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Deficiency of iron (Fe) in direct seeded aerobic rice (DSR) is a severe issue resulting in improper growth and low yield due to poor crop establishment. The Fe seed priming has potential to ensure enhanced growth and optimal Fe concentration in aerobic rice. Hence, field experiments were conducted in sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils with eight treatments i.e. T1-Control, T2-foliar application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7 h2O-1.0%), T3-seed priming (FeSO4.7 h2O-0.5%Fe), T4-seed priming (FeSO4.7 h2O-1.0%Fe), T5-seed priming with ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid chelated iron (Fe-EDTA-0.25% Fe), T6-seed priming (EDTA-0.5% Fe), T7-seed priming with iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs-0.025%Fe) and T8-seed priming (FeO NPs-0.05%Fe). The Fe seed priming resulted in considerable improvement in rice growth with maximum grain and straw yield of 6.23 and 11.9 t ha−1 in treatment T4, respectively. However, the treatment T6 showed significant increase in Fe concentration in paddy grain and straw over control. Similarly, higher Fe content in paddy foliage at 35and 70 days after sowing was observed in treatment T6.The percent increase in grain and straw yield of DSR was more in sandy loam soil than sandy clay loam soils. The Fe content in grain, straw and paddy foliage was higher in sandy clay loam soils than sandy loam soils. The sandy loam soil was more responsive than sandy clay loam soils. Thus, present study concluded that Fe seed priming with FeSO4.7 h2O (1.0%) is best forproper growth, adequate Fe content during growth stages and also to reduce the Fe deficiency in DSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted in a private nursery (Mohammed Nursery) located on Erbil Road in Kirkuk, situated at 44.38°E longitude and 35.58°N latitude. The experiment lasted five months from 01/04/2022 to 01/10/2022 to study the effects of shading with two levels: 0% (under direct sunlight) and 75% (under saran cover), as well as the effect of organic fertilizer (vermicompost) at two levels: 0% and 25%, where the fertilizer was added and mixed with loamy soil. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design. The plants were randomly arranged on the experimental units with three replicates. Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the means at a probability level of 0.05%.The results indicated that the 75% shading had a significant effect on some characteristics, such as plant height, dry leaf weight, and leaf area, which reached (82.27 cm), (12.14 g), and (3086.10 cm²) respectively. On the other hand, plants grown under direct sunlight showed a significant increase only in stem diameter (10.69 mm).Regarding the effect of organic fertilization, a significant increase was observed with the use of 25% vermicompost on the following characteristics: plant height (73.55 cm), dry weight (12.63 g), and chlorophyll content in leaves (29.24 CCI).It was also found that the use of chelated iron had a significant effect on most characteristics, where the concentration of 0.2 g.L⁻¹ resulted in the highest significant increase in plant height (75.00 cm), main stem diameter (10.37 mm), dry weight (15.35 g), and chlorophyll content in leaves (29.10 CCI).

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] The study aimed to explore the effects of EDTA-Fe on the photosynthetic characteristics, fruit morphology, yield and quality of wine grapes in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia and provided a reasonable amount of iron fertilizer for the high quality and high yield of wine grapes in the eastem foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia. (Method)4-year-old Marselan taken as the testing material, EDTA-Fe was dripped on the basis of conventional fertilization. Through a single-factor multi-level randomized block test design, four different EDTA-Fe drip levels tas 7.50 (T1), 15.00 (T2),22.50 (13) and 30.00 (T4) kg/hm², with conventional fertilization as the trol (CK). The photosynthetic characteristics (SPAD value, intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic and transpiration rate), fruit morphology (cluster length, transverse diameter, 100-grain weight), yield and quality of wine grapes (soluble solids, titratable acidity, tannin, total phenols and anthocyanin) determined. [Result] The application of EDTA-Fe could effectively im prove the photosynthetic characteristics of wine grapes. Among them, the SPAD value of leaves in 12 treatment was the highest at fruit ripe ning period, which significantly increased by 19.71% compared with CK; The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration of 13 treatment were the highest, which significantly higher than CK by 87.03%,107. 14% and 76.25%, respectively; The intercellular CO2 concentration of Tl treatment was the highest, which significantly increased by 57.56% compared with CK. The 100- grain weight decreased with the increase of EDTA-Fe concentration. The cluster length, soluble solids, sugar-acid ratio, tannin and total phe- nols content of 13 treatment e the highest, which were 10.99%,13.00%, 19.16%,4.87% and 15.23% higher than CK, respectively; The anthocyanin content of T1 treatment the highest; The yield from high to low T3 > T2 > TI > T4 > CK, Compared with CK, the yields of T1, 12, 13 T4 treatments significantly increased by 11.68%, 16.57%,26.48% and 8.96%, respectively, The value of output from high to low T3 > 12 >TI > T4>CK, T1, T2, T3 and 14 treatments 3577,5075,8133 and 2744 yuan/hm² higher than CK, respectively. [Conclusion] The application of EDTA-Fe in the wine producing area of the eastern foot of Helan Mountain can effectively promote the photosynthetic characteristics of wine grape leaves, increase the yield of wine grapes and promote the quality of wine grape. The optimum application of EDTA-Fe is 22.5 kg/hm². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was done in the lath house of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Dept. / College of Agriculture / University of Anbar during the growth season 2021 to study the effect of foliar spraying chelated Fe in three levels (0, 50, 100 mg. L-1), symbolled as (F0, F1, F2) successively with alga mix (alga mix) in three levels (0, 1, 1.5 mg. L-1) and symbolled as (S0, S1, S2) successively, and their interaction in vegetative growth traits and leaves content of mineral elements for buckthorn transplants cv.-Tafahi. Results has shown the positive effect of foliar spraying the chelated Fe on the majority of vegetative growth traits and leaves nutrient content of buckthorn transplants. So, spraying at concentration F2 (100 mg. L-1) has led to significant superiority in plant height increment, shoots number, leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, iron and saponins, successively; so, they reached 72.528 cm, 15.134 shoot. Transplant, 22.628 cm2, 41.099 mg. g-1 fresh weight, 2.421%, 190.667 ppm and 1.215 g. ml-1. Also, spraying with (algal mix) at concentration S2 (1.5 g. L-1) has led to significant superiority in all vegetative growth traits and leaves nutrient content, so it caused a significant increase in plant height incrementnumber, leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrate, chelated iron and saponins, successively; so, it reached 72.478cm, 13.503 branch. seedling-1, 22.473 cm2, 41.207 mg. g-1 fresh weight, 2.456%, 189.667 ppm and1. Results showed that interaction between chelated Fe and alga mix at concentration (100 mg. L-1 Fe + 1.5 g. L-1 alga mix) has given significant increase in plant height, branch number, leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrate, Fe and saponins, successive with values (75.057 cm, 19.183 branch. seedling-1, 23.833 cm2, 41.537 mg. g-1 fresh weight, 3.800%, 194.00 mg), successively, compared to control treatments.

This study was carried out in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar for the period from 4/8 to 11/15 of 2021 to study the effect of foliar spraying with chelated iron، the nutrient solution Prosol and the amino acid proline on some vegetative and chemical growth characteristics of pomegranate seedlings cultivar Salimi The foliar spray with chelated iron at levels 0، 30 and 60 mg. L-1 represents the first factor and is symbolized by F0, F1 and F2 sequentially, while the foliar spray with nutrient solution Prosol at levels 0, 50 and 100 mg. L-1 represents the second factor and symbolized by S0, S1 and S2 sequentially، while foliar spraying with proline at levels 0, 100 and 200 mg. L-1 represents the third factor and is symbolized by P0, P1 and P2 respectively. The results showed that the addition of chelated iron F2 led to a significant superiority in the rate of increase in plant height، number of main branches, dry weight of the root system, carbohydrates in branches and zinc content of leaves in sequence, as it reached (90.56 cm, 5.19 seedling branch-1، 88.07 gm plant-1, 12.08%, 149.84 ppm) sequentially. As for the effect of the nutrient solution Prosol, the study showed that treatment S2 was significantly superior in these traits، as it reached (80.56 cm, 5.37 seedling branch-1, 87.03 gm plant-1, 12.25%, 158.75 ppm) sequentially, as for the effect of foliar spraying with the amino acid proline The results showed that treatment P2 was significantly superior in all traits، as it reached (77.11 cm, 5.30 seedling branch-1, 86.76 gm plant-1, 12.14%, 144.43 ppm) sequentially.

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was carried out in the Western Desert Olive Field of Rawa village (Abu Koi) in 2021-2022 season to study the impact of the paper spraying with (CHI) encoded by F0, F1, F2 three levels of concentrations of 0, 100, 200 mg L-1 and (DYE) Y0, Y1, Y2 with three levels of concentration of 0, 10, 20 g L-1 and their interference in the characteristics of vegetative and fruity growth. Trees were sprayed to full wetness with three consecutive dates, the first spray was in April after full flowering, the second was in May and the last one was in June. The results showed the following: The effect of leaf spraying with (CHI) for the F2 transaction at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 in which their superior differences in the studied traits increase in the number of nodes 24.74 node plant-1, leaf area 7.20 cm2, fruit weight 6.15 g, fruit dry weight 2.05 g, iron concentration in leaves 31.63 mg kg-1. Whereas, the effect of leaf spraying with the second factor (DYE) showed the Y2 treatment with a concentration of 20 g L-1 superior differences in the studied traits in increase in the number of nodes 19.15 node plant-1, leaf area 7.05 cm2, wet weight of Leave 0.40 g, dry weight of fruit 2.10g, fruit weight 6.36 g, total yield 14.03 kg tree-1, iron concentration in leaves 24.40 mg kg-1.

The experiment was carried out in the lath house of Horticulture and Gardening Engineering Dept. / College of Agriculture / Al- Anbar University during the growth season to study the effect of foliar spraying with chelated iron at three levels 0, 50 and 100 mg L-1 and symbols F0, F1 and F2 and three levels. From marine algae extract 0, 1 and 1.5 g L-1 and its symbol S0, S1 and S2, and their interaction in vegetative growth traits and leaves content of mineral elements for buckthorn seedlings AL-Tafahi cultivar, the results showed the positive effect of foliar spraying with chelated iron in most Characteristics of vegetative growth and the content of buckthorn seedlings. So, spraying 100 mg L-1 chelated iron significantly superior in Original stem diameter, bait stalk diameter, Percentage of dry matter in leaves, phosphorous, potassium, saponins in succession, which amounted to 8.034 mm, 6.922 mm, 33.074%, 0.410%, 1.308%, 1.215gm ml-1, sequentially. As for spraying 50 mg L-1, it was significantly superior to nitrogen and total protein, respectively, as it reached 1.706%, 10.658%. The spraying with seaweed extract Alga Mix 1.5 gm L-1 resulted in a significant superiority in all characteristics of vegetative growth and leaf content of nutrients except for Percentage of dry matter in leaves, as it led to a significant increase in Original stem diameter, bait stalk diameter, total protein. Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, saponins, respectively, amounted to 7.968 mm, 6.857 mm, 12.641%, 2.456%, 2.045%, 0.420%, 1.289%, 1.189 g ml-1, the results showed that the interaction between the studied treatments (chelated iron 100 mg L-1+ seaweed extract 1.5 g L-1) gave a significant increase in Original stem diameter, bait stalk diameter, Percentage of dry matter in leaves, phosphorous, potassium, saponins, respectively, amounted to 11.667 mm, 10.333 mm, 35.272%, 0.433% , 1.730%, 1.545 gm ml-1 sequentially compared to the control treatment, while the interaction (chelated iron 50 mg L-1 + seaweed extract 1.5 gm L-1) gave a significant increase in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves and the percentage of total protein, respectively, which amounted to 2.468 %, 15.420% sequentially compared to the comparison treatment.

A field experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design in the agricultural season 2020–2021. The experiment included two factors, the first factor was solid chelated iron (S0, S1, and S2 at concentrations 0, 100, and 200 ppm, respectively), which was added to the soil. The second factor was liquid chelated iron (L0, L1, and L2 at concentrations 0, 2, and 4 ml L–1 respectively), which was spraying on the plants. The results showed that the stem diameter, number of pods, and total yield were significantly affected by adding the 100 ppm iron solid chelated treatment (18.36 mm, 25.74 pod plant–1, 5.01 Mg ha–1 respectively). While 200 ppm treatment had the highest plant height (30.10 cm, yield (771.35 g plant–1), seeds (6.18 per pod). The treatment of 4 ml L–1 liquid chelated iron treatment had the highest plant height (128.55 cm), biggest stem diameter (18.63 mm), highest pods per plant (25.45), yield (755.98 g plant–1), total yield (4.80 Mg ha–1), pod length (24.87 cm), pod weight (28.14 g) and the number of seeds per pod (7.88). The use of the interaction between solid and liquid chelated iron improves the vegetative growth and yield of broad beans.

Nano-fertilizers are a new tool that can be used to address plant production challenges, and it addresses such nutrient deficiencies through smart agriculture approaches. Iron (Fe) is a vital element for several metabolic and physiological processes; however, Fe deficiency is common in poorly fertile soils (sand soil) and in arid areas. Therefore, additional research is required to select the most efficient form of iron absorbance. This research was implemented on broad bean plants (Vicia faba L. var. major Harz) to examine the impact of three iron sources: nano-iron (FeNPs, T1), iron sulfate (T2), and chelated iron (T3) as a foliar spray on the morphological properties, physiological attributes, and nutritional status of these plants compared to the untreated plants (control). The obtained results showed that foliar spraying with FeNPs, chelated iron and sulphate iron fertilizers increased plant height by 35.01%, 26.2, and 20.4%; leaf area by 38.8%, 18.3%, and 8.1%; the fresh weight of the plant by 47%, 32.8%, and 7.3%; the dry weight of the plant by 52.9%, 37.3%, and 11.2%; and the number of branches by 47%, 31.3%, and 25.6 %, respectively, compared to the control treatment (CT). Furthermore, the application of FeNPs, chelated iron, and sulphate iron fertilizers improved the number of pods by 47.9%, 24.8%, and 6.1%; the number of seeds by 32.8%, 7.9%, and 2.8%; and seed weight by 20.8%, 9.1%, and 5.4%, compared to control treatment (CT). Additionally, foliar application of FeNPs showed the highest values of photosynthesis rate (Pn), water-use efficiency (WUE), total chlorophyll, and phytohormones (IAA, GA3) compared to all the other treatments. The anatomical structure revealed an enhancement of leaf size and thickness (epidermis cells and mesophyll tissue) affected by FeNPs treatment compared to other treatments. Foliar application of FeNPs also improved the total content of carbohydrates, crude protein, element content (N, P, K, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), and some amino acids such as lysine, arginine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, and tyrosine in the seeds of broad beans. Based on the above results, the maximum values of all tested measurements were observed when FeNPs were used as the foliar spraying followed by chelated and sulphate iron fertilizers. Therefore, these findings suggest that using FeNPs, as a foliar treatment, could be a promising strategy for reducing the Fe deficiency in sandy soil and enhancing plant growth, pod yield, and pod quality of broad bean plants in addition to being environmentally favored in arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of spraying different concentrations of chelated iron 0, 30, 60 mg L-1, Prosol 0, 50, 100 mg L-1 and amino acid proline 0, 100 and 200 mg L-1 in the vegetative, root and chemical characteristics of pomegranate seedlings cv. Salimi. Results indicated that spraying with chelated iron F2 at a concentration of 60 mg L-1 had a significant effect on the branches length 74.148 cm, shoot dry weight of 54.513 g plant-1, root diameter 7.618 mm, roots number 6.185, leaves content of nitrogen, phosphorous and boron reached (2.079 %، 0.358 %، 77.594 mg.kg-1dry weight)، respectively. As for the nutrient solution Prosol, treatment S2 with concentration 100 mg L-1 showed a  markable increase in the branches length, shoot dry weight, root diameter and roots number with values ​​of 71.185 cm, 54.135 g plant-1, 7.003 mm, and 6.074 root seedling-1  respectively. As for proline the results confirmed the superiority of the treatment P2 with concentration 200 mg L-1 in increasing the bramches length 68.148 cm, shoot dry weight 53.609 g plant-1, root diameter 6.791 mm, roots number 6.296, in addition to nitrogen and phosphorous and boron in the leaves، while the binary interaction between chelated iron and the nutrient solution prosol (F×S) and the interaction between chelated iron and the amino acid proline (F×P), as well as the interaction between the nutrient solution prosol and the amino acid proline (S×P) were significantly superior in most of the traits. studied، and for the triple interaction between the study factors (F×S×P)، the treatment F2S2P2 had a significant effect on the length of branches 86.666 cm, root diameter 8.666 mm, roots number 8000 root seedling-1 nitrogen، phosphorous and boron in leaves 2.250%, 0.403%, 84.266mg.mk-1dry weight respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa during the growing season 2020-2021 to study the effect of spraying Kelpak seaweed extract and applying chelated iron on the vegetative growth characteristics and the total leaf content of nutrients (N, P, K, Fe) in pomegranate (Punica granatum L. var. Salimi). The factorial experiment was designed using randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with two factors, the first factor is spraying Kelpak seaweed extract at three levels (0, 3 and 6) ml/L-1 and the second factor is applying chelated iron with three levels (0, 125 and 250) mg.plant-1, in addition to the control treatment (adding distilled water only). Three replications were used for each treatment and the number of experimental units is 48, each of which contains (2 plants) and the averages were compared according to the least significant difference test L.S.D at a probability level of 5%. Results showed that the interaction treatment of Kelpak extract 6 ml.L-1 + chelated iron 250 mg.plant-1 was significantly superior in the vegetative characteristics represented by leaf area (6.65) cm2 compared to control treatment, which gave (4.00) cm2, the length of the new growth (20.14) cm compared to (14.01) cm in control treatment, the dry weight of leaves reached (68.74) g compared to (50.00) g in control and the concentration of chlorophyll 71.22 (mg.100 gm fresh weight-1) compared to the control treatment which gave (50.01) (mg.100gm fresh weight-1). Meanwhile, for leaves content of nutrients, the interaction treatment of Kelpak extract 6 ml.L-1 + chelated iron 250 mg.plant-1 was significantly superior in the concentration of nitrogen element amounted 1.61% compared to control treatment, which gave (1.00) %, the concentration of phosphorous was 0.61 % compared to (0.07)% in control treatment and the concentration of potassium reached (1.35)% compared to (0.80)% in control and the iron concentration was (142.2) (mg/kg-1 dry matter) compared to (100.0) (mg/g-1 dry matter) in control treatment. Therefore, the interaction treatment of Kelpak extract 6 ml.L-1 + chelated iron 250 mg.plant-1 was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-fertilizers are a new tool that can be used to address plant production challenges, and it addresses such nutrient deficiencies through smart agriculture approaches. Iron (Fe) is a vital element for several metabolic and physiological processes; however, Fe deficiency is common in poorly fertile soils (sand soil) and in arid areas. Therefore, additional research is required to select the most efficient form of iron absorbance. This research was implemented on broad bean plants (Vicia faba L. var. major Harz) to examine the impact of three iron sources: nano-iron (FeNPs, T1), iron sulfate (T2), and chelated iron (T3) as a foliar spray on the morphological properties, physiological attributes, and nutritional status of these plants compared to the untreated plants (control). The obtained results showed that foliar spraying with FeNPs, chelated iron and sulphate iron fertilizers increased plant height by 35.01%, 26.2, and 20.4%; leaf area by 38.8%, 18.3%, and 8.1%; the fresh weight of the plant by 47%, 32.8%, and 7.3%; the dry weight of the plant by 52.9%, 37.3%, and 11.2%; and the number of branches by 47%, 31.3%, and 25.6 %, respectively, compared to the control treatment (CT). Furthermore, the application of FeNPs, chelated iron, and sulphate iron fertilizers improved the number of pods by 47.9%, 24.8%, and 6.1%; the number of seeds by 32.8%, 7.9%, and 2.8%; and seed weight by 20.8%, 9.1%, and 5.4%, compared to control treatment (CT). Additionally, foliar application of FeNPs showed the highest values of photosynthesis rate (Pn), water-use efficiency (WUE), total chlorophyll, and phytohormones (IAA, GA3) compared to all the other treatments. The anatomical structure revealed an enhancement of leaf size and thickness (epidermis cells and mesophyll tissue) affected by FeNPs treatment compared to other treatments. Foliar application of FeNPs also improved the total content of carbohydrates, crude protein, element content (N, P, K, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), and some amino acids such as lysine, arginine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, and tyrosine in the seeds of broad beans. Based on the above results, the maximum values of all tested measurements were observed when FeNPs were used as the foliar spraying followed by chelated and sulphate iron fertilizers. Therefore, these findings suggest that using FeNPs, as a foliar treatment, could be a promising strategy for reducing the Fe deficiency in sandy soil and enhancing plant growth, pod yield, and pod quality of broad bean plants in addition to being environmentally favored in arid areas.

A field experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design in the agricultural season 2020–2021. The experiment included two factors, the first factor was solid chelated iron (S0, S1, and S2 at concentrations 0, 100, and 200 ppm, respectively), which was added to the soil. The second factor was liquid chelated iron (L0, L1, and L2 at concentrations 0, 2, and 4 ml L–1 respectively), which was spraying on the plants. The results showed that the stem diameter, number of pods, and total yield were significantly affected by adding the 100 ppm iron solid chelated treatment (18.36 mm, 25.74 pod plant–1, 5.01 Mg ha–1 respectively). While 200 ppm treatment had the highest plant height (30.10 cm, yield (771.35 g plant–1), seeds (6.18 per pod). The treatment of 4 ml L–1 liquid chelated iron treatment had the highest plant height (128.55 cm), biggest stem diameter (18.63 mm), highest pods per plant (25.45), yield (755.98 g plant–1), total yield (4.80 Mg ha–1), pod length (24.87 cm), pod weight (28.14 g) and the number of seeds per pod (7.88). The use of the interaction between solid and liquid chelated iron improves the vegetative growth and yield of broad beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron (Fe) fertilizer can reduce cadmium (Cd) uptake and toxicity in rice, but the underlying mechanisms of Cd mitigation by different fertilizers are poorly understood. Here, pot experiments in rice were conducted to characterize the effects of four types of foliar-applied Fe fertilizer (chelated ferrous Fe, ferric Fe, ionic ferrous Fe, and ferric Fe) at three doses (20, 50, and 100 mg L−1) on photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant ability, yield, and Cd accumulation in Cd-contaminated soil. The results showed that foliar Fe application increased the net photosynthesis rate by 19.3%, peroxidase (POD) by 18.2%, superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 26.9%, and catalase (CAT) by 19.6%, and led to a 7.2% increase in grain yield compared with the control. Moreover, foliar Fe application significantly reduced Cd accumulation by 15.9% in brown rice and decreased the translocation of Cd from roots to other plant tissues. Overall, application of moderate doses (50 mg L−1) of chelated ferrous Fe was the most effective method for reducing Cd uptake (decreasing the Cd concentration in brown rice by 29.0%) and toxicity in rice (decreasing malondialdehyde by 23.2% and increasing POD, SOD, and CAT by 54.4%, 51.6%, and 45.7%, respectively), which may stem from the fact that chelated ferrous Fe was a more stable and bioavailable source of Fe for rice. The Cd concentration in rice had negative relationship with Fe concentration, and the translocation of Cd from root to the other tissues was reduced by the higher Fe nutrition status in leaf, suggesting that a high Fe supply may decrease Cd content by inhibiting the expression of the Fe transport system. These results indicate that foliar application of chelated ferrous Fe provides a promising alternative approach for enhancing growth and controlling Cd accumulation in rice plants. Furthermore, these results advance our understanding of the associations between plant Fe nutrition status and Cd accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of iron supplementation on the growth performance, body composition and health status of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) (10.34 ± 1.56 g), production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. ramosa Hort), and nitrogen utilization efficiency in media bed aquaponic system, a 60-day experiment was conducted. During the experiment, 0 (C), 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/L iron chelate (ferrous glycinate) was added to fish tank of each system every 20 days. The results indicated as following: (1) Regarding the growth performance of mirror carp, the 1 mg/L group showed the highest weight gain (WG) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared to the C group and the 4 mg/L group (P < 0.05). (2) In terms of body composition of mirror carp, the 1 mg/L group exhibited a significant increase in crude fat and iron content in the muscle (P < 0.05), and the ∑n-3 LCPUFA (C20:5n-3, EPA; C22:6n-3, DHA) was significantly higher in this group compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). (3) Regarding the health status of mirror carp, the 1 mg/L group had the highest liver catalase (CAT) activity, and the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly higher than in the C, 3 mg/L, and 4 mg/L groups (P < 0.05). Liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content of mirror carp was significantly lower in 1 mg/L group compare to other groups (P < 0.05). (4) Concerning lettuce growth, the yield increased with rising iron content, and the group with 2 mg/L exhibited the highest chlorophyll content (P < 0.05). (5) Nitrogen utilization results showed that the 2 mg/L chelated iron group had the highest nitrogen utilization rate of 33.95%, while the C group had the lowest nitrogen utilization rate of 28.61%. Additionally, iron supplementation did not have a negative impact on the water quality of the aquaponic system. In summary, under the conditions of this study, adding 1 mg/L of chelate iron every 20 days in the aquaponic system is beneficial to the growth, body composition and health status of the mirror carp, the lettuce in the 2 mg/L group had better growth and yield. It is recommended to add 1–2 mg/L glycine chelated iron in the media bed aquaponic system every 20 days to promote the growth of fish and vegetables and improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency of the system. • Iron is an important factor determining the production of aquaponics (AQP). • 1 mg/L chelate-Fe in AQP system promotes fish growth, nutritional and health status. • 2 mg/L chelate-Fe in AQP system improves lettuce yield, chlorophyll and iron content. • Adding chelated-Fe to AQP system's water can enhance nitrogen utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The activation of peroxymonosulfate by iron (II), iron (III), and iron (III)–EDTA for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) was compared using nitrobenzene as a hydroxyl radical probe, anisole as a hydroxyl radical + sulfate radical probe, and hexachloroethane as a reductant + nucleophile probe. In addition, activated peroxymonosulfate was investigated for the treatment of the model groundwater contaminants perchloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE). The relative activities of hydroxyl radical and sulfate radical in the degradation of the probe compounds and PCE and TCE were isolated using the radical scavengers tert -butanol and isopropanol. Iron (II), iron (III), and iron (III)–EDTA effectively activated peroxymonosulfate to generate hydroxyl radical and sulfate radical, but only a minimal flux of reductants or nucleophiles. Iron (III)–EDTA was a more effective activator than iron (II) and iron (III), and also provided a non-hydroxyl radical, non-sulfate radical degradation pathway. The contribution of sulfate radical relative to hydroxyl radical followed the order of anisole > > TCE > PCE > > nitrobenzene; i.e., sulfate radical was less dominant in the oxidation of more oxidized target compounds. Sulfate radical is often assumed to be the primary oxidant in activated peroxymonosulfate and persulfate systems, but the results of this research demonstrate that the reactivity of sulfate radical with the target compound must be considered before drawing such a conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect foliar spray with three levels of seaweed extract kelpak40 (0, 2 and 4 ml.L.1) and iron (0.20 and 40 mg Fe.L.-1) using chelated iron Fe-EDDHA (6% iron) and the interaction between them on the growth of loquat seedlings, one year old which were planted in the lath house/ Horticulture and Landscape Design Dept./College of Agriculture and forestry/ Mosul University at 2011 growing season were studied. Results showed that the interaction between 2 ml.L.-1 kelpak40 + 20 mg Fe.L.-1 significantly dominated over control treatment in leaves number, seedling leaves area and leaves dry weight percentage which reached in this treatment 16.66 leaf/seedling, 1262.90 cm2/ seedling and 43.05% respectively, while the means of these parameters in the control treatments were 9.5 leaf/ seedling, 534.60 cm2/ seedling and 35.21 respectively. The interaction of 4 ml.L-1 kelpak40 + 40 mg Fe.L.-1 were dominated over control treatment in leaf area and leaves dry weight which reaches 81.05 cm2 and 7.70 gm. respectively in this treatment and 55.71 cm2 and 5.25 gm. respectively in control. while the treatment of 4ml.L.-1 kelpak40 was dominated over control in seedling length and leaves total chlorophyll, which reaches 33.66 cm and 59.20 SPAD in this treatment and 22.66 cm and 56.16 SPAD respectively in control. The interaction between 2 ml.L.-1 kelpak40 + 40 mg.L-1 chelated iron were dominated over control in leaves N and Fe concentration which reaches 1.48% and 710.33 mg.L-1.in this treatment and 0.73% and 431.67 mg.L.-1. Respectively in control.

Chelated iron desulfurization process is widely used in natural gas industry， the enrichment and removal of sulfur particles is a key factor for stable operation of the reactor. The design of a cone section at the bottom of the reactor is helpful for the enrichment， settlement and recovery of sulfur particles. In order to avoid long-term deposition and agglomeration of sulfur particles at the side wall of the cone section，the disturbed gas should be injected at different heights. The flow rate of the disturbed air should not be too small，so as to avoid sulfur deposition at wall of the cone section. It should also not be too large， so as to prevent the settlement the sulfur particles. Eulerian multiphase model was used to simulate sulfur deposition in the cone section. The effects of sulfur concentration and air flow velocity on sulfur deposition were studied. The results showed that sulfur concentration had little influence on the settling velocity， while the effect of air flow velocity on the settlement was obvious. The deposition rate of sulfur particle decreased with the increasing of gas velocity，the maximum air flow velocity of the system should be less than 0. 75 m/s to ensure the settlement of the sulfur particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

H 2 S is a detrimental impurity that must be removed for upgrading biogas to biomethane. H 2 S removal selectivity over CO 2 employing catalytic oxidative absorption method and its influence factors were studied in this work. The desulfurization experiments were performed in a laboratory apparatus using EDTA-Fe as the catalyst and metered mixture of 60% (v/v) CH 4 , 33% (v/v) CO 2 and 2000–3000 ppmv H 2 S balanced by N 2 as the simulated biogas. It was found that for a given catalytic oxidative desulfurization system, it exists a critical pH, at which desulfurization selectivity achieves the highest. It was also observed that desulfurization selectivity increased along with the increase of chelated iron concentration, gas flow rate, and ratio of gas flow rate to liquid flow rate (G/L). This demonstrated that high selectivity and high efficiency for biogas desulfurization could both be achieved through optimizing these parameters. Specific to the desulfurization system of this work, when the gas flow rate was set as 1.1 L/min, after optimizing the above mentioned parameters, i.e. EDTA-Fe concentration of 0.084 mol/L, absorption solution pH of 7.8, and G/L of 55, the desulfurization selectivity factor reached 142.1 with H 2 S removal efficiency attained 96.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted during summer season of 2015 in Abo-Kassib, Basrah, to study the effect of different levels of urea fertilizer and foliar application of chelated iron in growth and yield of okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench var. kinaseria. The design of experiment was established as complete randomized block design which include nine factorial treatments at three concentration (0, 60, 120) kg/ Donum and three concentrations of chelated iron (0, 50, 100) mg/L means were compared according to least significant difference L.S.D. at significant level of 0/05 test was used at probability of 0.05. The result were summarized as follow: The using of urea at (60, 120) kg/ Donum led to significant increase in length of plants, number of branches, total leaves number, leaf area, percentage 0f root dry mater, pods number, total earlier yield, length and diameter in pods and protein percentage comparing with plants which weren`t fertilization. The plants which were sprayed with chelated iron had significant increasing at concentration (50, 100) mg/ L in steam diameter, total leaves number, leaf area, percentage of root dry mater, soluble carbohydrates in leaves, pods number, total early and total yield and pods length comparing to control treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To aid in the restoration of coastal barren ground areas, it is important to clarify the effects of chelated iron on the growth of seaweed. In particular, for the further development of practical methods to promote seaweed growth, Fe-binding organic ligands, such as humic substances (HSs) composed of humus materials, rather than Fe-binding inorganic ligands, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), should be investigated. In this study, the effects of an Fe fertilizer, made from HSs and steelmaking slag, on the growth of the brown alga Sargassum horneri at the germling and immature stages were examined. The addition of the Fe fertilizer eluate containing Fe organic ligand complexes clearly promoted the growth of S. horneri at the germling and immature stages. It was also clear that the effect of Fe concentration in the Fe fertilizer eluate on the growth rate was almost the same as that of Fe-EDTA. Moreover, the addition of the Fe fertilizer eluate had a great effect on the brown color of S. horneri thalli and promoted the increased content of photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a. Based on these experimental results, the application of the Fe fertilizer containing Fe organic ligand complexes is expected to become an effective method for the restoration of the barren ground phenomenon in Fe-deficient coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative strategy integrating the use of biosurfactant (BS) and persulphate activated by chelated iron for the decontamination of soil from an emerging pollutant chlorophene was studied in laboratory down-flow columns along with other persulphate activation aids including combined application of persulphate and hydrogen peroxide, and persulphate activation with sodium hydroxide. Although BS addition improved chlorophene removal by the persulphate treatment, the addition of chelated iron did not have a significant influence. Combined application of persulphate with hydrogen peroxide resulted in a significant (p ≤ .05) overall improvement of chlorophene removal compared with treatment with persulphate only. The highest removal rate (71%) of chlorophene was achieved with the base-activated persulphate, but only in the upper part (of 0.0–3.5 cm in depth) of the column. The chemicals at the applied dosages did not substantially influence theDaphnia magnatoxicity of the effluent. Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) measurements indicated no substantial changes in the microbial activity during the persulphate treatment. The highest oxygen consumption and a slight increase in DHA were observed with the BS addition. The combined application of persulphate and BS at natural soil pH is a promising method for chlorophene-contaminated soil remediation. Hydroquinone was identified among the by-products of chlorophene degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Bench-scale experiments were performed to investigate the persistence of activated persulfate using citric acid (CA) chelated ferrous (Fe(II)), peroxide (H2O2), or hydroxide (OH−) activation in the presence of well-characterized aquifer solids. Chelation by citric acid was ineffective in controlling the interaction between persulfate and Fe(II), and oxidation of Fe(II) was observed, causing a rapid initial decrease in persulfate concentration. Subsequent to this loss, first-order persulfate degradation rate coefficients (kobs) were estimated, which were up to four times higher than the unactivated case due to the interaction with Fe(III), Fe(II), or CA. Total oxidation strength (TOS) was measured for peroxide activation experiments and was observed to decrease rapidly early due to peroxide degradation. This was followed by slow degradation kinetics similar to that of unactivated persulfate, implying that the initial TOS degradation was peroxide-dominated and the long-term kinetics were dominated by persulfate degradation. Thekobslater used to capture TOS degradation were ∼1 to 100 times higher thankobsfor unactivated persulfate. For alkaline activation,kobswere only one to four times higher than unactivated persulfate, and therefore alkaline conditions demonstrated the least overall impact on persulfate stability among the various activation strategies explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted during the season of 2012-2013 at Abualkhasab, Basrah governorate to study the effect of soil mulching and foliar application of chelated iron at three levels 0, 50, 100 mg.l-1 on growth and yield of cabbage plant cv."local". Results showed that polyethylene mulching significantly increased the stem diameter and weight of folded leaves, weight of plant, head weights and total marketable yield as much as 8.06, 27.06, 17.98 and 21.71 %, respectively, compared to without mulching treatment. Foliar spraying of chelated iron at 100 mg.l-1 increased stem diameter and weight of folded leaves, weight of plant, head weights and total marketable yield as much as 17.9, 67.03,69.14,74.88 % respectively compared to untreated treatments. Plants grown in mulched soil and foliar spraying of chelated iron at level 100 mg.l-1 produced total marketable yield of 24.721 ton.donum-1 as compared to that planted at mulch soil and untreated with iron 10.265 ton.donum-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sixty Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens, 22 wks of age, were individually placed in galvanized cages and fed diets without iron (Fe) supplementation for 12 weeks. Birds were then randomly allocated to six dietary treatments with the same nutrient profile, except for Fe, in a factorial of two diets (all vegetable and meat and bone meal - MBM) and three Fe sources (control, inorganic and complexed). The all-vegetable diet was formulated with maize, soybean meal and wheat bran whereas the MBM containing diet included 25g MBM/kg. The control diets were not supplemented with Fe, whereas inorganic and complexed diets had 60mg Fe/kg as supplement from Fe2+ sulfate or Fe-amino acid (Fe-AA), respectively. Diets were provided for three periods of four weeks each and eggs were collected daily. Hen day egg production and Fe content of yolk and albumen were analyzed using a two-way anova with repeated measures. Egg production was lowest (P<0.05) for birds fed diets without Fe supplementation but no difference (P>0.05) was detected between the inorganic and complexed Fe sources. Contents of Fe in yolk increased from the first to the second period (P<0.001) without changes afterwards, whereas it decreased in albumen from the second to the third period (P<0.001). Egg yolk Fe concentration was highest for the MBM containing diet supplemented with Fe-AA and lowest for the all-vegetable diet not supplemented with Fe, with all the other treatments being intermediate (P<0.001). Albumen Fe concentration increased when Fe was supplemented to diets containing MBM, but further increases depended on the use of Fe-AA (P<0.001). It is concluded that breeder hens have reduced hen day egg production when diets are not supplemented with Fe and that Fe supplementation can affect yolk and albumen contents depending on the presence of MBM in the diet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A field experiment was conducted in Abul Khaseeb in Basrah governorate to study the effect of three concentrations of iron (0, 20, and 40) mg Fe/ L/ date palm/ year and three concentrations of benzyl adenine (0, 50, and 100) mg BA/ L/ date palm/ year, and their interactions on physical, chemical and yield properties of date palm (Hellawi) during different stages of fruit growth (Khalal, Ritab and Date). Results indicated that interaction between iron and benzyl adenine had significant effects in fruit weight (40mg Fe/ L/ date palm/ year + 100mg BA/ L/ date palm/ year) treatment gave highest average of fruit weight, flesh weight and fruit volume. Results showed significant decrease in total soluble salts percent in fruit juice (547.13, 688.20 and 792.50) gm/ kg with increasing iron and benzyl adenine rates compared with control treatment (606.47, 732.22 and 832.27) gm/ kg during different stages of fruit growth (Khalal, Ritab and Date). Results also showed that the interaction between iron and benzyl adenine treatments had significant effects in increasing total yield. Treatment with (40mg Fe/ L/ date palm/ year + 100mg BA /L/ date palm/ year) confirmed the highest yield (30.78Kg) compared with control treatment (17.80 kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airlift reactor concept was used for hydrogen sulfide removal from acid gases using chelated iron solution. Rate equations for absorption and regeneration reactions were determined and finally, an 'Autosweet' program was developed for design and simulation of the reactor. Variations of the concentration profiles of the reactants and products with time, the required time to achieve steady state conditions, concentration profiles of two phases at steady state and volume of the reactor in absorption and regeneration sections can be calculated based on implemented model in this study. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results shows a good agreement and justifies the model. Based on the model as a second stage of project, a 1 m3 prototype reactor was designed and constructed at NIOC Research Institute of Petroleum Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Packings with different fiber cross-sectional shapes were designed and fabricated. • H 2 S removal with chelated iron solution was investigated in an RPB reactor. • V Q H E obtained higher H 2 S removal efficiency and mass transfer coefficient than V C H C. • V Q H E deposited less sulfur solid on surface than V C H C which alleviated blockage. HiGee reactors have been utilized for H 2 S removal from offshore natural gas by chelated iron solution, which exhibits great advantages due to their compact footprint. However, the blockage of packing in HiGee reactor caused by sulfur generation can lead to a decline of desulfurization efficiency. Herein, the fiber cross-sectional shape of mesh packing was optimized for alleviating blockage based on the understanding of liquid flow behavior with various single-layer meshes in our previous studies (Wen et al., Chem. Eng. Sci. 2022, 248, 117147). The novel packing with vertical quadrangular fibers and horizontal elliptical fibers (V Q H E) as well as the conventional packing with circular fibers (V C H C) were designed and fabricated by three-dimensional printing technology. A rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor with mesh packing, as one of the typical HiGee reactors, was adopted for H 2 S removal. Results indicate that H 2 S removal efficiency of V Q H E could reach up to 99.3%. The mass transfer coefficient of V Q H E was 25.9% higher than that of V C H C. Meanwhile, the photograph displays that less sulfur solid was deposited on the surface of V Q H E. The mass increase ratio of V Q H E was smaller by 24.9% than that of V C H C. V Q H E realized the integration of enhancing H 2 S removal efficiency and alleviating blockage in RPB reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has been conducted at the University of Connecticut (UCONN) in connection with the USEPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program to evaluate a chemical oxidation technology (sodium persulfate) developed at UCONN. A protocol to assess the efficacy of oxidation technologies has been used. This protocol, which consists of obtaining data from a treatability study, tested two in-situ chemical oxidation technologies that can be used on soil and groundwater at a site in Vernon, Connecticut. Based on the treatability report results and additional field data collected at the site, the design for the field implementation of the chemical oxidation remediation was completed. The results indicate that both sodium persulfate and potassium permanganate were able to effectively degrade the target VOCs (i.e., PCE, TCE and cis-DCE) in groundwater and soil-groundwater matrices. In the sodium persulfate tests (120 hrs), the extent of destruction of target VOCs was 74% for PCE, 86% for TCE and 84% for cis-DCE by Na2S2O8 alone and 68% for PCE, 76% for TCE, and 69% for cis-DCE by Fe(II)-catalyzed Na2S2O8. The results demonstrate the sodium persulfate's ability to degrade PCE, TCE and cis-DCE. It is expected that given sufficient dose and treatment time, a higher destruction rate of the dissolved phase contamination can be achieved. The data also indicates that the catalytic effect of the iron chelate on persulfate chemistry was much less pronounced in the soil-groundwater matrix. This indicates an interaction between the iron chelate solution and the soil, which may have resulted in a lower availability of the chelated iron for catalysis. The study showed that the remediation of the VOCs-contaminated soil and groundwater by in-situ chemical oxidation using sodium persulfate is feasible at the Roosevelt Mills site. As a result, the USEPA SITE program will evaluate this technology at this site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The most effective remedy for iron deficiency is the use of synthetic iron chelates, specifically chelates derived from polyamine-carboxylic acids as EDDHSA (N,N′-ethylenediamine-di-(2-hidroxy-5-sulfophenylacetic) acid). A gradient ion-pair chromatographic method was developed to quantify the total amount of chelated iron in EDDHSA/Fe3+ fertilizers. Two mobile phases were used containing, respectively, 35 and 75% acetonitrile in a 0.005M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution at pH 6.0. The stationary phase was a reverse phase C-18 column (150mm×3.9mm i.d., d p =5μm). Two chromatographic peaks appeared and were identified by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. The first peak corresponds to the monomer of EDDHSA/Fe3+ and the second peak has been assigned to condensation molecules. Quality parameters indicate that the method is suitable for the quantification of iron chelate by EDDHSA fertilizers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Iron is a vital element for microalgae growth. An adequate amount of iron is required to maintain the microalgal photosynthetic and other metabolic reactions. The limited bioavailability of iron impairs microalgae growth and is a crucial challenge for the algal-biotechnology industries. Nevertheless, iron bioavailability and uptake mechanisms are quite stringent. The present short review systematically delineates the weighted importance of iron for microalgal metabolic reactions and cellular growth. Different conditions of iron bioavailability in an aqueous environment are elaborated. The report illustrates mechanisms to uptake iron by microalgae and by cyanobacteria. Further, the recent attempts, such as chelated iron and iron nanoparticle supplementation for improved microalgae growth along with the energy value, are discussed. The discussion is accompanied by the judicious supplementation of iron to produce microalgae for commercial applications. [Display omitted] • Insightful opinion on the iron bioavailability to microalgae. • Microalgae show distinct mechanisms to uptake iron under varying availability. • Sunlight plays a pivotal role in iron assimilation. • Chelated iron and iron nanoparticles to improve iron bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]