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Soil Test Crop Response (STCR), a combined plant nutrient management system that enables to develop fertilizer prescription equations for balanced crop nutrition, higher yield, profitability, and better nutrient efficiency. Field trial was carried out on Typic Haplohmult soil of Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu during 2023-2024 by Implementing an Inductive combined with a targeted yield model. Field trial includes a gradient experiment with a green viz., Chenopodium album ; a test crop experiment with beetroot (Hybrid Improved Crystal) and a validation experiment with beetroot. First, the fertility gradient was ensured by the biomass yield and soil fertility. Then, test crop experiment with beet root were conducted in the same field to derive the basic parameters viz., Nutrient Requirement (NR), contribution of nutrients from fertilizers (Cf), contribution of nutrients from soil (Cs) and contribution of nutrients from the Farm Yard manure (Cfym). Using the basic parameters, fertilizer prescription equations were developed based on Integrated Plant Nutrition System and validated. We found that 0.38, 0.29, and 0.46 kg of N, P2O5, and K2O, respectively, were required for producing one quintal of beetroot tuber under the integrated approach. Readily customized of fertilizer nutrient doses was developed for varying soil test values and desired yield targets of beetroot, for both inorganic (NPK) alone and NPK + Farm Yard Manure (FYM). The model was validated in the same soil series with the achievement of 40 and 45 tonnes of beetroot ha-1 with 100.9% and 96.9% of yield achievement, respectively. The Soil analysis crop response - combined Plant Nutrition System model proved that beetroot yield can be increased by 34.74%, in relation to the generally recommended dose This inductive method could save 37, 26 and 34 kg of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, respectively when Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium fertilizers are combined with 12.5 t ha-1 FYM as per soil test and targeted yield of beetroot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the expected co‐occurrence of effects from resident species, the environment, and disturbance on non‐natives, these factors have largely been treated as acting separately. Co‐occurring factors may, however, act in combination to result in a powerful, yet little explored, mechanism of invasion. Here, we addressed three hypotheses to explain the localized invasion of the non‐native Chenopodium album (Chenopodium) under the canopy of the dominant native tree Neltuma caldenia (Neltuma) in central Argentina. First, we evaluated that Neltuma favors Chenopodium by modifying environmental conditions, and specifically assessed the importance of soil versus that of the microclimate created by Neltuma shade. Second, we tested that Neltuma benefits Chenopodium by promoting under its canopy (calden microsite) the dominance of a grass species, Nassella tenuissima (Nassella), that exerts weaker competitive effects on Chenopodium than those exerted by the dominant grass, Piptochaetium napostaense (Piptochaetium), in adjacent communities free of the tree (open microsite). Lastly, we explored that the invasion of Chenopodium is mediated by disturbance. Chenopodium displayed increased biomass and fecundity (performance) in soil from calden relative to that from open microsites, whereas it exhibited no response to shade treatments. Also, Chenopodium performance in pots with Nassella was similar to that in pots with Piptochaetium. Finally, Chenopodium performance was much greater in pots with no initial plants than in those with grasses. Importantly, in pots without plants, Chenopodium performed much better in calden than open microsites, but in pots with grasses, Chenopodium performance exhibited no differences between microsites. These findings suggest that disturbance mediates Chenopodium invasion in calden microsites. Specifically, disturbance may weaken strong competitive effects from native grasses on Chenopodium, allowing this non‐native herb to benefit from favorable soil conditions under Neltuma. The combined action of natives enhancing resource levels and disturbance providing access to them could be a general mechanism of invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chenopodium album, commonly known as "lambsquarters," is a plant consumed as food and used in traditional medicine. Its popularity is increasing due to the belief that it has fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs. However, its use can lead to acute or chronic poisoning. The growing interest in herbal remedies, along with uncontrolled usage and disregard for expert recommendations, contributes to adverse effects. Case Presentation: : A 68-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and flank pain following the use of lambsquarters. Impaired kidney function was detected in the patient. A biopsy performed after Chenopodium album usage led to the diagnosis of tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). The patient responded positively to corticosteroid and hemodialysis treatment. Discussion: Caution is necessary in the use of herbal medicines and traditional treatments. A thorough evaluation of factors such as patients' nutritional status, herbal product usage, medication history, and genetic background is crucial. Chenopodium album can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis, resulting in kidney damage. Similarly, heavy metal poisoning through herbal products can lead to kidney damage. Adopting a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and treatment process can contribute to better patient management. Conclusion: This case presents a rare instance of tubulointerstitial nephritis developed due to the use of herbal products. Physicians should inquire about patients' history of exogenous substance use and conduct a comprehensive assessment, keeping such situations in mind. Conscious use of herbal medicines and traditional treatments can help prevent serious complications like kidney damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of heavy metals in water represents a risk to the life of all species on the planet. Phytoremediation is an effective alternative to remove heavy metals from contaminated aqueous environments. In the present research, Chenopodium album L. was examined for the remediation of waters contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Hg. Studies were carried out in waters containing each metal separately (monometallic aqueous systems) and in mixtures (trimetallic aqueous systems). First, the adaptation of Chenopodium album to different concentrations of Hoagland's nutrient solution (HNS) was evaluated, then, a phytotoxicity study was carried out to determine the appropriate concentrations of each metal to test the tolerance of the plant during the accumulation study, and finally, the bioaccumulation capacity of Chenopodium album for Cd, Pb, and Hg was evaluated. Chenopodium album showed tolerance to levels of 5 mg/L Hg and 10 mg/L Cd and Pb in 25% HNS. The bioaccumulation tests showed that Chenopodium album can remediate Cd, Pb, and Hg contaminated waters in both monometallic and trimetallic aqueous systems. These findings suggest important future applications in the food industry for the production of Chenopodium album as we demonstrate that this species adapts and grows in hydroponic media. In particular, the ability of Chenopodium album to adapt to extreme conditions could be exploited for further studies on phytoremediation of heavy metals in river water, irrigation water, wastewater, effluents, and mine tailings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Weed management during growing season has been a serious problem for many years. Worldwide, a 10% loss of agricultural products can be attributed to the competitive effect of weeds, despite their intensive control. Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chenopodium album L. is an annual weed of cultivated fields. Methods: This investigation was done in 2020-2021. Root parts of both weeds Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chenopodium album were collected from a nearby area, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut. To determine the antifungal potentials of both weeds Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chenopodium album root extracts were determined by the food poisoning method against fungal phytopathogens. Methane, Ethyl acetate, Butyl alcohol, Benzene and Water-soluble root extracts of both weeds at different concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%) were used against fungal phytopathogens growth in laboratory conditions and also used on fungal infected related attributes of Bengal gram in a pot culture experiment in 1:10 ratio. Antioxidants of both weed extracts were done by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods. Result: Findings showed that application of 15% concentrated extracts has maximum antifungal effects against Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsi (70-80%). In the pot experiment, we find that at increased concentrations of methanolic extract (15%) infected Bengal gram crops show high effectiveness against fungal phytopathogens and improve different parameters such as germination, plant physiology and morphological characteristics. However, higher concentrations of methanol extract promoted these parameters and reduced fungal growth in both in vivo and vitro conditions Results of this study reported highly significant suppressive effects of higher concentrations (10% and 15%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Weed Science is the property of Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi Matbaasi, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Weed Science is the property of Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi Matbaasi, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Weed Science is the property of Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi Matbaasi, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this research was to study the effect of plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) isolated from the drought-tolerant plants camel thorn (Alhagi pseudoalhagi (M.Bieb.) Fisch) and white pigweed (Chenopodium album L.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants cv. Lenigradskaya 6, growing under hydroponic conditions and osmotic stress (generated by 12% polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG)). Based on the assumption that plants create a unique microbiome that helps them overcome various stresses, we hypothesized that bacteria isolated from drought-tolerant plants may assist cultivated wheat plants in coping with drought stress. PGPB were isolated from seeds and leaves of plants and identified as Bacillus spp. (strains Cap 07D, Cap 09D, and App 11D); Paenibacillus sp. (Cap 286); and Arthrobacter sp. (Cap 03D). All bacteria produced different phytohormones such as indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellic acid (GAS3) and were capable of stimulating wheat growth under normal and osmotic stress conditions. All PGPB reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increased the total chlorophyll content by increasing chlorophyll a, and modulated wheat hormone homeostasis and CAT and POX activities under osmotic conditions. Selected strains can be promising candidates for the mitigating of the drought stress of wheat plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food and nutrition security are essential for accomplishing sustainable development goals, and a growing population requires various food sources to address hunger and nutrition. Indigenous vegetables are nutritious, healthy, and adaptable to local conditions, making them a potential food and nutrition security resource. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional richness of indigenous vegetables by comparing the nutritional content of commonly grown indigenous vegetables like Chenopodium album (Bathua), Coccinia grandis (Telakucha), Amaranthus viridis (Shaknotey), Moringa oleifera (Shojne), Alternanthera philoxeroides (Malancha), and Xanthium strumarium (Ghagra) to BARI Lalshak-1 (Amaranthus tricolor). Shojne violet had the highest lightness (L*), directions (b*), and chroma (c*) of 43.50, 23.69, and 25.02, respectively and telakucha had the highest luminosity (h°) of 114.11. Shaknotey had more moisture (88.97 %) than bathua green (66.62 %) or ghagra (72.55 %). Ghagra had the most chlorophyll a (1.11 mg/g), b (0.65 mg/g), total chlorophyll (2.04 mg/g), ascorbic acid (22.0 mg/100 g), and flavonoids (50.1 mgQE/100 g). Bathua red had significant levels of anthocyanin, carotenoids, and strongest antioxidant activity (IC50 value): 42.9 µg/g, 0.24 mg/g, and 12.4 µg/mL, respectively. Shojne green and telakucha were found rich in phenolic content (136.0 mgGAE/100 g) and β-carotene (2.05 mg/100 g), respectively. Moreover, the studied indigenous vegetables were rich in minerals, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron, with a very high K content (49.4–79.4 mg/g). Correlation matrix and PCA showed that ghagra, shojne, and bathua species were nutritionally superior to others. Therefore, the current findings suggest that ghara, shojne and bathua can become a nutrient-rich indigenous vegetable and improve human nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the allelopathic effects of mulch and aqueous extracts of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw and on growth of 8-weeds: Phalaris minor L., Cynodon dactylon L., Chenopodium album L., Rumex denticulate L., Anagalis arvensis L., Melilotus spp L., Parthenium hysterophorus L. and Cyperus rotundus (L.) was analyzed. Rice straw mulch at 4.0 t/ha and rice aqueous solution (10 g/L) spray significantly reduced these weeds density (Number/m2) (54, 55, 66, 79, 85, 73, 54 and 39 during 2020-21) respectively, than control. Rice straw mulch 4 t/ha followed by (metsulfuron methyl 4 g a.i./ha + clodinafop propargyl 60 g a.i./ha) and clodinafop propargyl 75 % of 60 g a.i./ha + rice aqueous solution (10 g/L) spray significantly reduced the density of test weeds. Density of grass weeds decreased in zero-till, but broad leaved weeds decreases in conventional tillage. Wheat growth (dry matter accumulation: g/plant), number of tillers per m, leaf area index (LAI) and yield) significantly increased by rice straw mulch at 4 t/ha followed by rice aqueous solution (10 g/L) spray than control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season (November, 2021-April, 2022) at AICRP on Wheat, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India to evaluate the efficacy of Pyroxasulfone in wheat cultivation to enhance crop productivity and profitability. The study assessed eight weed management treatments, including herbicide applications (pendimethalin at 1000 g ha-1; pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1; pendimethalin+pyroxasulfone at 1250+127.5 g ha-1; metribuzin at 300 g ha-1; pendimethalin+metribuzin at 1250+280 g ha-1; pyroxasulfone+metribuzin at 127.5+280 g ha-1 as pre-emergence), hand weeding once at 25 DAS and weedy check, in a randomized block design with three replications. The experimental field was dominated by Phalaris minor (17.82%) among monocot weeds, while Medicago denticulata (28.97%), Cichorium intybus (26.19%), Chenopodium album (16.10%), and Anagallis arvensis (10.92%) among the dicot weeds throughout the crop growing period. Results revealed a substantial decrease in weed density and dry weight across all treatments, with the combination of pyroxasulfone+metribuzin at 127.5+280 g ha-1 showing superior efficacy. Weed control efficiency was highest with hand weeding, followed by herbicide treatments. Additionally, treatments significantly influenced wheat growth parameters and yield attributes, with the application of pyroxasulfone+metribuzin at 127.5+280 g ha-1 resulting in the tallest plants and highest number of tillers square-1 meter. Grain yield was also found significantly higher in plots treated with pyroxasulfone+metribuzin at 127.5+280 g ha-1. The economic analysis demonstrated that pyroxasulfone+metribuzin at 127.5+280 g ha-1 yielded the highest net monetary returns, indicating its economic viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Plant seeds from weeds and energy crops have the potential to survive anaerobic digestion (AD). Species able to form physically dormant, i.e., hardseeded (HS) seeds seem particularly resistant. However, it is not yet known to what extent the storage of the digestate after AD affects seed viability. Methods: Seed survival of five HS and six non-HS (NHS) species was investigated in three combinations of digestate storage (DS) and AD. First, untreated seeds were exposed to DS for maximum 12 weeks. To simulate short-circuited AD (ADshort) in biogas reactors, seeds were second subjected to lab-scale AD for 1 day before DS. Third, seeds of six species were exposed to full-scale AD (ADfull) followed by DS. Seed viability was determined using a combination of germination tests and tetrazolium staining. Viability was modeled as a function of exposure time. Results and discussion: Seed viability was affected by DS, AD and AD + DS, but responses varied greatly between species and treatments. With increasing exposure time, viability decreased after a lag-phase, remained stable or even increased. The NHS species Cichorium intybus , Daucus carota , Echium vulgare , and Verbascum thapsus were most susceptible, with seed-killing close to 100% if DS was involved. The HS species Malva sylvestris , Melilotus albus and Melilotus officinalis were most resistant. They survived all treatments and were alive after 35 days of ADfull plus 3 months of DS. The resistance potential of the HS species Abutilon theophrasti and Malva alcea and of the NHS species Chenopodium album and two tomato varieties was intermediate. None of them survived ADfull + DS, but except A. theophrasti they were viable after ADshort + DS. With few exceptions, seed-killing by AD + DS was higher than that by AD alone. In conclusion, DS and AD + DS have the potential to reduce seed viability, but do not completely inactivate all species. Therefore, digestate can be contaminated with viable seeds and may lead to the spread of weeds, especially after a short-circuited AD. In order to ensure the sustainable use of digestates in terms of weeds, we recommend to investigate the factors contributing to seed inactivation and the quantity of seed introduced to AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angelica archangelica L. (Garden angelica) is a medicinal and aromatic plant from the Apiaceae family, originating from North Europe (Iceland, Greenland, and Scandinavian countries). A. archangelica is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat anxiety, insomnia, stomach and intestinal disorders, skin conditions, respiratory problems, and arthritis. This plant is generally cultivated for its root and seed where the essential oil (EO) is concentrated the most. Angelica archangelica cultivation has a lot of challenges but the main one is weed control; so, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of four different mulch types as non-chemical weed control measures on weediness, fresh root yield, and EO chemical composition and yield from A. archangelica roots. A field trial was conducted with the following six treatments: two organic mulches, two synthetic mulches, and two controls (regular hand-weeded and weeded). The results show that the most present weeds were Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Chenopodium album, Polygonum aviculare, and Polygonum lapathyfolium, but synthetic mulch foils achieved the best weed suppression (100%). These fields also achieved the highest fresh root yield in both of the experimental seasons. The highest EO yield was detected with agrotextile mulch foil at season I (0.41%, v/w) and with the weeded control (0.51%, v/w) at season II, but dominant components at both seasons were α-pinene and β-phellandrene. The results suggest that the agrotextile black and silver–brown mulch foils achieved complete weed suppression, but the agrotextile black mulch foil had a better effect on fresh root yield, EO yield, and its chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for clean-label products continues to rise, as consumers increasingly prioritize natural and transparent ingredient lists. Natural substances are generally deemed safe for consumption by consumers. This study was focused on the development of clean-label ostrich meat patties with Chenopodium album extract and their storage stability. To prepare C. album extract, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were employed. Ostrich meat patties were prepared using diverse combinations of extract, including 1% UAE, 2% UAE, 1% MAE, 2% MAE, 0.5% UAE+0.5% MAE, and 1% UAE + 1% MAE. The highest pH was observed for MAE in T3 on the 14th day (6.19 ± 0.03). The L* value was observed between 39.12 ± 1.09 and 44.00 ± 1.1. As storage intervals passed, the a* and b* values of ostrich meat patties decreased. After the 14th day of storage, the best results were obtained from 2% UAE (T2), with the lowest TBRAS, Peroxide value (POV), and Total of volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) readings recorded for T2 (0.74 ± 0.02 MDA/kg, 0.56 ± 0.01 meq peroxide/kg, and 6.28 ± 0.40 mg/100 mL, respectively). At the end of the storage study, the lowest Total Microbial Count (TMC) and coliform count were recorded for T2 (8.08 ± 0.03 and 4.97 ± 0.05 cfu/mL, respectively). At the end of the storage study, T2 exhibited the highest values for total phenolic content (TPC), diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, namely of T2 122 ± 0.28 mg GAE/100 g, 73 ± 0.27%, 5.9 ± 0.01 mmol FSE/100 g, and 83 ± 0.08 mmol/L, respectively. The current study concludes that the UAE extract of C. album incorporated into ostrich meat patties manifests improved safety, quality, and storage stability. The implementation of clean label strategies can facilitate food manufacturers to align with consumer preferences for product transparency and sustainability while ensuring product safety and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several specimens of Amorpha fruticosa - an invasive alien plant species of North American origin - were recorded in 2020 near the village of Stari Grad, and alongside Babuna river, in the central part of North Macedonia. In the course of a field survey, A. fruticosa was found mainly in highly fragmented forests, on forest paths and in forest clearings (coppice), on the edges of arable fields, in a neglected dry meadow, riparian areas and the river banks of Babuna river. In the areas where A. fruticosa was detected, it usually grows in association with nitrogen-loving species such as Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Calystegia sepium, Urtica dioica, Sorghum halepense, and Rubus caesius. A. fruticosa was found mainly on alluvium and fluvisol soils, predominantly on arable lands along roadsides and at the border between forested areas and arable lands. Control and eradication of A. fruticosa is very complicated and costly, mostly due to high reproductive capacity of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study explores antifungal activity of leaf extract of Chenopodium album var. album L. • The ethyl acetate extract of C. album showed excellent antifungal activity against Candida strains • Fraction 2, isolated via column chromatography, exhibited potent antifungal activity against pathogenic Candida strains. • The chemical characterization of F2 fraction were evaluated through GC–MS Chenopodium album var. album L., renowned as lamb's quarters, is a versatile medicinal plant, revealing its efficacy in treating various ailments. This study evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of ethyl acetate extract of C. album var. album L. Chenopodium album leaf extract demonstrated antifungal potential via the Agar well-diffusion and Broth-dilution method. Active fractions, obtained through column chromatography, were rigorously tested against Candida spp. The most potent fraction underwent detailed analysis with High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), for comprehensive characterization. The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) exhibited significant antifungal activity, with Candida albicans being the most susceptible (inhibition zone of 14.67 ± 0.58a). Fractionation of the EAE yielded a highly active F2 fraction, which showed a remarkable zone of inhibition against C. albicans (17.50 ± 1.00a). Comprehensive examinations, including HPTLC, GC–MS, and FT-IR, identified 12 compounds in the F2 fraction, and the major compounds were Furo [2,3- c ] pyridine, 2,3-dihydro-2,7-dimethyl, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and 2,3,4,4-Tretrapropyl-1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-diaza-2,4-diborabutane. This study marks the first report of these 12 compounds identified from the F2 fraction of C. album. The present study highlights the antifungal activity of EAE and its fractions from C. album var. album that could be further explored for the selection of leads that may contribute to novel drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While invasive success of alien plant species is often attributed to their superior competitive abilities, it is also suggested that competitive ability depends on the target species of competition and resource availability. In addition, it remains unclear whether invaders and co‐occurring plants in the introduced area exhibit distinctive inter‐ and intraspecific competitive intensities. This study aimed to evaluate the competitive ability of a successful invader, Lactuca serriola, through a combination of field surveys and a growth chamber experiment. First, we assessed biodiversity and the biomass of co‐occurring plants in both L. serriola‐invaded and uninvaded plots across nine sites in South Korea. Subsequently, a pairwise competition experiment was conducted between L. serriola and three weedy plant species commonly found in the invaded plots, Chenopodium album, Erigeron canadensis, and Oenothera biennis, under differential nutrient levels. Diversity indices of plant communities and the biomass of most co‐occurring plants showed no significant difference between invaded and uninvaded plots. L. serriola and testing weedy plants exhibited mutually negative effects on biomass when grown together in the same pot, with the intensity of interspecific competition being comparable across nutrient treatments. Notably, intraspecific competition of L. serriola was weaker than testing weedy plants, particularly manifest in the high‐nutrient treatment. The results of both field and growth‐chamber studies demonstrated that L. serriola was not a particularly strong competitor compared to its neighboring weedy plants. Its successful invasion can be partially attributed to its weak intraspecific competition intensity, which potentially facilitate successful establishment with high density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We assessed and included 11 eligible studies across 5 provinces in South Africa • An inventory of 67 leafy vegetables was generated as source of nutrition and medicine • Bidens pilosa was the most popular leafy vegetable from the 11 eligible studies • Amaranthaceae was the most dominant plant family recorded with 12 leafy vegetables • Phytochemical profiles and biological effects of the leafy vegetables were described Despite the cultural and nutritional importance associated with locally sourced leafy vegetables, they are largely overlooked and underutilized globally. In this review, we provide an appraisal of the ethnobotanical uses, biological and chemical profiles of locally available leafy vegetables in South Africa. A comprehensive search was conducted using various scientific databases and ethnobotanical books, with a timeline from January 2010 to August 2023. This yielded 11 eligible scientific articles that generated an inventory of 67 locally sourced leafy vegetables from 23 plant families. The most mentioned leafy vegetables were Bidens pilosa (8) , Vigna unguiculata (6), Amaranthus hybridus (6), Chenopodium album (5), and Cleome gynandra (5). In terms of plant families, Amaranthaceae (17.9 %), Asteraceae (10.4 %), Cucurbitaceae (11.9 %), Malvaceae (7.4 %), and Urticaceae (5.9 %) were the most represented groups. Based on the ethnobotanical data, these leafy vegetables possess several medicinal uses, with indications for different health conditions affecting humans and livestock. We highlighted the wide range of health benefits of these leafy vegetables, which are linked to their diverse nutrients (e.g., vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber) and phytochemicals. The recorded leafy vegetables are known to exert diverse biological activities and health benefits. Furthermore, the phytochemical profiles revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids, in these locally sourced leafy vegetables. Taken together, the evidence from the existing ethnobotanical surveys, biological activities, and phytochemical profiles revealed the importance of these locally available leafy vegetables for food security, good health, and general well-being in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The discovery of new lead compounds with desired properties and biological activity is an excellent challenge in pesticide chemistry. Chloroacetamide are an important class of synthetic herbicides. Results: To explore the herbicidal activity of chloroacetamides, several new chloroacetamide derivatives have been designed, and synthesized. The compounds have been described by forming Schiff bases followed by chloroacetylation of imines. The herbicidal activity as a chlorophyll inhibition was evaluated against two broadleaf weeds (Chenopodium album and Anagallis arvensis) and two grass weeds (Lolium temulentum and Echinochloa crus-galli) in comparison with acetochlor as a standard herbicide. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses confirmed the chemical structures of the synthesized compounds. Several compounds have demonstrated highly potent herbicidal activity compared to the standard herbicide acetochlor. Some of them have been described as the most effective against weeds tested, such as compounds 5b and 18b. Molecular docking to the active sites of Very Long Chain Fatty Acid Synthase (VLCFAS) has indicated that most compounds are low-energy binding agents and show high affinity for the active pocket. Conclusion: Novel herbicides may be discovered by combining chloroacetamide derivatives with these existing lead structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grass damage has become an important factor restricting foxtail millet production; chemical weeding can help resolve this issue. However, special herbicides in foxtail millet fields are lacking. Penoxsulam has a broad weed control spectrum and a good control effect. In this project, Jingu 21 was used as the test material, and five different concentrations of penoxsulam were used for spraying test in the three–five leaf stage. In this experiment, the effects on the growth of foxtail millet were discussed by measuring the agronomic characters and antioxidant capacity of foxtail millet after spraying penoxsulam. The results showed that: (1) penoxsulam is particularly effective in controlling Amaranthus retroflexus L. (A. retroflexus) and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (E. crus-galli), but is ineffective in controlling Chenopodium album L. (C. album) and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (D. sanguinalis); (2) the stem diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of the above-ground parts decreased with the increase in spraying amount; (3) as the spraying dosage increased, the superoxide (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the foxtail millet initially increased and subsequently decreased; the malonaldehyde (MDA) content increased. Our experiment found that 1/2X and 1X spraying dosages had certain application value in controlling gramineous weeds in foxtail millet field. Other spraying dosages are not recommended as they may harm the crops. Our findings provide reference for identifying new herbicides in the foxtail millet field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Traditional indigenous system of medicine employed many Chenopodium species to treat a wide range of ailments. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the species Chenopodium album and Chenopodium pumilio. Methods: Phenolics and flavonoid content were quantified using spectrophotometric techniques. The antioxidant activity of Chenopodium extracts was evaluated by assaying ferric reducing antioxidant power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, phosphomolybdenum reducing power, ferrous ion chelating activity, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, deoxyribose degradation activity, and β-carotene bleaching activity. Results: In C. album and C. pumilio, total phenolic concentration was 17.5–23.8 and 13.3–25.3 mg tannic acid equivalent/g, respectively, and flavonoid content was 0.21–0.85 mg and 0.10–0.89 mg quercetin equivalent/g, respectively. Thus, C. pumilio had a higher content of phenolics and flavonoids than C. album. However, comparison of extracts in different solvents showed that ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited higher phenolics and flavonoid content than other solvent systems. The antioxidant capability of the species, determined by antioxidant assays, varied with the species evaluated and the solvents used for extraction. Remarkably, the correlation coefficient of different antioxidant assays with the phenolics and flavonoid content in both species showed discrepancy. Conclusion: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the Chenopodium species studied had higher phenolics, flavonoids, and free radical scavenging activity than methanolic and acetonic extracts. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the studied species provide a potential source of antioxidants for drug formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The paper aimed to screen the suitable reference genes and to analyze and verify the expression of photosynthesis-related genes in Chenopodium album responding to Aureobasidium pullulans PA-2.【Method】The leaves of C. album that were treated for 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days under PA-2 infection and the root, stem and leave of normal growth C. album were used as materials, and qRT-RCR technology and Ct value were used to assess the expression stability of three candidate reference genes (GAPDH, β-ACTIN and β-TUBULIN) . The expression levels of photosynthesis-related genes (LFRN, MDH, PetC, psaA, CAB40, psaN, BHY and MO2) were quantitatively analyzed by the optimal selected reference genes.【Result】The results indicated that GAPDH was the optimal reference gene of C. album responding to A. pullulans PA-2, and can be used for analyzing the related genes expression level to photosynthesis pathway. Using GAPDH as internal reference, the expression levels of 8 photosynthesis-related genes showed varying degrees of down-regulation, except for MDH, which reached the lowest level at 5 days. Among them, PetC, psaN, CAB40, BHY and MO2 was down-regulated C. album infected 0-1 day, reaching a high level at 3 days, and increased in the later stage. The expression levels of pasA was firstly up-regulated and then down-regulated during the infection. The expression level of LFRN was down-regulated continuously after PA-2 infection. The expression level of MDH was significantly down-regulated at first, reached the lowest level at 3 days, and increased in the later stage. In different tissues infected with PA-2, 8 photosynthesis-related genes were highly expressed in leaves, among which MDH gene was highly expressed in stems, while PctC and CAB40 were the lowest expression levels in roots. Except for MDH gene, the expression levels of 7 photosynthesis-related genes in different tissues were ranked as: leaves＞stems＞roots.【Conclusion】The study provides foundation for the analysis of C. album genes by using qRT-RCR and the infection mechanism of A. pullulans PA-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objectives: This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different mulches on weed biomass weight, yield and some physiological characteristics of onion. Materials & Methods: In order to investigate the effect of different mulches on weed biomass weight, yield and some physiological characteristics of onions, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at sample field in Jiroft area at 2019-2020 growing season. Experimental treatments included levels five inorganic mulch of black plastic, white plastic, organic mulch of wheat straw, weeding and control treatment. Traits such as plant height, bulb height, bulb diameter, neck diameter, bulb yield, TSS, bulb sulfur content, percentage of acid, soil temperature, soil moisture content and weed biomass weight were evaluated in three stages. Results:The results showed that all the studied traits except TSS were significantly affected by different mulches. The highest bulb height (73.1 mm), bulb diameter (69 mm), neck diameter (13.3 mm), bulb yield (55707 kg/ha), maximum temperature and soil moisture percentage were obtained in black mulch treatment. Thus, the bulb yield, bulb diameter and organic acids increased by 48.8%, 46.6% and 31.3% in the black mulch treatment, respectively. The highest amount of sulfur was observed in the straw and stubble treatment, There was no significant difference with black mulch treatment. Three types of dominant weeds such as wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), malva (Malva neglecta L.) and leek (Chenopodium album L.) were observed in the studied onion field. The highest and lowest weed biomass of weeds were obtained in the first and third stages of sampling in control and black mulch. Conclusion:The results of this research showed that the improvement of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onion was influenced by the type of mulch used. The use of appropriate mulch was effective in reducing the number and biomass of weeds and producing optimal yield of onion. According to the research results, black mulch treatment is the best treatment to control weeds and produce optimal yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chenopodium album L. (CAL) has many bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities. Fermentation is the preferred modification method of releasing target bioactive. We prepared two crude polysaccharides: SLC (the polysaccharide from the unfermented stem and leaves of CAL) and FSLC (the polysaccharide from the fermented stem and leaves of CAL). In vitro antioxidant and composition of SLC and FSLC were compared, and the effects of FSLC on antioxidant activity in the IPEC-J2 cells model and development-promoting activity in the zebrafish model were evaluated. The results revealed that FSLC possesses stronger DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and reducing power than SLC. The levels of total polysaccharide, polyphenol, and flavonoid, as well as the molar ratio of glucuronic acid increased in FSLC. Compared with SLC, the relative contents of protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, ferulic acid methyl ester, hispidulin, diosmetin, cinnamic acid, isorhamnetin, syringic acid and kaempferol in FSLC increased. In IPEC-J2 cells, antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH levels were significantly increased, while the MDA level was reduced by treatment with 0.25 mg/mL FSLC. In the zebrafish model, treatment with 25 ~ 300 μg/mL of FSLC had no harmful impact on the morphology and viability of embryos at 12 ~72 hpf. At 48 and 60 hpf, treatment with 100 ~ 300 μg/mL FSLC increased the hatching rate of embryos. At 72hpf, treatment with 100 ~ 300 μg/mL FSLC could relieve morphological abnormalities caused by LPS in zebrafish and improve the hatching rate of embryos. Together, these results provide useful information on the potential for applying polysaccharides from the stems and leaves of CAL as natural feed additives to exert its antioxidant and development-promoting functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To demonstrate the feasibility and improve the implementation of laser weeding, a static movable lift-adjustable closed fiber laser weeding device and system have been developed, followed by experiments and performance evaluations. Physical experiments were conducted on the energy required for laser cutting of weed stems, targeting four common larger weeds (Chenopodium album, Amaranthus spinosus, Setaria viridis, and Eleusine indica) in farmland and orchards. At the same irradiation distances, the energy required to cut the same type of large weed generally increases with increasing distances and stem diameters but decreases with increasing irradiation time. The variance of stems' power density after irradiation was larger and the values were more dispersed for Chenopodium album and Setaria viridis weeds, and the values were relatively scattered, while the power density values of Amaranthus spinosus and Eleusine indica weeds were more concentrated. When the irradiation time was 10 s, the 3.892 W/mm2 laser was sufficient to eliminate weeds and plants with the irradiation distances of 2 m. The 2.47 W/mm2 laser was more effective, as it killed weeds within a distance of 1 m in less than 1 s. This work demonstrates the feasibility of the laser weeding device and system that can completely cut off the stems of large weeds, and this technology has the potential to promote sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian region of earth has a rich agriculture system that provides extensive opportunities to boost pharmaceutical and nutritional research to address the use of food crops for health benefits and potential clinical applications. The traditionally cropped green leaf vegetable indigenously known as Bathu and botanically known as Chenopodium album (C. album) is traditionally used as a sedative, blood purifier, hepatoprotectant, diuretic, and antiscorbutic laxative. In this study, we investigated the anti-infection potential, anti-diabetic potential, and mineral composition of indigenously cultivated C. album plant extracts. Methanol and n-hexane solvents were used to extract phytochemicals at different extraction conditions. The maximum yield of 12.72 ± 0.36 g/100 g extract was obtained in methanol with 200 rpm shaking, 200 mL solvent, and an 8 h extraction period. Under the same conditions, n-hexane gave 2.09 ± 0.29 g/100 g extract. Good alpha-amylase inhibition efficiency was shown by the n-hexane extracts, while the methanol extracts showed good urease inhibition potential. The H6 extract had the lowest IC50 (8.16 ± 0.2 ug/mL) as compared to the standard acarbose (9.27 ± 0.6 ug/mL). Similarly, the M6 extract revealed a significant urease inhibitory potential, i.e., IC50 of 18.77 ± 0.6 ug/mL, which was close to the standard thiourea (IC50: 19.09 ± 0.7 ug/mL). Regarding the antibacterial study, the M6 extract showed 16.55 ± 0.57 mm ZOI against E. coli and 15.54 ± 0.55 mm in the case of S. aureus, as compared to the standard ciprofloxacin, which showed 26.08 ± 0.73 mm, and penicillin, which showed 21.12 ± 0.81 mm ZOI. Mineral profiling was investigated by ICP-OES, which showed significant amounts of Mg and Fe in all extracts. Our findings tend to show that systematic harvesting and utilization of this vegetable crop could be recommended as an alternative nutritional therapy in the management of internal infections and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Present study was carried out in Tripura, which is a small hilly state belonging to the north eastern part of India. Tripura is very rich in plant diversity because of its varied climate and optimum rainfall. Leafy vegetables which are found abundantly in the natural habitat have a very important role to provide nutrition and health benefits among the indigenous people. Aim: In this study Tribal markets of Tripura were surveyed to explore the wild leafy vegetable plants. Materials and Methods: The methods used in this investigation were considered for collecting basic information and to record the on the various wild leafy vegetable plants and their uniformity and handling in the vicinity of the indigenous people of Tripura prior to conduct the study, necessary information was gathered from the claimant. Participants considered during the study were selected by sampling method. Results: Wild Leafy plants such as Typhonium trilobatum (Kharkon), Hygrophila auriculata (Kulekhara), Ipomoea aquatica (Kolmi), Centella asiatica (Thankuni pata), Alternanthera philoxeroides (Joldaroga), Chenopodium album (Jilmil Saak), Amaranthus retroflexus (Morcha ssak), Corchorus capsularis (Paat pata), Leucas aspera (Drun), Enhydra fluctuans (Helongcha), Naptunia oleracea (Moloncha) etc, are very popular leafy vegetable plants found in wild state. I have explored and identified 37 wild leafy vegetable plants which are found in the rural markets of Tripura during the study. Nowadays, though various sophisticated medical instruments and medicines have been invented, many people in rural areas try to use local herbs and creepers for the treatment of minor illnesses. Conclusion: The commercial status of these leafy vegetables are very less known and remained unexplored as these plants are only sold in the tribal dominated markets. This study also revealed that most of these plants are also traditionally used as home remedies and in herbal formulations practiced by the folklore practitioners besides providing important food supplements by the indigenous people of Tripura. This study will facilitate the nutritional evaluation and exploration of medicinal properties of these wild leafy vegetable plants in future pharmaceutical research activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species composition of vegetation in field manure piles is significant in terms of weed spread via farmyard manure. For the purpose of vegetation assessment, 12 manure piles were selected in different regions of Moravia (Czech Republic). During the mapping of the manure piles vegetation, 89 weed species were found. Among the species with dominant representation are: Chenopodium album subsp. album, Atriplex sagittata, Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Polygonum aviculare. Specific conditions of the field manure piles create a unique selective pressure that allows only certain weed species to survive. The species composition of weed vegetation in the manure piles indicates high availability of nitrogen and phosphorus. The excess of nutrients creates conditions for the production of a large number of fruits and weed seeds in manure fields. The observed manure field piles were dominated by weed species with long persistence of their seeds in the soil. The vegetation of field manure piles is considered the primary source of weed seeds in manure and plays a significant role in the spread of weeds in agricultural landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Resistance to dicamba in Chenopodium album was first documented over a decade ago, however, the molecular basis of dicamba resistance in this species has not been elucidated. In this research, the resistance mechanism in a dicamba‐resistant C. album phenotype was investigated using a transcriptomics (RNA‐sequence) approach. RESULTS: The dose–response assay showed that the resistant (R) phenotype was nearly 25‐fold more resistant to dicamba than a susceptible (S) phenotype of C. album. Also, dicamba treatment significantly induced transcription of the known auxin‐responsive genes, Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3), small auxin‐up RNAs (SAURs), and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate synthase (ACS) genes in the susceptible phenotype. Comparing the transcripts of auxin TIR/AFB receptors and auxin/indole‐3‐acetic acid (AUX/IAA) proteins identified from C. album transcriptomic analysis revealed that the R phenotype contained a novel mutation at the first codon of the GWPPV degron motif of IAA16, resulting in an amino acid substitution of glycine (G) with aspartic acid (D). Sequencing the IAA16 gene in other R and S individuals further confirmed that all the R individuals contained the mutation. CONCLUSION: In this research, we describe the dicamba resistance mechanism in the only case of dicamba‐resistant C. album reported to date. Prior work has shown that the dicamba resistance allele confers significant growth defects to the R phenotype investigated here, suggesting that dicamba‐resistant C. album carrying this novel mutation in the IAA16 gene may not persist at high frequencies upon removal of dicamba application. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the physico-chemical characteristics of rhizosphere saline soil of Chenopodium album L from Baramati Tehsil, District in Pune, India. Topics discussed include reason that salinity reduced agricultural productivity, locality of studied sites, and finding on rhizosphere of Chenopodium album.

The root maggot flies are important pests of cultivated and non-cultivated plant species. This study on the invertebrate fauna of Nagorno-Karabakh was focused on the new leaf miners belonging to the Anthomyiidae. Pegomya bicolor (Wiedemann, 1817) and P. betae (Curtis, 1847) are documented for the first time in Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia; P. bicolor was found on the leaves of Rumex confertus (Willd.), while P. betae infested the leaves of Beta vulgaris L., and Chenopodium album (L.). Thus, two species of the genus Pegomya cause serious damage to fodder and agricultural crops, causing 55 to 90% damage. Details of species description, ecology of larva and pupa, as well as the damage are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for clean-label products continues to rise, as consumers increasingly prioritize natural and transparent ingredient lists. Natural substances are generally deemed safe for consumption by consumers. This study was focused on the development of clean-label ostrich meat patties with Chenopodium album extract and their storage stability. To prepare C. album extract, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were employed. Ostrich meat patties were prepared using diverse combinations of extract, including 1% UAE, 2% UAE, 1% MAE, 2% MAE, 0.5% UAE+0.5% MAE, and 1% UAE + 1% MAE. The highest pH was observed for MAE in T3 on the 14th day (6.19 ± 0.03). The L* value was observed between 39.12 ± 1.09 and 44.00 ± 1.1. As storage intervals passed, the a* and b* values of ostrich meat patties decreased. After the 14th day of storage, the best results were obtained from 2% UAE (T2), with the lowest TBRAS, Peroxide value (POV), and Total of volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) readings recorded for T2 (0.74 ± 0.02 MDA/kg, 0.56 ± 0.01 meq peroxide/kg, and 6.28 ± 0.40 mg/100 mL, respectively). At the end of the storage study, the lowest Total Microbial Count (TMC) and coliform count were recorded for T2 (8.08 ± 0.03 and 4.97 ± 0.05 cfu/mL, respectively). At the end of the storage study, T2 exhibited the highest values for total phenolic content (TPC), diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, namely of T2 122 ± 0.28 mg GAE/100 g, 73 ± 0.27%, 5.9 ± 0.01 mmol FSE/100 g, and 83 ± 0.08 mmol/L, respectively. The current study concludes that the UAE extract of C. album incorporated into ostrich meat patties manifests improved safety, quality, and storage stability. The implementation of clean label strategies can facilitate food manufacturers to align with consumer preferences for product transparency and sustainability while ensuring product safety and quality.

We present a genome assembly from an individual Chenopodium album (fat-hen; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Caryophyllales; Chenopodiaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 1,593.80 megabases. Most of the assembly (99.61%) is scaffolded into 27 chromosomal pseudomolecules suggesting the individual is an allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 54). The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 312.95 kilobases and 152.06 kilobases, respectively. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 50,077 protein-coding genes.

We present a genome assembly from an individual Chenopodium album (fat-hen; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Caryophyllales; Chenopodiaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 1,593.80 megabases. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 27 chromosomal pseudomolecules suggesting the individual is an allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 56). The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 312.95 kilobases and 152.06 kilobases, respectively. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 50,077 protein-coding genes.

Straw covering is a protective tillage measure in agricultural production, but there is relatively little research on the allelopathic effects of corn straw on weeds and foxtail millet. This experiment studied the allelopathic effects of corn straw on four weeds (Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crus-galli and Amaranthus retroflexus) in foxtail millet fields, and also measured the growth indicators of foxtail millet. The study consisted of Petri dish and field experiments. Five treatments were used in the Petri dish experiment: clear water as control (0 g/L, TCK) and four types of corn straw water extracts. They were, respectively, the stock solution (100 g/L, T1), 10 X dilution (10 g/L, T2), 50 X dilution (2 g/L, T3), and 100 X dilution (1 g/L, T4) of corn straw water extracts. Additionally, seven treatments were set up in the field experiment, consisting of three corn straw covering treatments, with covering amounts of 3000 (Z1), 6000 (Z2) and 12,000 kg/ha (Z3), and four control treatments—one treatment with no corn straw cover (CK) and three treatments involving the use of a black film to create the same shading area as the corn straw covered area, with black film coverage areas of 50% (PZ1), 70% (PZ2), and 100% (PZ3), respectively. The results showed that the corn straw water extract reduced the germination rate of the seeds of the four weeds. The T1 treatment resulted in the allelopathic promotion of C. album growth but the inhibition of S. viridis, E. crus-galli, and A. retroflexus growth. Treatments T2, T3, and T4 all induced the allelopathic promotion of the growth of the four weeds. The order of the effects of the corn straw water extracts on the comprehensive allelopathy index of the four weed seeds was as follows: C. album > S. viridis > A. retroflexus > E. crus-galli. With an increase in the corn straw mulching amount, the density and total coverage of the four weeds showed a gradual downward trend, whereas the plant control effect and fresh weight control effect showed a gradual upward trend. All indices showed the best results under 12,000 kg/ha of mulching and returning to the field. Overall, corn straw coverage significantly impacted the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of foxtail millet and increased the yield of foxtail millet. Under coverages of 6000 and 12,000 kg/ha, the growth of foxtail millet is better. Based on our findings, we recommend a corn straw coverage of 12,000 kg/ha for the allelopathic control of weeds in foxtail millet fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foxtail millet planting has a long history and profound role in agricultural civilization. However, weeds have become one of the obstacles restricting the development of the foxtail millet industry. Penoxsulam, as an early post-emergence herbicide for controlling gramineous weeds in paddy fields, is effective for some broadleaf weeds. In this study, six different doses (CK, 0.5X, 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X) of penoxsulam were sprayed at the 3–5 leaf stage of the conventional variety Jingu 21 to study its effect on the growth and development of foxtail millet, in order to screen out the appropriate spraying concentration. The main results are as follows: Within 15 days after spraying penoxsulam, the plant height and leaf area of foxtail millet decreased with the increase in spraying dose, and gradually recovered 15–25 days after spraying, but there were still significant differences compared with CK. The photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), photosynthetic system II actual photochemical efficiency (Y(II)), and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) of foxtail millet decreased with an increase in the penoxsulam spraying dose, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) showed an upward trend. There was almost no significant difference in each index between the spraying dose of 0.5X and 1X and CK, but the photosynthesis of foxtail millet leaves was still significantly inhibited under a spraying dose of 3X and 4X. Penoxsulam had certain growth-inhibiting effects on Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (E. crus-galli), Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (D. sanguinalis), Chenopodium album L. (C. album), and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (A. retroflexus) which increased as the spraying dosage increased. Our study found that spraying dose groups of 0.5X and 1X penoxsulam were safe for foxtail millet growth and could be used to control gramineous weeds in fields. Other spraying doses are not recommended in the field due to their serious phytotoxicity to foxtail millet, which provides a new measure for weed control in foxtail millet fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Insect pests can be controlled by manipulating their behaviour, which can be achieved by understanding the cues they use to find their food plants. In this study, we explored how the sugar beet weevil, Asproparthenis punctiventris, responds to the odours of various food plants. Using an olfactometer, we tested the reactions of adult weevils to the volatile leaf odours of different food plants, including sugar beet and chard. The results showed that both male and female weevils were attracted to the leaf odours of young sugar beet and chard plants. However, only males responded positively to the odour of the garden orache, while there was no response to the odours of fat hen or the common amaranth. This suggests that the weevil uses leaf odours to locate sugar beet and other food plants. Knowledge of the olfactory responses of this pest can provide a basis for improved monitoring or mass trapping strategies. Understanding the stimuli used by insect pests to find their food plants can be a first step towards manipulating their behaviour and, thus, controlling them. We investigated the responses of the sugar beet weevil Asproparthenis punctiventris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to the volatile leaf odours of its food plants, including Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (Altissima and Cicla groups), Atriplex hortensis, Chenopodium album, and Amaranthus retroflexus, in a four-arm olfactometer. A bioassay procedure was developed, and the frequency of visits and time spent by adult weevils in the quadrant of the olfactometer with leaf volatiles was recorded, as was their first choice of quadrant. Females and males were equally attracted to the leaf odours of young B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris plants, i.e., sugar beet and chard, as indicated by the overall picture of the behavioural parameters analysed. Males, but not females, responded positively to the leaf odour of the garden orache (A. hortensis), and no response was observed when the weevils were tested with the leaf odours of fat hen (C. album) or common amaranth (A. retroflexus). These results suggest that A. punctiventris uses leaf odours to locate sugar beet and other food plants. Knowledge of the olfactory responses of this pest can provide a basis for improved monitoring or mass trapping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds are increasingly documented with evolved resistance to herbicides globally. Three species have been reported as resistant in maize crops in New Zealand: Chenopodium album to atrazine and dicamba, Persicaria maculosa to atrazine and Digitaria sanguinalis to nicosulfuron. Despite knowledge of these cases, the distribution of these resistant biotypes is unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of known resistant weeds in major maize growing areas in New Zealand, and to pro-actively screen other species for resistance. Weed seeds of broadleaf and grass species were collected from 70 randomly selected maize growing farms in the North Island in 2021–2022. Seeds were grown and treated with herbicides at recommended field rates. Atrazine-resistant C. album were recorded in a third of surveyed farms and nicosulfuron-resistant D. sanguinalis in a sixth. Half of Waikato farms and a quarter of Bay of Plenty farms (no Hawkes Bay or Wellington farms) had atrazine-resistant C. album. Dicamba-resistant C. album were not detected, nor were atrazine-resistant P. maculosa. Nicosulfuron resistant D. sanguinalis was recorded in 19% of Waikato farms, 6% of Bay of Plenty farms and 9% of Hawkes Bay farms (no Wellington farms). Amaranthus spp., Fallopia convolvulus, Persicaria spp., Solanum spp., Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum spp. and Setaria spp. were not resistant to any of the herbicides tested. Twenty-nine to 52% of maize farms in the North Island are estimated to have herbicide resistant weeds. Resistance is common in maize farms in Waikato and western Bay of Plenty. Resistance is rare in southern regions, with only one instance of nicosulfuron-resistant D. sanguinalis and no resistant C. album. Most annual weeds in maize are not resistant to herbicides; although atrazine resistant C. album is widespread, it is currently controlled with alternative herbicides. Resistant D. sanguinalis appears to be an emerging problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Chenopodium album (exotic) and Ch. hircinum (native) are weeds in different environments in Argentina. They tolerate various stress conditions so may have interesting traits for Ch. quinoa selection. This study aims to investigate the leaf anatomy and physiological photosynthetic behavior of former species to identify desirable traits for the improvement of quinoa. M&M: Leaf morphological and physiological characteristics were evaluated in the targeted species growing spontaneously in a high mountain valley (1,995 m a.s.l., Tucumán, Argentina). Results: Ch. hircinum exhibited higher net photosynthetic assimilation, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, nocturnal respiration, and light compensation point. Ch. album showed higher concentrations of protective pigments and carotenoids, along with superior carboxylation capacity and intrinsic water use efficiency as well as a leaf blade with smaller isodiametric palisade mesophyll cells, higher percentage of intercellular air spaces and a greater density of bladder cells. These attributes allow Ch. album the capacity to survive in high mountain environments. Conclusions: The attributes observed in both species provide valuable insights for targeted improvements in Ch. quinoa cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate weed infestations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fields in the region of Tarim River. Forty‐nine species among 17 families were identified in these cotton fields, and 24 of them were annuals. The eight dominant weed species in the cotton fields of Tarim River basin included Chenopodium glaucum, Solanum nigrum, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Bolboschoenus planiculmis, Sonchus arvensis, Phragmites australis, and Mulgedium tataricum. The number of weed species in the Aksu River tributary area, Yeerqiang River tributary area, and the upper and lower reaches of the Tarim River reached 29, 36, 35, and 33, respectively. Twenty species were found widely distributed among each basin. The dominant weeds in the cotton fields in the Aksu River basin and upper reaches of the Tarim River were S. nigrum and C. glaucum, those in the cotton fields in the Yarkand River basin included C. album and C. hybridum, and those in the cotton fields in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were C. glaucum and C. album. Notably the 20 common surveyed species of C. glaucum, S. nigrum, C. album, C. hybridum, B. planiculmis, S. arvensis, P. australis, M. tataricum, and others, could pose a serious challenge to regional crop production if not adequately controlled. As such, each cotton field should adopt a suitable weeding scheme with strengthened weed monitoring according to the local conditions, especially the weed distribution area characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar beet production is highly affected by weeds. The structure of crop rotation, the use of intercrops and different tillage techniques bring several benefits to sugar beet cultivation and create different living conditions for weeds. The response of weed communities in sugar beet stands has not been studied. The experimental plot is in the cadastral area of Ivanovice na Hané (Czech Republic). During an eight-year monitoring period (2013–2020), 46 weed species were identified. The dominant species was Chenopodium album. There were also summer and winter weeds. A more varied crop rotation increased the intensity of weed infestation, with winter weeds being the most common. On the contrary, a higher proportion of cereals in the crop structure favors the presence of summer weeds. The tillage technology and the inclusion of catch crops did not significantly affect the intensity of weed infestation in sugar beet stands or the spectrum of weed species. Current cropping technologies have driven the evolution of weeds. Due to their short life cycles and relatively simple genomes, weeds can respond very quickly to technological measures and, thus, change their harmfulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-eight new 4-amino-3,5-dicholo-6-(1H-indazolyl)-2-picolinic acids and 4-amino-3,5-dicholo-6-(2H-indazolyl)-2-picolinic acids were designed by scaffold hopping and synthesized to discover potential herbicidal molecules. All the new compounds were tested to determine their inhibitory activities against Arabidopsis thaliana and the root growth of five weeds. In general, the synthesized compounds exhibited excellent inhibition properties and showed good inhibitory effects on weed root growth. In particular, compound 5a showed significantly greater root inhibitory activity than picloram in Brassica napus and Abutilon theophrasti Medicus at the concentration of 10 µM. The majority of compounds exhibited a 100% post-emergence herbicidal effect at 250 g/ha against Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. We also found that 6-indazolyl-2-picolinic acids could induce the up-regulation of auxin genes ACS7 and NCED3, while auxin influx, efflux and auxin response factor were down-regulated, indicating that 6-indazolyl-2-picolinic acids promoted ethylene release and ABA production to cause plant death in a short period, which is different in mode from other picolinic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the impact of different methods of weed control in vineyard was carried out in 2015 in the Podgorica sub region. Six different variants of weed control were tested: control, mechanical control, glyphosate (one treatment), glyphosate (two treatments), flazasulfuron and flazasulfuron+glyphosate. A total of 13 weed species from nine families were identified. The Asteraceae family was the most widespread with four species (31%), followed by Poaceae with two (15%), while all other families participated with one weed species each (8%). The dominant weed species in the experimental vineyard were Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Sorghum halepense, Heliotropium europaeum and Xanthium strumarium. Annual thermophilic, heliophilic weeds dominated the weed synusia of the vineyard (77%), while perennial species participated with 23%. All applied methods of weed control showed a satisfactory level of efficiency, reducing the number of weed plants and the weed mass per unit area. The best effect in weed control between rows of the vineyard was demonstrated by the variants glyphosate, applied twice (92.7%), flazasulfuron, applied once (92.0%) and glyphosate+flazasulfuron (91.7%). The combination of glyphosate+flazasulfuron (100%) showed the highest efficiency in controlling weeds between the vines in a row. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few registered pre-emergence herbicides in cotton and the growers usually apply the herbicides fluometuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor. However, other herbicides such as flurochloridone, flumioxazin and the premixture pendimethalin plus terbuthylazine are alternative pre-emergence options for weed control. A field experiment was conducted in northern Greece in 2021 and repeated in 2022 to study the effect of the preemergence mixtures fluometuron+ s-metolachlor at 1500 + 960 g a.i. ha−1, flumioxazin+ s-metolachlor at 50 + 960 g a.i. ha−1, flurochloridone+ s-metolachlor at 325 + 960 g a.i. ha−1 and pendimethalin+ terbuthylazine at 1125 + 562.5 g a.i. ha−1 on weed control, cotton yield and technological properties of cotton fiber. Amaranthus spp. Portulaca olearacea L. Solanum nigrum L. Chenopodium album L. were highly (>90%) controlled by all herbicides, Tribolus terrestris L. by flumioxazin+ s-metolachlor and pendimethalin+ terbuthylazine, whereas the perennial Sorghum halepense, Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) . and Convolvulus arvensis L. were not affected. The response of cotton to these herbicides regarding crop emergence, growth, seed yield and technological properties of fiber was similar. Transient phytotoxic herbicide injuries were detected only in the second year of the study. Although, the phytotoxic injuries did not affect cotton growth, appropriate management of irrigation after herbicide application may be considered to decrease the incidence of serious herbicide injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of new 8-decylthio-10-methylthio-pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives was prepared and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The bioassay results revealed that the title compounds had moderate to excellent insecticidal activities against Aphis fabae at a concentration of 500 mg/L. Among them, 8-(decylthio)-2-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-5-propyl-10-(methylthio)-5,6-dihydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (4l) exhibited the highest insecticidal activity, with 95% mortality. Moreover, 8-(decylthio)-2-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)methyl)-5-propyl-10-(methylthio)-5,6-dihydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (4i) showed broad-spectrum postemergence herbicidal activities against Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus spinosus, Chenopodium album, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crusgalli, and Setaria viridis, which were equivalent to the positive control flumetsulam. However, all new synthesized compounds displayed weak fungicidal activity against four kinds of phytopathogenic fungi including Botrytis cinerea, phytophythora capsici, Elsinoe fewcetti, and Diaporthe medusaea. Compound 4l with remarkable insecticidal activity, and compound 4i with excellent herbicidal activity could be promising lead compounds for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent seed banks are equally important in agriculture and invasion biology. While seed vitality persistence exemplifies an eternal uphill battle for weed control in agriculture, it signals a potential invasiveness of species in invasion biology. Considering yield losses caused by Amaranthus retroflexus, Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album and Datura stramonium in agriculture, and the importance of Ambrosia trifida as an emerging invader in Europe, the objective of this study was to test the viability and longevity of the aged seeds of these economically important weeds. Three seed viability/longevity tests were conducted: the crush test, germination test in Petri dishes, and 3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) test. The results revealed a significant variation in germination potential among the tested species. The highest vitality was observed in 7-year-old seeds of A. retroflexus (41.67 %), followed by 16-year-old A. theophrasti seeds (17.78 %), 13-year-old C. album seeds (15.00 %) and 17-yearold D. stramonium seeds (7.5 %). Furthermore, a remarkable seed longevity was documented in the tested species (with the exception of A. trifida), preserving their germination potential for over half a century. Seed germination was recorded in 49-year-old seeds of D. stramonium, 53-year-old seeds of A. retroflexus, 58-year-old seeds of A. theophrasti and 59-year-old seeds of C. album, in strong evidence of the persistence of these weed species' seeds in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) is an attractive drought-tolerant crop for Mediterranean regions due to its rapid growth and ability to out-compete many dicotyledonous winter annual weeds. In this experiment the weed suppression capacity of spring sown camelina against Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarters), Polygonum aviculare L. (prostrate knotweed), and Xanthium spinosum L. (spiny cocklebur) was studied. The trial was conducted in Lleida (Spain) between 2019 and 2021. Camelina was sown in March each year. Experimental plots contained quadrats with each weed species as well as weed-free and crop-free quadrats. Height and aboveground biomass of weeds in competition with camelina decreased by over 50 % compared to the controls. However, crop and weed growth had seasonal differences depending on the weather conditions: (1) a moderately dry spring promoted crop production (1573 kg ha-1); (2) a rainy spring benefited weed development, negatively affecting crop growth and yield (739 kg ha-1); and (3) a severe dry spring affected growth of both crop and weeds, reducing crop production by up to 80 % (298 kg ha-1). The summer weed suppression capacity of camelina is enhanced by drought conditions, which makes camelina useful for managing these weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Late Roman occupation at Wickham Hall, Hadham Road, Bishop's Stortford, based on archaeological excavation findings from 2018-2019. The excavation revealed Roman metalled surfaces, pits, ditches, and a significant amount of Roman brick, tile, and pottery dating mainly to the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. The site may have been part of a large farm or villa-type establishment, but the absence of certain high-status indicators suggests otherwise. The study also provides insights into the site's historical context, phasing, and environmental assessment. [Extracted from the article]