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Factors such as pollinators, pollen quality, pollinator variety, high temperatures, and nutrients affect the fruit set in sweet cherry trees. In this study, the effects of different doses of N, P, and K applied from the soil on fruit set of sweet cherry were investigated. Flower bud minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and B), fruit set ratios (FSR), and yield values were determined to compare treatments for 3 years (2015–2017). FSR (%) and yield (kg/tree) values ​​ranged between 14.31–21.76 and 11.11–14.88 for N, 11.94–22.64 and 11.23–14.82 for P, 12.38–17.39 and 12.67–13.68 for K, respectively. N affected fruit bud N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and B concentrations, FSR and yield. Parameters other than FSR increased with increasing N doses and the highest values ​​were obtained from the highest N treatment. FSR of the highest N dose was the same as the control treatment, but lower in the other treatments. P affected fruit bud P and Mg concentrations, FSR and yield. Fruit bud P and Mg concentrations increased as compared to the control treatment. The change in FSR and yield values ​​could not be associated with the application dose, but showed linear changes with each other. K was effective only on FSR, the lowest values ​​were obtained at the highest dose, while it was similar at the other doses. Fruit set ratio of sweet cherry trees under present experimental conditions could not be associated with the change in fruit bud nutrients due to N, P and K fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange peel, a physiological disorder, has been reported in Chilean sweet cherries (Prunus avium (L.) L.) after 35-45 d under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The ontogeny of the disorder is unknown, and preharvest factors have not been thoroughly investigated. This study involved two experiments to elucidate the association between environmental factors and the incidence of the orange peel disorder. In the first experiment, plant water potential, fruit position on the tree, relative humidity (RH), and radiation of sweet cherry trees were studied in 'Regina', 'Kordia', and 'Lapins'. The second experiment focused on the interaction effect of heat during fruit development and the RH during storage in 'Lapins'. The first experiment showed no clear response of orange peel incidence to natural variations in air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and transmitted solar radiation (PPFD) within trees. However, significant differences in the incidence, severity, and timing of the disorder detection were observed among cultivars. In 'Lapins', orange peel disorder began before harvest in the green stage, 33.7 %, while 'Regina' and 'Kordia' showed negligible incidences of 1.25% and 0%, respectively. At postharvest, no differences were found among tree sections, either in incidence or severity of the disorder. For the second experiment, no differences in incidence were found in heated fruit during preharvest or postharvest RH treatments. However, it was observed that the higher the RH (100%), the lower the severity index (3.6) was for the orange peel disorder. The high incidence of the disorder during postharvest under natural or induced environmental conditions in the three cultivars evaluated demonstrates that RH mainly affects the orange peel disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basis of orchard production is rootstocks that reduce the vigor of sweet cherry trees. However, not all rootstocks for this species can be easily propagated using traditional methods of stooling or cutting. Some of these must be propagated using the in vitro method. This is expensive and, consequently, increases the price of maiden sweet cherry trees. Our experiment assessed the growth of maiden trees of selected sweet cherry varieties ('Bellise', 'Earlise', 'Lapins', 'Vanda') depending on the method of propagation of a semi-dwarf GiSelA 5 rootstock. Additionally, the intensity of physiological processes taking place in the obtained maiden trees was also examined. The experiment compared one type of GiSelA 5 rootstock, obtained using a cheaper softwood cuttings method, with another rootstock propagated using an in vitro method. During the two years of study, there were no significant differences in the percentage of maiden trees obtained in the case of the propagation methods for both types of rootstocks, ranging from 77.43% to 87.74%. The vigor of maiden tree growth in the first year of this study was stronger than in the second year. In particular, the stem diameter of maiden trees varied from 7% to 39%, depending on the variety considered. With the exception of one variety, maiden trees produced from a rootstock propagated by stem cuttings were characterized by a larger stem diameter for the three varieties, ranging from 23% to 29%, and by a greater number of side shoots, ranging from 73% to 172%, compared to those from in vitro. Additionally, when using the stem cutting method of propagation, the rootstocks had a better developed root system, except for the 'Earlise' variety. However, most often, no significant differences were found between the methods of propagation regarding the fresh weight of the maiden trees and leaves and their leaf blade area. The activity of physiological processes of maiden sweet cherry trees varied, and no constant regularities were found. In the second year of the experiment, maiden trees were more often characterized by lower levels of net photosynthetic intensity and internal CO2 concentration, which was associated with worse growth results. Based on the collected results, it is recommended to propagate the considered rootstock using stem cuttings, which yields maiden trees with similar and sometimes even better growth parameters than those propagated using the in vitro method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems that existing tomato maturity detection methods struggle to take into account both common tomato and cherry tomato varieties in complex field environments (such as light change, occlusion, and fruit overlap) and the model size being too large, this paper proposes a lightweight tomato maturity detection model based on improved YOLO11, named GFS-YOLO11. In order to achieve a lightweight network, we propose the C3k2_Ghost module to replace the C3K2 module in the original network, which can ensure a feature extraction capability and reduce model computation. In order to compensate for the potential feature loss caused by the light weight, this paper proposes a feature-refining module (FRM). After embedding each feature extraction module in the trunk network, it improves the feature expression ability of common tomato and cherry tomato in complex field environments by means of depth-separable convolution, multi-scale pooling, and channel attention and spatial attention mechanisms. In addition, in order to further improve the detection ability of the model for tomatoes of different sizes, the SPPFELAN module is also proposed in this paper. In combining the advantages of SPPF and ELAN, multiple parallel SPPF branches are used to extract features of different levels and perform splicing and fusion. To verify the validity of the method, this study constructed a dataset of 1061 images of common and cherry tomatoes, covering tomatoes in six ripened categories. The experimental results show that the performance of the GFS-YOLO11 model is significantly improved compared with the original model; the P, R, mAP50, and MAP50-95 increased by 5.8%, 4.9%, 6.2%, and 5.5%, respectively, and the number of parameters and calculation amount were reduced by 35.9% and 22.5%, respectively. The GFS-YOLO11 model is lightweight while maintaining high precision, can effectively cope with complex field environments, and more conveniently meet the needs of real-time maturity detection of common tomatoes and cherry tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the challenges associated with prolonged traditional hot air drying (HAD) times and significant nutrient loss in cherries, this study employs ultrasound‐assisted hot air drying (USA‐HAD) technology. The study investigates the impacts of various ultrasound (US) frequencies, US powers, and hot air temperatures on the drying kinetics, physicochemical properties, texture attributes, and microstructure of cherries during drying. Cherry physicochemical quality serves as the evaluation criterion, with the entropy‐weighted TOPSIS method used to identify the optimal drying parameters. The findings indicate that USA‐HAD accelerates the drying process, reduces drying time, and enhances drying efficiency. In comparison to natural drying, USA‐HAD significantly preserves polysaccharides, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and organic acids in cherries, while boosting antioxidant activity. Concurrently, it reduces color intensity, as well as the hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of dried cherry products. Microstructural observations under different drying methods reveal an increase in surface micropores and relatively intact tissue structure. Under conditions of 55°C, 48 W, and 28 kHz, cherries exhibit superior overall quality based on the TOPSIS relative closeness degree. This study offers practical insights for optimizing post‐harvest processing of cherries. Practical Application: In this rapidly evolving era, the application of combination drying technology is clearly on the rise. The USA‐HAD treated cherries had better nutritional and bioactive than HAD. The conclusions obtained indicate that the USA‐HAD technology has more potential for development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: The iconic Yoshino cherry tree in Japan is experiencing shifts in its blossom timing due to climate warming. To develop a genetically informed predictive model for bud dormancy release, we examined seasonal gene expression in Yoshino cherry trees at three different locations. Our experiments, coupled with the analysis of DORMANCY‐ASSOCIATED MADS‐box (DAM) genes, highlighted DAM4 as the most reliable indicator for the rate of bud dormancy release. Our study demonstrated that seasonal gene expression profiles serve as a valuable indicator for forecasting the timing of dormancy release, benefiting Japanese traditions and providing insights into the biological impacts of climate change. Summary: The Yoshino cherry tree Cerasus × yedoensis 'Somei‐yoshino' stands out as an iconic springtime symbol in Japan. For the Yoshino cherry trees to bloom in the spring, dormant buds must undergo a period of exposure to low temperatures, allowing them to break dormancy. Key genes related to dormancy release, known as DORMANCY‐ASSOCIATED MADS‐box (DAM), have been extensively studied. However, it remains unclear how these genes function in natural environments to regulate the timing of bud dormancy release.To develop a genetically informed predictive model for bud dormancy release, we explored seasonal changes in genome‐wide gene expression profiles in the Yoshino cherry trees at three distinct sites in Japan. Five distinct genome‐wide transcription profiles, subjectively named as modes—early summer, summer, autumn, winter, and spring—were identified, with the winter and spring modes observed when the daily mean temperature was below approximately 10°C.Our experiments of bud dormancy release, along with the assessment of expression profiles of DAM genes, have revealed that among the six DAM genes, DAM4 expression profile is the most indicative of the rate of bud dormancy break. Our estimates suggest that, on average, the tree needs to be exposed to temperatures below 10.1°C for 61.1 days to suppress DAM4 expression to the threshold required for bud dormancy release.Our projections for the timing of bud dormancy release indicated a delay of approximately 2.3 days per decade from 1990 to 2020. Our study demonstrated that gene expression serves as a valuable indicator for forecasting the timing of dormancy release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a species appreciated by consumers for the taste of the fruit and spread among producers due to the profitability of the orchards. In Transylvania, there are several varieties that are well known and appreciated for the adaptability to the eco-climatic conditions, but a general overview and a comprehensive description of them is still lacking. The aim of the study was to establish phenotypic profiles for the important varieties found at UASVM Cluj-Napoca, which are to be completed in time, including also genetic mapping and biochemical descriptors. Correlating these with ecological data, and part of a research project, the study aims in the end at elaborating a general data base for the fruit tree genotypes. The characteristics of the leaf, flowers and fruit were investigated, following UPOV guidelines and data from the scientific literature. The first data were put together regarding the flowering (with the specific offset for the early-late varieties in the collection), followed by fruiting. Flowering was obviously staggered between the studied cultivars, but all were affected by the atypical spring of 2024, with very high temperatures and little precipitation. Thus, it can be concluded that flowering was abundant in all cultivars, with longer lasting flowers (petal shedding was delayed by 3-5 days compared to typical cultivars). Fruits were harvested at full maturity (proper for consumption), at different times-specific to the varieties in the collection (May-June 2024), and determinations show significant differences for fruit set, health status, weight and diameter of fruit. It is of great value to offer complete and specific information to producers about the varieties of interest in different areas. Thus, the need of a comprehensive data base for fruit tree is taken into consideration and investigations are in progress, as evaluating genetic diversity of morpho-physiological traits in sweet cherry cultivars is of current interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sakura crown gall, caused by the invasion of Agrobacterium tumefaciens through plant wounds, poses a significant threat to cherry trees. In this study, the distribution of A. tumefaciens was preliminarily determined by stratified sampling and qPCR detection. Vertically, the pathogen is mainly distributed in the soil layer below 20 cm, and the amount of bacteria increases at greater depths. Horizontally, they are found within a 150 cm radius from the trunk. Zhongshengmycin and Oligosaccharide–Ethylicin were applied 100 cm from the trunk at a depth of below 20 cm. In the 20~40 cm soil layer, a 600-fold diluted solution of 3% Zhongshengmycin had a relative control efficacy of 94% to 100% against Agrobacterium tumefaciens, while a 1000-fold diluted solution of 25% Oligosaccharide–Ethylicin showed a control effect ranging from 54% to 100%. Before transplantation, the soil was disinfected with dazomet and abamectin. Application rates were 35 g/m2 for dazomet (98% granules) and 1 mL/m2 for abamectin (1.8% emulsifiable concentrate). The disinfection effectiveness was 77~100% in the 0~60 cm soil layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a highly valued fruit, and optimal nutrient management is crucial for enhancing yield and fruit quality. However, the over-application of chemical fertilizers in cherry cultivation leads to environmental issues such as soil degradation and nutrient runoff. To address this, foliar application, a more targeted and eco-friendly fertilization method, presents a promising alternative. This study evaluates the effects of pre-harvest foliar application of calcium (Ca) (150 and 300 g hL−1) and seaweed extracts (75 and 150 mL hL−1), both individually and in combination, on the physiological and biochemical responses of 'Burlat' sweet cherry trees. Key physiological parameters, including plant water status, photosynthetic performance, and leaf metabolites, were analyzed. Results show that trees treated with seaweed extracts or with combined Ca and seaweed application had improved water status, higher sugar, starch, and protein content, as well as enhanced antioxidant activity and phenolic content compared to those treated solely with calcium. However, the combined treatment did not significantly enhance overall tree performance compared to individual applications. This study highlights the potential of seaweed-based biostimulants in sustainable cherry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to enrich pasta with cornelian cherry powder, a product with high bioactive contents. In this way, it was aimed to obtain a new product that is more nutritionally advanced and can contribute to the country's economy. In this study, cornelian cherry with high bioactive content and an attractive color advantage was used for the enrichment of the pasta formulation. In addition, the pasta production procedure was revised by applying microwave technology for drying. Cornelian cherry powder:dough ratio, dough thickness, and microwave power were optimized with response surface methodology. Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, color, and water‐holding capacity were determined as responses. Optimum conditions were found as 4.53% for powder:dough ratio, 0.1 cm for dough thickness, and 270 W for microwave power. According to optimization results, it was detected that the cornelian cherry powder:dough ratio affected the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, and microwave power was found to be effective only on antioxidant activity. For optimum conditions, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found as 1.29 GAE/g and 0.5 mg TE/g, respectively. The characterization analysis showed that the microwave–dried sample shrank less than those dried with the conventional method. In Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results, it was determined that the amount of carbohydrates in the samples obtained under optimum conditions was lower than that of control. It has been observed that the application of microwave technology for drying pasta enriched with cornelian cherry powder had positive effects on the quality of the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, and B deficiency reduces fruit set in sweet cherry trees. Several studies showed the advantages of foliar and soil B applications in fruit trees, but there is little information on the distribution of B in the plant, becoming an important issue when nutritional corrections are needed.The study aims to determine B mobility and distribution in sweet cherry trees, applying 10B to the flowers and soil, at different timings and under two levels of soil B availability.Two experiments were conducted with sweet cherry trees. In the two previous seasons, the plants were managed in two soil B availability conditions (deficient and adequate). The experiments consisted of the applications of 10B solution to the flowers and the soil at different timings and under both soil B conditions.Higher 10B absorption occurred when the 10B was applied to the soil at full bloom than when it was applied before leaf senescence. Boron was mobilized to all the tissues, but mainly to the leaves. Nevertheless, the fruit presented no differences in 10B excess for both application timings. Irrespective of soil B conditions, the 10B applied to the soil at full bloom was absorbed and mobilized to different tissues, that is, roots + rootstock + trunk (39%–44%) and stems + leaves (53%–55%), showing no differences between them. A lower percentage of B was located in the fruit, with 1% and 8% at soil B‐deficient and B‐adequate conditions, respectively. The highest percentage of the 10B applied to the flowers remained in the fruit (∼70%), and nearly 20% and 10% were mobilized to stems + leaves and roots + rootstock + trunk, respectively, independent of the soil B condition.Boron applied to soil at full bloom or before leaf senescence, under B‐deficient soil condition, is absorbed and mobilized to all the plant tissues, enhancing the B status in sweet cherry trees particularly when it is applied at full bloom. However, B soil application before leaf senescence would improve the availability of B (reserves) to the flowers in the following season. Boron applied to the flowers, at full bloom, remains in a high proportion in the fruit, becoming an effective complementary method to meet the fruit demands of the growing season, independent of the soil B conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To detect the natural enemies of Scolytus rugulosus (Muller, 1818) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), which is harmful to cherry trees, parasitoid wasp specimens were collected during field studies in the Kemalpaşa district of Izmir, Türkiye, between 1993 and 1995. This study evaluated 89 bethylid specimens collected in field studies. The wasps were collected by beating branches of cherry trees and reared on S. rugulosus larvae. All collected specimens were identified, and as a result, two previously unreported Bethylidae species, Bethylus mandibularis (Kieffer, 1904) and Goniozus claripennis (Förster, 1851) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), were recorded from Türkiye. The newly recorded species are briefly described and illustrated. Additional records are provided for Cephalonomia hypobori Kieffer, 1919, already reported from Türkiye. The number of species now known from the country has increased from 14 to 16, belonging to 14 genera and four subfamilies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially cultivated Prunus species are commonly grown in adjacent or mixed orchards and can be infected with unique or commonly shared viruses. Apple (Malus domestica), another member of the Rosacea and distantly related to Prunus, can share the same growing regions and common pathogens. Pollen can be a major route for virus transmission, and analysis of the pollen virome in tree fruit orchards can provide insights into these virus pathogen complexes from mixed production sites. Commercial honey bee (Apis mellifera) pollination is essential for improved fruit sets and yields in tree fruit production systems. To better understand the pollen-associated virome in tree fruits, metagenomics-based detection of plant viruses was employed on bee and pollen samples collected at four time points during the peak bloom period of apricot, cherry, peach, and apple trees at one orchard site. Twenty-one unique viruses were detected in samples collected during tree fruit blooms, including prune dwarf virus (PDV) and prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) (Genus Ilarvirus, family Bromoviridae), Secoviridae family members tomato ringspot virus (genus Nepovirus), tobacco ringspot virus (genus Nepovirus), prunus virus F (genus Fabavirus), and Betaflexiviridae family member cherry virus A (CVA; genus Capillovirus). Viruses were also identified in composite leaf and flower samples to compare the pollen virome with the virome associated with vegetative tissues. At all four time points, a greater diversity of viruses was detected in the bee and pollen samples. Finally, the nucleotide sequence diversity of the coat protein regions of CVA, PDV, and PNRSV was profiled from this site, demonstrating a wide range of sequence diversity in pollen samples from this site. These results demonstrate the benefits of area-wide monitoring through bee pollination activities and provide new insights into the diversity of viruses in tree fruit pollination ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American plum line pattern virus (APLPV) is the most infrequently reported Ilarvirus infecting stone fruit trees and is of sufficient severity to be classified as an EPPO quarantine A1 pathogen. In late spring, yellow line pattern symptoms were observed on leaves in a few flowering cherries (Prunus serrulata Lindl.) grown in a public garden in Northwest Italy. RNA extracts from twenty flowering cherries were submitted to Ilarvirus multiplex and APLPV-specific RT-PCR assays already reported or developed in this study. One flowering cherry (T22) with mixed prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and prune dwarf virus (PDV) infection also showed infection with APLPV. Blastn analysis of PCR products of the full coat protein (CP) and movement protein (MP) genes obtained from flowering cherry T22 showed 98.23% and 98.34% nucleotide identity with reference APLPV isolate NC_003453.1 from the USA. Then, a LAMP-specific assay was designed to facilitate the fast and low-cost identification of this virus either in the laboratory or directly in the field. The developed assay allowed not only the confirmation of APLPV (PSer22IT isolate) infection in the T22 flowering cherry but also the identification of APLPV in an asymptomatic flowering cherry tree (TL1). The LAMP assay successfully worked with crude flowering cherry extracts, obtained after manually shaking a single plant extract in the ELISA extraction buffer for 3–5 min. The developed rapid, specific and economic LAMP assay was able to detect APLPV using crude plant extracts rather that RNA preparation in less than 20 min, making it suitable for in-field detection. Moreover, the LAMP assay proved to be more sensitive in APLPV detection in flowering cherry compared to the specific one-step RT-PCR assay. The new LAMP assay will permit the estimation of APLPV geographic spread in the territory, paying particular attention to surrounding gardens and propagated flowering cherries in ornamental nurseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. Irrigation of agricultural crops plays a key role not only in increasing the yield of these crops, but also in preserving it, especially under stressful temperature conditions. One of the effective methods of water conservation during irrigation is drip irrigation. Drip irrigation technology allows you to accurately dose water, taking into account the needs of specific crops and maintaining an optimal level of soil moisture. It is important to note that this technology helps save water and reduce the risk of soil overmoistening. In addition to drip irrigation, there is also aerosol irrigation. This irrigation technology allows more efficient use of water resources and provides optimal conditions for the ground air layer for the growth and development of plants under stressful temperature conditions.Methods. The objectives of the study are to study the technologies and technical means of irrigation of a young cherry orchard to maintain optimal modes through the use of drip irrigation with aerosol irrigation in the Central part of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. During the research, two factors were analyzed: studying the impact of various irrigation methods and moistening volumes on the formation of trees of the Gostinets and Zhukovskaya varieties of sweet cherry.Results. The field experiment is conducted on the territory of «Kolomenskaya Yagoda» LLC in the Moscow Region. The conducted studies have shown that the selected irrigation method using a combined irrigation system on sod-podzolic soils in the central part of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia for growing a young cherry orchard of the Gostinets and Zhukovskaya cherry varieties meets the criteria of environmental safety and economic efficiency.Conclusion. From the point of view of profitability, it is most effective to grow a young cherry orchard by maintaining humidity in the root zone of the soil within 80-100% of the lowest moisture capacity and relative humidity of the ground air layer in the range of 55-70%.

Cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a species appreciated by consumers for the taste of the fruit and spread among producers due to the profitability of the orchards. In Transylvania, there are several varieties that are well known and appreciated for the adaptability to the eco-climatic conditions, but a general overview and a comprehensive description of them is still lacking. The aim of the study was to establish phenotypic profiles for the important varieties found at UASVM Cluj-Napoca, which are to be completed in time, including also genetic mapping and biochemical descriptors. Correlating these with ecological data, and part of a research project, the study aims in the end at elaborating a general data base for the fruit tree genotypes. The characteristics of the leaf, flowers and fruit were investigated, following UPOV guidelines and data from the scientific literature. The first data were put together regarding the flowering (with the specific offset for the early-late varieties in the collection), followed by fruiting. Flowering was obviously staggered between the studied cultivars, but all were affected by the atypical spring of 2024, with very high temperatures and little precipitation. Thus, it can be concluded that flowering was abundant in all cultivars, with longer lasting flowers (petal shedding was delayed by 3-5 days compared to typical cultivars). Fruits were harvested at full maturity (proper for consumption), at different times- specific to the varieties in the collection (May-June 2024), and determinations show significant differences for fruit set, health status, weight and diameter of fruit. It is of great value to offer complete and specific information to producers about the varieties of interest in different areas. Thus, the need of a comprehensive data base for fruit tree is taken into consideration and investigations are in progress, as evaluating genetic diversity of morpho-physiological traits in sweet cherry cultivars is of current interest.

In order to study the use of drying models in vacuum-infrared drying, an experiment was conducted to investigate the drying process of cherry pips at different temperatures of 60°C, 70°C and 80°C, drying characteristic curves were constructed and analysed using 6 types of thin layers, and effective diffusion coefficients, moisture content and activation energy were calculated. The results showed that the drying temperature has a greater influence on the drying rate of cherry pits, and the drying time decreases with increasing drying temperature. The main drying step occurs in the downward drying stage. Comparison of the fitting results of the six thin layer drying models presented in this paper showed that Wang and Singh's model fits better for cherry pips (${{\rm{R}}^2} \gt 0,9996$ R 2 > 0 , 9996) and the predicted values of the model agree well with the experimental values. These values are suitable for describing the drying characteristics of cherry pips under any conditions. T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) is a commercially important species in China, experiencing a rapid increase in production. In June 2022, a severe infection, affecting more than 8% of sweet cherry trees, was observed on the Tetian cultivar in a 2–3‐year‐old orchard in Dalian City, northern China. Initially, spindle‐shaped brown disease spots formed on the surfaces of the branches. These spots continued to spread and merge, and the middle portion of the cankers sunk inward and gradually dried. Small black particles were found on the surface of the stems. The disease spread was more prevalent during the rainy season, leading to the withering of numerous branches and the death of the whole plant. Seven isolates, named lncy1‐1, lncy4‐1, lncy5‐1, lncy6‐1, lncy7‐1, lncy8‐1 and lncy9‐1, were obtained from 24 disease samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on three loci (rDNA ITS, TEF1 and TUB2) coupled with morphological identification confirmed that these seven isolates belong to Diaporthe eres. A representative isolate, lncy1‐1, was inoculated onto sweet cherry branches in a controlled environment, and showed that the isolate lncy1‐1 was pathogenic. The fungus isolated from diseased tissues was identified as D. eres based on morphological and molecular criteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of stem canker in sweet cherry caused by D. eres in China, which will promote disease management and expand the known host range of D. eres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European sweet cherry Prunus avium (L.), a member of the Rosaceae family, is one of the most popular and economically valuable fruits. However, the rapid spread of gummosis and poor management practices have become the major obstacles to their production. To identify pathogenic microorganisms responsible for gummosis disease, we conducted observations comparing the garden of Bailuyuan, which heavily suffered from gummosis disease and horn beetle damage, with the orchard of Mayuhe, which only suffered from gummosis disease, both from Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Samples were obtained from the healthy tissues and gummosis disease tissues that used the Illumina sequence of 16S rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) to identify bacterial and fungal communities in these samples. An alpha diversity analysis revealed a significantly higher fungal diversity of disease than in healthy tissue in the gummosis period. The results suggested that an imbalance in the fungal genera may be associated with gummosis disease. Species relative analyses showed some bacterial genera (Pelagibacterium, Halomonas, Azospirillum, Aquabacterium and Alistipes) and fungal genera (Penicillium, Alternaria and Rhodotorula) in the diseased tissues of gummosis. Among these, the increased relative abundance of the bacteria genes Halomonas, Pelagibacterium, Chelativorans, Pantoea, Aquabacterium, Alternaria and fungi genes Penicillium, Cystobasidium, Rhodotorula may be associated with gummosis of P. avium. The bacterial genera Methylobacterium, Psychroglaciecola, Aeromonas, Conexibacter and fungal genera Didymella, Aureobasidium, Mycosphaerella, Meyerozyma are probably antagonists of the pathogen of gummosis. These findings are an initial step in the identification of potential candidates for the biological control of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry is a very sensitive fruit. It is essential to ensure quality fruit production during cultivation. In sweet cherries, it is possible to prevent fruit loss by increasing the quality and post-harvest strength through pre-harvest applications during cultivation. The use of silicon can positively affect fruit quality in the harvest and post-harvest stages. In this study, calcium silicate (Ca2SiO3), potassium silicate (K2SiO3), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) were applied thrice to the cherry trees, at doses of 5 mM, 10 mM, and 15 mM. Measurements and analyses of the fruits were performed during and after the harvest, after two days of shelf life. The other fruits were stored using modified atmosphere packaging, at 0 ± 0.5°C and 90%-95% relative humidity for 2 and 21 days, and the quality characteristics were determined after two days of shelf life. Coloration progresses during ripening in cherries, with a decrease in C* and h° values. The chlorophyll content in the leaves increased with the application of silicon K2SiO3 which also increased fruit firmness. Silicon application in cherries increases the fruit's weight and size as well as the amount of total soluble solids and phenol content, especially 5 mM and 10 mM SiO2 applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Cherry is one of the most important fruits consumed in the world, which has a good taste, aroma and appearance. Currently, the only important commercial variety of cherry is Takdan-eMashhad cultivar in the country. This cultivar has considerable quantitative and qualitative characteristics, but the self-incompatibility and diversity in the clones in it lead to a decrease in the productivity of the introduced pollinators and the resulting decrease in yield in some years. This study was carried out with the aim of introducing cultivars with high yield and fruit quality and compatible with the climatic conditions of Iran. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the compatibility of new imported cherry cultivars and to increase the diversity of existing cultivars in the country and to achieve high-yielding cultivars of a number of new cherry cultivars named ‘Lapins’, ‘Sweet Ann’, ‘Sweet heart’, ‘Early Star’, ‘Vera’, ‘Celeste’, ‘Sunburst’ and two control cultivars named ‘Takdan-eMashhad’ and ‘Siyah-e-Mashhad’ grafted on mahaleb rootstock were evaluated in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications for 3 years in Khorasan Razavi province. Results: There was a difference between cultivars in terms of the beginning and end of flowering; thus, ‘Celeste’ cultivar was the earliest flowering (6 April) and ‘Takdan-e-Mashhad’ cultivar was the late flowering (12 April). The fruit harvesting time of the cherry cultivars was also different, so that ‘Early Star’ cultivar was the earliest (27 May) and ‘Takdan-e-Mashhad’ cultivar was the latest (3 July). In the examination of morphological traits, it was found that the height of cultivars varied between 326.66 cm in 'Celeste' cultivar and 497.22 cm in 'Siyah-eMashhad' cultivar. Also, the maximum width of the crown and diameter of the trunk were respectively in the variety "Siyah-e-Mashhad" with the values of 316.66 cm and 49.66 cm. The highest number of spur per 100 cm of branch length (38.06) was related to 'Celeste' cultivar and the lowest number of spur (24.76) was related to 'Lapins' cultivar. In the investigation of the pomological characteristics of studied cherry cultivars, it was found that the shape of the fruit varies from kidney (‘Vera’, ‘Sunburst’, ‘Takdane-Mashhad’ and ‘Siyah-e-Mashhad’) to heart-shaped (‘Sweet heart’, ‘Sweet ann’, ‘Lapins’, ‘Celeste’, ‘Early Star’) among the cultivars. There was also variation in the skin color of the fruits, so that there was four groups: bright red (‘Lapins’), red (‘Sunburst’, ‘Sweet heart’, ‘Sweet ann’), dark red (‘Siyah-e-Mashhad’) and blackish red (‘Takdan-e-Mashhad’, ‘Vera’, ‘Celeste’) were divided. The fruit weight was variable among the cultivars studied; thus, the highest fruit weight (10.03) was observed in ‘Takdan-e-Mashhad’ cultivar and the lowest fruit weight (6.08) was observed in ‘Vera’ cultivar. In terms of yield, a significant difference was observed among the cultivars studied; Thus, the highest yield (31.63 kg per tree) was observed in ‘Sweet heart’ cultivar and the lowest yield (4.99 kg per tree) was observed in ‘Siyah-e-Mashhad’ cultivar. The stone weight also varied from 0.20 in the ‘Vera’ to 0.50 in the ‘Takdan-e-Mashhad’ cultivar. The length of the fruit peduncle was also different among the cultivars; thus, the highest length of fruit peduncle (4.55 cm) was observed in ‘Siyah-e-Mashhad’ cultivar and the lowest length of fruit peduncle (2.90 cm) was observed in ‘Celeste’ cultivar. Soluble solids varied from 23.95% in ‘Sweet heart’ to 18.38% in ‘Lapins’ cultivar. Acidity and pH also showed differences among the cultivars studied; So that the highest acidity and pH respectively (0.186% - 3.74) in ‘Vera’ and ‘Celeste’ cultivars and the lowest acidity and pH (0.142 - 3.42) in ‘Sunburst’ and ‘Siyah-e-Mashhad’ cultivars. Conclusion: 'Celeste' cultivar is considered as the earliest flowering cultivar with the lowest height, the highest number of Spur, and the shortest fruit peduncle length. Also, the 'Takdan-e-Mashhad' cultivar with the highest fruit weight and the 'Sweet Heart' cultivar with the highest amount of soluble solids and yield are important. This research can be used to increase diversity in cherry production, which is highly needed by the consumer market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleosporales is a highly diverse (and the largest) order in Dothideomycetes, and it is widespread in decaying plants in various environments around the world. During a survey of fungal diversity in Sichuan Province, China, specimens of hyphomycetous and Thyridaria-like fungi were collected from dead branches of pine trees and cherry trees. These taxa were initially identified as members of Massarinaceae and Thyridariaceae through morphological examination. Phylogenetic analyses of the Thyridariaceae, combining ITS, SSU, LSU, RPB2, and TEF1 sequence data, indicated a distinct clade sister to Pseudothyridariella and Thyridariella, distinct from any genus in the family. Thus, a new genus, Vaginospora, is proposed to accommodate the type species Vaginospora sichuanensis, which is characterized by semi-immersed globose to oblong ascomata with an ostiolar neck, cylindrical to clavate asci with an ocular chamber, and hyaline to dark brown, fusiform, 3–5-transversely septate ascospores with an inconspicuous mucilaginous sheath. Based on the morphological comparisons and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, SSU, LSU, RPB2, and TEF1) of the Massarinaceae, we have identified three collections belonging to the genus Helminthosporium, leading us to propose H. filamentosa sp. nov., H. pini sp. nov., and H. velutinum as a new host record. According to Phylogenetic analysis, H. pini formed an independent clade sister to H. austriacum and H. yunnanense, and H. filamentosa represents the closest sister clade to H. quercinum. Helminthosporium pini is distinct from H. austriacum by the shorter conidiophores and H. yunnanense by the longer and wider conidia. The H. filamentosa differs from H. quercinum in having longer conidiophores and smaller conidia. This study extends our understanding of diversity within Thyridariaceae and Helminthosporium. Our findings underscore the rich biodiversity and potential for discovering novel fungal taxa within these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant nutrition through fertilizer application plays a crucial role in enhancing crop quality and yield, necessitating a balanced fertilization approach. Sweet cherry, esteemed as one of the most prized crops worldwide, was the focus of this three-year study spanning from 2019 to 2021, involving the sweet cherry cultivar Burlat. This study investigated the foliar application of magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) to enhance fruit quality parameters. Different doses of Mg (250 g hL−1 and 125 g hL−1) and K (100 g hL−1 and 50 g hL−1) and a control treatment were administered to sweet cherry trees to assess their impact on fruit quality. At the commercial ripening stage, fruits from each treatment were harvested for comprehensive evaluation, including biometric and chromatic parameters, fruit firmness, routine parameters, sensory profile, and nutrient content analysis. Results from the study revealed notable enhancements in fruit weight and dimensions, particularly in the control treatment in 2020. Furthermore, Mg125 and Mg250 treatments exhibited improved color development and accelerated maturity by increasing the total soluble solids content while decreasing titratable acidity. Sensorial profiling indicated that Mg125 and Mg250 treatments intensified color intensity and sweet taste while mitigating sour taste perceptions. Conversely, potassium fertilization, especially the K50 treatment, led to increased fruit firmness and nutrient content. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing sweet cherry production practices globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cherry (Prunus avium) fruits are important sources of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients in the human diet; however, they contain a large stone, making them inconvenient to eat 'on the move' and process. The exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA3) can induce parthenocarpy in a variety of fruits during development. Here, we showed that the application of GA3 to sweet cherry unpollinated pistils acted as a trigger for fruit set and permitted the normal formation of fruit up to a period of twenty-eight days, indicating that gibberellins are involved in the activation of the cell cycle in the ovary wall cells, leading to fruit initiation. However, after this period, fruit development ceased and developing fruit began to be excised from the branch by 35 days post treatment. This work also showed that additional signals are required for the continued development of fully mature parthenocarpic fruit in sweet cherry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous and reliable assessment of crop water status through water indicators enables the sustainable management of water resources, especially in arid or semi-arid climate scenarios exacerbated by climate change. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine and compare the sensitivity of indices derived from trunk diameter fluctuations for the accurate and automatic detection of changes in the water status of cherry trees. The water stress indicators examined are maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS), trunk growth rate (TGR), early daily trunk shrinkage (EDS), and late daily trunk shrinkage (LDS). During two growing seasons, 'Lapins' sweet cherry trees were subjected to different water stress levels: (i) a control treatment irrigated at 115% of crop evapotranspiration demand to ensure non-limiting water conditions, and (ii) a deficit irrigation treatment, with two irrigation withholding cycles. Vegetative growth was affected by water stress. Trunk daily growth rate and late daily trunk shrinkage exhibited a high variability and did not clearly show differences in plant water status. Both EDS and MDS showed a third-degree polynomial relationship with Ψstem. MDS had a lineal relationship with Ψstem of up to −1.4 MPa; however, further decreases in Ψstem did not necessarily lead to increased MDS. In contrast, EDS became non-linear at −1.8 MPa, making it a more useful plant water indicator than MDS for 'Lapins' sweet cherry trees when detecting severe water stress conditions. The frequencies of both MDS and EDS decreased from 85% to 35% when water stress increased. Therefore, the information provided by MDS and EDS frequencies, along with their daily values, could be useful as irrigation management tools for sweet cherry trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the cherry blossom germplasm resources in the National Sakura Germplasm Resource Database of Wuhan Academy of Landscape Sciences as the research object, based on 13 horticultural traits, the analytic hierarchy process was used to establish an ornamental evaluation system for cherry blossom germplasm resources, and 124 cherry blossom germplasm resources were evaluated for their ornamental value. The results showed that among 124 cherry blossom resources, the comprehensive evaluation values of Cerasus cerasoides var. rubea 'Hongxia' Cerasus conradinae 'Chujin', Cerasus serrulata 'Sumaura-fugenzo, Cerasus kanzakura Tairyo-zakura' and Cerasus 'Youkou' were between 4.144 0 and 3.704 6, indicating a high level of ornamental evaluation; the comprehensive ornamental evaluation values of 20 germplasm resources, including Cerasus pseudocerasus Keio-zakura', Cerasus conradinae Chuyun' and Cerasus campanulata 'Kanhizakura-plena' ranged from 3.599 5 to 3.211 1, indicating a high level of ornamental evaluation; the comprehensive evaluation values of 68 germplasm resources, including Cerasus kanzakura 'Praecox', Cerasus incisa 'Akane-yae', and Cerasus pseudocerasus, ranged from 3.189 5 to 2.800 4, and the ornamental evaluation level was average; the comprehensive evaluation value of 29 germplasm resources such as Cerasus Xmiyoshii 'Ambigua', Cerasus serrulata Fasciculata', Cerasus serrulata Benitemari' was 2.797 5-2.477 2, and the ornamental evaluation grade was poor ; the comprehensive evaluation values of the two germplasm resources of Cerasus tomentosa and Cerasus setulosa were 2.353 0 and 2.107 5, respectively, and the ornamental evaluation level was poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the cherry blossom germplasm resources in the National Sakura Germplasm Resource Database of Wuhan Academy of Landscape Sciences as the research object, based on 13 horticultural traits, the analytic hierarchy process was used to establish an ornamental evaluation system for cherry blossom germplasm resources, and 124 cherry blossom germplasm resources were evaluated for their ornamental value. The results showed that among 124 cherry blossom resources, the comprehensive evaluation values of Cerasus cerasoides var. rubea 'Hongxia' Cerasus conradinae 'Chujin', Cerasus serrulata 'Sumaura-fugenzo, Cerasus kanzakura Tairyo-zakura' and Cerasus 'Youkou' were between 4.144 0 and 3.704 6, indicating a high level of ornamental evaluation; the comprehensive ornamental evaluation values of 20 germplasm resources, including Cerasus pseudocerasus Keio-zakura', Cerasus conradinae Chuyun' and Cerasus campanulata 'Kanhizakura-plena' ranged from 3.599 5 to 3.211 1, indicating a high level of ornamental evaluation; the comprehensive evaluation values of 68 germplasm resources, including Cerasus kanzakura 'Praecox', Cerasus incisa 'Akane-yae', and Cerasus pseudocerasus, ranged from 3.189 5 to 2.800 4, and the ornamental evaluation level was average; the comprehensive evaluation value of 29 germplasm resources such as Cerasus Xmiyoshii 'Ambigua', Cerasus serrulata Fasciculata', Cerasus serrulata Benitemari' was 2.797 5-2.477 2, and the ornamental evaluation grade was poor ; the comprehensive evaluation values of the two germplasm resources of Cerasus tomentosa and Cerasus setulosa were 2.353 0 and 2.107 5, respectively, and the ornamental evaluation level was poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant diseases significantly impact crop productivity and quality, posing a serious threat to global agriculture. The process of identifying and categorizing these diseases is often time-consuming and prone to errors. This research addresses this issue by employing a convolutional neural network and support vector machine (CNN-SVM) hybrid model to classify diseases in four economically important crops: strawberries, peaches, cherries, and soybeans. The objective is to categorize 10 classes of diseases, with six diseased classes and four healthy classes, for these crops using the deep learning-based CNN-SVM model. Several pre-trainedmodels, including VGG16, VGG19, DenseNet, Inception, MobileNetV2, MobileNet, Xception, and ShuffleNet, were also trained, achieving accuracy ranges from 53.82% to 98.8%. The proposed model, however, achieved an average accuracy of 99.09%. While the proposed model's accuracy is comparable to that of the VGG16 pre-trained model, its significantly lower number of trainable parameters makes it more efficient and distinctive. This research demonstrates the potential of the CNN-SVM model in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of plant disease classification. The CNN-SVM model was selected over VGG16 and other models due to its superior performance metrics. The proposed model achieved a 99% F1-score, a 99.98% Area Under the Curve (AUC), and a 99% precision value, demonstrating its efficacy. Additionally, class activation maps were generated using the Gradient Weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) technique to provide a visual explanation of the detected diseases. A heatmap was created to highlight the regions requiring classification, further validating the model's accuracy and interpretability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 36th International Mammalian Genome Conference (IMGC) was held in a hybrid format at the Tsukuba International Congress Center in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, for 4 days from March 28 to 31, 2023. This international conference on functional genomics of mouse, human, and other mammalian species attracted 246 participants in total, of which 129 were from outside Japan, including Europe, the United States and Asia, and 117 participants were from Japan. The conference included three technical workshops, keynote lectures by domestic researchers, commemorative lectures for the conference awards, 57 oral presentations, and 97 poster presentations. The event was a great success. Topics included the establishment and analysis of disease models using genetically engineered or spontaneous mutant mice, systems genetic analysis using mouse strains such as wild‐derived mice and recombinant inbred mouse strains, infectious diseases, immunology, and epigenetics. In addition, as a joint program, a two‐day RIKEN Symposium was held, and active discussions continued over the four‐day period. Also, there was a trainee symposium, in which young researchers were encouraged to participate, and excellent papers were selected as oral presentations in the main session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is commonly affected by fruit rot, leading to reduction in yield and economic loss. In 2022, 144 symptomatic cherry fruit were randomly collected from 11 orchards in Yantai city. A total of 107 fungal strains were isolated and classified into eight species based on morphological and multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis, including Alternaria alternata/tenuissima species complex (79.44%), Fusarium lateritium species complex (FLSC) (9.34%), F. verticillioides (2.80%), F. incarnatum (2.80%), F. proliferatum (1.87%), Diaporthe eres (1.87%), Botryosphaeria dothidea (0.94%), and Nothophoma quercina (0.94%), wherein A. alternata/tenuissima species complex was the most dominant genus. All fungal isolates showed aggressiveness on both wounded and unwounded cherry fruit, wherein D. eres exhibited the strongest virulence, and F. verticillioides had the lowest pathogenicity. This work systematically studied the fungal pathogens related to cherry fruit rot and first reported D. eres, B. dothidea, F. verticillioides, F. incarnatum, and N. quercina as the causal agents associated with cherry fruit rot in China. The results of this study will be helpful to get a better understanding about the causal agents of cherry fruit rot in China and provide a theoretical basis for the field control of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grafting facilitates the management of phytodiseases, especially of soils, but the growth and development of the grafted plant depend on the compatibility with rootstocks. The objective was to evaluate the graft union and survival, the growth characteristics, fruit biometrics, yield and physiological characteristics of the tomato plant 'Santa Clara' on five rootstocks. The study was conducted at the Pici Campus of the Federal University of Ceará in Fortaleza, Ceará state, Brazil. The seven treatments were tomato 'Santa Clara' ungrafted and self‐grafted, or grafted onto cherry tomato 'Vermelho', hybrid tomato 'Guardiao', eggplant 'Comprida Roxa', jiló 'Comprido Grande Rio' (Solanum gilo) and cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum). Cleft grafting was used. The growth characteristics evaluated were stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), and number of commercial (NCF) and total (NTF) fruits. The biometric characteristics of the fruits (diameter‐FD, length‐FL and average mass‐AMF) and productive (commercial‐CFM and total‐TFM fruit mass) and yield of commercial (YCF) and total (YTF) fruits were estimated per hectare. Physiological evaluations were performed to obtain the internal concentration of CO2 (Ci), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Gs), liquid photosynthesis (A), ratio between internal CO2 and the environment (Ci/Ca) and carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci). The graft union and survival of S. lycopersicum plants was 100% at 10 days after grafting. The number of commercial and total fruits were higher in non‐grafted tomato plants. The FD of the plants was higher with rootstocks of the 'Vermelho' cherry tomato and 'Guardião' hybrid, the CFM and TFM with ungrafted, the AMF and TFM with 'Vermelho' cherry tomato and the YCF and YTF with ungrafted and grafting on the 'Vermelho' cherry tomato. The tomato plant 'Santa Clara' completed its development in rootstocks and, therefore, they are compatible with this plant. The production of tomato fruits was higher with grafting on the 'Vermelho' cherry tomato with diameter and productivity similar to those of the ungrafted plants, indicating that this tomato cultivar can be used as rootstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a list of references to scientific articles that discuss the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts. The articles explore different plant sources and their effects on the synthesis and properties of the nanoparticles. The studies investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of the synthesized nanoparticles. The document also includes information on the potential applications of these nanoparticles in various fields, such as dermopharmaceuticals, food packaging, and nanotechnology. [Extracted from the article]

This research assesses the competitiveness of Chilean cherry exports, with a specific focus on the Chinese market, identifying sectoral challenges and opportunities. Implementing quantitative, descriptive and non-experimental methodologies based on previous studies (Montes Ninaquispe et al., 2023), it utilizes the Herfindahl)Hirschman Index (HHI) for market diversification, the Trade Competitiveness Index (TC), and the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) based on previous studies (Arbulú Ballesteros et al., 2024). The analysis reveals a significant concentration of exports to China, representing over 88 percent of Chile’s total cherry exports from 2018 to 2022, despite market volatility and a general trend of growth in both volume and value. The HHI indicates a high concentration risk due to dependency on the Chinese market, while the TC and RCA highlight a strong competitive and comparative advantage in this sector. The study concludes the need for market diversification to reduce dependency risks, suggesting the exploration of new markets like Thailand, South Korea, and Ecuador, alongside improvements in marketing strategies. Additionally, it recommends enhancing corporate innovation and operational efficiency via advanced production technologies and optimizing logistics and supply chain management to sustain the competitive advantage of Chilean cherry exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typically, fruit cracking in sweet cherry is associated with the occurrence of free water at the fruit surface level due to direct (rain and fog) and indirect (cold exposure and dew) mechanisms. Recent advances in close range remote sensing have enabled the monitoring of the temperature distribution with high spatial resolution based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and thermal imaging. The fusion of LiDAR-derived geometric 3D point clouds and merged thermal data provides spatially resolved temperature data at the fruit level as LiDAR 4D point clouds. This paper aimed to investigate the thermal behavior of sweet cherry canopies using this new method with emphasis on the surface temperature of fruit around the dew point. Sweet cherry trees were stored in a cold chamber (6 °C) and subsequently scanned at different time intervals at room temperature. A total of 62 sweet cherry LiDAR 4D point clouds were identified. The estimated temperature distribution was validated by means of manual reference readings (n = 40), where average R 2 values of 0.70 and 0.94 were found for ideal and real scenarios, respectively. The canopy density was estimated using the ratio of the number of LiDAR points of fruit related to the canopy. The occurrence of wetness on the surface of sweet cherry was visually assessed and compared to an estimated dew point ( Y d e w ) index. At mean Y d e w of 1.17, no wetness was observed on the fruit surface. The canopy density ratio had a marginal impact on the thermal kinetics and the occurrence of wetness on the surface of sweet cherry in the slender spindle tree architecture. The modelling of fruit surface wetness based on estimated fruit temperature distribution can support ecophysiological studies on tree architectures considering resilience against climate change and in studies on physiological disorders of fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective control of shot-hole disease in flowering cherries is challenging because of multiple causative pathogens (bacteria and fungi). Bacillus species are well-known for their ability to control plant pathogens; therefore, biological control potential of a Bacillus isolate, B. velezensis 8–2, against SH disease on flowering cherry trees was investigated. Results: This study revealed strong antimicrobial activity of Bacillus velezensis 8–2 against various plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, particularly focusing on Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) and Mycosphaerella cerasella (Mc), which cause shot-hole (SH) disease in flowering cherry trees. In vitro assays showed that the fermentation filtrate of B. velezensis 8–2 inhibited bacterial and fungal growth with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.25–10% and 2.5–10%, respectively. UPLC-Q–Orbitrap–MS analysis revealed that B. velezensis 8–2 produced antagonistic compounds, including polyketides (difficidin and oxydifficidin) and cyclic lipopeptides (iturin A, fengycin, and surfatin). To enhance antimicrobial activity, fermentation parameters for optimal production of two antibacterial and three antifungal compounds were investigated in a 5 L jar fermenter. By regulating the agitation speed to sustain the state of vegetative cells, the production period was extended by 20 h at 400 rpm, resulting in maximum yields of 86.6 μg/mL for difficidin and 150.0 μg/mL for oxydifficidin within a 72 h fermentation period. In a field trial, a 500-fold diluted 10% suspension concentrate formulation of B. velezensis 8–2 effectively inhibited the development of SH disease, demonstrating 66.6% disease control and a 90.2% disease symptoms reduction. Conclusions: This is the first report to assess the disease control efficacy of B. velezensis for the biocontrol of SH disease in the field. These results suggest that the application of B. velezensis 8–2 could serve as a practical alternative for managing various bacterial and fungal diseases, including the management of SH disease in flowering cherry trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antagonistic Bacillus subtilis and oregano essential oil (EO) on decay caused by Botrytis cinerea, shelf life, and some quality parameters of sweet cherry (Prunus avium cv. Takdaneh Mashhad). The fruit were inoculated with suspension of pathogenic fungus (1 × 105 spore mL−1), and then were treated with the antagonist bacterial strains at 1 × 108 CFU mL−1 and the EO at 0. 250, 500, 750, and 1000 µL/L. Treated fruit were stored at 0 ± 1 °C for 30 d. Quality parameters including firmness, weight loss, antioxidant activity, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity, marketability, color, total anthocyanins, and decay extension rate were evaluated after 0, 15, and 30 days of storage. The results showed that with an increase in storage time the quality of cherry fruit is significantly decreased and EO and Bacillus treatments significantly maintain fruit marketability, antioxidant activity and anthocyanins content. EO in at 750 µL/L in combination with Bacillus bacteria, significantly reduced fungal decay, retained quality and increased shelf life of sweet cherries. Therefore, the use of Bacillus bacteria and oregano essential oil can be considered as a promising environmental friendly alternative method for maintaining the sweet cherry fruit quality during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherry kernels are a by-product of cherries that are usually discarded, leading to waste and pollution. In this study, the chemical composition of 21 batches of cherry kernels from two different cherry species was analyzed using untargeted metabolomics. The in vitro antioxidant activity, cellular antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of these kernel extracts were also determined, and a correlation analysis was conducted between differential compounds and biological activity. A total of 49 differential compounds were screened. The kernels of Prunus tomentosa were found to have significantly higher total phenol, total flavonoid content, and biological activity than those of Prunus pseudocerasus (P

Cherry tomatoes are popular vegetables worldwide owing to their variety of colors and nutrients. However, an integrated evaluation of color and flavor has rarely been reported. This study examined the differences among red, brown, yellow, and green cherry tomatoes grown in the Jiuquan area. A comprehensive analysis of the flavor quality of these tomatoes, including sensory evaluation, electronic nose analysis, nutritional and flavor quality measurements, targeted metabolomics, and chemometrics, was conducted. Red tomatoes had the highest lycopene content, and green tomatoes had the highest soluble protein and vitamin C content. In cherry tomatoes, K is the most abundant macro element and Fe and Zn are the most abundant trace elements. Brown cherry tomatoes had significantly higher K, P, Mg, Cu and Fe contents than other colored tomatoes, and red tomatoes had significantly higher Zn content than other cherry tomatoes (218.8–724.3%). Yellow cherry tomatoes had the highest soluble sugar content, followed by red, brown and green tomatoes. A total of 20 amino acids of tomatoes were simultaneously determined by LC–MS. Yellow cherry tomatoes have the highest content of essential amino acids, aromatic amino acids and sweetness amino acids. Red tomatoes have the highest levels of non-essential and sourness amino acid contents. An analysis of 30 flavor indicators revealed that yellow tomatoes had the best flavor, followed by red, brown, and green tomatoes. Our work lays the foundation for future research on color and flavor formation in cherry tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]