehensively analyze the influence of key parameters, including the band‐to‐band radiative recombination rate, the absorber layer defect density, the absorber layer/electron transport layer (ETL) interface defect density, the absorber layer/hole transport layer interface (HTL) defect density, operating temperatures, and series and shunt resistances, and to optimize the proposed PSCs accordingly. The simulation results demonstrate a significant impact of these key parameters on the performance of Cs3Bi2I9 and MA3Bi2I9 PSCs. The optimized Cs3Bi2I9‐based PSC exhibited notable performance characteristics, including a PCE of 13.81%, a Voc of 1.16 V, a Jsc of 18.14 mA cm−2, and FF of 65.51%. In contrast, the MA3Bi2I9‐based PSC demonstrated relatively lower performance, with a PCE of 11.82%, Voc of 1.14 V, Jsc of 18.06 mA cm−2, and FF of 57.33%. The study on the defect density at the interfaces revealed the performance of PSCs is predominantly influenced by defects at the front interface (ETL/Absorber) rather than the rear interface (HTL/Absorber). These results provide valuable insights for the experimental design and optimization of lead‐free bismuth PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing novel photocatalytic materials for removing organic contaminants has been a research focus. The current study reports the synthesis of third-generation photocatalysts perovskites and their photocatalytic efficacy. The lead-free cesium-based titanium halide Cs2TiI6 double perovskite was successfully synthesized via the solution processing method and characterized by various spectroscopic and morphological characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, Zeta potential, and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The novel aspect of this study is to investigate the photocatalytic efficacy of the Cs2TiI6 double perovskite. Various morphology and spectroscopy characterization insights about synthesized photocatalysts were explored. Eosin Y (EY) and Eosin B (EB) were chosen as the model compounds for degradation in this work due to their wide applications in industry. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Eosin Y and Eosin B dye by Cs2TiI6 perovskite photocatalysts after exposure of 240 minutes to visible light was 85.08% and 13.66% respectively. The rate constant of degradation of Eosin Y is approximately 14.66 times larger than that of Eosin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organometallic lead halide perovskite powders have gained widespread attention for their intriguing properties, showcasing remarkable performance in the optoelectronic applications. In this study, formamidinium lead iodide (α‐FAPbI3) microcrystals (MCs) is synthesized using retrograde solubility‐driven crystallization. Additionally, methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) and cesium lead iodide (δ‐CsPbI3) MCs are prepared through a sonochemical process, employing low‐grade PbX2 (X = I & Br) precursors and an eco‐friendly green solvent (γ‐Valerolactone). The study encompasses an analysis of the structural, optical, thermal, elemental, and morphological characteristics of FAPbI3, MAPbBr3, and CsPbI3 MCs. Upon analysing phase stability, a phase transition in FAPbI3 MCs is observed after 2 weeks. To address this issue, a powder‐based mechanochemical method is employed to synthesize stable mixed cation perovskite powders (MCPs) by subjecting FAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 MCs with varying concentrations of CsPbI3. Furthermore, the performance of mixed cation perovskites are examined using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS‐1D) software. The impact of cesium incorporation in the photovoltaic characteristics is elucidated. All mixed cation absorbers exhibited optimal device performance with a thickness ranging between 0.6–1.5 µm. It's worth noting that the MCPs exhibit impressive ambient stability, remaining structurally intact and retaining their properties without significant degradation for 70 days of ambient exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quest for efficient and lead-free perovskite absorber layer is the need of the hour. The less explored titanium-based halide perovskites might be the non-toxic answer for the efficient yet toxic, organic, lead-based halide perovskite. It is of great interest to synthesize cesium titanium iodide perovskite and to investigate their novel properties. We have reported the synthesis of vacancy-ordered double perovskite cesium titanium iodide (Cs2TiI6) at room temperature. Structural, electrical and optical properties are investigated. Broad photoluminescence spectrum is observed. Absorbance and stability of this compound are discussed in detail. Using the absorption data, we have simulated solar cells with different transport layers to give an insight into its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single crystals of CsI-Yb2+ were grown, and their spectroscopic studies were conducted. The observed luminescence in CsI-Yb2+ is due to 5d–4f transitions in Yb2+ ions. Using time-resolved spectroscopy, spin-allowed and spin-forbidden radiative transitions of ytterbium ions at room temperature were found. The excitation spectra of Yb2+ luminescence bands were obtained in the range of 3–45 eV. The mechanism of charge compensation of Yb2+ ions in a CsI crystal was also studied, the spectrum of the thermally stimulated depolarization current was measured, and the activation energies of the two observed peaks were calculated. These peaks belong to impurity–vacancy complexes in two different positions. The charge compensation of Yb2+ occurs via cation vacancies in the nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor positions.The Yb2+ ions are promising dopants for CsI scintillators and X-ray phosphors in combination with SiPM photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-inorganic lead halide perovskites (LHPs) and their use in optoelectronic devices have been widely explored because they are more thermally stable than their hybrid organic‒inorganic counterparts. However, the active perovskite phases of some inorganic LHPs are metastable at room temperature due to the critical structural tolerance factor. For example, black phase CsPbI3 is easily transformed back to the nonperovskite yellow phase at ambient temperature. Much attention has been paid to improving the phase stabilities of inorganic LHPs, especially those with high solar cell efficiencies. Herein, we discussed the origin of phase stability for CsPbI3 and the strategies used to stabilize the cubic (α) phase. We also assessed the CsPbI3 black β/γ phases that are relatively stable at nearly room temperature. Furthermore, we determined the relationship between phase stabilization and defect passivation and reviewed the growing trend in solar cell efficiency based on black phase CsPbI3. Finally, we provide perspectives for future research related to the quest for optimum device efficiency and green energy. Black phase CsPbI3 easily transforms into the non-perovskite yellow phase, while losing the outstanding optoelectronic properties. In this review, the origin of the phase stability in CsPbI3 and strategies to stabilize the black phases exhibiting the α-phase or the relatively easily stabilized β/γ-phases are extensively discussed. Furthermore, a profound analysis of the CsPbI3 stabilization progress and the evolution of the performance efficiency records of black phase CsPbI3 is provided. Lastly, a prospective on future research on CsPbI3 solar cells pinpoints the current challenges and directs future research approaches toward more efficient and stable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being neutral particles, neutrinos can have a non-zero charge radius, which represents the only non-null neutrino electromagnetic property in the standard model theory. Its value can be predicted with high accuracy and its effect is usually accounted for through the definition of a radiative correction affecting the neutrino couplings to electrons and nucleons at low energy, which results effectively in a shift of the weak mixing angle. Interestingly, it introduces a flavour-dependence in the cross-section. Exploiting available neutrino-electron and coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) data, there have been many attempts to measure experimentally the neutrino charge radius. Unfortunately, the current precision allows one to only determine constraints on its value. In this work, we discuss how to properly account for the neutrino charge radius in the CEνNS cross-section including the effects of the non-null momentum-transfer in the neutrino electromagnetic form factor, which have been usually neglected when deriving the aforementioned limits. We apply the formalism discussed to a re-analysis of the COHERENT cesium iodide and argon samples and the NCC-1701 germanium data from the Dresden-II nuclear power plant. We quantify the impact of this correction on the CEνNS cross-section and we show that, despite being small, it can not be neglected in the analysis of data from future high-precision experiments. Furthermore, this momentum dependence can be exploited to significantly reduce the allowed values for the neutrino charge radius determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskites, particularly the cesium lead iodide bromide (CsPbIBr2) composition, have become more and more popular in solar applications because of their remarkable optoelectronic properties. Although recombination losses and stability problems still exist, CsPbIBr2 is a potential option with a bandgap of about 2.0 eV. This work aims to investigate the doping of CsPbIBr2 with chromium (Cr) to overcome these difficulties. According to the results of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and current–voltage (J–V) analyses, the structural, optical, and electrical properties of perovskite films doped with Cr are improved. Quantum size effects may be responsible for the observed bandgap drop (2.20 to 2.03 eV) when the crystal size increases (43.6–62.5 nm). Electronic band structures change, which in turn affects the bandgap energy of the material, as the size of the crystal becomes larger and the confinement of electrons shrinks. The Cr–CsPbIBr2 device produces 12.06% efficiency as compared to 9.64% for pure CsPbIBr2, which is a ground-breaking step towards safer and more effective perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesium bismuth iodide perovskite material offers good stability toward ambient conditions and has potential optoelectronic characteristics. However, wide bandgap, absorber surface roughness, and poor surface coverage with pinholes are among the key impediments to its adoption as a photovoltaic absorber material. Herein, bandgap modification and the tailoring of surface morphology have been performed through molar ratio variation and antisolvent treatment, whereby type III antisolvent (toluene) based on Hansen space has been utilized. XRD and Raman spectroscopy analyses confirm the formation of a 0D/2D mixed dimensional structure with improved optoelectronic properties when the molar ratio of CsI/BiI3 was adjusted from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5. The absorption results and Tauc plot determination show that the fabricated film has a lower bandgap of 1.80 eV. TRPL analysis reveals that the film possesses a very low charge carrier lifetime of 0.94 ns, suggesting deep defects. Toluene improves the charge carrier lifetime to 1.89 ns. The average grain size also increases from 323.26 nm to 444.3 nm upon toluene addition. Additionally, the inclusion of toluene results in a modest improvement in PCE, from 0.23% to 0.33%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic states and exciton binding energies of layered Ruddlesden‐Popper (RP) metal‐halide perovskites can be tailored through changes of their chemical composition, yielding multi‐phase systems with complex energy cascades. Ultrafast photoexcitation relaxation with transfer dynamics into domains of increasing layer number has been reported for these materials. Here, ultrafast optical spectroscopy is used to report an unexpected excitation energy dependence of photoexcitation relaxation dynamics in mixed‐dimensional benzylammonium cesium lead iodide RP perovskite (BeA2CsPb2I7) thin films, which gives rise to spectrally broadband luminescence over the visible region. Using transient absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy it is found that excitations, which are formed in the n = 2 RP‐phase after photoexcitation with ≈0.2 electron volt excess energy, transfer to higher layer number RP‐phases on unexpectedly slow timescales of tens of picoseconds. Further, it is observed that such excitations are initially optically passive. Notably, luminescence occurs under these conditions from multiple RP‐phases with optical bandgaps across the visible range, yielding broadband luminescence. The results hold potential for realization of broadband white‐light emitters and other light‐emitting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bromofullerene C60Br24 undergoes a complete and quantitative debromination to C60 when it is mixed and ground in the solid state with cesium iodide (CsI). The kinetics of this unique solid state debromination reaction was studied with FT-IR spectroscopy on C60Br24 embedded in CsI pellet. The debromination rate constant was measured k = 8.4 x 10−4 s−1 and found independent from the C60Br24 concentration. Chemical thermodynamics calculations show that the C60Br24 debromination in CsI matrix is characterized by a largely favorable free energy of reaction (ΔGr) and the reaction is exothermal. A debromination mechanism is discussed in terms of concerted elimination of the bromide anions and formation of carbocations on the fullerene cage in agreement with the E1 type elimination reaction mechanism. The carbocations sites are reduced to radicals and stabilized as trivinylmethyl radicals (the reduction occurs by the action of iodide ions of CsI which are oxidized to molecular iodine) and then a rearrangement of the double bonds leads back to C60 quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-inorganic cesium copper halide nanocrystals have attracted extensive attention due to their cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, and rich luminescence properties. However, controlling the synthesis of these nanocrystals to achieve a precise composition and high luminous efficiency remains a challenge that limits their future application. Herein, we report the effect of oleylammonium iodide on the synthesis of copper halide nanocrystals to control the composition and phase and modulate their photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (QYs). For CsCu2I3, the PL peak is centered at 560 nm with a PLQY of 47.3%, while the PL peak of Cs3Cu2I5 is located at 440 nm with an unprecedently high PLQY of 95.3%. Furthermore, the intermediate-state CsCu2I3/Cs3Cu2I5 heterostructure shows white light emission with a PLQY of 66.4%, chromaticity coordinates of (0.3176, 0.3306), a high color rendering index (CRI) of 90, and a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 6234 K, indicating that it is promising for single-component white-light-emitting applications. The nanocrystals reported in this study have excellent luminescence properties, low toxicity, and superior stability, so they are more suitable for future light-emitting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite inorganic perovskites are suitable for application into tandem solar cells, the unsatisfactory crystal quality and inevitable surface defects of low‐temperature fabricated inorganic perovskites lead to undesirable open‐circuit voltage (VOC) deficit, which limits the further development of inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs). Herein, dimethylammonium chloride (DMACl) was introduced into perovskite precursor to prolong the solid‐state reactions between intermediate phases of DMAPbX3 and Cs4PbX6, and mediate crystallization process of inorganic perovskite, leading to obtain high‐quality CsPbI2.75Br0.25 perovskite films without DMA+ residue in perovskite films after annealing. Additionally, the energy level position of perovskite slightly downshift after adding DMACl, narrowing the band offsets between perovskite and carrier transport layers. To further reduce VOC deficit and improve the performance of IPSCs, cesium iodide (CsI) thin layer is evaporated onto the perovskite surface to repair inevitable I‐related defects. Ultimately, the VOC and performance of IPSCs are improved without introducing organic components into final perovskite films. A champion photoelectric conversion efficiency of 20.75% is achieved, and the VOC deficit is significantly decreased to 0.382 V, which is the minimum VOC deficit of IPSCs at present. Additionally, the stability of the perovskite films and IPSCs has also been remarkably enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new inorganic lead‐free perovskite, cesium copper iodide (CsCu2I3) has attracted wide attention in the field of photodetectors due to its non‐toxicity, good air and thermal stability, and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the random growth and disordered distribution of CsCu2I3 crystals during their preparation results in poor crystal quality, seriously limiting their applications. Highly ordered CsCu2I3 crystal formation with high crystal quality for high‐performance photodetectors remains a major challenge. Here, an ingenious nanoimprinting technology is utilized to obtain high‐performance photodetectors based on highly aligned CsCu2I3 nanowires (NWs). Owing to the high crystal quality, the photodetector exhibits excellent responsivity of 12.35 A W−1 (310 nm) and 89.73 mA W−1 (365 nm), respectively, as well as good polarization light detection with a dichroism ratio of up to 2.28. Additionally, the device on a flexible substrate retains its initial level of performance even after being bent 2000 times. Remarkably, the device exhibits superior stability and maintains excellent performance after being placed in the natural environment for 1 month without any encapsulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The presence of an excessive amount of lead iodide on the surface of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is a significant contributing factor that adversely affects the stability of these devices when exposed to continuous light. To address this issue, we developed an effective strategy involving polishing PbI 2 on a perovskite surface using CsF. In this study, we investigated the effects of CsF post-treatment on perovskite films and their photovoltaic properties. The results of the time-resolved photoluminescence and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy tests reveal the significant positive impact of our passivation method based on CsF, which reduces the valence band offset between the perovskite and hole transport layers while simultaneously enhancing the carrier interface transport. PSCs treated with CsF exhibited a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.25% and an increased fill factor (FF) of 81.72%, which surpassed those of the original PSCs (PCE = 22.12% and FF = 77.40%). Furthermore, after aging for over 2500 h at room temperature and in 30 ± 10% humidity, the PCE of the unpacked PSCs reduced to only 42% of the initial value. Furthermore, the devices treated with CsF maintained their impressive performance, with the PCE maintaining optimal levels at 91% of the initial efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of separate trapping of cesium oxide and molecular iodine formed during oxidative thermolysis of cesium iodide in the process of chemisorption on ceramic highly porous block-cellular contact elements is investigated. The dynamic sorption capacity of contact elements with an applied aluminosilicate sorption-active layer and with an active layer of silver nitrate for cesium and iodine, respectively, is determined. The developed contact elements are recommended for use in systems of local gas purification of high-temperature processing stages of recycling of spent nuclear fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X‐ray luminescence spectra, thermally stimulated luminescence, and thermally stimulated conductivity of undoped cesium iodide (CsI) crystal are investigated in order to reach better understanding of the factors which govern the emission processes in this material. X‐ray luminescence spectra are recorded in the temperature range from 15 to 293 K. The low energy band at 2.2 eV emerging at heating above 120 K is assigned to the emission of residual impurities. Other two bands peaking at 3.6 and 4.3 eV at 15 K are attributed to the intrinsic emission of CsI due to the self‐trapped excitons (STEs). The parameters of the peaks observed in the thermally stimulated luminescence and conductivity of CsI crystal are calculated. Investigations of the thermally stimulated processes in CsI lead to the conclusion that the increase of luminescence of 4.3 eV observed above 70 K is due to release of trapped electrons, which subsequently interact with Vk centers and form on‐center STEs. The considerable ionic conductivity observed above 250 K can be explained by the influence of uncontrolled impurities of divalent metal atoms as well as Na+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimensionality engineering involving the low‐dimensional and 3D perovskites has been demonstrated as an efficient promising strategy to modulate interfacial energy loss as well as instability in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, the use of fluorinated Cesium Lead Iodide (CsPbI3) perovskite quantum dot (PQD) is first reported as interface modification layer for PSCs. The binding between the CsPbI3 PQD surface and native oleic acid (OLA)/oleylamine (OAm) ligands is governed by a dynamic adsorption–desorption equilibrium. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFA) with stronger binding affinity and more hydrophobic nature is explored to partially replace OLA to prepare the fluorinated ligand capped CsPbI3 PQDs (F‐CsPbI3). Through optimization of the addition of PFA during hot‐injection synthesis, the in situ treated F‐CsPbI3 PQDs display reduced surface defect states, higher photoluminescence quantum yields together with improved stability. Subsequently, both CsPbI3 and F‐CsPbI3 PQDs are utilized as interface engineering layer in PSCs, delivering the best efficiency values of 21.99% and 23.42%, respectively, which is significantly enhanced compared to the control device (20.37%). More importantly, benefiting from its more hydrophobic properties, the F‐CsPbI3 PQD treated device exhibits excellent ambient storage stability (25 °C, relative humidity: 35–45%), retaining over 80% of its initial efficiency after 1500 h aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin-based perovskites are promising for realizing lead-free perovskite solar cells; however, there remains a significant challenge to achieving high-performance tin-based perovskite solar cells. In particular, the device fill factor was much lower than that of other photovoltaic cells. Therefore, understanding how the fill factor was influenced by device physical mechanisms is meaningful. In this study, we reported a method to improve the device fill factor using a thin cesium iodide layer modification in tin-based perovskite cells. With the thin passivation layer, a high-quality perovskite film with larger crystals and lower charge carrier densities was obtained. As a result, the series resistance of devices was decreased; the shunt resistance of devices was increased; and the non-radiative recombination of devices was suppressed. Consequently, the fill factor, and the device efficiency and stability were greatly enhanced. The champion tin-based perovskite cells showed a fill factor of 63%, an efficiency of 6.1% and excellent stability. Our study reveals that, with a moderate thin layer modification strategy, the long-term stability of tin-based PSCs can be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic halide perovskites, such as CsPbI3, have unique optoelectronic properties which made them promising candidates for several applications. Unfortunately, these perovskites undergo rapid chemical decomposition and transformation into yellow δ-phase. Thus, the synthesis of stable cesium lead iodide perovskites remains an actual challenging field and it is imperative to develop a stabilized black phase for photovoltaic applications. For this purpose, a surfactant ligand was used to control the synthesis of inorganic perovskite CsPbI3 nanoparticles. Herein we demonstrate a new avenue for lead halide perovskites with the addition of either hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or silica nanoparticles to maintain in the first place; the stability of the α-CsPbI3 phase, and later on to boost their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). The prepared perovskites were characterized using UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-Ray diffraction technique. Results show higher stability of α-CsPbI3 phase and improvement in PLQY % to reach 99% enhancement in presence of CTAB. Moreover, the photoluminescence intensity of CsPbI3 nanoparticles was higher and was maintained for a longer duration in the presence of CTAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of proteins and complexes under native mass spectrometric (MS) and solution conditions was typically performed using time-of-flight (ToF) analyzers, due to their routine high m/z transmission and detection capabilities. However, over recent years, the ability of Orbitrap-based mass spectrometers to transmit and detect a range of high molecular weight species is well documented. Herein, we describe how a 15 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (15 T FT-ICR MS) is more than capable of analyzing a wide range of ions in the high m/z scale (>5000), in both positive and negative instrument polarities, ranging from the inorganic cesium iodide salt clusters; a humanized IgG1k monoclonal antibody (mAb; 148.2 kDa); an IgG1-mertansine drug conjugate (148.5 kDa, drug-to-antibody ratio; DAR 2.26); an IgG1-siRNA conjugate (159.1 kDa; ribonucleic acid to antibody ratio; RAR 1); the membrane protein aquaporin-Z (97.2 kDa) liberated from a C8E4 detergent micelle; the empty MSP1D1-nanodisc (142.5 kDa) and the tetradecameric chaperone protein complex GroEL (806.2 kDa; GroEL dimer at 1.6 MDa). We also investigate different regions of the FT-ICR MS that impact ion transmission and desolvation. Finally, we demonstrate how the transmission of these species and resultant spectra are highly consistent with those previously generated on both quadrupole-ToF (Q-ToF) and Orbitrap instrumentation. This report serves as an impactful example of how FT-ICR mass analyzers are competitive to Q-ToFs and Orbitraps for high mass detection at high m/z.

Cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) has attracted a great deal of attention as an absorption layer material for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high stability and suitable band gap (1.72 eV). In response to the problems of defect‐induced nonradiative compounding and voltage loss caused by the common perovskite layer, the common strategies of interfacial engineering, altering crystal equivalence, and other modifications involve more complex processes and higher fabrication costs. In order to simplify the process and save costs, this work has omitted the electron transport layer (ETL), while still maintaining a high power conversion efficiency (PCE). This work has simulated PSCs with CsPbI3 (electron transport layer free) and have matched Cu2O as the most suitable hole transport layer (HTL) material. By simulating and optimizing the thickness and defect density of perovskite absorption layer and the defect density of interface defect layer (IDL1, IDL2), and determining the most suitable operating temperature, the PCE of the device can reach 18.8%, which is consistent with the experimental data. The asymmetric effect of the interface defect layer obtained in this work is similar to previous research reports. This research provides an economical solution for high‐performance inorganic perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase change of all-inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbI3) thin film from yellow δ-phase to black γ-/α-phase has been a topic of interest in the perovskite optoelectronics field. Here, the main focus is how to secure a black perovskite phase by avoiding a yellow one. In this work, we fabricated a self-doped CsPbI3 thin film by incorporating an excess cesium iodide (CsI) into the perovskite precursor solution. Then, we studied the effect of organic additive such as 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO), 1-chloronaphthalene (CN), and 1,8-octanedithiol (ODT) on the optical, structural, and morphological properties. Specifically, for elucidating the binary additive–solvent solution thermodynamics, we employed the Flory–Huggins theory based on the oligomer level of additives' molar mass. Resultantly, we found that the miscibility of additive–solvent displaying an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior is in the sequence CN:DMF > ODT:DMF > DIO:DMF, the trends of which could be similarly applied to DMSO. Finally, the self-doping strategy with additive engineering should help fabricate a black γ-phase perovskite although the mixed phases of δ-CsPbI3, γ-CsPbI3, and Cs4PbI6 were observed under ambient conditions. However, the results may provide insight for the stability of metastable γ-phase CsPbI3 at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wide‐bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant attention for their potential applications in tandem solar cells. However, their large open‐circuit voltage (VOC) deficit and serious photo‐induced halide segregation remain the main challenges that impede their applications. Herein, a post‐treatment strategy without thermal annealing is presented to form a 2D top layer of 2‐thiopheneethylammonium lead halide (n = 1) on WBG perovskites. This thermal annealing‐free post‐treatment method can more effectively passivate the defects of WBG methylamine (MA)‐free formamidinium/cesium lead iodide/bromide perovskite films and suppress photo‐induced perovskite phase segregation, as compared with the thermal annealing method that yields multi‐2D phases. The resulting opaque and semi‐transparent 1.66 eV‐bandgap perovskite solar cells deliver maximum power conversion efficiencies of 21.47% (a small VOC deficit of 0.43 V) and 19.11%, respectively, both of which are among the highest reports for inverted MA‐free WBG PSCs. Consequently, four‐terminal all‐perovskite tandem cells realize a remarkable efficiency of 26.64%, showing great promise for their applications in efficient multi‐junction tandem solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Radioactive iodine is a hazardous fission product and a major concern for public health. Special attention is paid to iodine out of 80 fission products because of its short half-life of 8.02 days, high activity, and potential health hazards like its irreversible accumulation in thyroid gland and ability to cause thyroid cancer locally. Radioactive iodine can get released in the form of aerosols (cesium iodide), elemental iodine, and organic iodide after a nuclear accident and can cause off-site and on-site contamination. Filtered containment venting system (FCVS) is a safety system whose main objective is mitigation of severe accidents via controlled venting and removal of different forms of iodine to ensure safety of people and environment. After nuclear accidents like Fukushima, extensive research has been done on the removal of iodine by using dry scrubbers. This review paper presents research status of iodine removal by dry adsorbents especially after 10 years of Fukushima to assess the progress, research gap, and challenges that require more attention. A good adsorbent should be cost-effective; it should have high selective adsorption towards iodine, high thermal and chemical stability, and good loading capacity; and its adsorption should remain unaffected by aging and the presence of inhibitors like CO, NO2, CH3Cl, H2O, and Cl2 and radiation. Research on different dry adsorbents was discussed, and their capability as a potential filter for FCVS was reviewed on the basis of all the above-mentioned features. Metal fiber filters have been widely used for removal of aerosols especially micro- and nanoscale aerosols. For designing a metal fiber filter, optimal size or combination of sizes of fibers, number of layers, and loading capacity of filter should be decided according to feasibility and requirement. Balance between flow resistance and removal efficiency is also very important. Sand bed filters were successful in retention of aerosols, but they showed low trapping of iodine and no trapping of methyl iodide at all. For iodine and methyl iodide removal, many adsorbents like activated carbon, zeolites, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), porous organic frameworks (POPs), silica, aerogels, titanosilicates, etc. have been used. Impregnated activated carbon showed good results but low auto-ignition temperature and decline in adsorption due to aging and inhibitors like NOx made them less suitable. Silver zeolites have been very successful in methyl iodide and iodine removal, but they are expensive and affected by presence of CO. Titanosilicates, macroreticular resins, and chalcogels were also studied and they showed good adsorption capacities, but their thermal stability was low. Other adsorbents like silica, MOFs, aerogels, and POPs also showed promising results for iodine adsorption and good thermal stability, but very limited or no research is available on their performance in severe accident conditions. This review will be very helpful for researchers to understand the merits and demerits of different types of dry adsorbents, the important operating parameters that need optimization for designing an efficient scrubber, margin of research, and foreseeable challenges in removal of different forms of iodine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single crystals of CsI-Yb2+ were grown, and their spectroscopic studies were conducted. The observed luminescence in CsI-Yb2+ is due to 5d–4f transitions in Yb2+ ions. Using time-resolved spectroscopy, spin-allowed and spin-forbidden radiative transitions of ytterbium ions at room temperature were found. The excitation spectra of Yb2+ luminescence bands were obtained in the range of 3–45 eV. The mechanism of charge compensation of Yb2+ ions in a CsI crystal was also studied, the spectrum of the thermally stimulated depolarization current was measured, and the activation energies of the two observed peaks were calculated. These peaks belong to impurity–vacancy complexes in two different positions. The charge compensation of Yb2+ occurs via cation vacancies in the nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor positions.The Yb2+ ions are promising dopants for CsI scintillators and X-ray phosphors in combination with SiPM photodetectors.

The trans‐cis isomerization in the excited state of linear merocyanine L‐Mero4 and phenyl substituted linear merocyanine P‐L‐Mero4 in salt solution and in ionic liquid was investigated using frequency upconversion measurements. Strontium chloride and cesium iodide were added to solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) to vary the ionic strength. The time‐resolved fluorescence curves of merocyanines displayed multiple exponential decay behavior. The second temporal component with time constant τ2 ≈ 2.8 (11) ps of L‐Mero4 (P‐L‐Mero4) in DMSO was assigned to the duration to reach the isomerization equilibrium between the trans and the twisted conformers. The τ2 increased at higher salt concentrations and was explained by the attachment of salt ions on the polar excited merocyanines decelerating the isomerization rate. The rotational correlation time constants obtained from the anisotropy decay of fluorescence were 360 and 240 ps in neat DMSO for L‐Mero4 and P‐L‐Mero4, respectively, and they increased to 790 and 450 ps in the most concentrated SrCl2. Using Perrin relation, we estimated the increase in the rotating volume at [SrCl2] = 536 mM, revealing ≈15 SrCl2 molecules surrounding L‐Mero4 and 7 SrCl2 on P‐L‐Mero4. The experimental data indicated that the ion–molecule interaction was stronger with SrCl2 and on L‐Mero4 than on P‐L‐Mero4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) / Huanan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) is the property of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the past few years, lead (Pb2+)‐free perovskite or perovskite‐like materials, in particular bismuth (Bi) based perovskite‐like materials have attracted scientific community because of their excellent aerobic stability, and excellent optoelectronic characteristics. Cesium bismuth iodide (CsBi3I10) is all‐inorganic perovskite‐like material which has low band‐gap (∼1.88 eV) and excellent aerobic stability. In present work, we demonstrated the fabrication of CsBi3I10 based Pb‐free perovskite solar cells (LF‐PSCs) with three different hole‐transport materials (HTM). Spiro‐OMeTAD was found to be more suitable HTM for the fabrication of LF‐PSCs compared to the PTAA or P3HT HTM layers. Further, graphene oxide (GO) was incorporated with spiro‐OMeTAD to enhance the long‐term moisture‐induced stability of the fabricated LF‐PSCs. The best performing LF‐PSCs device exhibited good efficiency of 1.09 % with excellent stability up to 1000 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are a promising material for red-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their excellent color purity and high luminous efficiency. However, small-sized CsPbI3 colloidal NCs, such as nanocubes, used in LEDs suffer from confinement effects, negatively impacting their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and overall efficiency. Here, we introduced YCl3 into the CsPbI3 perovskite, which formed anisotropic, one-dimensional (1D) nanorods. This was achieved by taking advantage of the difference in bond energies among iodide and chloride ions, which caused YCl3 to promote the anisotropic growth of CsPbI3 NCs. The addition of YCl3 significantly improved the PLQY by passivating nonradiative recombination rates. The resulting YCl3-substituted CsPbI3 nanorods were applied to the emissive layer in LEDs, and we achieved an external quantum efficiency of ~3.16%, which is 1.86-fold higher than the pristine CsPbI3 NCs (1.69%) based LED. Notably, the ratio of horizontal transition dipole moments (TDMs) in the anisotropic YCl3:CsPbI3 nanorods was found to be 75%, which is higher than the isotropically-oriented TDMs in CsPbI3 nanocrystals (67%). This increased the TDM ratio and led to higher light outcoupling efficiency in nanorod-based LEDs. Overall, the results suggest that YCl3-substituted CsPbI3 nanorods could be promising for achieving high-performance perovskite LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simplifying the design of lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has drawn a lot of interest due to their low manufacturing cost and relative non-toxic nature. Focus has been placed mostly on reducing the toxic lead element and eliminating the requirement for expensive hole transport materials (HTMs). However, in terms of power conversion efficiency (PCE), the PSCs using all charge transport materials surpass the environmentally beneficial HTM-free PSCs. The low PCEs of the lead-free HTM-free PSCs could be linked to poorer hole transport and extraction as well as lower light harvesting. In this context, a lead-free perovskite homojunction-based HTM-free PSC was investigated, and the performance was then assessed using a Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). A two-step method was employed to fabricate lead-free perovskite homojunction-based HTM-free PSCs in order to validate the simulation results. The simulation results show that high hole mobility and a narrow band gap of cesium tin iodide (CsSnI3) boosted the hole collection and absorption spectrum, respectively. Additionally, the homojunction's built-in electric field, which was identified using SCAPS simulations, promoted the directed transport of the photo-induced charges, lowering carrier recombination losses. Homojunction-based HTM-free PSCs having a CsSnI3 layer with a thickness of 100 nm, defect density of 1015 cm−3, and interface defect density of 1018 cm−3 were found to be capable of delivering high PCEs under a working temperature of 300 K. When compared to formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3)-based devices, the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and PCE of FASnI3/CsSnI3 homojunction-based HTM-free PSCs were all improved from 0.66 to 0.78 V, 26.07 to 27.65 mA cm−2, 76.37 to 79.74%, and 14.62 to 19.03%, respectively. In comparison to a FASnI3-based device (PCE = 8.94%), an experimentally fabricated device using homojunction of FASnI3/CsSnI3 performs better with Voc of 0.84 V, Jsc of 22.06 mA cm−2, FF of 63.50%, and PCE of 11.77%. Moreover, FASnI3/CsSnI3-based PSC is more stable over time than its FASnI3-based counterpart, preserving 89% of its initial PCE. These findings provide promising guidelines for developing highly efficient and environmentally friendly HTM-free PSCs based on perovskite homojunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High density of defects at interface severely affects the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, cobalt (II) hexafluoro‐2,4‐pentanedionat (CoFAc), a hinge‐type fluorine‐rich complex, is introduced onto the surface of formamidinium cesium lead iodide (FACsPbI3) film to address the issues of perovskite/Spiro‐OMeTAD interface. The existence of CoFAc passivates both organic cation and halide anion vacancies by establishing powerful hydrogen bonds with HC(NH2)2+ (FA+) and strong ionic bonds with Pb2+ in perovskite films. In addition, CoFAc serves as a connecting link to enhance interfacial hole‐transport kinetics via interacting with Spiro‐OMeTAD. Consequently, FACsPbI3 PSCs with CoFAc modification display a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.64% with a charming open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.191 V, which is the record VOC among all the reported organic‐inorganic hybrid PSCs with TiO2 as electron transport layer. Furthermore, CoFAc‐modified devices exhibit an outstanding long‐term stability, which can maintain 95% of their initial PCEs after exposure to ambient atmosphere for 1500 h without any encapsulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pool scrubbing has shown potential efficiency to reduce the release of fission products, especially in aerosol forms, into the environment. Considering the large test conditions where pool scrubbing might be encountered, there is still a lack of systematic analysis of this phenomenon, especially its dependence on different hydrodynamic regimes. Experimental work was carried out, where hydrodynamic and decontamination factor measurements were performed. Caesium iodide aerosols were injected into the TYFON facility for different flow regimes (0.08 ≤ We ≤ 15 600) by varying both injection flowrate Q inj and nozzle size D 0 , in which their effects were examined. The Weber number (We) has shown to be capable of characterizing the decontamination factor, when comparing this work with data from literature. Moreover, the different flow regimes induced different sensitivities of aerosol removal mechanisms, where a minimum scrubbing is observed in the transition between bubbly and jet regime. The effect of pool submergence was also investigated in case of bubbly and jet regimes, in which the contribution of residence time and inertial impaction to pool scrubbing was shown. • CsI aerosols trapping by pool scrubbing has been quantified. • Weber number appears relevant to characterize the decontamination factor evolution. • Minimum efficiency is observed in the transition between bubbly and jet regime. • Residence time and inertial impaction have significant influences on aerosol trapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc-iodine batteries (AZIBs) are considered a very promising way to store energy. However, inherent issues such as cathodic slow I₂/I⁻ redox kinetics and anodic zinc (Zn) dendrite growth, limit the practical application of AZIBs. Here, we used just a trace amount of the electrolyte additive cesium iodide (CsI) for homogeneous deposition of Zn2+ and enhanced cathode kinetics in AZIBs. The introduction of Cs+ produces electrostatic shielding layers that regulate the homogenization of Zn2+ deposition. Besides, I- promotes cathodic kinetics to achieve the effect of increasing the battery capacity. Electrochemical tests show that by adding 5 mM trace CsI to the Zn-Zn symmetric cell, the cycling time was increased to 650 h, and the Zn-Cu half-cell's cycling time was increased to 3000 cycles under conditions of 5 mA cm−2. More importantly, Zn-I 2 cells can stably cycle for 10000 cycles at 1 A g−1 and 10 A g−1. The average capacity increased to 97.54 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 1 A g−1 and 74.57 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 10 A g−1. After 100 cycles, the Zn-I 2 full cell's capacity retention rose from 2.41 % to 57.47 % under the conditions of 1 A g−1 and a 5.6 N/P ratio. • CsI is introduced as a bifunctional additive for AZIBs, enhancing both anodic and cathodic performance. • CsI effectively inhibits Zn dendrite growth while accelerating the I₂/I⁻ redox kinetics. • The Zn-I₂ full cell with CsI shows a remarkable capacity retention rate, showcasing its potential for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesized Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 ink via flow reactor for efficient photovoltaic absorber layers. • Analyzed interfacial defects affecting efficiency, focusing on residence time variations. • Identified optimal performance for Ink 2 at a 60-s residence time. • Enhanced carrier transport and defect tolerance observed in the absorber layer. • Ink 2 achieved Voc = 1.04 V, Jsc = 5.2 × 10−2 mA/cm2, FF = 75.9 %, PCE = 0.6 %. Organometallic halide perovskite materials have gained significance in recent years due to their superior optical characteristics and solution-processability. However, the development of these lead-based compounds is limited by the hazardous heavy-metal element Pb. So, demand for inorganic lead-free perovskite is increasing and Cesium Bismuth Halide can be a potential alternative. The flow reactor method represents a significant advancement in the field of chemical engineering, offering a continuous approach to chemical synthesis and process optimization. In contrast to the traditional batch reactor process, flow reactors facilitate a steady state flow of reactants through the reaction chamber, allowing for superior control over critical reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure, and residence time, enhancing reaction efficiency, higher product yields, and consistent quality. In this study, Cesium Bismuth Iodide (Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9) ink was synthesized utilizing an optimized flow reactor methodology to achieve high-quality perovskite ink suitable for commercial-scale applications. The molar ratio of cesium iodide to bismuth iodide (CsI/BiI 3) was adjusted to 1.5:1, absorption and Tauc plot analyses revealed that the resulting film exhibited a reduced bandgap of 1.95 eV, which is below the expected 2 eV. The mean particle size grows from 153.42 nm to 168.34 nm with residence time. Furthermore, including the reaction's residence time (R T) at 60 s leads to a modest increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE), from 0.4 % to 0.6 %, in the solar cell using conventional TiO 2 and Spiro-OMeTAD as the electron and hole transport material respectively. The results of this research propose that increasing the concentration of precursors could further enhance the performance of lead-free Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 -based perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Explores the compatibility of CsSnI 3 -based perovskite solar cells with 8 novel charge transport layers (CTLs), modeling 16 unique solar cells to identify the best layer combination. • Absorber thickness, CTL thickness and doping concentrations were systematically optimized to enhance the power conversion efficiency. • Differences in band alignment, offsets, and electric fields produced unique cell performances. • Adding a back reflection layer and tuning electrode work functions significantly improved efficiency. • nPB/CsSnI 3 /PEIE cell achieved the highest performance: Jsc of 35.15 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.93 V, FF of 87.42 %, and PCE of 28.72 %. The rising demand for environmentally sustainable energy solutions has driven significant interest in lead-free inorganic perovskite solar cells as alternatives to the toxic lead-based organic counterparts. The unique ABX 3 crystal structure of perovskites facilitates the development of innovative materials for energy applications. This study focuses on the inorganic, non-toxic cesium tin iodide (CsSnI 3) perovskite as a potential absorber layer in photovoltaic cells. The primary objective is to evaluate the compatibility of CsSnI 3 with eight different charge transport layers to identify optimal configurations. Using computational modeling through SCAPS-1D simulation tool, 16 unique cell architectures were designed by combining various charge transport layers, and key parameters such as absorber thickness, charge transport layer thickness, and doping concentrations were systematically optimized to maximize power conversion efficiency. The analysis revealed that variations in band alignment, band offsets, and electric fields significantly influenced device performance, resulting in unique optimized parameters for each configuration. The integration of a back reflection layer and the tuning of electrode work functions further enhanced efficiency. Among the configurations, the nPB/CsSnI 3 /PEIE cell demonstrated the highest performance with J sc of 35.15 mA cm−2, V oc of 0.93 V, FF of 87.42 % and PCE of 28.72 %. Additionally, the impact of bulk and interface defect densities, as well as temperature variations, on device performance was examined. The results showed that increased defect densities and elevated temperatures led to reduced short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage, respectively. This study highlights the potential of CsSnI 3 as an efficient absorber material and underscores the importance of optimizing device parameters for superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "muon-to-electron conversion" (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will search for the Charged Lepton Flavour Violating neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the unambiguous evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. The detector has been designed as a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1348 pure Cesium Iodide (CsI) crystals readout by UV-extended silicon photosensors and fast front-end and digitization electronics. A design consisting of two identical annular matrices (named "disks") positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm, downstream the aluminum target along the muon beamline, satisfies the Mu2e physics requirements. The hostile Mu2e operational conditions, in terms of radiation levels (total ionizing dose of 90 krad and a neutron fluence of 5 x 1 0 12 n / c m 2 @ 1 M e V e q (S i) / y), magnetic field intensity (1 T) and vacuum level (1 0 − 4 Torr) have posed tight constraints on the design of the detector mechanical structures and materials choice. The support structure of the two 674 crystal matrices employs two aluminum hollow rings and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. The photosensors and service front-end electronics for each crystal are assembled in a unique mechanical unit inserted in a machined copper holder. The 674 units are supported by a machined plate made of vacuum-compatible plastic material. The plate also integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature radiation-hard fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders. The data acquisition electronics is hosted in aluminum custom crates positioned on the external lateral surface of the two disks. The crates also integrate the electronics cooling system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions has led to the emergence of zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) as a promising candidate, offering numerous advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, safety, and performance. The key to commercialising ZIBs lies in developing cathode materials that offer high specific capacity and prolonged cycle performance. The present study demonstrates the capability of environmentally friendly, lead-free inorganic perovskites for high-rate rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries with enhanced stability and excellent rate performance. The battery exhibits a high specific capacity of 220 mAh/g at a current density of 1000 mA/g and a quite stable capacity of 50 mAh/g and a good cycling stability of 20000 cycles at a very high rate of 20 A/g. The caesium bismuth iodide perovskite emerges as a promising candidate for cathode material in Zn-ion batteries, exhibiting high specific capacity and superior rate cyclability. Furthermore, incorporation of Ag in CsBi 3 I 10 is found to enhance the specific capacity and exhibits superior cycling stability. This study marks a significant advancement in the utilisation of perovskite materials as new cathodes for high-rate ZIBs. [Display omitted] • Lead-free, non-toxic, inorganic perovskites have been explored as cathode materials. • Ag-doped CsBi 3 I 10 exhibits a high specific capacity of 220 mAh/g at a rate of 1A/g. • A capacity retention of 72 % after 1000 cycles has been achieved. • Good long-term cycling stability along with excellent rate capability is observed. • Mechanistic insights have been investigated using In-situ and ex-situ studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]