Search

Psychological stress exerts its effects mainly through the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), which activates inflammatory pathways in skin (inter alia), resulting in redness, extracellular matrix degradation, loss of skin elasticity and firmness, and the appearance of wrinkles—namely, accelerated skin aging. In order to propose a solution to this neurogenic aging phenomenon, we report here on studies using a myricitrin-rich extract of Cistus incanus, a Mediterranean shrub used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory and other diseases. These studies include a CRH receptor (CRH-R1) blocking assay; in vitro inflammatory cytokine reduction under CRH stimulation, and ex vivo NF-kB inhibition; and a double-blind clinical trial performed on highly stressed panelists, evaluating skin inflammation and wrinkling (active formulation vs. placebo control, applied split-face following a computer-generated randomization scheme; 36 subjects recruited and randomized, 30 analyzed; no adverse effects recorded; EMA/INFARMED registration #118505, internally funded). The results show that this extract can effectively block the CRH-R1 receptor, preventing NF-κB activation and the production of related pro-inflammatory cytokines. In a clinical setting, this same extract delivered significant anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. Taken together, these results demonstrate the value of this extract as a cosmetic active to counter neurogenic inflammation and skin aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the allelopathic effects of Cistus incanus (synonym C. villosus) L. and Cistus salviifolius L. on the germination and the root length of Ceratonia siliqua. Six aqueous extracts were prepared for both species by soaking fresh leaves in cold water, boiling leaves and leaving for 24 hours, and grinding dried leaves. The result suggests that the germination percentage was slightly affected by extract concentration regardless of the type of extraction since F-value and P-value at 0.05 confidence level were 2.93 and 0.043 respectively. However, root length showed a significant response to the type of extraction, extract concentration, and interaction between both factors as F-values reached 6.3, 12.4, and 2.4 respectively. LSD test showed the response of seeds germination was inverse with the increase of concentration. In addition, it showed that the extracts of dried leaves were higher in root inhibition than the extracts of fresh leaves. The interaction effect reached its highest values when comparing the dried leaves’ extract to the freshly soaked ones, even for the same concentrations. In conclusion, seeds of c. siliqua were able to easily start germination because the nutrition compounds needed were available in the endosperm, and the media supported them just by moisture for establishment. While for root length, the root tissue absorbed extra quantities of the inhibiting agents from media leading to failure or weakness in root development.

Psychological stress exerts its effects mainly through the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), which activates inflammatory pathways in skin (inter alia), resulting in redness, extracellular matrix degradation, loss of skin elasticity and firmness, and the appearance of wrinkles—namely, accelerated skin aging. In order to propose a solution to this neurogenic aging phenomenon, we report here on studies using a myricitrin-rich extract of Cistus incanus, a Mediterranean shrub used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory and other diseases. These studies include a CRH receptor (CRH-R1) blocking assay; in vitro inflammatory cytokine reduction under CRH stimulation, and ex vivo NF-kB inhibition; and a double-blind clinical trial performed on highly stressed panelists, evaluating skin inflammation and wrinkling (active formulation vs. placebo control, applied split-face following a computer-generated randomization scheme; 36 subjects recruited and randomized, 30 analyzed; no adverse effects recorded; EMA/INFARMED registration #118505, internally funded). The results show that this extract can effectively block the CRH-R1 receptor, preventing NF-κB activation and the production of related pro-inflammatory cytokines. In a clinical setting, this same extract delivered significant anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. Taken together, these results demonstrate the value of this extract as a cosmetic active to counter neurogenic inflammation and skin aging.

Copyright of Journal of Health & Environmental Research / Bromatologia & Chemia Toksykologiczna is the property of Polish Pharmaceutical Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The discovery of natural molecules with antimicrobial properties has become an urgent need for the global treatment of bacterium and virus infections. Cistus incanus , a Mediterranean shrub species, represents a valuable source of phytochemicals with an interesting wide-spectrum antimicrobial potential. In this study, we analysed the spectrum of molecules composing a commercial hydroalcoholic extract of C. incanus finding ellagitannins as the most abundant. The effect of the extract and its main constituents (gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalin) was assessed as co-treatment during viral (HSV-1, HCoV-229E, SARS-CoV-2) and bacterial infection ( Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli ) of cells and as pre-treatment before virus infections. The results indicated a remarkable antiviral activity of punicalin against SARS-CoV-2 by pre-treating both the viral and the host cells, and a major sensitivity of S. aureus to the C. incanus extract compared to E. coli . The present study highlights broad antimicrobial potential of C. incanus extract.

Modern nutritional trends and looking for functional food and dedicated products for various consumers are a source of inspiration for scientists to develop new pro-health supplemented foods with high quality. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the selected properties of common wheat pasta fortified with dried Cistus incanus in amount from 1 to 5% as a replacement of wheat flour. Pasta was made with a spaghetti shape and dried. Supplemented pasta was tested for total phenolics content, the total activity against DPPH, the ability to neutralize free radicals to ABTS and the antioxidant capacity reduction power, using various extraction procedures. Selected physicochemical properties of pasta were evaluated: cooking time, cooking weight, cooking loss, hardness and color profile of dry and cooked pasta in CIE-Lab scale, as well as the sensory properties of supplemented products. The addition of C. incanus to fortify wheat pasta increased total phenolics content and antioxidant activity with some significant differences according to the extraction procedure used. Methanolic extraction was more efficient than buffer extraction. Increased addition of dry Cistus herb caused higher cooking weight, cooking loss and increased hardness of cooked pasta. Studies have shown that C. incanus addition had a slight effect on color change with the largest decrease in brightness, especially for cooked products. Finally, it was found that advisable application of C. incanus addition to achieve nutritionally improved composition of pasta should not exceed 3% due to the proper sensory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin is constantly exposed to harmful environmental factors, causing photo-oxidative stress in cells and leading to the development of health and aesthetic problems. Multifunctional ingredients of everyday skincare products, possessing antioxidant, UV-protecting, anti-hyperpigmentation, and skin cancer-preventing properties are in high demand. Due to the high content of polyphenolic compounds Cistus × incanus L. and Cistus ladanifer L. are potentially interesting sources of cosmetic ingredients with multiple skin protecting functions. In this study eight extracts from dried C. incanus and C. ladanifer—aerial parts were prepared using 60% (v/v) or 100% (v/v) methanol, on a magnetic stirrer or in Soxhlet apparatus, and compared for their content of phytochemicals and properties important for the skin protection. Extracts from C. incanus prepared in 60% (v/v) methanol contained the highest amount of polyphenolic compounds (331.82−347.27 mg GAE/g DW) and showed the most significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.81−4.05 µg/mL). C. incanus extracts were also effective tyrosinase inhibitors (30−70% inhibition at 100 µg/mL). Statistical correlation analysis revealed that epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and myricitrin may be responsible for the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of C. incanus extracts. All analyzed extracts were cytotoxic for human melanoma cells A375 (IC50 = 57.80−199.01 µg/mL), with C. incanus extract prepared in 100% (v/v) methanol using Soxhlet extraction being the most effective. The extracts did not significantly impair the growth of noncancerous human keratinocytes HaCaT. C. incanus and C. ladanifer extracts possess also natural sun protecting activity (SPF 3.42−3.77 at 100 µg/mL), enhancing their anti-hyperpigmentation and anti-melanoma potential.

Highlights • Cistus incanus and white, green and black teas were analyzed by LC–MS/MS. • Flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamin B and organic acids were determined. • PCA revealed differences between tea and Cistus incanus. Abstract Cistus incanus is called a medicine herbal plant due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antiulcerogenic properties. Considering these unique properties, quantification of the bioactive compounds of its infusion by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is very important because of the rising consumption of this beverage. In this study the content of 28 phenolic compounds and theirs derivatives, alkaloids and vitamin B of water extract o f Cistus incanus tea was examined and the results were compared with the results from other types of popular in the market teas. The Cistus incanus infusions were tested for content of flavanols, flavonols, organic acids, vitamin B and alkaloids and were compared with Camellia sinensis, Hoan Ngoc herbal tea and Rooibos infusions. Camellia sinensis infusions generally contained more catechins (1.56–82.65 mg/g) than Cistus incanus (1.02–2.73 mg/g) but there was no catechin-3-gallate in any Camellia sinensis infusions. Caffeine, theobromine and theophylline were found practically only in Camellia sinensis (6.22–14.19 mg/g) and Vietnamese herbal tea (2.97 mg/g) while trigonelline was found at higher concentrations in both Cistus incanus (6.29–14.34 μg/g) and Rooibos infusions (10.54–14.29 μg/g) than in Camellia sinensis infusions (0.30–2.88 μg/g). Principal component analysis revealed both similarities and differences among the infusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study is to survey the extraction conditions and explore the antioxidant potential of the wild herb Cistus incanus, which is non-traditional in Bulgarian ethnomedicine and widespread in the Strandja Mountain. The influence of the extraction time (0-500 min) and solvent composition (0-50% ethanol in water) on the polyphenols, flavonoid yields and on the antioxidant capacity of the extracts of leaves, stalks (wood parts) and bud mixture were studied. The antioxidant capacity (AOC) was evaluated by use of scavenging assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were quantified using UV-vis (ultraviolet-visible) spectrophotometry. The optimal yield of the desired components was obtained with 30% ethanol in water solvent at the 390th min of extraction time. In addition, the influence of seasonality (winter and summer Cistus incanus), and of the different aerial parts-hard-coated seeds, buds, and a mixture of leaves and stalks of the wild plant-on the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, and AOC were investigated. The present work revealed that the high values of polyphenols, flavonoids and the high AOC occurred not only in the summer leaves, but were also found in the winter leaves, hard-coated seeds, buds, and stalks. Based on the obtained results, the Cistus incanus from Strandja Mountain could be an excellent new source of natural antioxidants in food and for the pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediterranean plants biosynthesize high amounts of polyphenols, which are important health-promoting compounds. Leaf polyphenolic composition changes according to environmental conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to know the temporal variation in their production. This study aimed to: i) evaluate the monthly and daily changes in polyphenols of Phyllirea latifolia, Cistus incanus, and Pistacia lentiscus to identify their best harvesting moment, ii) verify the possible correlations between phenolic production and temperature and irradiation, iii) evaluate their antioxidant capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH)scavenging assays. The extracts of leaves harvested at 8:00, 13:00 and 18:00, in May, July, and October for two years were analysed by HPLC-DAD. Both “month” and “time of the day” affected the polyphenolic content in all species. July at 13:00 was the best harvesting moment for all polyphenolic classes of P. latifolia and only for some classes of C. incanus and P. lentiscus. Environmental parameters positively correlated with the polyphenols of C. incanus and P. latifolia, while the antioxidant capacity only varied in this last species, reaching the highest value in July. Results of the study allow to determine the balsamic time for each species. Moreover, the relationship between polyphenols and environmental data can be useful for the cultivation of these plants under controlled conditions.

Cistus incanus L. (CI) has been proposed as an innovative functional supplement of food products, and hence the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of dried CI on the properties of bread. Bread was prepared from white wheat flour supplemented with the addition of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% of ground CI. After the completion of baking process, various characteristics of the obtained bread product, such as yield, volume, porosity, acidity, color, and texture, were evaluated. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, chelating power (CHEL), and ability to quench OH∙ radicals were measured. The results showed that the addition of CI to bread caused a reduction in the volume of bread, but texture of the crumbs was acceptable. Acidity and moisture content of bread were found to be increased following CI enrichment. Significant changes in the ash content and the color of bread crumbs were also observed. Bread incorporated with CI was characterized by significantly higher TPC and much higher antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS, CHEL, and OH∙ radicals, compared to control bread. Supplementation of bread with 3% CI produced a product with desirable characteristics which was also favored by consumers.

Present study investigates the effect of storage (at room temperature and at a frozen state) of Cistus incanus leaves and its hard-coated seeds on the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant capacity in view of the extraction carried out in 50 % ethanol-in water solution. A correlation between the polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity of the leaves stored at room temperature is elucidated. The frozen stored material generates better extraction efficiency and keeps a very high antioxidant activity. This investigation demonstrates that Cistus incanus from Strandja Mountain, Bulgaria is an important source of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. The latter is present in leaves stored for a couple of years. The results from this study contribute to better understanding the extraction process of this non-traditional Bulgarian herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new proanthocyanidin trimers have been isolated from Cistus incanus herb; gallocatechin-(4α→6)-gallocatechin-(4α→8)-gallocatechin (compound 1) and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate-(4ß→8)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate-(4ß→8)-gallocatechin (compound 2). The structures were determined on the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC) of their peracetylated derivatives, MALDI-TOF-MS and by acid-catalysed degradation with phloroglucinol. A more abundant proanthocyanidin oligomer was also isolated, purified and its chemical constitution studied by 13C-NMR and phloroglucinol degradation. The mean molecular weight of the polymer was estimated to be about 7 to 8 flavan-3-ol-units with a ratio of procyanidin : prodelphinidin units at 1:5, some of which are derivatised by gallic acid. Water extract and higher oligomeric proanthocyanidin fractions of C. incanus significantly inhibited TPA-induced oedema when applied topically at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/ear in mice. Furthermore, the extracts and the pure compounds inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 activities. In addition, compound 2 exhibited an IC50 of 4.5 μM against COX-2 indicating its high selectivity towards COX-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study is to survey the extraction conditions and explore the antioxidant potential of the wild herb Cistus incanus, which is non-traditional in Bulgarian ethnomedicine and widespread in the Strandja Mountain. The influence of the extraction time (0–500 min) and solvent composition (0–50% ethanol in water) on the polyphenols, flavonoid yields and on the antioxidant capacity of the extracts of leaves, stalks (wood parts) and bud mixture were studied. The antioxidant capacity (AOC) was evaluated by use of scavenging assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were quantified using UV–vis (ultraviolet-visible) spectrophotometry. The optimal yield of the desired components was obtained with 30% ethanol in water solvent at the 390th min of extraction time. In addition, the influence of seasonality (winter and summer Cistus incanus), and of the different aerial parts—hard-coated seeds, buds, and a mixture of leaves and stalks of the wild plant—on the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, and AOC were investigated. The present work revealed that the high values of polyphenols, flavonoids and the high AOC occurred not only in the summer leaves, but were also found in the winter leaves, hard-coated seeds, buds, and stalks. Based on the obtained results, the Cistus incanus from Strandja Mountain could be an excellent new source of natural antioxidants in food and for the pharmaceutical industries.

The dorsiventral, amphistomatic, hairy, summer and winter leaves ofCistuscreticushad a secretory apparatus in which the secreted resinous material was not preserved in a cutinous wrap, as common during excretion in xerophytes, but was directly spread all over the protective trichomes and the leaf surface. Summer and winter leaves differed in trichome function and density, mesophyll structure, and compactness and secondary metabolite accumulation, mainly phenolics, secreted in excess in the mesophyll cells of the summer leaves. In vitro cell cultures may be used for the production of novel compounds from low-cost precursors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Leaf anatomy, photosynthetic performance, and the role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in maintaining genomic stability in winter and summer leaves of Cistus incanus L. were investigated to evaluate the strategies allowing this species to grow in a Mediterranean climate. Measurements on summer leaves (SL) were conducted at midday and on the following morning to assess the reversibility of changes induced by high temperatures and irradiances reached at midday. Winter leaves (WL) were thicker with a lower leaf density and higher intercellular spaces compared with SL, which showed reduced net photosynthesis ( Pn) and a decrease in Rubisco activity. Compared with WL, SL showed a higher thermal dissipation (ΦNPQ) in compensating for the reduced Pn. This allowed minimization of ROS production (low ΦNO) and hence prevented photo-oxidative damage. In SL, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity was down-regulated, probably allowing leaves to become tolerant to high temperatures and irradiances. SL are also characterised by chloroplasts occupying larger cell volume and well exposed to intercellular spaces. This may well favour better liquid-phase CO2 diffusion towards carboxylation sites, contributing to reducing the negative influence of high leaf density and the low percentage of intercellular spaces on photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Currently numerous manufacturers offer herbal infusions or dietary supplements based on the plant Cistus incanus. These products are especially promoted as offering a high content of phenolic substances together with an associated strong antioxidant activity. For the customers it is of interest, if the advertised phenolic contents are valid, plant material is authentic and if the suggested effects can be obtained through ingestion. As it is known from the literature, phenolic compounds can undergo severe changes resulting from cooking. Therefore, it is important to consider processing parameters such as brewing water, brewing temperature, and brewing duration for the preparation of C. incanus herbal infusions. The aims of this study were to analyze the phenolic compounds of C. incanus herbal infusions, to estimate the antioxidant capacity of the individual phenolic substances, as well as to investigate the influence of the brewing process on the phenolic compound profile. By the use of LC–DAD/ESI–MS/MS thirty-two phenolic compounds (e.g. phenolic acids, flavan-3-ol monomers and -dimers as well as flavonol glycosides) were identified. Additionally, specific antioxidant capacities were attributed to corresponding substances by using the LC–onlineTEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) methodology. Moreover, the selection of brewing water, boiling time as well as boiling temperature had a significant influence on the content of the phenolic compounds in C. incanus infusions. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded, that an incorrect choice of brewing process parameters could result in a decreased amount of phenolic substances in the final C. incanus beverages accompanied with a reduced antioxidant activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two subspecies of Cistus incanus L. occurring in the southern Balkans were studied: C. incanus L. ssp. incanus and C. incanus ssp. creticus (L.) Heywood. After studying the morphological differences, the communities dominated by these two subspecies were sampled according to the central European method. The localities of the releves show the distribution pattern of the two subspecies. The typical subspecies can be found in the area of distribution of thermophilous deciduous forests of Carpinion orientalis, whereas the subspecies creticus grows in the area of the evergreen broad-leaved forests of Quercetea ilicis. The communities were classified as Diantho-Cistetum incani Micevski et Matevski ex Carni, Matevski et Silc ass. nova hoc loco and Calicotomo villosae-Cistetum cretici Oberdorfer 1954. Analyses of traits (life span, life form, proportion of certain families, bioindicator values and chorotypes) reveal that the harshest site conditions prevail within Diantho-Cistetum incani, which appears as an initial stage of the vegetation succession. Calicotome-Cistetum cretici is a subsequent stage of succession, since the extreme degradation of vegetation on these sites results in ephemeral communities dominated by Poa bulbosa assigned to Romulion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study we aimed to investigate the clinical effect of a Cistus extract (CYSTUS052) in 160 patients with infections of the upper respiratory tract. The extract contains a high percentage of highly polymeric polyphenols. In cell culture and in a mouse model it exerts antiviral and antimicrobial activities. Principal active constituents of the genus Cistus are polyphenolic compounds. Plant-derived polyphenols have been shown to be strong antioxidants with potential health benefits. Various reports have appeared on the antiviral and antibacterial potential, including several reports describing the antiviral activity of polyphenols against influenza virus. Clinical studies on the effectiveness of Cistus incanus are scarce. Only one controlled application observation study demonstrated the effectiveness of a Cistus extract. The present randomised, placebo-controlled clinical study was designed to compare the symptom scores in patients with common cold treated either with CYSTUS052 or with placebo. A score of subjective symptoms decreased significantly over the course of treatment with Cistus, whereas treatment with placebo resulted in a less distinct decrease of symptoms. Among the inflammatory markers investigated, the C-reactive protein was mostly affected by Cistus and decreased significantly in the treatment group. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Motivated by the increasing interest in the black Périgord truffle (Tuber melanosporum), we have been seeking to develop a controlled cultivation method for this celebrated fungus. Our strategy is based on establishing optimal conditions for mycorrhizal development in detached media by mimicking natural productive truffle beds. Cistus incanus, a Mediterranean shrub, was used as host. The components of the growth medium—polystyrene foam flakes, Perlite, peat, and dolomite powder—provided the coarse and fine porosity required for adequate drainage, appropriate balance between aeration and moisture, the desired pH (7.5-8.2), and support of mycorrhizal development. Optimum rhizosphere temperatures for inoculation and continued mycorrhizal development were 20-25 °C. Inoculation with mycorrhized root fragments proceeded more rapidly than traditional inoculation with a carpophore suspension, particularly at suboptimal growth medium temperatures. A keystone of our system is to determine the optimum root volume required for well-established plants, while using root restriction as an efficient means to maintain an advanced mycorrhizal development. The soilless culture of C. incanus and T. melanosporum can be useful for studying the course of carpophore induction and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cellulose and lignin degradation dynamics was monitored during the leaf litter decomposition of three typical species of the Mediterranean area, Cistus incanus L., Myrtus communis L. and Quercus ilex L., using the litter bag method. Total N and its distribution among lignin, cellulose and acid–detergent–soluble fractions were measured and related to the overall decay process. The litter organic substance of Cistus and Myrtus decomposed more rapidly than that of Quercus. The decay constants were 0.47 year−1, 0.75 year−1 and 0.30 year−1 for Cistus, Myrtus and Quercus, respectively. Lignin and cellulose contents were different as were their relative amounts (34 and 18%, 15 and 37%, 37 and 39% of the overall litter organic matter before exposure, for Cistus, Myrtus and Quercus, respectively). Lignin began to decrease after 6 and 8 months of exposure in Cistus and Myrtus, respectively, while it did not change significantly during the entire study period in Quercus. The holocellulose, in contrast, began to decompose in Cistus after 1 year, while in Quercus and Myrtus immediately. Nitrogen was strongly immobilized in all the litters in the early period of decay. Its release began after the first year in Cistus and Myrtus and after 2 years of decomposition in Quercus. These litters still contained about 60, 20 and 90% of the initial nitrogen at the end of the experiment (3 years). Prior to litter exposure nitrogen associated with the lignin fraction was 65, 54 and 37% in Cistus, Myrtus and Quercus, while that associated with the cellulose fraction was 30, 24 and 28%. Although most of the nitrogen was not lost from litters, its distribution among the litter components changed significantly during decomposition. In Cistus and Myrtus the nitrogen associated with lignin began to decrease just 4 months after exposure. In Quercus this process was slowed and after 3 years of decomposition 8% of the nitrogen remained associated with lignin or lignin-like substances. The nitrogen associated with cellulose or cellulose-like substances, in contrast, began to decrease from the beginning of cellulose decomposition in all three species. At the end of the study period most of the nitrogen was not associated to the lignocellulose fraction but to the acid–detergent–soluble substance (87, 88 and 84% of the remaining litter nitrogen). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The lyophilized aqueous extracts from Cistus incanus L. (CI) and Cistus monspeliensis L. (CM) collected in Sicily were studied in order to evaluate their myorelaxant activity by using isolated smooth muscle of rat ileum and rat aorta. Both CI and CM extracts concentration-dependently inhibited the contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh), phenylephrine (PE) and to 100 mM KCl. The concentration–contraction curves to ACh in ileum and to PE in aorta, were displaced to the right by Cistus extracts in a non-competitive manner, with a depression of the maximum contractile response. The EC50 (μg/ml) of CM and CI were: ileum/KCl, CM 457±99, CI 681±80; ileum/ACh 100 μM, CM 297±66, CI 335±41; aorta/KCl, CM 360±21, CI 843±36; and aorta/PE 10 μM, CM 287±33, CI 451±58. The two extracts resulted almost equi-active in ileum, whereas CM was more active than CI in aorta. These data indicate that Cistus extracts act as spasmolytic on intestinal and vascular smooth muscle. The antagonism they exert on ACh-, PE- and KCl-evoked contractions seems to be functional, because it is not specifically directed toward any particular receptor; furthermore, a calcium-antagonist activity seems unlikely, since the extracts are capable of completely block the contractile response to agonists. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Leaf gas exchange and plant water relations of three co-occurring evergreen Mediterranean shrubs species, Quercus ilex L. and Phillyrea latifolia L. (typical evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs) and Cistus incanus L. (a drought semi-deciduous shrub), were investigated in order to evaluate possible differences in their adaptive strategies, in particular with respect to drought stress. C. incanus showed the highest annual rate of net photosynthetic rate ( PN) and stomatal conductance ( gs) decreasing by 67 and 69 %, respectively, in summer. P. latifolia and Q. ilex showed lower annual maximum PN and gs, although PN was less lowered in summer (40 and 37 %, respectively). P. latifolia reached the lowest midday leaf water potential (Ψ1) during the drought period (−3.54±0.36 MPa), 11 % lower than in C. incanus and 19 % lower than in Q. ilex. Leaf relative water content (RWC) showed the same trend as Ψ1. C. incanus showed the lowest RWC values during the drought period (60 %) while they were never below 76 % in P. latifolia and Q. ilex; moreover C. incanus showed the lowest recovery of Ψ1 at sunset. Hence the studied species are well adapted to the prevailing environment in Mediterranean climate areas, but they show different adaptive strategies that may be useful for their co-occurrence in the same habitat. However, Q. ilex and P. latifolia by their water use strategy seem to be less sensitive to drought stress than C. incanus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-boiled aqueous extract from leaves of Cistus incanus L. ssp. incanus (CIT) dose-dependently inhibit the enzymatic activities of both alanyl aminopeptidase (APN, CD13, EC 3.4.11.2) and dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DP IV, CD26, EC 3.4.14.5). This inhibition is not reversible and very likely results from a covalent binding of reactive compounds to the enzymes. Furthermore, we show that aqueous CIT extracts decrease the DNA-synthesis of human T cells and mononuclear cells and inhibit the proliferation rate of the human T cell line KARPAS-299 in a dose-dependent manner. Data are presented suggesting that the antiproliferative effects of CIT extracts are due to their strong cytotoxic activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study evaluates the effects of polyphenolic extract of Cistus incanus, lycopene dye from tomatoes, and betanin dye from red beet on selected parameters of model meat products with reduced nitrate contents. The polyphenolic composition and activity of the C. incanus extract was analyzed, revealing the presence of elagotannins, flavanols, and glycosylated flavanols. We studied the effects of the extract and dyes as well as of mixtures of the extract and dyes on the growth of bacteria characteristic of the meat environment: E. coli, S. enterica, P. fragi, L. monocytogenes, B. thermosphacta, and L. sakei. We studied the effects of the extract and dyes on the lipid oxidation, color, and microbiological quality of pork sausages with reduced nitrate content over 28 days of storage. During storage, the amounts of malon dialdehyde reduced, which indicates that the extract and dyes exhibited antioxidant activity and slowed lipid oxidation in the sausages. An increase in red color was also observed in the sausages with natural additives, despite their decreased nitrate content. It was found that the C. incanus extract combined with coloring agents positively influenced the selected parameters of the analyzed pork sausages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The new hydrolyzable ellagitannin cistusin as well as terflavin A and punicalagin were isolated and characterized. • The structure of cistusin was elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D-NMR evidence. • Cistusin possesses relatively rare gallagyl and valoneoyl acyl groups in the molecule. • Cistus × incanus L. leaves beside flavonoids are rich in ellagitannins. The leaves of Cistus × incanus L. (pink rock-rose) are used as plant material rich in antioxidants by the pharmaceutical and food industry. The main components which occur in pink rock-rose are polyphenols, especially flavonoids (glycosides of flavonols) and tannins (proanthocyanidins and ellagitannins). Derivatives of flavonols and flavan-3-ols as bioactive compounds of this species were identified previously. However, the full composition of ellagitannins has not been characterized yet. In this context, the study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of pink rock-rose ellagitannins and to identify and elucidate structures of major compounds from this group. In conclusion, the new ellagitannin cistusin together with well-known terflavin A and punicalagin from C. incanus leaves were isolated. Their structures, including the gallagyl, flavogallonyl, valoneoyl, and hexahydroxydiphenoyl acyl groups, were revealed by spectroscopic evidence (HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D-NMR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin is constantly exposed to harmful environmental factors, causing photo-oxidative stress in cells and leading to the development of health and aesthetic problems. Multifunctional ingredients of everyday skincare products, possessing antioxidant, UV-protecting, anti-hyperpigmentation, and skin cancer-preventing properties are in high demand. Due to the high content of polyphenolic compounds Cistus × incanus L. and Cistus ladanifer L. are potentially interesting sources of cosmetic ingredients with multiple skin protecting functions. In this study eight extracts from dried C. incanus and C. ladanifer—aerial parts were prepared using 60% (v/v) or 100% (v/v) methanol, on a magnetic stirrer or in Soxhlet apparatus, and compared for their content of phytochemicals and properties important for the skin protection. Extracts from C. incanus prepared in 60% (v/v) methanol contained the highest amount of polyphenolic compounds (331.82–347.27 mg GAE/g DW) and showed the most significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.81–4.05 µg/mL). C. incanus extracts were also effective tyrosinase inhibitors (30–70% inhibition at 100 µg/mL). Statistical correlation analysis revealed that epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and myricitrin may be responsible for the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of C. incanus extracts. All analyzed extracts were cytotoxic for human melanoma cells A375 (IC50 = 57.80–199.01 µg/mL), with C. incanus extract prepared in 100% (v/v) methanol using Soxhlet extraction being the most effective. The extracts did not significantly impair the growth of noncancerous human keratinocytes HaCaT. C. incanus and C. ladanifer extracts possess also natural sun protecting activity (SPF 3.42–3.77 at 100 µg/mL), enhancing their anti-hyperpigmentation and anti-melanoma potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxidative stress and dyslipidemia play a critical role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Regular intake of polyphenol-rich diets is associated with a reduced risk of CVDs., Methods: The present study was a pilot study with 24 healthy volunteers and was designed to determine if a 12-week administration of Cistus incanus herbal tea, containing phenolic acids and flavonoids, reduces cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in healthy adults. Phenolic compounds profile and antibacterial activity of Cistus incanus infusion were also measured., Results: Herbal infusion led to improvement in lipid profile by increase (D4%, p = 0.033) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and decrease triglyceride (D14%, p = 0.013) concentrations. In addition, the Cistus incanus diet was associated with decreased serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (D16%, p < 0.01) and advanced oxidation protein products (D18%, p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Cistus incanus administration decreases cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia and this action supports the idea of using Cistus incanus tea on a daily basis as an effective dietary component for prevention of atherosclerotic CVD.

Mediterranean plants biosynthesize high amounts of polyphenols, which are important health-promoting compounds. Leaf polyphenolic composition changes according to environmental conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to know the temporal variation in their production. This study aimed to: i) evaluate the monthly and daily changes in polyphenols of Phyllirea latifolia, Cistus incanus, and Pistacia lentiscus to identify their best harvesting moment, ii) verify the possible correlations between phenolic production and temperature and irradiation, iii) evaluate their antioxidant capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH)scavenging assays. The extracts of leaves harvested at 8:00, 13:00 and 18:00, in May, July, and October for two years were analysed by HPLC-DAD. Both "month" and "time of the day" affected the polyphenolic content in all species. July at 13:00 was the best harvesting moment for all polyphenolic classes of P. latifolia and only for some classes of C. incanus and P. lentiscus. Environmental parameters positively correlated with the polyphenols of C. incanus and P. latifolia, while the antioxidant capacity only varied in this last species, reaching the highest value in July. Results of the study allow to determine the balsamic time for each species. Moreover, the relationship between polyphenols and environmental data can be useful for the cultivation of these plants under controlled conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cistus incanus L. (CI) has been proposed as an innovative functional supplement of food products, and hence the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of dried CI on the properties of bread. Bread was prepared from white wheat flour supplemented with the addition of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% of ground CI. After the completion of baking process, various characteristics of the obtained bread product, such as yield, volume, porosity, acidity, color, and texture, were evaluated. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, chelating power (CHEL), and ability to quench OH∙ radicals were measured. The results showed that the addition of CI to bread caused a reduction in the volume of bread, but texture of the crumbs was acceptable. Acidity and moisture content of bread were found to be increased following CI enrichment. Significant changes in the ash content and the color of bread crumbs were also observed. Bread incorporated with CI was characterized by significantly higher TPC and much higher antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS, CHEL, and OH∙ radicals, compared to control bread. Supplementation of bread with 3% CI produced a product with desirable characteristics which was also favored by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]