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The article is devoted to the study of essential terms in the content of contracts in the field of road construction with due regard to the existing scientific approaches, provisions of current legislation and case law. The author analyzes the essence of the essential terms of contracts of this type and provides a list of such terms. The author establishes that the list of essential terms of road construction contracts is exhaustive and may be supplemented by legislation, parties and courts. In addition, the author recognizes the possibility of listing the list of essential terms and conditions within the relevant offer by a party to the contract as a priority. The study of the subject matter of a contract in the field of road construction in terms of the dichotomous “subject matter-contract” pair has created the prerequisites for supporting the position that the subject matter of a contract is understood as the result of construction works (engineering, geological, topographic, geodetic, hydrological, research and development, construction and installation works), i.e., a road as a complex object. It is indicated that the price of contracts of this type is reflected in the design and estimate documentation and should be classified by the method of determination and peculiarities of adjustment. The term of construction works may be differentiated depending on the components of the work according to the design and estimate documentation. It is noted that if the term is included in the list of essential conditions, the provision on reasonable terms cannot be applied. The author classifies terms and makes proposals for bringing the provisions of legal acts in this part into line with the terminology and requirements of the Civil Code of Ukraine. The author supports the idea of including provisions on the parties’ liability for improper performance or non-performance of obligations among the essential terms of a contract in the field of road construction. Attention is drawn to the specifics of essential terms in the content of contractor agreements and related investment agreements in the field of road construction. Given the importance and specifics of implementation of this type of contracts, the author suggests that it is possible to determine the list of essential terms in a standard contract with due regard for the nature of special contractual structures in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurisprudence Faculty Journal / Magallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-fiqh is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Computer und Recht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Angle Health Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sharia & Law is the property of United Arab Emirates University, College of Law, Sharia & Law Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We propose, through the present study, to present, in an essentialized form, the particularities of the regime of disciplinary liability of civil servants. The approach is centred on the following main ideas: substantiating the relationship between liability and responsibility; the headquarters of the matter; the purpose of the regulation; defining elements; novelties brought by the Administrative Code; deviations in administrative practice; possible solutions for the future. In a first section I addressed the relationship between responsibility and liability, embracing the idea that these two concepts are not synonymous, in the sense that responsibility is the one that precedes liability and removes it, when it is maintained, the subject of law transferring to its own value system the prescriptions established by the state. From this perspective, we express ourselves in the sense that public officials and, in general, all holders of public positions and dignities, must receive responsibility. The core of the research is the defining elements of the disciplinary liability of civil servants from the perspective of the Administrative Code, which largely preserves the principles established by the old regulation, but also comes with innovations to strengthen its role. At the basis of their creation was the need to prevent the excesses that can be manifested and, in this way, to represent a protection tool for the stability in office and, ultimately, the career of civil servants. One of these innovations is the establishment, by the legislator, of the disciplinary sanctions that can be applied to civil servants for each type of disciplinary offence committed. We also highlighted some shortcomings of the regulation and came up with concrete proposals to amend it in the future, considering that the approval by law of the Government Emergency Ordinance No 57/2019. It is mainly about regulatory parallels or deficiencies in the way some concepts are defined. In the latter sense, the regulation on disciplinary liability from Part VI of the Code must be reconciled with that from Part VII on administrative liability, but also with the provisions of Article 5 ii) from the first part of the Code, which defines administrative liability. Last but not least, we also noticed some deviations that happen in practice in the way the disciplinary commission's function, expressing ourselves, in a metaphorical but realistic way, that through a discretionary interpretation and application of the norms, the collegial structures existing in the European civil service system are transformed from disciplinary commissions into civil servant disciplinary commissions. In this way, a distortion of their role and the purpose of the activity they perform is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Russia, since the early 2000s, a largescale work has been carried out to digitize all areas of state activity, which started with the adoption of the Federal Target Program «Electronic Russia» in 2002 and was in effect from 2002 to 2010. In fact, we can talk about the beginning of the process of global digitalization of every person and his life. Currently, these processes are taking place within the framework of the implementation of the National Program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» in the following areas: – Normative regulation of the digital environment; – Digital economy personnel; – Information infr astructure; – Information securit y; – Digital technologies; – Digital public administr ation; – Artificial intelligence; – Development of human resources in the IT industry; – Providing Internet access through the development of sat ellite communications. Of particular scientific interest are the issues of artificial intelligence technologies application, as the most, in our opinion, perspective and promising direction that can fundamentally change (improve) the quality of people’s lives. However, the introduction of any new technologies carries certain risks of negative consequences, and, accordingly, there are issues of liability for harm caused by the use of these technologies. Purpose: to analyze the issues of civil liability for harm caused by the use of artificial intelligence. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; specific scientific methods: legal-dogmatic and interpretation of legal norms. Results: the study identifies problematic aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in terms of legal regulation of harm caused when using this technology. The author presents a number of proposals for discussion by the scientific community, the implementation of which will minimize the risks of harm when using artificial intelligence or reduce the consequences of such harm.

∴ Introduction ∴ The principle of benevolence, or Ehsan, is a foundational concept in Islamic jurisprudence, which emphasizes altruism, sacrifice, and service to others. Given the social nature of human beings, there is a continuous need for individuals to integrate into the community and engage in mutual assistance. However, this integration often leads to conflicts of interest and potential rights violations due to inherent traits like greed and the pursuit of power. To mitigate such conflicts, laws and principles, including civil liability, are essential in ensuring justice and protecting individuals' rights. Civil liability, or non-consensual liability, holds individuals accountable for any harm they cause to others, requiring them to compensate for the loss. Contrary to the strict application of civil liability, Islamic jurisprudence introduces the principle of benevolence. This principle acknowledges that individuals driven by altruism may inadvertently cause harm while attempting to benefit others. In such scenarios, the primary ruling of non-consensual liability is overlooked, and the principle of benevolence exempts the well-intentioned individual from liability. The increasing complexity of modern societal needs underscores the importance of benevolence and mutual assistance. Promoting a culture of benevolence is vital for educational systems and institutions, and Islamic law has long advocated for this through significant principles like Ehsan. This study aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the principle of benevolence from an educational perspective within Islamic jurisprudence. It seeks to identify the educational criteria and standards that define the value of benevolent acts and document their educational reflections in human relationships as perceived by both Western and Islamic scholars. The study also explores the educational applications and implications of Ehsan, highlighting the roles of educational institutions and media in fostering a culture of benevolence. ∴ Research Question ∴ The central research question guiding this study is: How can the principle of benevolence (Ehsan) be effectively integrated into educational systems to promote a culture of altruism and mutual assistance in contemporary society? To address this overarching question, the study will explore several subsidiary questions, including: What are the jurisprudential foundations of the principle of benevolence in Islamic law? How do educational theories and practices in Islamic jurisprudence define and value acts of benevolence? What are the similarities and differences in the conceptualization of benevolence between Islamic and Western educational perspectives? How can educational institutions, media, and cyberspace contribute to promoting benevolence among different societal segments? ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ The hypothesis underpinning this research posits that integrating the principle of benevolence into educational systems can significantly enhance social cohesion and mutual assistance. Specifically, the hypothesis can be broken down as follows: The principle of benevolence, rooted in Islamic jurisprudence, offers a robust framework for fostering altruistic behavior and social responsibility. Educational institutions that incorporate the principles of Ehsan into their curricula and culture can effectively instill values of altruism, service, and community engagement in students. Media and cyberspace, when utilized strategically, can amplify the promotion of benevolence and reach a broader audience, thereby reinforcing these values across different societal segments. ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ The study employs a multi-disciplinary approach, combining jurisprudential analysis with educational theory and practical applications. The methodology involves several key components: Jurisprudential Analysis: A detailed examination of Islamic legal texts and scholarly interpretations to elucidate the principle of benevolence. Comparative analysis with Western legal and educational theories to highlight convergences and divergences. Educational Theory: Exploration of educational theories and principles that align with the concept of benevolence. Identification of criteria and standards used to evaluate the educational value of benevolent acts. Examination of media campaigns and cyberspace initiatives that have promoted altruism and mutual assistance. Interviews and Surveys: Conducting interviews with scholars, educators, and students to gather insights into the practical applications of Ehsan in education. Surveys to assess the impact of benevolence-focused educational programs and media campaigns on students and the general public. Documentary Analysis: Review of educational curricula, media content, and cyberspace materials to evaluate how benevolence is portrayed and promoted. The framework for this study is built upon the integration of these methodologies, providing a comprehensive understanding of the principle of benevolence from both jurisprudential and educational perspectives. This approach allows for a thorough investigation of how Ehsan can be operationalized in contemporary educational systems to foster a culture of altruism and mutual assistance. In summary, the study aims to bridge the gap between jurisprudential principles and educational practices, offering insights into how the principle of benevolence can be effectively integrated into modern educational frameworks. By doing so, it seeks to contribute to the development of a more cohesive and supportive society where mutual assistance and altruism are highly valued and actively promoted. ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ The investigation into the principle of benevolence (Ehsan) from an educational perspective reveals several key findings that underscore its significance and practical applications in contemporary society. These findings demonstrate the profound impact of integrating benevolence into educational frameworks and the broader implications for fostering a culture of altruism and mutual assistance. Key Findings: Intrinsic Value of Benevolence: The study confirms that benevolence holds intrinsic value, deeply rooted in both Islamic jurisprudence and universal ethical principles. This intrinsic value is reflected in the positive moral and spiritual outcomes of benevolent actions, which are emphasized in numerous Quranic verses and Hadiths. The principle of benevolence promotes ethical conduct and moral integrity, which are essential components of a holistic educational system. Altruism and Educational Outcomes: Altruism, as a core component of benevolence, significantly enhances educational outcomes. The presence of altruistic values in educational settings fosters a sense of community, empathy, and social responsibility among students. This is crucial for developing well-rounded individuals who are not only academically proficient but also socially conscious and morally responsible. Worldly and Hereafter Benefits: The dual aspects of benevolence—worldly benefits and advantageous effects in the hereafter—provide a comprehensive framework for understanding its importance. In the worldly context, benevolent actions contribute to social cohesion, mutual support, and overall well-being. The promise of rewards in the hereafter further incentivizes individuals to engage in acts of kindness and service, reinforcing the principle's significance from a spiritual perspective. Addressing Material and Spiritual Needs: Benevolence encompasses addressing both material and spiritual needs. This dual focus ensures that individuals receive holistic support, which is vital for their overall development. Educational programs that incorporate benevolence can address various dimensions of student needs, promoting a balanced and comprehensive approach to education. Negative and Irrational Individualism: The research highlights a concerning trend of negative and irrational individualism among students in educational centers. This individualism, driven by self-interest and personal gain, is contrary to the principles of benevolence and altruism. Addressing this issue requires a concerted effort to cultivate a culture of generosity, cooperation, and mutual support within educational institutions. Role of Media and Cyberspace: The study underscores the pivotal role of media and cyberspace in promoting benevolence. These platforms provide opportunities for the public to engage with and support benevolent initiatives. Educational campaigns leveraging media and cyberspace can reach a wider audience, effectively disseminating the values of altruism and service. Discussion: The principle of benevolence, when integrated into educational systems, offers a transformative approach to developing socially responsible and morally upright individuals. This integration requires a multifaceted strategy that includes curriculum design, educational activities, and the use of media and cyberspace. Curriculum Design: Incorporating benevolence into the curriculum involves designing educational programs that emphasize ethical values, social responsibility, and community service. Courses and activities that promote altruism, empathy, and mutual support can foster a positive educational environment conducive to holistic development. Educational Activities: Engaging students in charitable activities and community service projects is crucial for practical learning. These activities provide hands-on experience in applying benevolent principles, allowing students to witness the tangible impact of their actions on the community. Educational institutions should create opportunities for students to participate in such initiatives, reinforcing the importance of altruism and service. Media and Cyberspace: Leveraging media and cyberspace to promote benevolence can significantly enhance outreach and engagement. Educational campaigns and social media initiatives that highlight stories of benevolence and service can inspire others to follow suit. These platforms can also facilitate discussions and raise awareness about the importance of altruism, creating a supportive community that values and practices benevolence.‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌Promoting a culture of benevolence and service is not only an educational necessity but also a moral imperative. Islamic law, with its emphasis on the principle of benevolence, provides a robust framework for fostering altruism and mutual assistance. This principle, deeply rooted in ethical and spiritual values, offers significant educational benefits, contributing to the development of well-rounded, socially responsible individuals. Benevolence encompasses both the prevention of harm and the provision of benefit, reflecting a comprehensive approach to human relationships. The educational criteria for valuing benevolence—intrinsic value, altruism, worldly benefits, and hereafter rewards—highlight its multifaceted significance. Addressing both material and spiritual needs ensures holistic support for individuals, promoting balanced development. The study's findings reveal a concerning trend of negative individualism among students, underscoring the need for educational systems to cultivate a culture of generosity and cooperation. This can be achieved through curriculum design, educational activities, and leveraging media and cyberspace to promote benevolence. The principle of benevolence as an educational rule implies that the trainee's selectivity and goodwill are paramount. Acts of benevolence should stem from innate and human nature, free from external compulsion. This principle's implications for educational planning and curriculum design emphasize the scope of good deeds and the necessity of aligning educational practices with human nature. In conclusion, integrating the principle of benevolence into educational systems offers a transformative approach to fostering a culture of altruism and mutual assistance. By promoting ethical values, social responsibility, and community service, educational institutions can develop individuals who are not only academically proficient but also morally upright and socially conscious. This holistic approach ensures that education contributes to the overall well-being of society, creating a more cohesive and supportive community where mutual assistance and altruism are highly valued and actively practiced.

The directive on “corporate due diligence for sustainability purposes”, approved on 24 May 2024, follows international attempts by some national legal systems to transfer due diligence to the level of hard law. The proposal obliges large companies to structure a risk management system against social and environmental externalities related to their activities along the entire global supply chain, requiring States to adopt monitoring and control mechanisms and a system of sanctions. To safeguard this process, the introduction of an obligation to involve a qualified list of stakeholders, including workers and their representatives, and an unprecedented civil liability of companies and directors are envisaged. Starting from these premises, the paper focuses first of all on the introduction of the civil liability regime for companies linked, among other things, to the failure to prepare such information and participatory protocols. The paper then analyses the critical issues and potential of the directive with particular reference to the prospects of a participatory governance of corporate risk and the role that, in its implementation, workers’ participation and social dialogue can assume. This is also in light of the progressive emergence of new collective rights, including those of self-employed workers and platform workers, provided for by the most recent initiatives of the European Commission.

Foreign and domestic legislation and legal doctrine regarding the right to be forgotten, establishing its features, in particular in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, are analyzed. It is noted that recently in the international legal field there is a mention of the existence of a new category for legal scholars - the right to be forgotten. The definition of the right to be forgotten is disclosed and it is established that, in a broad sense, the right means that a certain person after a certain period of time can turn to the media to remove previously disseminated information about him, which is not currently of a certain public interest, but at the request of the person should not to exist in public space. In a narrow sense, the right to be forgotten preserves the personal identity of the relevant person in its subjective aspect, which is related to honor, objectivity and reputation, that is, it prevents the person from being reminded of certain information related to him and causing him certain negative consequences in society. The importance of ensuring a balance between freedom of speech, expression of views, freedom of the press and the right to be forgotten is established. The need to maintain a balance of private and public interests in the context of the right to be forgotten is considered. It is noted that the Court of the European Union recognized the possibility of a person acquiring the right to be forgotten only when there is no interest in information about a specific person in the public space, and also when such a person does not play a special, significant and important social role. It is emphasized that the right to be forgotten is different from the protection of the right to privacy and its realization does not entail the manifestation of measures of civil liability. The impossibility of applying the right to be forgotten in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that persons who are somehow involved in armed aggression cannot expect that their name will be “whitened” in the future. It is noted that international companies have set a new standard of business behavior regarding geopolitical events in the future with their decisions. It has been established that companies must cease cooperation with the russia or persons related to it. It was emphasized that transnational corporations, by exiting the russian market, exert a significant influence on the lack of financing of the military machine, preserving their good name. It was concluded that there is another side of the medal of the right to be forgotten, when certain information, despite its resonance, must be forgotten so that the victim can live on and count on an objective attitude towards himself. It is proposed to develop relevant provisions on the regulation of the unimpeded exercise of the right to be forgotten by persons who suffered from the war, despite the fact that their cases were high-profile and of great public interest, because a person has the right not to be associated with such situations.

The article is devoted to the study of the correlation between the concepts of reimbursement and compensation for damages, including during the war. The author highlights the issue of distinguishing between the concepts of reimbursement and compensation as synonymous categories. It is determined that the term “compensation” is broader in scope and includes the narrower term “reimbursement”, as well as additional features – remuneration or payments. It is proposed to change the use of the established phrase “reimbursement of moral damage” to “compensation for moral damage” due to the impossibility of accurate determination of the amount of reimbursement due to the non-property component and the need to compensate a person for a certain amount of compensation for suffering, especially in wartime. It is established that the categories of “damage” and “losses” are not identical. The characteristic features of both concepts are analysed. Losses are defined as material losses which should be determined in monetary terms. Damage is a broader concept and is considered to be the negative consequences of unlawful behaviour towards a certain entity in connection with the violation of its rights. Damage can be tangible or intangible, which is not inherent in losses. It is proved that damage and losses are interrelated, i.e. damage may include losses, but only in respect of property damage. It is emphasised that losses are defined as losses due to damage or destruction of property or losses which a person could have suffered. It is determined that the definition of “non-pecuniary damage” contains a reference to the fact that it is also disclosed as losses of a non-property nature. The article analyses and notes that losses are deprivation of a person of a certain benefit. Non-pecuniary damage is inflicted on a person in non-property terms and cannot be considered losses. The particularities of reimbursement of damage caused by war are considered. The article establishes the absence of a single mechanism for reimbursement of damages caused by violation of their rights as a result of armed aggression. The need and possibility of reimbursement, in addition to property damage, of moral damage caused by war is revealed. It is emphasised that today the State, either independently or with the involvement of international partners, provides compensation to victims of war.

‌ ∴ Introduction ∴ ‌The tradition of burying the deceased on private properties, resulting in the formation of family gravesites outside public cemeteries, is a practice driven by a complex mix of emotional, financial, and urban development considerations. This practice, which includes the establishment of family mausoleums by aristocratic families and notables, is historically rooted in various countries, including Islamic religious cities concerning certain esteemed Islamic scholars. While some of these private burial sites have transitioned into public cemeteries, their inception was not intended for public use, underscoring a tradition of proprietary control over such burials. The practice raises significant questions within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence and law, especially concerning absolute legal authority of the owner to exercise dominion or control over property [Taslit] (absolute right of an owner to deal with his property as he wishes) and its implications for burying individuals on private property. This inquiry seeks to explore the stance of Islamic law and jurisprudence, alongside modern legal systems, on the legality and permissibility of such burials amidst contemporary urban and societal challenges.‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌The central question guiding this research is whether Islamic law and jurisprudence, alongside national laws in Islamic countries, permit the burial of the deceased on private property, given the broad implications for urban development, public health, and societal norms. This question encompasses the investigation of the extent to which the principle of Dominance within Islamic jurisprudence allows for such practices and how contemporary urban living requirements and societal interests intersect with or diverge from these traditional practices.‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌The hypothesis posited by the authors suggests a potential reconciliation between the Islamic jurisprudential rule of absolute legal authority of the owner to exercise dominion over property [Tasleet] and the no harm principle [La-Za’rar], proposing that it might be permissible to bury the deceased on one's private property under specific circumstances. This hypothesis implies a nuanced understanding of property rights within Islamic law that accommodates the evolving needs of modern urban societies while adhering to Islamic legal principles and societal values.‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌The methodology adopted in this study is descriptive, analytical, and doctrinal, aiming to dissect and understand the multifaceted issue of burial on private properties within the context of Islamic jurisprudence and law. This approach involves an extensive review of primary and secondary sources, including jurisprudential rulings, works of Islamic scholars, and legal texts, to elucidate the foundational Islamic ruling on burial practices. The analysis further extends to the examination of modern positive law, particularly Iranian Civil Law and Islamic Penal Code, and its treatment of such burials considering environmental, social, and urban development aspects. The doctrinal framework is employed to interpret and reconcile traditional Islamic rulings with contemporary legal standards and societal expectations, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter and propose viable legal and religious solutions. This paper presents a thorough investigation into the complex interplay between religious doctrine, legal principles, and societal needs regarding the burial of the deceased on private properties. By examining the practice through the lenses of Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary law, the study seeks to offer insightful perspectives and potential reconciliations that respect both traditional values and modern realities.‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌The comprehensive analysis conducted in this study reveals a nuanced spectrum of perspectives within Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law regarding the burial of the deceased on private properties. Central to this discourse is the principle of personal ownership and the rights it encompasses, which traditionally include the disposition of property in various manners, burial of the deceased being one such manner. Despite some Islamic scholars' interpretation of narrations from the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) as prohibiting such burials, a closer examination and alternative interpretations suggest that the practice can indeed be permissible. This permissibility is supported by the Sunnah of the Ahl al-Bayt, absence of explicit prohibition by the Islamic legislator, and the overarching principle of dominion over one's possessions. However, the discourse does not end with the establishment of permissibility. The study delves deeper into the social jurisprudence perspective, highlighting significant concerns associated with private burials, such as psychological distress, potential for disease transmission, environmental degradation, and harm to others. These concerns present formidable challenges to the outright acceptance of burial on private property as a permissible act. The Iranian legal system's stance, reflecting these concerns, explicitly prohibits such burials, incorporating both criminal penalties and provisions for civil damages in cases where private burials cause harm.‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌The intricate interplay between religious doctrine, legal standards, and social welfare culminates in a complex yet critical conclusion regarding the burial of the deceased on private property. While Islamic jurisprudence provides a foundational permissibility based on property ownership and rights, the practice's potential social, health, and environmental repercussions necessitate a more cautious approach. The study underscores that the absolute prohibition observed in Iranian substantive law, although seemingly at odds with traditional Islamic rulings and historical practices, is primarily justified by the tangible risks associated with private burials. However, the study proposes a balanced approach, advocating for legislative reforms that allow for exceptions under stringent conditions. Such conditions include societal acceptance, absence of harm, and cases where the deceased's burial site could serve a broader community interest, such as promoting knowledge or religious devotion, typically applicable to celebrities or scholars. This approach aims to reconcile the initial permissibility with contemporary societal needs and legal frameworks, suggesting a case-by-case evaluation rather than a universal application. Furthermore, the discussion on affordability and access to public cemetery spaces opens another dimension to the debate, suggesting economic considerations as a potential justification for private burials in specific scenarios. This perspective highlights the need for a legal and religious framework that accommodates both traditional Islamic principles and the practicalities of modern societal living. In conclusion, while the study affirms the foundational permissibility of burial on private property within Islamic jurisprudence, it also acknowledges the multifaceted challenges posed by such practices. The recommendation for a legislative approach that allows for exceptions under carefully defined conditions reflects an attempt to harmonize religious principles with the realities of contemporary urban life, emphasizing the importance of adaptability and consideration for the common good in Islamic law and jurisprudence.

This article analyses the possibilities and problematic aspects of the institute of the de facto manager as a basis for applying civil liability to companies under Lithuanian law. The article first presents an analysis of Lithuanian statutory law and court practice related to the conditions and assumptions for the application of the de facto manager institute in order to determine whether this institute can be applied to the company per se. The second part of the article provides an analysis of the statutory law and judicial practice of foreign countries – France, Germany and the United Kingdom – in order to assess the possibilities of applying the de facto manager institute to companies in these countries. Finally, in the third part of the article, after evaluating the status quo of Lithuanian law on the issue of the de facto manager institute and the practice of foreign countries, a critical approach to the possibilities and consequences of applying this institute to companies as a basis for civil liability under Lithuanian law is presented. The author’s conclusions are offered at the end of the article.

A crucial aspect of elite dominance in modern democracies concerns the degree to which different political elites share similar career paths and shifts between different elite positions. Similarity in career paths and transfers across elite positions are crucial aspects of elite dominance in modern democracies. This paper argues that there are limits to elite career similarity and sector transfer because of varying recruitment criteria and reputational cargo across different political elite groups. We argue that career similarity and transfers across elite positions are lower when recruitment criteria are exclusive. We also argue that acquired reputation may be a career liability limiting transfers into other elite groups. Empirically, we examine career trajectories and transfers across elite groups by mapping the full career of Members of the Parliament, top bureaucrats and interest group leaders in Denmark. We demonstrate that within the Danish political elite, career paths are relatively distinct and transfer few. Career distinctiveness and lack of elite transfers are especially pronounced for the bureaucratic elite, which is guarded by stricter recruitment criteria and on guard against reputations that might taint its image as a pure merit civil service. In contrast to other studies, our results suggest that the shutters between elite sectors are relatively closed. However, the few individuals passing through these most exclusive revolving doors may have a significant political impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Legal & Comparative Jurisprudence Studies (LCJS) / Mağallaẗ al-Duwaliyyaẗ Li-&-Dirāsāt al-Qānūniyyaẗ Wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ al-Muqāranaẗ is the property of Refaad for Studies, Research & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper gives an overview of the new European Union's Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), its relation to the German Supply Chain Due Diligence Act (LkSG) from 2021, and the systematic background of both acts. The article contradicts criticism of the extraterritorial effects of the acts, underlining a legislative purpose as part of the national business law regarding fair competition and consumer protection besides the purpose of improving life conditions. The acts are part of an international socially responsible business law. The CSDDD is introducing a new specific civil liability provision. It also brings significant advancements in conflict-of-law principles by introducing mandatory liability norms that apply regardless of jurisdiction. Implementing due diligence obligations in complex international supply chains poses challenges for companies, requiring robust risk management systems and ongoing adjustments. This strict regulation must be balanced with the practical feasibility of Corporate Social Responsibility duties, and a reasonable allocation of responsibilities must take place without risking that the effect of the legislation will stay behind formalistic compliance requirements. The concept of organizational responsibility plays a core role in this balancing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to address the subject of medical information and its legal relevance. These aspects were neglected in the specialized literature from domestic law, which was concerned with the processing of special personal data from electronic health record. The last one remained unimplemented at the national level. Throughout this study, it is analyzed not only the notion of medical information -- in the narrow, but also the notion of medical information -- in an extended sense, with the emphasis on the domestic legislative advantages regarding the settlement of extended medical information. The informative elements that are subsumed under the diagnosis or included in the category of treatment are being approached in this study, as the situation of the treating doctor or the on-call doctor is addressed, likely to influence the procedural framework in medical civil liability disputes. The object of medical information, which includes these types of data (diagnosis, treatment, extended medical information) is not confused with the rights that bear on them, as we have emphasized in this scientific endeavour. Finally, the right of access to special personal data and the right of the patient to benefit from a copy of the medical file or medical records are being approached, as the patient is entitled to know the changes that could be made on this type of data, indicating the need to implement the electronic health file. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On March 28, 2023, in United States ex rel. Martin v. Hathaway, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit applied a textualist approach when it held that to bring a False Claims Act (FCA) action “resulting from” a violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS), a plaintiff must show but-for causation. In 2018, in United States ex rel. Greenfield v. Medco Health Solutions, Inc., the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit looked to the legislative history of the AKS, ultimately finding that the same phrase “resulting from” conveyed a more relaxed causation standard. This Comment argues that the Sixth Circuit employed the proper approach to statutory interpretation and that future litigants should plead a but-for causal relationship when bringing such claims under the FCA. By confining statutory interpretation to a textual analysis, lower courts will ideally exercise judicial restraint and defer to the legislature to amend the causal standard should Congress see fit to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Section 230, the twenty-six words that created the internet, has become the twenty-six words that are breaking the First Amendment. Section 230's blanket liability shield for social media platforms is harming our children and our democracy. In this essay, I narrate the story of what Section 230 enabled-the rise of the virtual public square, a circumstance that the framers could never have imagined-and explore its consequences for human well-being and freedom of expression. I conclude that Section 230 must be repealed to unleash First Amendment jurisprudence to confront the threats to the republic in the age of generative AI, as well as to usher in the next round of internet innovation in service of constitutional democratic sustainability. Bipartisan legislation has been introduced to sunset Section 230 as of December 31,2025. Those who believe in the enduring promise of American constitutional democracy should support its passage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating compensation for moral damage is more difficult than estimating compensation for material damage because there are no certain specific criteria for estimating it. In addition, the goal of compensation is not always to restore the situation to what it was as much as it is aimed at granting the injured compensation to satisfy him equal to the damage he suffered, compensation is a judicial means to eliminate or mitigate the damage, and it is the general penalty for civil liability. Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate the approach of the Jordanian legislator in estimating compensation for moral damage and the judicial position on this, the legal problems of this and the proposed methods in estimating compensation for moral damage, Methods: Adopted the descriptive analytical method to identify a sufficient comprehensive characterization the topic under study. Results: The results of this study showed that the Jordanian legislator in estimating compensation for moral damage was on two lines, the first is an estimate of a lump sum specified in legislation or a system, and the second is an estimate of a lump sum by an expert, also there is a fundamental problem, which is the absence of a legislative text that sets clear criteria for estimating compensation for literary damage, in order to find a proposed method for estimating compensation for literary damage. Conclusion: The study concluded with a recommendation in which the researchers wished the legislator to find a legal regulation represented by legislative texts containing an objective criterion for adjusting the estimate of compensation and avoiding factual and legal problems, providing for a fair way in legislation to estimate compensation for moral damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to highlight the criticisms of smart contracts, showing that although they automate transactions and eliminate intermediaries, they are not legally equivalent to traditional contracts. Smart contracts are, in fact, computer algorithms that execute predefined instructions and are not endowed with intelligence or a will of their own. It also points out that there are risks related to civil liability and the fairness of applying penalties in an automated manner, often favoring the stronger party in the contract. The study points out that giving legal personality to these new technologies is legally unrealistic and that liability for damages caused by the use of computer programs must remain with the producers and users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Middle East Journal of Legal & Jurisprudence Studies / Mağallaẗ al-Šarq al-Awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ is the property of Manar Elsharq for Studies & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The phenomenon of random construction and land abuse is not a new phenomenon. It has been around for a long time, but it has become widespread after 2003 as it was limited before the mentioned date, Many cities, especially Baghdad, have witnessed the spread of the phenomenon of random construction, encroachment on land belonging to the state or owned by others, and the construction of random housing units that lack the minimum construction conditions Without adopting and not taking into account the urban and urban planning regulations issued by the Ministry of Planning, and due to the worsening housing crisis, the outrageous high prices and the absence of solutions, land abuse, abuse of state real estate and random construction have become the illegal alternative to housing It has become a problem with economic, social and environmental dimensions that clearly reflects the deficit in economic structures and a major social imbalance, making it a serious phenomenon due to its large size. It is no longer possible to ignore it. The continuation of this serious phenomenon will lead to environmental congestion and noise due to irregular construction, which affects the human rights enshrined in the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 as stipulated in Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to identifying the features of compensation for destroyed real estate objects due to hostilities, terrorist acts, and sabotage. The civil liability of the state as a subject of responsibility is analyzed in the work. It is determined that the civil liability of the state can be divided depending on the legal status of the state: the liability of the national state; civil liability of a foreign state; liability of the aggressor state. The judicial practice of Ukraine is based on the fact that Russia's consent to be brought as a defendant in cases of compensation for material and moral damage is not required. At the same time, another state must consent to participate in such procedures. It is formulated that within the framework of compensation relations for damaged and destroyed real estate objects due to hostilities, terrorist acts, and sabotage caused by Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine, this compensation is not civil liability. It is emphasized that the Ukrainian state independently compensates for the losses incurred by individuals to protect public relations, ensure human rights, and property turnover. The compensation of this damage is the basis for addressing the aggressor country with a demand for reparations for such damages. It is determined that compensation relations apply exclusively to residential real estate objects and their owners or managers. This approach is somewhat narrow, but it indicates that the state primarily supports the social direction regarding the housing provision of individuals, as housing need is a basic human need. Prospective areas of scientific research in this direction include the justification of compensation to legal entities, the identification of features of the civil process concerning the protection of individuals' rights in compensation payments. Overall, Ukrainian legislation requires further updating in the area of procedures for compensation for destroyed/damaged real estate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Legal & Economic Research / Mağallaẗ Al-Buḥūṯ Al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa Al-Iqtiṣādiyyaẗ is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista E-mercatoria is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Comercial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A particularly complex activity, listening to people is often the object of criticism that mainly concerns the precarious balance required to be maintained between the desire of the persons involved for a broad interpretation in the field of limits needed to be imposed to the professional approach of the investigation and the desire of professionals to be able to use as many means and procedures as possible to put pressure on the interviewed person, to break his/her will in order to obtain as much useful information as possible. Perception is a cognitive psychic process, which consists in reflecting objects and phenomena in the integrity of their qualities at the moment of action on the sense organs. It is rightly considered that perceptual activities are the basis of all behaviors, as without prior perception it will not be possible to learn, speak, memorize, communicate. Perception allows us to become aware of the environment and to interact with it or act on it. Errors of perception, as well as other types of errors admitted by the person, are recognized by the legislature as a basis for criminal liability, and are therefore attributable, since in this case, by exercising a greater dose of care and prudence, the perpetrator should and could have been aware that he was admitting an error. A special role in the process of forming the statements of the injured party is played by visual sensations, in that they provide an accurate and complete picture of the surrounding world. The individuality of the one who is heard, both in the actual listening and during possible reconstructions, confrontations, or presentations for recognition, is likely to generate deviations from objective truth. Preconceived ideas and points of view influenced by discussions with others change the range of elements that the listened person might remember about the deed. The danger of influencing those who testify in cases of sensation is particularly great. Even if there are several statements that coincide, the fact itself gives only a conditional guarantee about the trust that the investigator can have in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current moment of interstate friction over abortion, the penal judgment exception poses a barrier against interstate enforcement of bounty laws. A doctor who prescribes a medicated abortion to a Texas patient may be exposed to civil liability--even in faraway Washington State. A Washington court asked to enforce a Texas judgment against the doctor is subject to the Full Faith and Credit Clause. Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution mandates that each state give full faith and credit to judgments rendered in sister states. Under Texas Senate Bill 8 (S.B. 8), any member of the public may obtain a civil judgment in state court against anyone who performs, aids, or abets an abortion. This Comment argues that, despite the exacting requirements of the Full Faith and Credit Clause, courts in other states are not obliged to enforce such judgments. Bounty laws like S.B. 8 impose civil liability that may be recovered by any member of the public, rather than a person with a private right. The law punishes an offense against the state. S.B. 8 is therefore a penal law that, under what is called the penal judgment exception, is not due full faith and credit under the Constitution. The penal judgment exception applies when the judgment does not satisfy a private right and punishes an offense against the state. It is narrow but has been established by the Supreme Court during past moments of interstate friction. This Comment surveys that history and illustrates how the exception preserves the evidentiary, res judicata, and comity goals of full faith and credit within the federal system. Bounty laws threaten the federal balance, but they can and should be bound by the penal judgment exception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the possibilities and problematic aspects of the institute of the de facto manager as a basis for applying civil liability to companies under Lithuanian law. The article first presents an analysis of Lithuanian statutory law and court practice related to the conditions and assumptions for the application of the de facto manager institute in order to determine whether this institute can be applied to the company per se. The second part of the article provides an analysis of the statutory law and judicial practice of foreign countries – France, Germany and the United Kingdom – in order to assess the possibilities of applying the de facto manager institute to companies in these countries. Finally, in the third part of the article, after evaluating the status quo of Lithuanian law on the issue of the de facto manager institute and the practice of foreign countries, a critical approach to the possibilities and consequences of applying this institute to companies as a basis for civil liability under Lithuanian law is presented. The author’s conclusions are offered at the end of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main challenges associated with regard to civil liability for damages resulting from artificial intelligence systems is the difficulty of attributing the behavior that led to harm to a specific individual. The aim of this article is to highlight the significance of the ethical principle of human intervention for civil liability. This principle serves as a guide for interpreting and applying rules when artificial intelligence systems cause harm to individuals due to actions, decisions, recommendations or predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until the discovery of the gene for cystic fibrosis (CF) in 1989, diagnostic developments were limited, and treatment focused on symptom alleviation. However, following the genetic breakthrough, some 2,000 mutations of the gene have been identified. More recently CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulator triple therapy (CFTRm) has been introduced in the form of triple therapy with ivacaftor, lumacaftor and tezacaftor (ETI), in the United States from 2019, Europe from 2020 and then Australia from 2021. The new treatment option has revolutionised both the quality of life and life expectancy of many persons diagnosed with CF. This editorial reviews major developments in the clinical care that can now be provided to patients, and reflects on the legal and ethical ramifications of the improved situation for many patients in the contexts of medical negligence, damages assessment, family law and criminal law. It also considers the difficult issues of access and equity caused by the limited availability of the triple therapy in low- and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Akdeniz Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Due to the absence of unified global regulations, defining the service and legal role of freight forwarders is challenging. This, as well as the lack of a standardized limit to the freight forwarder's liability for loss or damage to the cargo, introduces misunderstandings into his relationship with the client. The purpose of this study is to analyze the most widely used limit for freight forwarder's liability, set in Special Drawing Rights (SDR) units, and to adjust it, which will allow for maintaining the purchasing power of the compensation amount over different periods of time. Methods: In this study, two methods of adjusting the liability limit were proposed. In accordance with the first one, the limit was adjusted considering the impact of dollar inflation on the SDR unit. The second method involves changes in the limit of liability, taking into account changes in world prices for goods. Results: The result of this study showed that the second method is more functional, helping to preserve the purchasing power of the liability limit most effectively over time. Conclusions: This study revealed the fluctuating purchasing power of the forwarder's liability limit over time and suggests utilizing a methodology tied to changes in global goods' prices for adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the author shows that the civil circuit cannot be blocked in any way, it must „flow", regardless of whether the obligations of any nature, of their source, are executed voluntarily or, otherwise, their enforcement is required. If the obligation is not executed voluntarily, the creditor can resort to the legal means made available by law, meaning that he can ask for enforcement, by resorting to the coercive force, in order to force the debtor to execute his obligation, thus making effective the binding force of the obligation report. In principle, the enforcement is done in kind, because only in this way the creditor receives exactly the benefit, as it arose, which will lead to the satisfaction of his claim right. The enforcement in kind is a form of direct execution or execution ad ipsam rem, which requires, in principle, the precise execution of the obligation as it was initially established and should not be confused with the reparation in kind of the prejudice, considering that the latter represents one of the forms of reparation, along with the damages, of the prejudice. The enforcement in kind is a right that the law confers on the creditor and which arises from the non-execution without justification of the assumed obligation, while the reparation in kind of the prejudice involves the verification of the conditions of the civil liability. The creditor has the right to the full, accurate and timely fulfilment of the obligation, a rule that is supplemented by the one according to which the creditor can always request that the debtor be forced to fulfil the obligation in kind, unless such execution is impossible. As legal means, in relation to the object of the obligations susceptible to enforcement, the creditor can request: the enforcement of the obligations to give; the enforcement of the obligations to do; the removal of the effects of the acts or deeds carried out as a result of not complying with the obligation to abstain, not to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the concept of unlawful act in the Indonesian and Dutch Civil Codes, with specific attention to the notorious decision of the Milieudefensie et al v. Royal Dutch Shell Case. Therein, the Dutch Court applied unwritten law under Article 6:612 of the Dutch Civil Code, calling for reduction in carbon emissions through policy changes by the Shell group. The use of unwritten law allowed for a comprehensive assessment of legal bases, including international soft law instruments, such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Inspired by such a decision, this article aims to unveil the readiness of Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code in entertaining a similar case. It compares the approach taken in the Milieudefensie et al. v. Royal Dutch Shell Case with pertinent decisions by the Indonesian court concerning the implementation of Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Furthermore, it focuses on two prongs of civil liability that are necessary for establishment: 1) unwritten law; and 2) causality. By doing so, this article aims to contribute to the evolving realm of climate litigation, specifically within the framework of civil law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito e Práxis is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)