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Debido al alargamiento de las cadenas alimentarias, el sistema alimentario global genera una distancia entre los productores agrícolas y los consumidores. Frente a esta coyuntura global, se destacan los movimientos de resistencia local, que proponen iniciativas de acercamiento entre los agricultores y la sociedad. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución de estos procesos de desconexión y reconexión entre producción y consumo, así como las reconfiguraciones territoriales de estos movimientos en las últimas décadas en el municipio de Mocajuba (PA) en la Amazonía Oriental. Para cumplir con el objetivo, se realizó un análisis de los flujos de productos agrícolas y alimenticios entre el municipio y el exterior y dentro del municipio, complementado con un análisis de la trayectoria del territorio en las últimas décadas y proyectos de desarrollo local en curso. Hubo un aumento significativo en el flujo de productos agroindustriales desde fuera del municipio desde los años 2000-2005, específicamente hacia el área rural, posibilitado por programas sociales que elevaron los ingresos de la población. Esto se traduce en una creciente dependencia de estas zonas rurales de los productos agroalimentarios “globalizados”. Sin embargo, ha habido movimientos de valorización de productos tradicionales de origen alimentario amazónico como la harina de mandioca y el açaí y, más recientemente, iniciativas de acercamiento entre productores y consumidores de Mocajubes, tendientes a dinamizar las zonas rurales.

International audience; The purpose of this paper is to study the place of detachment processes in market innovation. The authors draw on the case of short food supply chains, especially those established to provide local produce for mass catering. They characterise short food supply chains as “market innovations through withdrawal”, i.e. market innovations aiming at detaching farmers and consumers from the middlemen of mainstream markets and reducing the number of food miles. They argue that detachment from mainstream market mediators generally calls for the creation of new mediators and highlight the difficulties of this agencing work. In line with research on path dependence, they also show that existing attachments may impede detachments. Finally, the authors show that short food supply chains combine the establishment of new detachments and new attachments, and the maintenance of pre-existing attachments and pre-existing detachments. They sum up this combination of processes with the term “quasi-detachment”.

International audience; Despite large volumes of cattle stocks in the Sahel, most exports of cattle products remain as live animal sales rather than meat. However, there is increased interest amongst donors and governments to increase value-added exports of beef. In this paper, we provide results from a simulation analysis that explores the prospective competitiveness and benefits of exporting beef from Burkina Faso to Ghana rather than live animals. The paper reviews trading patterns in live animals along the corridor and meat imports from overseas destinations to Ghana. Model results highlight limited competitiveness of the main products demanded in destination markets (offals). Market segmentation strategies, infrastructure development, and animal productivity all generate marginal improvements in competitiveness, but not enough to compete with third-country supplies. Only specific, largely external macroeconomic conditions provide for significant improvements in competitiveness. The paper further reveals the relatively modest employment gains associated with increased exports of meat in lieu of live animals. The analysis suggests a re-think on large-scale investments in downstream functions in the value chain, instead illustrating the fundamental role of upstream investments in productivity, animal health, and collective action to promote greater market integration between pastoralists and formal sector buyers.

International audience

Using a case study, this article uses the concept of network orchestration to examine the role of exporters in the implementation of voluntary cocoa certification in Cote d’Ivoire. To this end, data were collected from literature reviews, surveys of two exporters, and 20 cooperatives. Actor linkage matrix, actor linkage map and discourse analysis are used to understand the role of exporters in cocoa certification in Cote d’Ivoire. The findings show that exporters not only participate in the construction of a network of actors around the implementation of cocoa certification, but above all they pilot the network to facilitate certification implementation by actively participating in the mobility of knowledge and financial resources within the network and managing the certification process. However, although exporters play a key role in the implementation of voluntary certifications, their role as network orchestrator is dilemmatic. Indeed, they use their position as orchestrator to control sales of cooperatives’ certified cocoa and their premium.JEL Codes: O350, Q55

International audience; This paper examines the influence of marketing channels on the adoption of organic farming. The originality of this study is to consider both short and long food supply chains and their respective heterogeneity. Our empirical study uses a representative survey of French fruit farms. The results show that both short and long food supply chains encourage organic production insofar as producers know the destination of their production.; Cet article examine l'influence des circuits de commercialisation sur l'adoption de l'agriculture biologique. L'originalité de cette étude est de considérer à la fois les circuits alimentaires courts et longs ainsi que leur hétérogénéité. Elle utilise une enquête représentative des exploitations fruitières françaises. Les résultats montrent que les filières courtes et longues favorisent la production biologique dans la mesure où les producteurs connaissent la destination de leur production.

International audience; Food loss and waste (FLW) in developing countries is often high at postharvest stages due to technical and infrastructural constraints, while supermarket expansion has induced organizational, institutional and technological changes in the agrifood supply chains. Here we assess the volume of FLW along a food supply chain (FSC) and analyze the roles that supermarket and non-supermarket channels play in dealing with FLW. The study is based on primary data collected along a tomato chain-from production to retailing-in Cali (Colombia). The results revealed relatively low FLW due to: 1) the diversity of consumer preferences, 2) the reduced harvest-tosale time, 3) the marketing strategies adopted to sell downgraded and damaged products, and 4) the overlap and complementarity between supermarket and non-supermarket channels. The study highlights the importance of preserving the diversity of these marketing channels to avoid unsold food products, meet the range of consumers' needs, while providing greater marketing opportunities for farmers.

International audience; Although liberalization of the cocoa sector has increased internal competition within the marketing chain it has also led to the emergence of informal market actors within the chain. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse how the cocoa marketing chain operates by measuring and comparing the marketing margins of the formal and informal actors. Qualitative data were used to establish the structure of the marketing chain and quantitative data to estimate the marketing margins. A total sampling size of 76 cocoa market actors was obtained by using a multi-stage sampling technique: 15 for qualitative data and 61 for quantitative data. Descriptive analysis was used to map the marketing chain and economic analysis to compute the costs and margins for both informal and formal market intermediaries from the Centre and South-West regions in Cameroon. The results indicated three market intermediaries (one informal and two formal) and four marketing channels by which cocoa moves from the farmers to the exporters. The calculation of marketing costs indicated that informal actors incurred the highest costs in both regions. The results regarding the marketing margins were twofold: informal actors obtain low net marketing margins when they do not use illicit strategies, but high net marketing margins when illicit strategies are used. Given the significant role of informal actors, we suggest that their actions should be integrated in a suitable manner into those of formal actors to contribute to a better performance of the marketing chain and to the sustainability of the cocoa sector.

MAGPRO - Clés de réussite et impacts territoriaux des magasins de producteurs; International audience; Les magasins de producteurs sont en plein essor depuis le début des années 2000. Chacun est la combinaison singulière de plusieurs fermes membres de ce collectif de vente, porté par des personnes aux motivations et parcours variés, par des fermes aux structures, ressources et besoins différents. Les 17 partenaires du projet MAGPRO « clés de réussite et impacts territoriaux des magasins de producteurs » ont souhaité produire avec les producteurs, des outils et repères pour l’accompagnement de projets viables économiquement et humainement, intégrés à leur territoire. Cet article apporte des éléments de réponse sur ce que peut impliquer l’intégration d’une exploitation dans un magasin de producteurs à la fois pour le collectif et pour l’exploitation. Il montre des ajustements multiples, depuis l’émergence du groupe à la gestion courante de la structure collective de vente, entre le magasin et les fermes qui portent le projet : à la création d’un magasin, les producteurs qui s’associent ont des parcours individuels variés, le magasin a une place prépondérante parmi leurs circuits de commercialisation mais pour des motifs divers. Le groupe devra composer avec cette diversité. A l’heure des choix structurants, comme celui d’un rayon traditionnel viande, découpant les carcasses produites par ses membres, ce sont à la fois les dimensions relatives au projet collectif (ambition commerciale, investissements, composition de l’équipe salariée) et celles concernant chaque ferme (capacité d’approvisionnement, valeurs portées par les personnes...) qui doivent être prises en compte. Mais les exploitations connaissent des évolutions importantes à leur entrée dans un magasin de producteurs ; cela concerne en premier lieu l’organisation du travail, ou les coopérations engagées entre plusieurs producteurs pour approvisionner à plusieurs un même magasin, ce point étant traité ici pour le rayon légumes. Farmers shop have developed strongly since the early 2000s. Each farmers market is the result of the specific grouping of member farms within its sales collective, conducted by people with divers motives and experiences, and incorporating farms of varying types, resources, and needs. The 17 partners in the MAGPRO project “Keys to the Success and Territorial Impact of Farmers Markets” set out to conceive, in cooperation with the agricultural producers themselves, a set of methodological tools and guidelines for establishing and accompanying regionally integrated, economically viable, and personally rewarding collective sales projects. Balancing the needs of farms, the expectations of consumers, and regional conditions and resources requires a great deal of fine tuning and numerous adjustments during both the creation phase of a farmers market and the management of its day-to-day operations. This article focuses on what can involve the integration of a farm in a farmer shop both for the collective shop and for the farm.

Nous explorons le rôle de la distance dans les systèmes d'approvisionnement alimentaire de l'agglomération de Rabat (Maroc) et les forces centrifuges expliquant la persistance de l'agriculture périurbaine. Nos données qualitatives et quantitatives montrent que, pour certains produits périssables, seule la proximité spatiale affecte les échanges avec la ville. La distance n'affecte pas le nombre d'opérateurs car de multiples acteurs interviennent après le noeud des marchés de gros.

In Vietnam, fruit and vegetable marketing is characterized by a diversity of distribution chains, including formal markets, street vendors, shops, and supermarkets. The government is promoting the expansion of supermarket distribution and plans to eliminate all informal trade on the grounds of modernization. The article investigates how the activities of street vendors can be successfully integrated in the city, using a stakeholder dialogue approach. Researchers appraised the role of street vendors in food distribution and employment and documented a successful street vending model. Stakeholder meetings were held to discuss the integration of street vending in Dong Da District. A key result is the demonstration and recognition by city and district officials of the dominant role of street vending in food distribution and employment of the poor. Workshops helped the Hanoi city and district authorities agree to tolerate street vendors in selected areas, with the setting of jointly developed commitments. (Resume d'auteur)

En Amazonie bresilienne, la pulpe d’acai se consomme traditionnellement naturelle et accompagne des plats sales. Depuis les annees 1990, l’acai s’exporte sur des modes de consommation sucres. Les auteurs s’interrogent sur le role des modes de consommation et des mecanismes qui garantissent la « qualite » aux consommateurs, dans la coexistence de differents circuits de commercialisation de la region metropolitaine de Belem (Para). La maniere dont les transformateurs traitent de la qualite renvoie a des attributs varies : sanitaire, productive (bio), sociale (equitable), gustative. Mise en avant exclusivement dans les circuits courts et non standardisee, la qualite gustative est liee a l’origine du fruit, aux pratiques de cueillette, de production et de transport. Circuits longs et courts se distinguent par les gouts des consommateurs et par des mecanismes formels ou informels de certification, bases sur des relations de confiance. Leur coexistence future depend de la mise en place de mecanismes garantissant la qualite gustative des pulpes, la diversite des gouts des consommateurs et l’inclusion des populations traditionnelles dans la filiere.

With the elongation of the food chains, the global food system generates a distance between farmers and consumers. In front of this global conjuncture, local resistance movements are proposing initiatives of rapprochement between farmers and society. The objective of this work is to analyze the evolution of these processes of disconnection and reconnection between production and consumption, as well as the territorial reconfigurations provoked by these movements in the last decades in the municipality Mocajuba (PA) in the Eastern Amazon. To reach this goal, an analysis of the flows of agricultural and food products between the municipality and abroad and within the municipality was carried out, complemented by an analysis of the trajectory of the territory in the last decades and the current local development projects. There was a significant increase in the flow of agro-industrial products from outside the municipality from the years 2000-2005 and that have arrived reaching very strongly in the rural areas, allowed by the social programs that raised the income of the population. This is reflected in a growing dependency on these rural areas for new food products and in a marginalization of more isolated areas with less access to these products. However, there were movements of valorization of Amazonian food products, cassava flour and acai, which allows rural areas not to be totally dependent or excluded from global dynamics. More recently, initiatives for rapprochement between producers and consumers in Mocajuba are being carried out, tending to boost rural areas.

The article deals with the social construction of markets by family farmers in the Northeast and Center- West of Brazil, based on an analysis of the articulation and complementarity between collective action modalities and reciprocity relationships.In terms of method, logics and marketing strategies have been observed among a sample of families inserted in one or several market channels: local direct sales, publicfood purchase programand long marketing channels with brokers. The methodology combines the study of collective practices and marketing strategies and the role of reciprocity relationships between families and communities. The results show the importance of organizational processes, of public and private support for the implementation of these strategies. The main conclusion is that reciprocity relationship that produce and consolidate social ties are also important to facilitate access to markets and sustain the families’ activity of commercialization, in complementarity with collective action and public policies. El artículo trata de la construcción social de los mercados de agricultores familiares del nordeste y centro-oeste de Brasil a partir de un análisis de la articulación y la complementariedad entre modalidades de acción colectiva y relaciones de reciprocidad. Metodológicamente, las estrategias y lógicas de comercialización fueron observadas junto a una muestra de familias insertadas en distintos circuitos o cadenas: venta directa, compras públicas y circuitos largos con intermediarios. La metodología asocióel estudio de prácticas y estrategias colectivas de comercialización y el rol de las relaciones de reciprocidad entre familias y comunidades. Los resultados muestran la importancia de los procesos organizacionales y de los apoyos públicos y privados para la implementación de esas estrategias. La principal conclusión es que las relaciones de reciprocidad que producen y consolidan los lazos sociales también son esenciales para facilitar el acceso a los mercados y contribuir a la perennidad de las actividades de comercialización de las familias en complementariedad de la acción colectiva y de las políticas públicas. &nbsp

Summary. — Market globalization has had only a weak impact on the regional shea nut supply chain in western Burkina Faso despite the boom in the shea trade and the arrival of leading foreign firms. We show that despite the fact that wholesalers have kept the shea chain locked in an oligarchic organization for the last 50 years, they still play an important role in the smooth functioning of the chain and in profit sharing down the chain to the rural poor. We suggest that development actors should consider shea traders and their role in the coordination of the chain more carefully. 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).

International audience

National audience; The fruit, vegetable and potato (FLP) sectors are characterised by a high structural diversity linked to the many species and varieties cultivated and to very varied production and marketing structures. The very strong competition imposed by the long distribution and import-export channels has gradually led, for reasons of economic rationality, to a specialisation of the production basins and part of the farms with standardisation of production means and products, but also the disappearance of many small farms. Overall, these changes have resulted in an erosion of surfaces and a decrease in the volumes produced for the majority of sectors with the exception of potatoes and certain nuts. Nevertheless, the dynamism of certain "product" sectors has led to a revival of competitiveness and/or a better Plénet D. et al. 80 Innovations Agronomiques 68 (2018), 79-105 development of the offer thanks to approaches relating to the development of high-tech systems, the reduction in the use of synthetic products, segmentation and commercial differentiation, and the creation of quality signs. In addition, the renewal of short and local circuits has recently made it possible to develop a very diversified network of farms in all regions. The emergence of high expectations for organic farming products and for healthy and sustainable agro-food systems offers new opportunities today. To benefit from them, the FLP sectors will have to develop coherent strategies to strengthen complementarities and synergies between different production, processing and marketing systems. These diversity enhancement strategies will contribute to increasing the economic and environmentalrobustness of the FLP sectors.; Les filières fruits, légumes et pomme de terre (FLP) se caractérisent par une diversité structurelle importante liée aux nombreuses espèces et variétés cultivées et à des structures de production et de commercialisation très variées. La très forte concurrence imposée par les circuits longs de la grande distribution et de l’import-export a progressivement entrainé pour des raisons de rationalité économique une spécialisation des bassins de production et d’une partie des exploitations avec une standardisation des moyens de production et des produits, mais aussi la disparition de nombreuses petites exploitations. Globalement, ces évolutions se sont traduites par une érosion des surfaces et une diminution des volumes produits pour la majorité des filières à l’exception de la pomme de terre et de certains fruits à coque. Néanmoins, le dynamisme de certaines filières « produit » a entrainé un regain de compétitivité et/ou une meilleure valorisation de l’offre grâce à des démarches portant sur le développement de systèmes à haute technicité, la réduction d’utilisation des produits de synthèse, la segmentation et la différenciation commerciale, et la création de signes de qualité. Par ailleurs, le renouveau des circuits courts et de proximité permet depuis peu de développer dans toutes les régions un tissu d’exploitations très diversifiées. L’émergence d’une forte attente pour les produits de l’agriculture biologique et pour des systèmes agro-alimentaires sains et durables offre aujourd’hui de nouvelles opportunités. Pour en bénéficier, les filières FLP devront élaborer des stratégies cohérentes afin de renforcer les complémentarités et les synergies entre différents systèmes de production, de transformation et de commercialisation. Ces stratégies de valorisation de la diversité contribueront à accroitre la robustesse économique et environnementale des filières FLP.

Synthesis note. ENPARD South initiative (European Commission)

While, from a theoretical point of view, Geographical Indications (GIs) can be considered as club goods or common-pool resources (CPR), we argue that a key success factor is stakeholders considering them as territorial common-pool resources, through the implied coordination between actors and the articulation with territorial dynamics. However, building upon case studies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, we show the difficulty of establishing an appropriate management mode, given the multiplicity of objectives assigned to GIs, the possible disinterest of actors if the value-creation attached to the GI is considered uncertain, and a contrario given the possible appropriation by a small group if this value-creation is proven.; Si, d’un point de vue théorique, les indications géographiques (IG) peuvent être considérées comme des biens de club ou des ressources communes, nous considérons que leur conception par les parties prenantes comme des ressources communes territoriales est un facteur clé de leur succès, via la coordination entre acteurs et l’articulation aux dynamiques territoriales que cela implique. À partir d’études de cas en Asie, Afrique et Amérique latine, nous montrons cependant la difficulté de l’instauration d’un mode de gestion approprié, du fait de la multiplicité des objectifs assignés aux IG, du possible désintérêt des acteurs si la valorisation de l’IG est jugée incertaine, et a contrario d’éventuelles appropriations par un groupe restreint si cette valorisation est avérée.

Synthesis note. ENPARD South initiative (European Commission)

Inclusive businesses (IBs), embodying partnerships between commercial agribusinesses and smallholder farmers/low-income communities, are considered to contribute towards rural development and agricultural sector transformation. Structured as complex organizational set-ups consisting of, and overcoming the limitations of, standard inclusive instruments (collective organization, mentorship, supply contract, lease/management contract and equity), they allow for the inclusion of smallholders and low-income communities into commercial agricultural value chains. IBs are a way for governments to engage private agribusinesses in agricultural and rural policies. However, will the commercial sector, through IB partnerships, contribute towards the government’s transformation and developmental objectives? Based on case studies in South Africa—a country engaged in land and agrarian reforms—the effects of IBs at the project level appear positive, illustrated by an increase in production and growth in agricultural assets. However, individual beneficiaries experience only a marginal change in income and livelihoods. Whereas land reform, project development and market integration are generally achieved, the transformation and beneficiary development objectives are compromised. Although commercial agribusinesses contribute to investment needs in the sector and smallholder exposure to commercial markets, IB partnerships allow commercial entities control over the smallholders’ assets. Ownership and secure rights, especially of land, and support of external parties to capacitate beneficiaries and adjust power asymmetries, are essential starting points. Without these aspects, IBs will not lead to effective transformation and development.